MATERIALS ENGINEERING MATERIALS SCIENCE VS. MATERIALS {G)C1DANSISF CIT NOINIOIE ENGINEERING?? MATERIALS MATERIALS SCIENCE OWES INVESTIGATING THe eearionsies raat esr | METALS HD ST BETWEEN THE STRUCTURES AND PROPRIES OF MATER WATERIALS ENGINEERING CERAMICS me coupons BervEgn 1S OW THE BAIS OF THe. STRUCTOE-tneerycoeruiONS, AETALIC 8 NORMETLT DESIGNING ok emesis TE STRUCTURE OFA MATERIAL TO Eri EISEN aoe COMPOSITES CONSISTS F COMBINATIONS OF wo om wore oneneNr IN SEVEN HORIZONTAL ROWS ar oreo OLYMERS INCLUDE PATI a putex res GLO (Ck al SEMICONDUCTORS re vetnesire eerWeen The HECTIC CONDUCTORS ND InsuaTRs ARE EMPLOYED IN COMPONENTS ‘SANIE VALENCE ELECWON SIQUCTURE IMPLANTING INTO THE HUNAN evi Table ofthe Dents BODY FOR REPLACEMENT, uslus'getaa' oe ea Hae? LEE) 18 fie UA Ea uy Th MECHANICAL PROPERTY TYPES OF [S.A MEASURE OFA MATERIAL'S ABILITY TO CARRY OR RESIST MECHANICAL FORCES STRESSES ‘Of STRESSES. TIS USUALLY DETERMINED BY SUBJECTING PREPARED SPECIMENS TO STAWDARD LABORATORY TESTS. IT RELATES TO ON HOW A MATERIAL RESPOND TO APLIED LOADS (OR FORCES). STATIC MECHANICAL PROPERTIES STRENGTH ~ ITS THE ABILITY OFA MATERIAL TO RESIST THE EXTERNALLY APPLIED FORCES WITHOUT BREAKING om VELOING, = THEINTERNAL RESISTANCE OFFERED BY APART TO AN EXTERNALLY APPLIED FORCEIS CALLEDS TRESS.ENGINEERING STRESS-STRAIN CURVE wa 0 s S 0 sa —fsue Racial © | Pome votre wee cn oNaISIE 1c REO ‘Srain% (nin x102) STRAIN = TS THE UNIT DEFORMATION OF AN OBJECT DUE THE APPLIED toa, STIFFNESS ~ ITS THE ABILITY OFA MATERIAL TO RESIST DEFORMATION UNDER STRESS. THE MODULUS ELASTICITY 5 THE MEASURE OF STIFNESS ELASTICITY = ITS THE PROPERTY OFA MATERIAL TORE G ALN ITS (ORIGINAL SHAPE AFTER DEFORMATION WHEN THE EXTERNAL FORCES ARE REMOVED. ~ FOR SOME MATERIALS THE ELASTIC LIME AND PROPORTIONALITY LIMIT AE ALMOST IDENTICAL J AOS CASES, HOWEVER THE ELASTIC LIMIT IS SLIGHTLY HIGHER PLASTICITY = ITIS PROPERTY OF A MATERIAL WHICA R ET ANS THE DEFORMATION PRODUCED UNDER LOAD PERMANENTLY ~ THIS PROPERTY OFTHE MATERIAL IS NECESSARY FOR FORGING, IN STAMPING IMAGES OW COINS AND IN ORNAMENTAL WoRK, eco PONT eo mu nd en Be ULTIMATE TENSILE art ans a PROPORTIONALITY LIMIT ~ 1S A POINT OW A STRESS-STHAIN CURVE AT WHICH THE STRAIGHT LINE PROPORTIONALITY BETWEEN STRESS AND STRAIN CEASES, ~ UPTO THAT POINT THE MATERIAL OBEYS THEM OOKE'S LAW, WHICH STATES THAT THE STRAI IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL 10 THE THES. POISSON'S RATIO (v) ~ ISTHE RATIO OFTHE LATERAL STRAIN (CONTRACTION) TO THE LONGITUDINAL STRAIN (EXTENSION) WHEN THE SLEMENT S LORDED WITH A LONGITUDINAL TENSILE FORCE. POISSON'S RATIO FOR ISOTROPIC MATERIALS MbxIMUM VALUE OF POISSON'S RATIO INETALS AND OTHER ALLOYS, VALUES RANGES BRITTLENESS + IS ONE THAT LACKS SIGNIFICANT DUCTILITY. 15 THE TENDENCY OFA MATERIAL TO FRACTURE WETHOUT APPRECIBLE DEFORMATIONDAMPING CAPACITY = 1S THE ABILITY OF A MATERIAL TO ABSORB OB DAMP \BRATIONS, WHICH 1S A PROCESS OF ABSORAING KINETIC ENERGY OF VIBRATION OWING TO HYSTERESIS, NOTE: CAST IRON IS A MUCH BETTER DAMPING MATERIAL THAN STEEL. EMBRITTLEMENT = TNVOLVES THE LOSS OF DUCTILITY BECAUSE OF k PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL CHAE OFTHE MATERIAL MACHINABILITY REFERS 10 THE RELATIVE EASE ITH WHICH MATERIAL CAN BE UT. DUCTILITY = TT 1S THE PROPERTY OF A-AATERIL ENABLING IT TO BE DRAWN DATO WIRE WITH THE APPLICATION OF 8 TENSILE FoRce. + 1S/A MEASURE OF THE DEGREE OF PLASTIC DEFORMATION THAT HAS BEE SUSTAINED AT FRACTURE TT 1S THE ABILITY OF THE MATERIAL TO CHANGE SHAPE WITHOUT FRACTURE. IT IS REPORTED IN TERMS OF THE PERCENT ELONGATION OF A SPECIFIC GAGE LENGTH MALLEABILITY = 1S THE ABILITY OF A AATERIL TO BE SEVERELY DEFORMED PLASTICLLY IN COMPRESSION WITHOUT FRACTURE = TT IS A SPECIAL CASE OF DUCTILITY WHICH PERMITS |WATERIALS TO E ROLLED OR RAMMERED INTO THIN SHEETS, © AUMALLEABLE MATERIAL SHOULD BE PLASTIC BUT IT IS NOT ESSENTIAL TO BESO STRONG. TG TT TA ae C copper copPeR rt ALUMINUM A ALUMINUM Tom iow c A T L I to mH LEAD RESILIENCE 1S THE CAPACITY OF A MATERIAL TO ABSORBED ENERGY WHEN TTS ELASTICALLY DEFORMED AND THEN UPON UNLOADING TO AVE THIS ENERGY RECOVERED. = THIS PROPERTY IS ESSENTIAL FOR SPRING MATERIALS MODULUS OF RESILIENCE 1S THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY THAT A UNIT VOLUME OF MATERIAL CAN ABSORB WHILE ON THE ELASTIC RANGE. Uee {rae FIN RATE Vera 4% TOUGHNESS = IS THE CAPACITY OF MATERIAL TO WITHSTAND A SHOCK LOND WITHOUT BREAKIN. = TTS THE ABILITY OFA MATERIL TO ABSORB ENERGY DURING PLASTIC DEFORMATION UP To RUPTURE MODULUS OF TOUGHNESS, T 1S EQUAL TO THE TOTAL AREA UNDER THE STRESS-STRAIN CURVE TO THE POINT OF RUPTURE. RESILIENCE VS. TOUGHNESS?72 weoMieNce owns TRUE STRESS - TRUE STRAIN rs Cad TRUE STRESS INSTAITANEOUS APPLIED LOAD DIVIDED BY THE INSTANTANEOUS CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA TRUE STRAIN NATURAL LOGARITHK OF THE RATIO OF INSTANTANEOUS GAGE LENGTH TO. THE OFIGINAL GAGE LENGTH NeCKING BEGIN AT POUNT of THE ENGINEERING CURVE, WICH ComgeSPONDS TOM” ON THE TRUE CURVE. THE “CORRECTED” TRUE STHESS-STRAIN CURVE TAKES INTO ACCOUNT THE COMPLEX STRESS STATE WITHIN THE NECK REGIONHARDNESS Foe Most sees: = 15 A MEASURE OF MATERIAL'S RESISTANCE TO PERMANENT DFORRATION = 3.45%! CONDENTATION vex STATIC 8 DMA (OADING ToC Mea) Gun SHOP DEFINITION: RESISTANCE TO FILING Ts (psi) = S00 BUN ENG'G DEFINITION: RESISTANCE TO PENETRATION SWE VIEN “Tor view 2 a BRINELL owners wave oF sTeL Ok ‘e pa ‘STEEL/TUNGSTEN CARBIDE BALLS ere a a W0- [oF ‘) CARBINE USES 5 MM AND 10 MM pa romumeast | tem A © Fecewen ROCKWELL (OINMETER= IM) OR A DIAMOND TIPPED CONE. s 7 4161-4 o Sura CALLED “BRALE™. 1 4S e zB micnowanness ~ USED WHERE IT 1S NECESHEY To DETERMINE THE MARNE OFA VERY PRECISE HEA OF MATERIAL Ot WHERE TESTER THE ANTRAL 8 SURFACE LAYERS EXCEPTIONAL TH = LOAD APPLICATION RANGES FROM 2570 9600 GRAMS ~ FOR TESTING SOFT, ELASTIC MATERIALS, SUCH AS RUBBERS AND OHRID PLASTIC. DUROMETER © - sr neasunes rue resisance oF a MATERIAL To EASTC enETRATION ~ SPRING LOADED COMCALSTEL OENTER 1S LENGTH OF IDEMATIONIS Wb= 28 MEASURED WITH THE NID OFA b Wh 40 NCHOSCOPE. + KNOOP TEST —rrisusousoroseanne 7aNoo ee THE HAGDNESS OF HATERS cai WHICH AE EXCEPTIONALLY 7 = THIN VICKERS — SSASIUREsISE ONO —o1NOAD ee we 294? PYRAMIDS AN DOENTER. PYRAMID oF UCI AN EXTENSION OFTHE LOW-OND RANGE MER EST To PET RAPD, SITE HARDNESS DETERMINATIONS WITHOUT (vaste CONTACT. Tye een FoR MEASURING THE SE OF WOENTATION IMPEDANCE) SCELEROS Cope 'HEYAONES OF a MATERIAL 1s WxSUReD BY THE REBOUND OFA SMALL DAMOND-TPPEDHAMMER 1S oPPED FROM A FIXED HEIGHT OTO THE SURFACE OF THE MATERIAL TO BE TESTED, IT MEASURES THE RESIUENCE OFA MATERIAL FILE TEST measures rhe eestsraice oF a marenia AGAINST SCRATCHINGDYNAMIC MECHANICAL PROPERTIES ‘+ SUDDEN LOADS CMPACTS)o® LOADS THAT VARY RAPIDLY IN MAGNITUDE ‘+ REPEATED CYCLES OF LOADING AND UNLOADING ‘+ FREQUENT CHANGES IN THE NODE OF LOADING SUCH AS FROM TENSION To COMPRESSION IMPACT TESTS ~ IS ATEST USED TO MEASURE THE ENERGY ABSORBED DURING THE FRACTURE OFA SPECIMEN OF STANDARD DIMENSIONS AND GEOMETRY WHEN SUBJECTED TO VERY RAPID CNPACT) LOADING. TENSION IMPACT METAL FATIGUE = IS APHENONENON WHICH MAY RESULT FROM THE CLIC REPETITION OFA PARTICULAR LONDING CYCLE OR FROM ENTIRELY ANDON VARIATIONS IN STRESS. IT ACCOUNT FOR NEARLY 905 OF ALL MECHANICAL FRACTURES. ENDURANCE LIMIT + ISTHE LIMITING (MAXIM) STRESS BELOW WATCHTHE ‘MATERIAL CAN PRESUMABLY ENDURE AN INFINITE NUMBER OF Low cvcues, = IS ASLOW PROCES OF PLASTIC DEFORMATION THAT TAKES LACE WHEN A MATERIAL I SUBJECTED TO A CONSTANT CONDITION OF LOADING BELOW TS NORMAL YIELD STRENGTH DESIGN/SAFETY FACTORS DESIGN STRESS = ISTHE MAYIMUM STRESS THAT APART WILL BE PERMITTED 10 SEE UNDER OPERATING CONDITIONS RKING STRESS (RSOKNOWNASSAFESTRESS) ~ 1S USED INSEAD OF DESIGN SHES. WORKING STRESS 1 BASED ON ‘THE YIELD STRENGTH OFTHE ATER. AND 1 DEFINED AS ou= Yu WKOUGIT WON PRIA CAST IRON. Pn NOPWAR CAST ION Ss wie cre eon SS Man ee cesta! _anaalpem ea Stee NENEZM cokWHAT IS PIG IRON?? +S THE ARST-STEP PURIFIED IRON THAT IS CAST IN ‘MOLDS, IF RESUCTED AFTER THE IMPURITIES 11 TRO ARE BURNED OUT IN A BLAST FURNACE. IT STIL CONTAIN. A NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN HIGH PROPORTIONS WHICH MAKE PIG IRON BRITTLE LUMES TONE 1 USED AS A FLUX TO ORRRY OFF THE GANGUE ROUGH COMPOSITION OF PIG IRON ‘CARBON 30-45% Manca 45-38% uaseuoeus ‘smLIcON 10 - 207, sue 00s -o. WROUGHT IRON \WROUGHT IR 1S AN IRON ALLOY WITH AVERY LOM ARBOM CONTENT In CONTRAST TO CASTRO, PRODUCED BY REPEATEDLY HEATING STRIPS EXPENSIVE, DISPERSES CARSON, STMTLAR TO PURE ron CAST IRON = IS FORMED BY RENELTING PIG TRON AND OTHER INATERILS, INCLUDING LIMESTONE AND PREPARED LUNES INA CUPOLA FURNACE THEY DO NOT RUST EASILY IT 1S BRITTLE AND GRAY IN oLOR. 00D FoR CASTING COMPLEX SHAPES TV MELTS AT ABOUT 2200 TT CONTAINS ABOVE 244M C, AND IN PRACTICE OWEVER, MOST CAST IRONS CONTAIN BETWEEN 3.0, A ASWTIC omar bope nan eat eiesion ef 2 the th ry opm Gd flowline of steelmaking | foo.sc neon oe coal te ets coutTHE WHITE COLOR IS DUE To FRCT THAT IT HAS NO GRAPHITE AND WHOLE OFTHE canBOW IS 1H THE PEARL AND YR, BRITLE NOT IT BECOMES NLEABLE CAST ec (ree CA cen etoate TRON WHEN AMEND aun as CEMENT WHICH THE HADES CONSTITUENT FTO. CAST OWS AT SLOW coOUNG CAST on WC SOF an FERITE AND DISPERSED. EATLY MACHINED LEAST EXPENSIVE OF AL GfEY COLORS BECAUSEOF THE GRAHTTERAKES AND WELDED Tic maERS PRESENCE OF CARBON INTHE FORM Of RE GeAPITE con ae ween, ACHINED AND IS TWO METHOD ae user: wartenane Monee nT er meARANTE ee meu Fa 000 STENGTH ND - -WHTEMEET PROCESS sock esisTance spar NoouUR Moree MOMED RY —_SRIPATE PARTICLES DUCTLEAND 90 CALED HIGH STRENGTH (NOTE) ices cae FTE oR rewUTE ALE CAST oH STEEL PLAIN CARBON STEEL ~ STEEL 1S AW ALLO OF TRON AND CARBON. SAMUEL HILEY Of SUABNRY,COMECTION. PRODUCED HE FIST STEEN ~ HAS A CARBON + TICES OF MANGANESE, SULFUR, SILICO, ANERTA OUND 1725. bade recor |, STEEL WS. IRON??? ene LM THE PRIMARY DIFERENCE BETWEEN IRON AND STEL IS THAT THE ORWER IS k ETAL, WHEREAS THE LATER 1 NU ALO. ION IS Lowcarson —RESISTING PARTS IN EXCAVATING AND FARK 43K ‘MOLYBDENUM-CHROMTUM- CHINE, EARS, FoRINGS che USL 3.240 suas, suey STRESSES PINS AND KES, GEARS eek Een farsi aa00 —‘ORMEAVTe\rs rune ep pexeraionorrie | 47** be eaehniaa SERIES: HEAT TREATET (ARDENABILITY) AND HIGH FATIGUE STRENGTH PER UNIT WEIGHT 40nx NxyBoeNun-mcneL AISI 4063 ear ano cont spanes ax Cnouata S14KK EAT AND coekosion AS14130, AUTowoee comcTINS mos AND AMES, ARCRFT 4140 PARIS AND TUBING BL EEX aS Ast 4640 SENS SUMED sHaTs, wo Toos, msceuveous | OKA eT HEAVY DUTY MACHINE PaRTS XXX NIKEL-CHROMIUN- ANst 8630. OMNECTING nos, ous, sues ae MARDENS AFTER Lee wens 92KK SUCON-ANGANESE Alsi 8640, KKK NIKEL-CHROMTUN- AUCHES, SH aval GEARS, PROPELER SHAFTS, RMUCKLES, SHAPES eeeEFFECT INCREASES TTS HARDNESS DUCTILITY, HIGH STRAIN HARDENING CAPACITY, AND HAS EXCELLENT WEAR RESISTANCE, .WHICH MAKE TT IDEAL FOR IMPACT-RESISING TOOLS AND SIMILAR APPLICATIONS. PRODUCES SOFT MANGANESE SULFIDE, WHICH PREVENTS THE FORMATION OF TRON SULFIDE. + TRON SULFIDE WOULD COAT THE GRAIN BOUNDARIES AND INPARTBRETLENESS. ‘+ ISUSUALLY NOT DESIRE IN STEEL BECNUSE OF THE ENBRITTLINGEFECTOF IRON SULFIDE. IF THE PRODUCT 1S MANGANESE SULFIDE, HOWEVER, THE SULFUR IS NOT RARMFUL (PROVIDED THAT THE SULFIDES ARE NOTIN LARGE QUANTITIES AND ARE WEL DISPERSED, ~ TFLARGE QUANTITIES OF MANGANESE SULFIDE ARE PRESENT IN THE PROPER FORM, THEY CA TMPART DESIRABLE MACHINING PROPERTIES SOME FREE-MACHINING STEELS CONTAIN AS MUCH AS .08 TO .15% SULFUR IN COMBINATION WITH INCREASED MANGANESE CONTENT IS OFTEN ADDED TO INCREASE TOUGHNESS AND LMPACT RESISTANCE ELMARILY AT LOW TEMPERATURE. MUTRON ALLOY WITH 36% NICKEL, COMMONLY KNOW AS TM WAR, HAS RNEAR-ZEQO THERMAL EXPANSION COEFICENT AND I USED FOR SENSITIVE MEASURING DENIES. AT LARGE PERCENTAGES CAN IMPART CORROSION RESISTANCE AND HERT RESISTANCE IN THE AMOUNTS USED IN LOW- ALLOY STEELS, THESE EFFECTS ARE RELATIVELY MINOR ~ CHROMIUM, AMOUNTS THAT ARE USUALLY LESS THAN 25, SERVES PRIMARILY TO INCREASE HARDENABILITY AND STRENGTH, = A CHROMIUM: 2 NICKEL. Wen COMBINED WITH CARBON, THE CHROMIUM CARBIDES CAN ENHANCE WEAR RESISTANCE ~ USED IN ALLO STEELS I AMOUNTS LESS THAN 0.3% TO IMPROVE HARDENABILITY AND INCREASE STRENGTH PROPERTIES, PARTICULARLY UNDER DYNAMIC AND HIGH-TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS. ~RESISTANCETO TEMPER EMBRITTLEMENT IS ALSO ATTRIBUTED TO THE PRESENCE OF MOLYBDENUM. ~ EXTREMELY STABLE AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES AND ARE USED TO RETIN FINE GRAIN SIZE AND PROVIDE STRENGTH AND (CREEP RESISTANCE, ~ USED IN HOT-WORK TOOL STEELS, SUCH AS THOSE USED IN FORGING DIES, TO IMPART HARDNESS THAT WILL PERSIST AT 6D HEM, FORMS STRONG CARBIDES THAT PERSIST AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURE ~ THUS 0.8 10.25% VAKADIUM IN THE FORM OF CARBIDES CAN EFFECTIVELY INATBIT GRAIN GROWTH AND INCREASE STRENGTH PROPERTIES (MOST NOTABLY ELASTIC LIMIT, YIELD POINT AND IMPACT STRENGTH) WITH ALMOST NO LOSS OF DucruLry, ~ IISAN IMPORTANT ALOVING ELEMENT IN CERTAIN HIGH-YLELD-STRENGTH STRUCTURAL STEELS AND IS LSO USED IN ‘SPRING STEELS (IN AOUNTS OF ABOUT 28) AND To PROMOTE THE LARGE GRAIN SIZE THAT I DESIABLE IN STEELS SED FOR NAGHETIC APPLICATIONS = IS,AVERY POWERFUL HARDENABLITY AGENT 250 TO7S0 TIMES AS EFFECTIVE AS NICKEL + TSTDA25 TIMES AS EFFECTIVE AS MOLYBDENUM. ABOUT AOD TEMES AS POWERFUL AS CHROMTUM IS CONSIDERED UNDESTRABLE BECAUSE OFS EMBRITTLEMENT EFFECT. ~ TT INCREASES YIELD STRENGTH AND REDUCES DUCTILITY, AND 15 BELIEVED TO INCREASE ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION WHEN USED WITH SMALL PERCENTAGES OF COPPER, ~ TF LIMITED, I DOES IMPROVE MACHINABLIY. FORWS STABLE CARBIDES AND IS ALSO USED ASA PRIMARY ALLOYING ELEMENT IN TOOL STEELS THAT MUST MAINTAIN THEIR HARDNESS AT HIGH ELEVATED TEMPERATURES, (FOR METAL CUTTING TOOLS),‘AS THE CARBON CONTENT IS INCREASED, THE RESPONSE TO HEAT TREATMENT MORE PRONOUNCED AND THE STEEL'S HARDNESS AND TENSILE STRENGTH ABE INCREASED WHILE ITS DUCTILITY DECREASES. WITH 0.5 TO0.35% ADDED IN STELS WILL SHOW SUBSTANTIALLY IMPROVED MACHINABILIY, BUT THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFECTSOF LEAD MAY LIMIT ITS ACCEPTABILITY WHEN ADDED To 48-8 STAINLESS STEEL WILL MAKE IT INMUNE TO HARMFUL CARBIDE PRECIPITATION ~ TT AY BE ADDED TO Low CARBON STEELS TO MAKE THEM SUITABLE To PORCELAIN ENANELING. = ITIS ALSO A CARBIDE FORMER, 1S USED AS A DEOXIDIZER AND AY BE ADDED TO STEELS IN AMOUNTS OF 095 0308 To PRODUCE ALUMINUM TIDES DURING A TRIDING OPERATION. = ISALSO A CARBIDE FORMER. ~ IT HAS AN EFFECT SIMLAR TO TITANIUM IN THE 18-8 STAINLESS STEELS IN MAKING THE STEEL IMMUNE TO HARMFUL CARBIDE PRECIPITATION AND SUBSEQUENT INTERGRAMULAR CORBOSTON. ALLOY ELEMENTS THAT PROMOTES MACHONABIITY, ~ CAV CONTROL THE SHAPE OF INCLUSIONS AND THEREBY PROMOTE TOUGHNESS. COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS = THE BACKBONE OF ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY = HEAVIER THAN ROW ‘+ HIGH ELECTRICAL & THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY + HIgh oucTIUTY + HIGH CORROSION RESISTNCE 1. ELECTROLYTIC TOUGH-PITCH COPPER ~ REFINED COPPER CONTAINING ET. 0.02 AND .05% OXYGEN, ED AS WORE AND CABLE, 1. OXYGEN-FREE HIGH- CONDUCTIVITY COPPER ~ MORE REFINED cOPp»cR WITH MORE REDUCED ‘OXYGEN CONTENT CDA system COPPER DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION SYSTEM ~ ADOPTED BY ASTM, SAE, AUD US, GOVT. COPPER BASED ALLOYS COPPER-ZINC ALLOYS BRASSES = KNOWN RESULTING ALLOY OF COPPER & ZINC. WITH 6000 CORROSION RESISTANCE CARTRIDGE BRASS 1% Cu+ 30% Zn NAVAL BRASS MONT? METAL + TH ~ DUCTILE & FORMABLE WJC INCREASES AS ZINC INCREASES. + COPPER-TIN ALLOYS BRONZES NOW RESULTING ALLOY OF COPPER AND <42% TI ~ USED To DESIGNATE ANY COPPER ALOY WHERE THE MALO ALLOY ADDITION I NEITHER ZINC NOR NICKEL OOD STRENGTH, TOUGHNESS, WEAR & CORROSTON RESISTANCE PHOSPHOR BRONZE — (ost POPULAR WROUGHT BRONZE + COPPER-NICKEL ALLOYS HIGH THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY & STRENGTH HIGH STRESS CORROSION RESTSTANCE, INCLUDING IV SEAWATER HEAT EXCHANGERS. COOKWARE DESALINATION APPARATUS, COIAGE TYPES CsCOPPER BASED ALLOYS (cont) + ALUMINUM BRONZE ALLOYS ~ HIGH STRENGTH, EXCELLENT CORBOSTON RESISTANCE = MARINE HARDWARE, POWER SHAFTS, SLEEVE BEARINGS, PUMP & VALVE HANDLING SEA WATER & VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL FLUIDS + SILICON BRONZES GOOD STRENGTH, FORUABLITY, MACKINABILTY AND COREOSTON RESISTANCE TENSILE STRENGTH (3BOMPA - 9OOMPR) ~ BOILER TANK, STOVE APPLICATIONS WC REQUIRE k COMBINATION OF \WELOABILITY, HIGH STRENGTH & CORROSION RESISTANCE + COPPER-BERYLLIUM ALLOYS ~ HAS SHE STHENGTH OF STEEL, NOM-SPARKING, NON-MAGNETIC, RID NOv-CoNDUCTIE = CONTACT SPRINGS, SARK RESISTANT SAFETY TOOLS AND SPOT ‘WELDING ELECTRODES ALUMINUM BASED ALLOYS BANKS 2ND TO STEEL IN BOTH WORLDWIDE QUANTITY 8, EXPENDITURE THE NOST INPORTANT OF THE NONFERROUS METALS. ~ WEIGHS ONLY ONE-THIRD COMPARED TO STEEL ~ EIS ONLY ONE-THIRD COMPARED TO STEEL ~ WORKABILIT, LIGHT WEIGHT CORROSION RESTSTANCE, 6000, FLECTRICAL& THERMAL CONDUCTNETY. MAJOR CLASSIFICATIONS OF ALU ALLOYS: 1.WROUGHT ALLOYS 2.CASTING ALLOYS DESIGNATION SYSTEM: WROUGHT ALU ALLOY 4052-0 Auwy UN W/ IN THE xXx cay (ib, 52 OF “Al Ng) MDPIEICATION OF Auoy CUbUALLYO) DESIGNATION SYSTEM: CAST ALU ALLOY A 360. Sika WENTIFIES PRODWT, FORM ( CASTING OR INGOT) IWENTIFIES PARTCUAR > Alloy oR ALUMINUM PUR; MALO ALOYING GROUPS MOPIFICATION OF ORIGINAL AUOY (BEY ons) RR no mm ce (mx) zn si corns, BIORT tin st [BI ve tieee ALUMINUM-LITHIUM ALLOYS ~ HIGHER STRENGTH, GREATER STIFMESS AND LIGHTER WEIGHT. ACH PERCENT OF LITHIUM OF LITHIUM (UP TO) REDUCES THE OVERALL WEIGHT BY 8% RD INCREASES STIFFNESS BY BX = RVATTRACTIVE AEROSPACE MATERIAL. I COMERCIAL ATRCRATS, TT CONSTITUTE OSG OF THE WEIGHT MAGNESIUM BASED ALLOYS = ISTHE LIGHTEST OFTHE COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT METAL “RELATIVELY WEAK TN PURE STATE RD TS ALMOST ALWAYS USED S a ALLOVING ELEMENT ALA os TWo LARGEST (ANIPLE ALLOYING METALS eae An aac ‘Aus l) Z-2 (zh zw) Vans OF BASE AUDY| CANS ORGINAL) TOL nom A ve BE trom Bi oxoun serum I sc tee aN woZING BxSED ALLOY ASA FURE METAL, THE ONLY ATOR USE OF ZINC ISTHE (OF TON & STEEL-ASSACRFIIAL PLATING RETO peers ~ way BE USD fo LHR DIE CASTINGS Ok San caSTNGS oR such | THORIUM ~ LOW NEUTON- ABSORPTION {ARTICLES AS AUTOMOTIVE PARTS, BUTLOING HAROWaRE,paDLocKS, | BERWLLIUM CHARACTERISTICS, Peauerae PLETED © scp n couNTER WeIGHTS & ForwHeeLs URANIUM ~ VERY HGH DENSITY TWO POPULAR ZING DIE-CASTING ALLOYS: copatr ~ USED AS BASE ETAL Fo SuexALtors See ~ IS USED ASA BINDERIN ARGUS PowDeR- SASED COMPONENTS A SINTERED CARBIDES TITANIUM BASED ALLOY = FORRED HARDNESS ~ TS STRONG, LIGHTWEIGHT, CORROSION-RESISTANT METAL. ZIRCONIUM ~ TS USED FOR ITS OUTSTANDING CORROSION TTS PROPERTIES ARE BETWEEN THOSE OF STEEL & ALUMIUM, RESISTNCE TO MOST ACID, CHLORIDES, & TS DENSITY 1S SBN THAT OF STEEL AND TSE ATO ALSO ABOUT ORGAN ACIDS ONEHAE. ~ATRACIVE NEUTRON ABSORPTION + AnOsPace coc reISTIC, : SOME APPLICATIONS OF ZRCOMTUM ALLOYS SOUATERAL CLADDING, HEAT SHIELDS, iD ENGINE ConPONENTS RARE EARTH ~ HAVE S01 IcoRPORATED WTO. MAGNETS METALS THAT OFFEINCREASED STRENGTH, GRAPHITE NICKEL BASED ALLOY TECHNICALLY NOT A. METAL.TT-TICREASES. STRENGTH, WHEN THE = NOTED FoR ITS OUTSTANDING: TEAPEATURE 15 ELEVATED. IN LARGER QUANTITIES, IS USED AS ELECTRODES IN ARC FURNACES. POWDER METALLURGY 67% NICKEL» 30% coPPER USED IN CHEMICAL & FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRIES BECAUSE OF TTS OUTSTANDING CORROSION RESISTANCE TO SALT. WATE, SULFURIC ACID, HIGH-VELOCITY & TEMP. STEM. = USED FOR TURBINE BLADES. NICKEL AND CHROMIUM LEAD, TIN & THEIR ALLOYS ~ 1S USED IN STORAGE BATTERIES, CABLE CLADDING, AND SOUND DAMPENING SHIELDS. ~ USED AS A COATING ON STEEL TO TMPART CORROSION RESISTANCE. re a)s = Sr a) Coren TIN BABBIT BEARINGS MATERIAL LEAD BABBIT 85S 10 Cp Repeal SOFT =POWDER MANUFACTURE METHODS USED FOR PRODUCING METAL POWDER + MELT ATOMIZATION ~ OVER BO OF AL COMMERCIAL POWDERS 15 PRODUCED BY MELT ATOMI2ATION WETHOD LIQUIDS FRAGMENTED INTO MOLTEN DROPLETS WHICH THEN ‘SOLIDIFY INTO PARTICLES. IONE OFTHE METHODS, THE MOLTEN METAL IS ATOMI2ED BY R STR OF NPCTING Gs LIND AST EES OW A + ATOMIZATION FROM A ROTATING CONSUMRBLE ELECTRODE ELECTRIC ARC INPINGES ON k RAPIDLY ROTATING ELECTRODE WITH CENTRIFUGAL FORCE CAUSING THE MOLTEN DROPLETS TO FLY FROM THE SURFACE OFTHE ELECTRODE. Inert gas Vacuum Rotating ‘consumable ‘Spindle Nowrotating ‘tungsten lected Collection port POWDER MIXING AND BLENDING ~ TT 1S THE PROCESS OF MIXING TOGETHER THE METAL POWDERS AND ‘WBRICANTS (OR BINDERS) WITH ALLOY ADDITION UNTIL THEY ARE "THOROUGHLY BLENDED, COMPACTING ~ IN-CONPACTING, THE BLENDED METAL POWDER 1S FED INTO PRECISION DIE, COMPRESSED AND DENSIFED INTO A SHAPE KNOWN AS GREEN ‘COMPACT, USUALLY AT ROOM TEMPERATURE WITH PRESSURE RANGING Ro 3 70 120 TOS/IN2 DEFENDING ON MATERIAL MD APPLICATION, SINTERING IN THE SINTERING OPERATION, THE PRESSED-POWDER COMPACTS [ARE HEATED IN k CONTROLLED-ATMOSPHERE ENVIRONMENT TO A TEMPERATURE BELOW THE MELTING POINT BUT HIGH ENOUGH TO PERMIT SOLID-STATE DIFFUSION, AND HELD FOR SUFFICIENT TIME TO PERMIT BONDING OF PARTICLES. ‘ae ri SO NON-METALLIC MATERIALS PLASTICS CaWanse—* PARATEN OE ~ THE PLASTICS ARE SYNTHETIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE MOLDED 1HTO SHAPE UNDER PRESSURE WITH OR WITHOUT THE APPLICATION OF WA sg 44 0 16 “CAN BE ELTED REPENTEDLY 2. THERMOSETTING PLASTICS ONCE SHAPED, COT BE MELTEDSey TYPES OF THERMOSETS (0M WEFGHT,6O0D STRENGTH AND VERY ~ EASTCITY, CHEMICAL BESTTANCE, Tous rene orsuneestTance _DINENSTONALY SABLE BUT FLAMMABLE USED AS ADHESIVES, ONDING aces, venues | > MEME oT cat sarin COATINGS, AD IN FIBER ANINTES (tucite & 90% OF LIGHT ~~ EXCELLENT RESISTANCE TO HEAT, WATER, pleiguass) | ~ DLECTRC stencris sist weave, A MANY CHEMICALS STRETCH RATHER ASL wevamines | > (2L EE OF TINS Wo rE 2 OE es ~~ USED IN TREATING PAPER AND CLOTH TO CELLULOGE sg ALT TMPART WATER REPELLENT PROPERTIES, ACETATE HIGH MOISTURE ABSORPTION IN MOST GRADES. AND FETED BY ALCOHOLS AND ALKALIS HG, SEONG, LOW COST, AST MOLDED sur same CELLULOSE ~ HIGH IMPACT STRENGTH & — MOISTURE ACETATE RESISTANCE THAN CELLULOSE ACETATE BREROLIOB [pag UML DATE eM OT UTYRATE | - WITHSTAND ROUGHER USAGE a NT Ae WIDE NRIETY OF FORUS: SHEET, ROD erm [> He SCRA sce er TUBE, AND LAMDATE CELLULOSE = STRONG EST ERONMENTAL RETAINS TOUGINESS AT LOW TeNPeRATURES Bott VERY Low coeticenoF‘nicrionrerow) | | POLYESTERS | - uses INCLUDE BOAT & caR Bois, re, fuuorocansons | ~ YS FOR Now-WBRICATING BEARINGS MND VENTS & DUCTS, TEXTILES, ADHESIVES, NRSTIK COATINGS FR COOKING UTENSILS COATINGS, AND LAMINATES BAD SEER ES ~~ SEMIORGANIC SPINE MOLECULES WITH = 10M COEFICTENT OF FRICTION, 6000 ATERIATIN SCO 8. XYGEN ATOMS STRENGTH, ABRASION RESISTANCE, AND: SILICONES = HEAT & WEATHER RESISTANT POLYAMIDES TOUGHNESS ~~ HIGH DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES (wvLon) | - excerenr puwenstonaL sTaBTY EXCELLENT SEALANTS. = USED FOR BEARINGS AND AS MONOFILAMENTS FOR TEXTILES, FISHING LINE, AND ROPES. PER Same ne AVATIABLEIN LIGHTER COLORS pouvearsonares. | ~ HIGH STRENGTH & OUTSTANDING TOUGHNESS, UREA ~ USEFUL IN CONTAINERS & HOUSINGS BUT 6000 DIMENSIONAL STABILITY FoRMALDERYOE | WoT OUTDOORS ~ USED IN LIGHTING FIXTURES BECAUSE OF Gea EBSD Fae Seen COA TRANSLUCENE IN THIN SECTIONS. RESISTANCE & HIGH ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE ~ SUBJECT TO WEATHERING VIA ULTRNIOLET POLVETHYLENES | LIGHT; FLAMMABLE ~ USED FOR GROCERY BAGS, MILK UG, TUBS, PIPES, SHEETING, AND ELECTRICAL WIRE FURS + WOOD FLOUR FIN saiDUST, GENERAL PURPOSE, GOOD MoLDABILITY ‘CLOTHIERS — LNPROVE IMPACT STRENGTH FUR MOLOABILITY Se ‘+ MACERATED CLOTH — IMPROVE IMPACT STRENGTH, LIMITED HIGH DIMENSIONAL STABLY & LOW WATER | vo. AasonrION + LASS ERS — enstucence powystynenes | ~ SST AL-Aow ovuecrate + MIG ELECTRICAL Pop, 10 MOTSTURE ABSORPTION (srvmorgam) | ~ CLEAR HARD & BRITTLE ‘CALCIUM CARBONATE, SILICA, TALC AND CLAY — SERVE AS EXTENDERS = OFTEN USED FOR RIGID PACKAGING, CAN BE | COLORING AGENTS FOAVED TO PRODUCE EXPANDED POLYSTRENE, | - DYES SOLUBLE WTAE RESINS USED FR THANSPAGUT RS RELY + IGHENTS SOLUBLE THE RESTS, USED FoR OPAQUE USTIZERS = Tem RESISTANT VINYLS. | = Ware estsravr erro FoRRS eas (SARAN AND | - USED. FoR ROOR AND WALL COVERING, | rioayts TYGON) UPHOLSTERY FABRICS FUME RETARNAATS ~_WGHTWEIGHT WATER HoseFORMING THERMOPLASTICS INJECTION MOLDING USES A PISTON oR SCREW TO FORCE PLASTIC RESIN THROUGH HEATED TUBE INTO A MOLD, WHERE THE PLASTIC COLS AND HARDENS TO THE SHAPE OFTHE OLD, ~ THERMOPLASTIC ITEMS MADE BY INAECTION MOLDING INCLUDE TONS, OMS, CAR GRILLS, AMD VARIOUS COMTAIERS. E XTRUSION PLASTIC PELLETS ARE FIRST HENTED IN 8 LONG BARREL ~ SUMILAE 10 THAT OF & PASTA-MAKING OF SAUSAGE-STUFING MACHINE, A ROTATING SCREW THEN FORCES THE WEATED PLASTIC THROUGH k OE PRODUCTS INCLUDE GARDEN HOSES, DRINKING STRAWS, PIPES, AND OPES. ~ FOICED THROUGH EXTRENELY FINE DIE HOLES CAN BE COOLED AND WOVEN INTO FABRIS FoR CLOTHES, CURTAINS, AND CARPETS apts oer arden BLOW MOLDING ~ USED TO FORM BOTTLES AND OTHER CONTAINERS FROM SOF, HOLLOW THERMOPLASTIC TUBES. ~ MAKE MaDe PLASTIC CONTAINER, INCLUDING SOFT-DBINK BOTTLES, nas, DETERGENT BOTTLES, ND STORAGE RUNS. Tih Ww: = — I id BLOW FILM EXTRUSION = USES AN INDUSTRIAL BLOWER TO ENPAND A HOT PLASTIC TUBE INTO NIGHT, STRONG PLASTIC BAG, THE AUR INFLATES THE PLASTIC TUE LUKE A BALLOON, UNTIL BAG WITH THE DESIRED PROPERTIES 15 OoRMED, ~ LOW FLM EXTRUSION 1S THE PROCESS USED TO MAKE PLASTIC GROCERY, GARBAGE BAGS AND CONTINUOUS SHEETS. CALENDERING ~ PAPER, CLOTH, AND OTHER PLASTIC MAY BE PRESSED BETWEEN LAYERS OF CALENDERED PLASTIC TO MAKE ITEMS SUCH AS CREDIT CARDS, PLAYING CARDS AND WALLPAPER. a. THERMOFORMING ~ PRODUCTS MADE FROM THERMOFORMED SHEETS INCLUDE TRAYS, ‘STGNS, BRIEFCASE SHELS, REFRIGERATOR DOOR LINER, AND PACKAGES PRESSURE US. VACUUM FORMING??FORMING THERMOSETS COMPRESSION MOLDING CREATES HARD, HEAT-RESITANT PLASTIC PRODUCTS, INCLUDING DINNERWARE, TELEPHONES, TELEVISION SET FRANES, MD ELECTRICAL RTS, aye LAMINATING ~ USED AS A SURFACE IMI FOR FURNITURE, AND KITCHEN AND BATHROOM COUNTERTOPS ELECTRIC CIRCUIT BOARDS AE ALSO LAMINATED FROM RESIN IMPREGNATED PAPE, FABRIC, AND GLASS FIBERS. ae REACTION INJECTION MOLDING (Rim) STRONG, STURGLE. AND DALE PUSTIC ODUCT. SUCH. AS AUTOMOBILE 800 INES, SAN BUSINES MACHINE HOUSINGS QUID TRMOSEITING EIN COMBED WITH URN AeNT (4 CHEKCA. TT CUES THE PLM ECMES 10 crass {UmK) MNO INECED INTO A MOLD, MOST PRODUCTS MADE BY REACTION IETION MOLDING ARE MADE FROM POLYURETHANE ~ ARE SPECIAL CLASS OF LINEAR POLYMERS THAT DISPLAY. AN EXCEPTIONALLY LARGE AMOUNT OF ELASTIC DEFORMATION WHEN FORCE S APPLIED NATURAL RUBBER = ISTHE OLDEST COMMERCIAL ELASTOMER FROM THE PROCESSED SAP OF THE TROPICAL TREE. = TT SHOULD NOT BE USED AT TENPS ABOVE BOO. OUTSTANDING IN FLEXIBILITY, 6000 ELECTRICAL INSULATOR RESISTANT TO MOST INORGANIC ACID, SALTS, AND ALKALIES. BUT HAVE POOR RESISTANCE To PETROLUEM PRODUCTS. DISCOVERED BY CHARLES GOODYEAR, SYNTHETIC ELASTOMERS = ARE ARTIFICIAL ELASTOMERS DEVELOPED TO OVERCOME SOME OFTHE LUNITATIONS OF NATURAL RUBBER, WHICH NOW HAVE DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT AND, FREQUENTLY, SUPERIOR PROPERTIES 1.POLYISOPRENE 2. SILICONE RUBBERS ~ CERAMICS ARE COMPOUNDS OF METALLIC & NONMETALLIC ELEMENTS (OFTEN IN FORMS OF OXIDES, CARBIDES AND NITIES) MANUFACTURE OF CERAMICS 1, MOLDING 'A. SLIP CASTING 15 USED To FoRM HOLLOW CERAMIC OBJECTS B, PRESSURE CASTING , INJECTION MOLDING Uses Piston TO MAKE SMALL, INTRICATE OBJECTS. 1D, EXTRUSION USES ROTATING SCREWS TO FORCE THE HEATED (MATERIAL THROUGH AN OPENING, 2. DENSIFICATION REFRACTORY MATERIALS ~ ARE CERAMICS THAT HAVE BEEN DESTGNED TO PROVIDE ACCEPTABLE MECHANICAL OR CHEMICAL PROPERTIES WHILE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES, ACIDIC REFRACTORIES AE BASED ON SILICON DIOXIDE AND ALUMINUM OKIDE s10 CaN BE COMPOUNDED TO PROVIDE HIGH TEMP RESISTANCE ALONG WY HIGH HARDNESS & 60D -MECH'L PROPERTIES. MACHINABLE SILICA CERAMICS HAVE BEEN USED AS INSULATING TILES ON THE US SPACE SHUTTLE) BASIC REFRACTORIES AE BASED ON MAGNESIUM OXIDE NEUTRAL REFRACTORIES CONTAINS CHROMIUM (Il) OKIDE To SEPARATE THE BASIC & ACIDIC WATERIALS SINCE THEY TEND TO ATTRACT Ov ANOTHER,SILICON CARBIDE & ALUMINA CUTTING TOOLS OFTEN USED FOR ASBRASIVEAPLICATIONS, SUCH AS GRINDING SILICON CARBIDE INDUSTRIAL DIAMOND & CUBIC BORON MITRIDE ——— conyow i grinoins Tools ~ ARE CALED SUPERABRSIVS COBALT-BONDED TUNGSTEN CARBIDE = POPULAR ALTERNATIVE TO HIGH SPEED TOOL STEELS FOR MANY CERAMICS FOR ELECTRICAL & CUTTING APPLICATIONS SILICON NITRIDE MAGNETIC APPLICATIONS CUBIC BORON NITRIDE SILICON CARBIDE POLYCRYSTALLINE DIAMOND CUTTING TOOLS ‘USD AS RESISTORS AND HEATING ELEMENTS FR ELECTRICRRMACES. ALUMINUM OXIDE REINFORCED W/ SILICON BARIUM TITANATE CARBIDE SEDI CAPACTORS AND TennsoueRs ~ Off GREATER TOOL LE, HIGHER CUTING SPEEDS, aD REDUCED ALUMINUM OXIDE ace DOMNTIME WAKE ENCELENT HIG OUTAGE INSULATORS BIOCERAMICS GLASSES POROUS ALUMINA AE BASED On SILICA(S 4.02) WITH ADITIES T ITER THE 15 yen so MI SOUNS, DENTAL CAPS, DENTAL BRIDGES. STRUCTURE 08 REDUCE THE MELTING Pou CALCIUM HYDROXYL PHOSPHATE TS USED To RECONSTRUCT FRACTURED DISEASED BONE. GLASS CERAMICS ARE FIST SPEDAS 4 LASS AN THEN HEAT TaeaTEDToPRowoTE. = NUCLEAR POWER CRYSTALLIZATION OF THE MATERIAL TTSSTRENGTHTS GREATER RANIUM. CERAMIC PELLETS THAN THE TRDIIONA GLASSES, IND THE THERMAL ExPNSTON blll atin ‘REUSED To GENERNTE NUCLEAR POWER + PYROCERAM MATERIAL FOUND IN CORNINGWARE COMPOSITES ~ RE HETEROGENEOUS SOLIDS CONSISTING OF TWO O8 MORE DIFFERENT MATERIALS THAT ARE MECHAVICALLY OR METALLURGICALLY BONDED TOGETHER Cea sy STRUCTURAL CERAMICS SILICON CARBIDE & SILICON NITRIDE OFFER EXCELLENT STRENGTH AND WEAR RESISTANCE W/ MODERATE TOUGHNESS. ~ APPLICATIONS 1S IN TURBINE BLADES. ALLY STABILIZED ZIRCONIA ~ COMBINES THE RESISTANCE TO THERMAL SHOCK, WEAR, CORROSION ~ LOW THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND LOW FICTION COEFFICIENT WITH = ADWANCED FIBER-REINFORCED THE ENHANCED STRENGTH AND TOUGHNESS. COMPOSITES |ANSFORMATION-TOUGHENED ZIRCONIA DEVELOPED FOR APPLICATIONS REQUIRING EXCEPTIONAL COMBINATIONS OF ~ HAS EVEN GREATER TOUGHNESS ‘STRENGTH, STIFFNESS, AND LIGHT WEIGHT, SIALON (SI-AL-O-N STRUCTURAL CERAMIC) FOUR BASIC TYPES OF ADVANCED COMPOSITES: IS STRONGER THAN STEEL, EXTRENELY HARD AND AS LIGHT AS + MONANCED ORGANIC OR RESIN-MATRIX COMPOSITES ‘ALUMINUM + ETAL-MATRIX COMPOSITES + CARBON-CARBON COMPOSITES + CERAMC-MATROX COMPOSITESCORROSION & DEGRADATION OF MATERIALS ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESS CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVING THE TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS AT THE METAL SURFACE Za —+ Zl” + Ze” Conmnon ecacnon, prone) 2H* + Ze” —> He Ceerucrion Reacnon., contort) ELECTROLYTE ‘SOLUTION CAPABLE OF CONDUCTING ELECTRIC CURRENT VIR THE MOVEMENT OF POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE IONS + ANION: ‘NEGATIVE 108 Carin: POSITIVE ION ANODE: ATOMS LOSE ELECTRONS TO THE EXTERNAL CIRCUIT, BECOMING + TONS; WAERE OXIDATION TAKES PLACE. CATHODE: TOS GRIN ELECTRONS FROM THE EXTERNAL CIRCUIT; WHERE REDUCTION TAKES PLACE CORROSION ON METALS UNIFORM CORROSION = CRARACTERIZED BY CORROSIVE ATTACK PROCEEDING EVENLY OVER THE ENTIRE SURFACE AREA OF A LARGE FRACTION OF THE TOTAL AREA GALVANIC CORROSION ~ TWO DIFFERENT METALS ~ (ELECTRICALLY CONNECTED AND IN THE SAME ELECTROLYTE) + MORE ANODIC METAL CORRODES FASTER + LESS ANODIC METAL CORRODES SLOWER (IS PROTECTED) PITTING CORROSION = APART FROM THE LOCALIZED LOSS OF THICKNESS CORROSION PITS CAN ALSO BE HARMFUL BY ACTING AS STRESS RISERS, FATIGUE AND STRESS CORROSION CRACKING. MAY ~ CREVICE CORROSION OCCURS AT SHIELDED AREAS THAT CONTAIN A SMAL VOLUME OF AQUEOUS SOLUTION, INTERGRANULAR CORROSION = CORROSION ALONG GRAIN BOUNDARIES BECAUSE OF DIFFERENCE IN COMPOSrTION ERROSION CORROSION = ATTACK IN METAL DUE TO THE RELATIVE MOTION OF A CORROSIVE FLUID AND A METAL SURFACE STRESS CORROSION = COMBINED ACTION OF AU APPLIED TENSILE STRESS AND A CORROSIVE ENVIONNENT Btu or GRAPHITE SILVER ‘346 STAINLESS STEEL (PASSIVE) NICKEL (PASSIVE) COPPER (INE NICKEL (ACTIVE) Te (ACTIVE)SELECTIVE LEACHING = FOUND IN SOLID SOLUTION ALLOYS AND OCCURS WHEN ONE ELEMENT IS REMOVED AS A CONSEQUENCE OF —copRosion PROCESSES. SELECTIVE LEACHING MAY ALSO OCCUR IN ‘ALUMINUM, TRON, COBALT, CHROMTUM, ND OTHER ELEMENTS + DEZINCIFICATION oF BRAss, IN WAICH TUNG 1S SELECTIVELY LEACHED FROM A COPPER-ZINC BRAS ALLOY. k= 534 RW ils /YEAR (inp) © fh = 0.001 men Wm ricenns Dm Souiszemt +m ms Km “was k-326 GRIN ran/ Yea, Coy?) Aw ant Pic OF Less TWA OS mm/yr) 1% ACCEPTABLE! INHIBITORS ~~ ARE SUBSTANCES THAT, WHEN ‘ADDED IN RELATIVELY LOW CONCENTRATIONS TO THE ENVIRONMENT, DECREASE ITS CORROSIVENESS. ~ USED IN CLOSED SYSTEMS SUCH AS AUTOMOBILE RADIATORS AND STEAM BOILERS. HEAT TREATMENT ~ 18 A OPERATION OR COMBINATION OF OPERATIONS IAVOLVING THE HEATING AND COOLING OF ‘METAL OB AN ALLOY IN THE SOLID STATE FOR THE PURPOSE OF ALTERING THE PROPERTIES OF MATERIA. Ase HEAT ABOVE TRANSFORMATION SANG; 1900-1350 F SLOW COOLING EAT ABOVE TANSFORMATION TEMPERATURE QUENCHING IN OL eATING 100 F ABOVE TRINSFORINTION RANGE SUBSEQUENT COOLING AT ROOM TEMPERATURE HEATING BELOW TRINSFORIATION RANGE, SAY 1100-1200 F HOLDING IT AT THAT TEMPERATURE FOR A SUITABLE TIME ‘REHEATING I BELOW TRNNSFORUATION RANGE ‘ANY DESIRED RATE OF COOLING AGING (AND AGE CHANGE BY WHICH IS STRUCTURE RECOVER ROM AN UNSTABLE HARDENING) CONDITION PRODUCED BY QUENCHING OR COLD WORKING, CRITICAL RANGE 4S THE SAME MEANING A TRANSFORMATION RANGE. DRAWING 15 OFTEN USED TO EAN TEMPERING GGRAPHITIZING CAUSES THE COMBINED CARBON TO TRANSFORM WHOLLY ORIN PART INTO |AND ANNERLING GRAPHITICOR FREE CARBON; IT 15 APPLIED TO CAST IRON, SOMETIMES TO PROCESS HIGH CARBON STEEL (MALLEABLIZING AY ANNEALING PROCESS WHEREBY COMBINED CARBON IN WHITE CAST TRON 1S TRANSFORMED WHOLLY O8 IN PART TO TEMPER CARBON, SPHEROIDIZING 15 ANY HEATING AMD COOLING OF STEEL THAT PRODUCES A ROUNDED OR GLOBULAR FOR OF CARBIDE TRANSFORMATION TEMPERATURE INTERVAL DURIMG WHICH AUSTENITE1S FORMED DURIN ANGE (FOR EATING ITS ALSO THE TEMPERATURE JATERVAL DURING WHICH fe METAL) AUSTENITE DISAPPEARS DURING COOLING.FAINT RED VISIBLE IN DARK FAINT RED L000 RED DDARK CHERRY MEDIUM CHERRY CHERRY FULL OF RED BRIGHT RED SALMON ORANGE Lemon LIGHT YELLOW WHITE DAZZLING WHITE TYPES CASE HARDENING 8)8)3/8)5)2/8/8/8/5/2/8)2 ‘PACK (OR BOK) | THE PART IS HEATED IN CONTACT WITH SOLID CARBURIZING COMPOUNDS OF CCARBURIZING | vaRrUS CONSTTUENTS INCLUDING CHARCORL,BUENED BONE, CRARED LEATHER, TA, AND BARIUM, SODIUN, AMD CALCIUM CARBORATES, ESPECIALLY BARIUM CARBONATE. AND CHARCONL GAS THE PART 1 HEATED 1 CARBURIZING GASES CCARBURIZING | ETHANE ETHAN, PROPANE, ADCO. iguio canauaizing | THE PARTS IMMERSED IVA MOLTEN SALT BATH