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ARTICLE
Eric Jauniaux7 T. Yee Khong8 Leon A. Metlay9 Liina Poder10 Faisal Qureshi6 Joseph T. Rabban III11
● ● ● ● ● ●
Received: 13 March 2020 / Revised: 24 April 2020 / Accepted: 24 April 2020 / Published online: 15 May 2020
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to United States & Canadian Academy of Pathology 2020
Abstract
The terminology and diagnostic criteria presently used by pathologists to report invasive placentation is inconsistent and
does not reflect current knowledge of the pathogenesis of the disease or the needs of the clinical care team. A consensus
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panel was convened to recommend terminology and reporting elements unified across the spectrum of PAS specimens (i.e.,
delivered placenta, total or partial hysterectomy with or without extrauterine tissues, curetting for retained products of
conception). The proposed nomenclature under the umbrella diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) replaces the
traditional categorical terminology (placenta accreta, increta, percreta) with a descriptive grading system that parallels the
guidelines endorsed by the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO). In addition, the nomenclature
for hysterectomy specimens is separated from that for delivered placentas. The goal for each element in the system of
nomenclature was to provide diagnostic criteria and guidelines for expected use in clinical practice.
* Jonathan L. Hecht 8
Department of Pathology, Women’s and Children’s Hospital,
JLHecht@BIDMC.harvard.edu
North Adelaide, SA, Australia
1 9
Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center,
Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA Rochester, NY, USA
2 10
Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco,
Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA San Francisco, CA, USA
3 11
Department of Pathology, NorthShore University Health System, Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco,
Evanston, IL, USA San Francisco, CA, USA
4 12
Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Pritzker School Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital,
of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
5 13
Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Department of Maternal & Fetal Medicine and Obstetrics &
Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard
6 University, Boston, MA, USA
Department of Pathology, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Wayne State
14
University, Detroit, MI, USA Department of Pathology, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School,
7 Newark, NJ, USA
EGA Institute for Women’s Health, Faculty of Population Health
Sciences, University College London, London, UK
Classification and reporting guidelines for the pathology diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS). . . 2383
have reported an overall increase in the prevalence of PAS diagnosis and differential diagnosis between adherent and
ranging from 1 in 2510 and 1 in 4017 compared with a rate of invasive placentation.
1 in 533 from 1982 to 2002. In 2016 the reported incidence in These clinical–pathologic discordances may affect hos-
the United States was 1 in 272 [1]. pital practice. For example, the diagnosis of placenta accreta
The leading hypothesis regarding the etiology of PAS is in a delivered placenta may trigger more advanced imaging
that defects of the endometrial–myometrial interface from during a subsequent pregnancy due to the associated
uterine scarring lead to a failure of normal decidualization, increased risk of PAS [15]. Reproducible grading of PAS is
which allows abnormally deep anchoring of the placental important in the setting of postoperative quality reviews,
villi. Some have postulated abnormalities in the invasive and allocation of resources needed for urgent management
properties of extravillous trophoblast (EVT), with endovas- such as interventional radiology, vascular, or urologic sur-
cular trophoblast predominant in accreta, and interstitial EVT gery [16–18]. The revised terminology will allow more
adjacent to damaged smooth muscle for increta [2]. Although detailed communication between community hospitals and
PAS risk factors include advanced maternal age, multiparity, specialty centers in terms of gathering data for resource
prior uterine surgeries or curettage, Asherman syndrome, and allocation within the health care system.
placenta previa [3], the primary risk factor for PAS in
developed countries is prior cesarean delivery. The incidence
increases from 0.24% after the first cesarean delivery to Materials and methods
6.74% in women who have had six or more cesarean deliv-
eries [3]. The screening and prenatal diagnosis of PAS is A consensus panel was convened within the Perinatal
primarily made by ultrasound imaging [4], sometimes sup- Subcommittee of the Society for Pediatric Pathology to
plemented with MRI [5, 6]. Accurate prenatal diagnosis is recommend standard terminology and reporting elements
essential for planning a safe delivery in a center of excellence unified across the range of clinical scenarios (delivered
with a multidisciplinary team and access to adult and neonatal placenta; total or partial hysterectomy with or without
intensive care [7–10]. Pathology provides feedback to radi- extrauterine tissues, and with or without an in situ placenta;
ology and surgery as an important quality improvement tool curetting for retained products of conception). Each grade
and is essential to evaluate the outcome of management of PAS was meant to identify clinically and biologically
strategies. It is therefore crucial for pathologists to be meaningful subcategories for further study.
involved in the multidisciplinary team, and to provide stan- The panel members were chosen as experts in the field
dardized diagnostic assessment [11]. and as approved representatives of societies with an interest
Intuitively, the pathologic diagnosis of PAS seems simple. in PAS including: the Society for Pediatric Pathology
The placenta is either adherent or invasive, resulting in either (DSH, JLH, LAM, LME, PJK, RB), International Society of
a delivered/evacuated placenta with an attached portion of Gynecologic Pathology (JTR), the International Federation
myometrium, or a cesarean hysterectomy with placenta of Placenta Associations (TYK, PJK), Federation Interna-
in situ. Yet, a large subset of cases clinically managed as tional of Gynecology and Obstetrics (EJ), International
PAS are not confirmed on histology, even in the setting of a Society for Abnormally Invasive Placenta (EJ), and the
hysterectomy. This problem is illustrated by Eller et al. [12] Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SS). The project
in their study on the benefits of a multidisciplinary care team included five working groups designated: Literature search,
for the management of PAS. In their multicenter study, Diagnostic terminology, Basal plate with adherent myo-
18–29% of cases did not have pathologic confirmation of metrial fibers, Depth of invasion, Cesarean section scar
accreta despite a clinical diagnosis, although many of the dehiscence, and Future research and collaboration.
pathology reports indicated thinning of the uterine wall with Recommendations for pathology reporting were discussed
<3 mm of intervening myometrium between the placenta and at a consensus meeting of the authors in Pittsburgh on
the overlying serosa [12]. The distinction between abnor- October 20, 2019.
mally adherent and invasive placentation is also problematic
in the literature. A recent systematic review indicated that
simple adherence (placenta accreta vera) represents about Results and discussion
60% of PAS, whereas the invasive grades, increta and per-
creta, represent 16% and 22% of PAS respectively [13, 14]. Diagnostic terminology
However, a large amount of heterogeneity between studies
was found for all parameters. Further quantification was PAS, hysterectomy, or partial myometrial resections
limited due to methodological inconsistencies with regards to
clinical criteria used for the diagnosis of the condition at The term PAS is the preferred term for the different grades
birth, as well as the histopathologic confirmation of the of abnormal placental adherence and invasion in the setting
2384 J. L. Hecht et al.
of hysterectomy or partial hysterectomy. Abnormal histo- also be associated with uterine atony, chronic abruption,
logic findings in delivered placentas (and curettings) are chorion laeve accreta [18, 25], and other structural
placed in a separate category from PAS, designated basal abnormalities of the uterus or placenta such as retained
plate myometrial fibers (BPMF). accessory lobes (often with an associated fibroblastic reac-
tion), placenta previa, or entrapment or adherence of the
Background and context membranes [25].
The term PAS was chosen for consistency with recent Definition of PAS for pathologic reporting
International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics
(FIGO) consensus guidelines for imaging and management The diagnosis of PAS after excision is based on micro-
[19], as approved by the Society of Gynecologic Oncology, scopic examination of the placental bed (Fig. 1). Sections
the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, must show extended areas of absent decidua between vil-
and the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine [1, 20]. lous tissue and myometrium. This may include areas with
Alternate terms were considered noninclusive. In particular, placental villi attached directly to the superficial myome-
“morbidly adherent placenta,” which was used to describe trium or abnormal implantation with a layer of fibrinoid and
simple placental retention in the 19th century, was felt to intermediate trophoblast between villi and muscle. Sub-
also imply the need for a peripartum hysterectomy, when categorization of PAS, designated by Grades 1–3, is based
cases may be managed expectantly or with curettage rather on gross findings as discussed below. The pathologic
than hysterectomy. Likewise, the term “abnormally invasive diagnosis of PAS is restricted to hysterectomy or partial
placenta (AIP)” [16] or “invasive placentation” [21] suggest myometrial resection specimens, and cannot be made on
the requirement of invasion (i.e., increta or percreta). Other placental tissue alone nor on biopsies of the placental bed.
terms such as “placental attachment disorder,” or “adhesive Abnormal histologic findings in delivered placentas (and
placenta” or “pernicious placenta” should be avoided as curettings) are placed in a separate category from PAS,
they do not imply inclusion of invasive placentation designated BPMF.
[22, 23].
When reporting pathologic findings, the term PAS Gross features
should only be applied to cases with specific macroscopic
and histologic features of abnormal placentation as descri- The gross findings of PAS will depend on the type of
bed below, and/or those that fulfill criteria for the clinical specimen submitted, but are most apparent in a hyster-
FIGO classification [24]. Not all cases with clinically ectomy specimen with placenta in situ. Optimally,
retained placental tissue are part of the PAS. Retention can the hysterectomy is planned and dissection is guided
Microscopic features
(2) PAS Grade 2—superficial invasion: cross sections of less than 25% of the wall thickness relative to the
show an irregular placental–myometrial interface uninvolved myometrium). The serosa is intact.
without involvement of the outer myometrium (i.e., (4) PAS Grade 3D—deep invasion with disruption of the
with preservation of at least 25% of the wall thickness serosa: deeply invasive placenta with disruption of the
relative to the uninvolved myometrium). uterine serosal surface (D = deep invasion).
(3) PAS Grade 3A—deep invasion: cross sections show an (5) PAS Grade 3E—deep invasion with adherent extra-
irregular placenta–myometrial interface with involve- uterine structures: placental invasion into adjacent
ment of the outer myometrium (i.e., with preservation organs (most commonly bladder) or extrauterine
fibroadipose tissue, confirmed by microscopy (E =
extrauterine invasion).
Utilization
Fig. 8 PAS Grade 3E. The bladder is adherent to the uterine serosa than villi extending through the bladder wall into the lumen. Unlike
with fibrosis obscuring the outer limit of the uterus (arrows indicate the the clinical FIGO classification, Grade 3 in the pathologic classifica-
boundary of the uterus). A pale area beyond the uterine serosal tion system does not specify the location of extrauterine invasion.
boundary (*) represents trophoblast infiltration at high power. BM However, this case represents invasion adjacent to the bladder and
bladder mucosa, P placenta. In the new terminology, Grade 3E only could also be classified clinically as FIGO Grade 3B.
requires the presence of EVT within tissues outside the uterus, rather
Classification and reporting guidelines for the pathology diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS). . . 2389
diagnosis of percreta in cases with chorionic villi at a dis- risk of complication. Exceptions to this category include a
rupted, inked specimen margin without microscopic evi- highly fragmented hysterectomy, where the boundaries of
dence of invasion into fat or based only on the surgeon’s the disruption and anatomic landmarks are not identified.
intraoperative impression. Others used the term “near per- Another example is the presence of intraoperative serosal
creta” in cases where sections from a thin area of uterine tears unrelated to PAS, particularly if the patient has pre-
wall showed villi on a thin band of fibrotic tissue without existing adhesions to bladder or colon (e.g., endometriosis,
residual myometrium. prior surgeries). Extensive disruption may also occur, for
The category of PAS Grade 3 deserves additional dis- example, if the uterus is removed by a supracervical
cussion. On gross examination, Grade 3A lesions show two approach to permit urgent hemostasis with subsequent
patterns of gross morphology. The first pattern represents removal of the cervix. Correlation with surgical and radio-
direct infiltrative invasion through the myometrium; on graphic findings should guide the final diagnosis and it is
cross sections of the myometrium, these cases often show acceptable to report a case as: “indefinite for intrauterine
an abrupt transition from normal myometrial thickness to invasion, examination is limited in an area of potential
placental parenchyma (Fig. 9). The second pattern repre- surgical disruption. Correlation with surgical and radio-
sents implantation adjacent to and overlying an area of graphic findings is suggested.”
cesarean scar dehiscence. Those cases show a gradual Communication between pathologist and surgeon
transition from myometrium to extremely thin band of increases the accuracy of the final report [11] and may be
fibrous tissue (Fig. 9). The area of dehiscence often com- facilitated through various means, including the specimen
prises a large central portion of the area of placental requisition form. Reportable elements should also include
adherence, yet may not show trophoblast infiltrating muscle whether urinary bladder or colon wall is included en bloc
and large caliber myometrial vessels [11, 18]. Sections from with the uterus.
this area may even reveal decidua overlying the scar The pathology reporting system differs from the FIGO
(Fig. 10). Infiltrative invasion can typically be found in clinical classification for deep myometrial invasion. In the
sections of the placental–myometrial interface adjacent to FIGO system [24], Grade 3 PAS is divided into three
the scar. Those sections should always be included in the categories based on the location of invasion: Grade 3A
pathology work-up. cases show invasion limited by the uterine serosa, Grade 3B
Grade 3D includes disruption of the uterine wall in any shows urinary bladder invasion, and Grade 3C shows
form. In clinical centers without direct and immediate invasion of other pelvic tissues/organs. In the resected
communication between pathologist and surgeon, it is specimen, the location of extrauterine invasion is not always
impossible to distinguish preoperative extension beyond the clear due to disruption of the specimen. To align the
uterus from surgical disruption or postsurgical manipulation pathology classification with FIGO, we removed Grades 3B
of the specimen. It was felt that all specimens fragile and 3C from the pathology classification as both of these are
enough to be disrupted represent a form of PAS with high captured under Grade 3E: microscopic evidence of invasion
2390 J. L. Hecht et al.
beyond the serosa. If bladder or other pelvic organs are often bulging. Bread loafed sections show a gradual wedge-
identifiable on the specimen, they will be reported sepa- shaped transition from scar to myometrium at the edge of
rately in the pathology template. the bulge. In contrast, infiltrative invasion shows an irre-
gular myometrial interface without gradual transition from
Uterine scar dehiscence scar to myometrium (Fig. 9).
On histology, the uterine wall is typically only a few
Definition millimeters thick and composed entirely of fibrotic scar
tissue [32–34], sometimes with prominent branches of the
USD represents an incomplete disruption of the uterine wall uterine arteries along the serosa (Fig. 12 and virtual slides:
at the site of prior cesarean delivery. USD typically occurs https://slide-atlas.org/link/a4fpkr, https://slide-atlas.org/link/
within the anterior lower uterine segment overlying the tyqijk, and https://slide-atlas.org/link/tj4bee and trichrome
bladder, but may extend laterally to impinge on the para- stain: https://slide-atlas.org/link/sfystk).
metrium. The uterine wall may become so thin that the When an area of USD is involved by PAS, its location
placenta can be seen through it at delivery; a “uterine and size should be documented separately from infiltrative
window” (Fig. 11) even in the absence of abnormal pla- myometrial invasion. Sections show placental villi over-
centation [11, 18]. lying a mature, thinned scar rather than trophoblast infil-
tration into smooth muscle and large caliber myometrial
Gross and microscopic features vessels. Decidua may or may not be present along the scar.
Care should be taken to distinguish uterine wall disruption
The diagnosis of USD is based on the presence of both (PAS Grade 3D) from invasion into adjacent tissue (PAS
gross and microscopic features. On gross examination, a Grade 3E) in cases of USD, since the thin uterine wall is
portion of the anterior lower uterine segment is thinned and prone to artifactual disruption at surgery. If histologic sec-
tions do not show infiltration of trophoblast into perivesical
fat or infiltrative invasion in the myometrium immediately
adjacent to the defect, correlation with surgical and radio-
graphic findings should guide the final diagnosis. It is
acceptable to report a case as: “indefinite for intrauterine
invasion, examination is limited in an area of potential
surgical disruption. Correlation with surgical and radio-
graphic findings is suggested.”
The minimum criterion for BPMF is myometrial smooth fibrinoid/chorionic villi [35]. Diagnosis of BPMF is regar-
muscle fibers attached to the basal plate of the placental disc ded by some as confirmation of clinical placenta accreta
with or without intervening decidua. A diagnosis of BPMF [36], and their presence also portends risk for developing
requires qualification including a stage and size as follows: accreta in a subsequent pregnancy [35, 37], however many
BPMF are seen without clinical evidence of accreta
(1) Stage 1—decidua present. [35, 36, 38].
(2) Stage 2—decidua absent. The reported incidence of BPMF ranges from 0.9 to 40%
(3) Size (mm)—linear dimension along the basal plate in [35, 36, 38–40], with possible explanations for the wide
the largest focus. range including extent of sampling or selection effects
(4) Number of separate foci. resulting from clinical indications for requesting placental
examination. In the event of a macroscopically disrupted
The diagnosis of BPMF requires an explanatory note as area of the basal plate (consistent with focal adherence),
follows: “Note: BPMF may be an incidental finding, but sampling the basal plate at the junction of intactness and
may confirm noninvasive PAS in the appropriate clinical disruption increases detection of BPMF, as can examination
setting. Stage 1 BPMF is more likely an incidental finding of en-face sections through the basal plate [36]. BPMF have
than stage 2 (without intervening decidua). Clinical corre- been reported to be ten times more frequent in preterm
lation is recommended.” placentas than term placentas [38]. No consistent clinical
Previously used synonyms: placenta accreta, occult pla- risk factors associated with placenta accreta, such as
centa accreta, mild placenta accreta, histologic placenta advanced maternal age, multigravidity, or previous uterine
accreta, basal plate myometrium, basal plate myofibers, and instrumentation have been reported in patients with BPMF
basal plate with adherent myometrial fibers. when compared with a reference group [36, 38], and most
Background and clinical context: BPMF are identified in do not have clinical features of placenta accreta [35, 36, 38].
delivered placentas and are considered abnormal, as pla- BPMF share histologic features with clinical placenta
centas normally separate from the uterine wall in a decidual accreta (Fig. 13), including decidual deficiency and
plane (decidual separation zone) and should not include increased number and thickness of EVT at sites of BPMF
myometrial smooth muscle. BPMF are identified on [41]. Recurrence of BPMF in subsequent pregnancies and
hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained placental sections of association with PAS may be the result of focal decidual
the basal plate and can be seen with variable thickness of defects resulting from the delivery of a placenta with
decidua separating the muscle fibers from the basal BPMF, potentially leading to inadequate decidua and
myometrial smooth muscle is readily apparent on H&E- myometrial vessels and fibrin thrombi as well as acute and
stained sections. In a study of BPMF in association with chronic inflammation that mimic invasive villous tissue.
retroplacental hemorrhage, Wyand et al. employed an Tissue may be also damaged following interventional
evidence-based approach to investigate when actin staining radiology or the use of methotrexate which may eventually
is indicated in the presence of retroplacental hemorrhage, lead to the spontaneous delivery of the placenta weeks or
and suggested the following indications: (1) when BPMF months after the birth. These artifacts are illustrated in
are suspected on routine H&E stains but need confirmation; (Fig. 16).
(2) when BPMF are not suspected on routine H&E slides,
but the history suggests possible accreta (e.g., prior cesarean Stage and size
delivery, placenta previa, manual removal, retained pla-
centa, gross disruption of the maternal surface, prior history Because a variable amount of basal decidua can separate the
of accreta, or ultrasound suspicion of accreta); (3) when BPMF from the basal fibrinoid/chorionic villi, it has been
dilated endometrial gland remnants and infiltrative chorion suggested that the spectrum of BPMF be defined by the
are identified in sections of fetal membranes, a finding amount of decidua between the myometrium and basal
associated with morbidly adherent fetal membranes in fibrinoid/chorionic villi [35]. In the staging system devel-
association with retained placenta; and (4) after identifica- oped by Linn et al. which stages PAS as stage 0 (normal) to
tion of decidual hemosiderosis, a finding associated with stage 6 (placenta percreta with invasion of or attachment to
prior retroplacental bleeding [39]. Although immunostains adjacent organs), BPMF are included in stages 1 through
do increase the sensitivity for detecting BPMF, the speci- stage 3. Specifically, stage 1 is BPMF attached at the
ficity of BPMF that are not readily apparent on H&E is separation zone of the basal plate with numerous layers of
lower with respect to clinically significant disease [27]. intervening decidua present; stage 2 is BPMF with the
Immunohistochemistry for BPMF is certainly useful as a decidual layer between chorionic villi and myometrium
teaching adjunct. reduced to 2 cell layers or less; and stage 3 is BPMF is
contact with basal fibrinoid/chorionic villi without inter-
Curettings and fragmented samples vening decidua (Fig. 17).
Linn et al. also developed a method of quantification of
Specimens from evacuation procedures most often come BPMF utilizing the total length of the basal plate examined
from patients with postpartum hemorrhage who are found to
have retained products of conception on ultrasound. The
diagnosis of BPMF can rarely be made in retained placental
fragments and postdelivery endometrial curettings, but care
must be taken to exclude artifacts of tissue retention and
specimen fragmentation. For example, retained placental
tissue may show areas of perivillous fibrin that obscure
the decidua; subinvolution of the implantation site may
include incomplete trophoblastic transformation of large
microscopically, the largest focus of BPMF, and total length PAS in future pregnancies, the specificity of BPMF as a
of BPMF measured using an ocular micrometer. The per- predictor of morbidity is low when applied as an isolated
centage of BPMF was then calculated by dividing the total finding. BPMF is common, with an incidence in reported
length of BPMF by the total length of basal plate examined series of 8–30% with extended sampling [36, 38]. Looking
microscopically. Furthermore, they performed a validation at paired samples (index and prior pregnancy), Miller et al.
study demonstrating that their diagnostic sampling was found BPMF in the previous placenta in 40% of controls
proportionate to the amount of BPMF along the entire basal (those without BPMF or PAS in the index pregnancy) [37].
plate [35]. The finding of BPMF was clinically occult in 31% of cases
Utilizing this staging and quantification, Linn et al. reported by Heller et al. [27]. In addition, although BPMF
demonstrated that BPMF stage 2 or 3 is a risk factor for in an index pregnancy are associated with BPMF in a
placenta accreta in a subsequent pregnancy [35]. They also subsequent pregnancy, the risk factor for PAS with inva-
found that a greater quantity of BPMF (>1.5%) of the sion is unclear. Therefore, as stated in the required
sampled basal plate is a risk factor for placenta accreta explanatory note, a diagnosis of BPMF should be inter-
regardless of stage. The finding of BPMF stage 1 or smaller preted in the context of other clinical predictors of PAS,
quantity of BPMF did not correlate with subsequent such as placenta previa, history of cesarean section, and
development of accreta in the next pregnancy, suggesting a abnormal imaging. We do not make any specific man-
threshold amount must be reached in order to increase the agement recommendations as all published series have
risk. Therefore they proposed that stage 2 BPMF can be been retrospective with no prospective trials of increased
called “BPMF with changes suggestive of focal accreta,” surveillance based on BPMF.
while stage 3 can be called “histologic accreta” [35].
The panel felt that the evidence for the clinical impor- Reporting format
tance of quantity has not been sufficiently validated. Pro-
spective controlled studies and additional data from studies Pathology reports should include a general categorization of
of clinical correlation with quantity of adherent myome- PAS with a grade. A gross description should specify the
trium will be needed before it is included in the BPMF anatomic location of implantation and an estimate of the
explanatory note. For now, the panel suggests including the area of the uterine wall involved. This area can be enum-
linear dimension along the basal plate in the largest focus of erated in cm2 or a percentage of the specified area (e.g.,
BPMF, measured using an ocular micrometer or measured placental invasion involving 20% of the placental bed in the
on a scanned slide or digital image (Fig. 13a). lower uterine segment extending into to the lower fundus,
and right lateral wall; placental invasion over 100% of the
Utilization placental bed with a 2 × 2 cm disruption of the right lower
uterine segment and histologic extension of non-villous
The proposed pathologic definition for PAS is for hyster- trophoblast into parametrial fat).
ectomy specimens. In addition, focal areas of placental Methods to assess and categorize the extent of involve-
invasion can be removed by partial myometrial resection to ment of the placental bed have been published [44]. In that
avoid a peripartum hysterectomy and provide the patholo- system, “focal placenta accreta” involves only one lobule,
gist with a sample containing both invasive villous tissue either partially or entirely; “total placenta accreta” involves
and myometrium suitable for grading PAS. of all placental lobules, or “partial placenta accreta”
Separating the terminology for delivered placentas and involves at least two, but not all placental lobules. The panel
hysterectomy specimens was one of the more controversial felt that the terms “focal,” “total,” and “partial” did not
issues discussed. We recognize that some cases of delivered convey sufficient anatomic detail for correlation with clin-
placentas requiring instrumentation or complicated by ical and imaging findings. In addition, evaluation for extent
maternal hemorrhage represent PAS, but the specificity of of adherence in manually removed placentas is limited since
BPMF for clinically significant disease or invasive grades of those affected by PAS are frequently distorted by attempts
PAS was low relative to clinical variables. Unlike the FIGO at manual removal [11, 18, 34, 45]. For now, the report
classification [24], we do include delivered placentas in the should include the location and extent of involvement as an
overall system of terminology under the heading of BPMF. estimated percentage of the placental bed.
The accompanying explanatory note was developed to link Quantification of the depth of invasion deserves further
BPMF to the PAS system by acknowledging that a subset of study. Any scoring system for depth of invasion will need to
cases are physiologically similar to PAS Grade 1. separate the effects of placental invasion from uterine wall
More clinical data is needed to develop management remodeling as seen in cesarean scar dehiscence. If histologic
recommendations for women with asymptomatic BPMF features of PAS are not present, a statement suggesting
[39]. Although the presence of BPMF is associated with clinical correlation should be included.
Classification and reporting guidelines for the pathology diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS). . . 2395
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name. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2018;51:165–6. 38. Sherer DM, Salafia CM, Minior VK, Sanders M, Ernst L, Vint-
23. Jauniaux E, Collins SL, Jurkovic D, Burton GJ. Accreta placenta- zileos AM. Placental basal plate myometrial fibers: clinical cor-
tion: a systematic review of prenatal ultrasound imaging and grading relations of abnormally deep trophoblast invasion. Obstet
of villous invasiveness. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;215:712–21. Gynecol. 1996;87:444–9.
24. Jauniaux E, Ayres-de-Campos D, Langhoff-Roos J, Fox KA, 39. Wyand R, Cramer SF, Oshri A, Heller DS. Association of retro-
Collins S, Diagnosis FPA, et al. FIGO classification for the clin- placental blood with basal plate myofibers. Pediatr Dev Pathol.
ical diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum disorders. Int J 2018;21:371–9.
Gynaecol Obstet. 2019;146:20–4. 40. Jacques SM, Qureshi F, Trent VS, Ramirez NC. Placenta accreta:
25. Khong TY, Cramer SF, Heller DS. Chorion laeve accreta—another mild cases diagnosed by placental examination. Int J Gynecol
manifestation of morbid adherence. Placenta. 2018;74:32–5. Pathol. 1996;15:28–33.
26. Dannheim K, Shainker SA, Hecht JL. Hysterectomy for placenta 41. Stanek J, Drummond Z. Occult placenta accreta: the missing link
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27. Heller DS, Wyand R, Cramer S. Recurrence of basal plate myo- 42. Ernst LM, Linn RL, Minturn L, Miller ES. Placental pathologic
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Pedoman klasifikasi dan pelaporan untuk diagnosis
patologi gangguan spektrum plasenta akreta
Abstrak :
Terminologi dan kriteria diagnostik yang saat ini digunakan oleh ahli patologi untuk
melaporkan plasentasi invasif tidak konsisten dan tidak mencerminkan
pengetahuan terkini tentang patogenesis penyakit atau kebutuhan tim perawatan
klinis. Sebuah panel konsensus diadakan untuk merekomendasikan terminologi dan
elemen pelaporan yang disatukan di seluruh spektrum spesimen PAS (yaitu,
plasenta lahir, histerektomi total atau parsial dengan atau tanpa jaringan
ekstrauterin, kuret untuk produk konsepsi yang tertinggal). Nomenklatur yang
diusulkan di bawah payung diagnosis spektrum plasenta akreta (PAS)
menggantikan terminologi kategoris tradisional (plasenta akreta, inkreta, perkreta)
dengan sistem penilaian deskriptif yang sejajar dengan pedoman yang didukung
oleh Federasi Internasional Ginekologi dan Obstetri (FIGO). Selain itu,
nomenklatur untuk spesimen histerektomi dipisahkan dari nomenklatur plasenta
yang dapat dilahirkan. Tujuan dari setiap elemen dalam sistem nomenklatur adalah
untuk memberikan kriteria diagnostik dan pedoman untuk penggunaan yang
diharapkan dalam praktik klinis.
PENDAHULUAN
1
dan 1 dari 4017 dibandingkan dengan tingkat 1 dari 533 dari tahun 1982 hingga
2002. Pada tahun 2016 insiden yang dilaporkan di Amerika Serikat adalah 1 dari
272.
2
juga bermasalah dalam literatur. Sebuah tinjauan sistematis baru-baru ini
menunjukkan bahwa kepatuhan sederhana (plasenta akreta vera) mewakili sekitar
60% dari PAS, sedangkan nilai invasif, inkreta dan per kreta, masing-masing
mewakili 16% dan 22% dari PAS.
3
Obstetrics (EJ), International Society for Abnormally Invasive Placenta (EJ), dan
Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SS). Proyek ini mencakup lima kelompok
kerja yang ditunjuk: Pencarian literatur, Terminologi diagnostik, Pelat basal dengan
serat miometrium yang melekat, kedalaman invasi, dehiscence bekas luka operasi
caesar, dan Penelitian dan kolaborasi di masa depan. Rekomendasi untuk pelaporan
patologi dibahas pada pertemuan konsensus penulis di Pittsburgh pada 20 Oktober
2019
Terminologi Diagnostik
Istilah PAS adalah istilah yang lebih disukai untuk tingkat yang berbeda dari
perlekatan dan invasi plasenta abnormal dalam pengaturan PAS, histerektomi atau
reseksi myometrium histerektomi atau histerektomi parsial. Temuan histologis
abnormal pada plasenta yang dilahirkan (dan kuret) ditempatkan dalam kategori
terpisah dari PAS, yang disebut serat miometrium pelat basal (BPMF)
4
plasenta" atau "plasenta pernisiosa" harus dihindari karena tidak menyiratkan
inklusi plasentasi invasif.
5
Gambar 1. Gambaran Plasentasi Normal dan Gambaran PAS
Gambaran Makroskopis
Temuan makroskopi PAS akan tergantung pada jenis spesimen yang diserahkan,
tetapi paling jelas pada spesimen histerektomi dengan plasenta in situ. Secara
optimal, histerektomi direncanakan dan diseksi dipandu dengan pencitraan
praoperasi dan evaluasi intraoperatif. Panduan rinci untuk pemrosesan spesimen
telah dipublikasikan oleh Dannheim et al. dan tidak akan ditinjau di sini. Di daerah
miometrium yang diawetkan, terdapat nodul yang infiltratif dengan batas dorong
yang lebar dan penipisan yang bervariasi pada dinding rahim di bawahnya. Rahim
biasanya menunjukkan pemanjangan dan penonjolan segmen bawah rahim,
terutama dalam kasus dengan plasenta previa dengan pembantu remodeling dinding
rahim pada kehamilan atau karena bekas luka operasi caesar. Area ini seringkali
sangat tipis dan dapat menunjukkan area gangguan bedah iatrogenik (Gbr. 2).
6
Gambar 2. Remodelling Uterus. Distensi dan Penonjolan Segmen Bawah Rahim
dengan Pembuluh Darah Serosa yang Menonjol Pada Kasus Plasenta Previa
Dehiscence dari bekas luka persalinan sesar dengan plasenta di atasnya ditafsirkan
oleh beberapa orang sebagai PAS invasif. Panel merasa bahwa kasus ini mewakili
proses uterus primer daripada salah satu plasenta. Dengan demikian, kasus tersebut
tidak boleh dikategorikan sebagai invasif kecuali fitur histologis PAS terlihat pada
antarmuka plasenta-miometrium utuh yang berdekatan. Pengambilan sampel
tambahan akan mengungkapkan area invasi pada sebagian besar kasus PAS.
Masalah ini akan dibahas kemudian (“Uterine scar dehis cence (USD)”).
Kehadiran plasenta in situ saja dalam spesimen histerektomi tidak diagnostik PAS
untuk pelaporan patologis. Dengan tidak adanya invasi miometrium yang parah,
PAS harus dikonfirmasi dengan upaya lembut untuk memisahkan plasenta dari
plasental bed dengan ketegangan mekanis untuk mengganggu lapisan fibrinoid dan
darah pada permukaan maternal (Gbr. 3) Pengambilan sampel persimpangan antara
plasenta dan dinding rahim sangat penting untuk mengkonfirmasi tingkat PAS dan
menentukan tingkat lateral penyakit. Penting untuk diperhatikan bahwa nilai patuh
dan invasif yang dijelaskan di bawah ini dapat hidup berdampingan dalam spesimen
yang sama.
7
Gambar 3. Potongan melintang plasenta normal yang menempel pada dinding
rahim. A. Di sebelah kiri, sebagian plasenta tetap melekat setelah tekanan mekanis
yang lembut. Ada lapisan bergelombang tebal dari fibrinoid dan pembuluh darah
melebar di sepanjang antarmuka (panah). Di sebelah kanan, area yang tidak
terlibat di mana diskus sebagian besar terpisah dari miometrium dan atap serta
dasar celahnya berkontur halus. B.C. Gambar mikroskopis daya rendah dan tinggi
dari bagian dari gambar sebelah kiri D. Pewarnaan sitokeratin menunjukkan
lembaran-lembaran trofoblas pada fibrinoid di sepanjang permukaan uteroplasenta
Gambaran Mikroskopis
8
sitokeratin atau pewarnaan GATA-3 untuk menyoroti EVT. Namun, ini biasanya
tidak diperlukan untuk diagnosis.
Selain itu, panel merasa bahwa bukti untuk fitur lain yang biasa terlihat
dalam pengaturan akreta tidak cukup untuk digunakan sebagai satu-satunya kriteria
untuk diagnosis. Sebagian besar kasus PAS akan menunjukkan gambaran cedera
jaringan yang tumpang tindih dengan myofiber yang mengalami degenerasi atau
keriput, edema interstisial, dan inflamasi kronis dan remodeling (yaitu, "konversi")
pembuluh darah miometrium luar, beberapa dengan penebalan intima . atau
makrofag sarat hemosiderin (Gbr. 4 dan slide virtual: https://slide-
atlas.org/link/opzzzv dan https://slide- atlas.org/link/jbwi7v).
9
Gambar 4. PAS dengan invasi. A. Sebuah kasus PAS menunjukkan invasi
infiltratif dengan fibrosis menggantikan myofiber disertai dengan peningkatan
peradangan kronis (kiri) dengan edema (kanan). B.C. Bagian yang lebih dalam
menunjukkan remodeling trofoblas dari pembuluh miometrium luar (panah).
Intrusi jaringan vili yang utuh ke dalam pembuluh darah yang melebar
secara masif pada antarmuka plasenta- miometrium sangat umum terjadi pada
semua tahap PAS (Gbr. 5 dan slide virtual: https://slide-atlas.org/link/ h7ggbf).
Ruang-ruang ini secara bervariasi dilapisi oleh endotelium atau trofoblas, tetapi
setidaknya masih ada lapisan tipis media.
10
“dikonversi”, dapat memberikan gambaran kontinuitas vaskular antara plasenta
dan uterus, tetapi pembuluh yang melebar adalah uterus, bukan plasenta
Pola EVT yang berubah telah dijelaskan dalam PAS. EVT biasanya ada di
lempeng basal, desidua, dan miometrium bagian dalam, tetapi infiltrasi dinding
rahim yang lebih dalam terlihat pada PAS (Gbr. 6 dan slide virtual: https://slide-a
tlas.org/link/4uhfxn dan pewarnaan sitokeratin: https://slide- atlas.
org/link/x4bvby).
Gambar. 6 Kasus PAS yang menunjukkan perubahan pola trofoblas ekstra vili,
meluas jauh melampaui desidua dan miometrium bagian dalam, paling baik
terlihat pada pewarnaan sitokeratin. Pewarnaan H&E dan sitokeratin pada
perbesaran pemindaian; vili korionik ada di sebelah kanan setiap gambar. Contoh
ini juga mengilustrasikan implantasi pada bekas luka sesar. Pada daya rendah,
bekas luka muncul sebagai zona pucat di tengah miometrium (panah). Pada daya
yang lebih tinggi (https://slide-atlas.org/link/ 4uhfxn) gangguan berkas otot polos,
dan peningkatan kolase dan pembuluh darah kecil yang tidak teratur .
11
(1) Hilangnya lapisan desidua; fitur histologis PAS yang menentukan.
Sepanjang antarmuka uteroplasenta, lapisan desidua tidak ada di paling kiri
gambar (bandingkan dengan sisi kanan). Kontur antarmuka sebagian besar
tidak terganggu dalam contoh ini, tetapi invasi miometrium superfisial hadir
sebagai fibrosis longgar dan peradangan kronis di tepi kiri antarmuka. Vena
uterus di bawah plasenta melebar secara masif, karakteristik temuan PAS
(https://slide-atlas.org/link/opgxjx).
(2) Perubahan miometrium jauh ke dalam plasenta pada PAS. Di bagian atas,
perhatikan pembuluh darah anasto mosing yang melebar secara masif di
pertengahan miometrium serta pemanjangan vena di sepanjang antarmuka
uteroplasenta. Di bagian bawah, perhatikan edema dan degenerasi sel otot
polos di bagian tengah dari antarmuka uteroplasenta. Trofoblas konversi
pembuluh subserosa juga ada (https://slide-atlas.org/ link/opzzzv).
(3) PAS dengan kerusakan jaringan yang lebih luas. Dalam contoh ini, kontur
normal berkekuatan rendah yang bergelombang/ bergelombang dari
antarmuka uteroplasenta hilang, dan peradangan kronis pada miometrium
dengan edema dan cedera miosit menonjol. Pengorganisasian bekuan darah
dengan vili yang terperangkap di parenkim plasenta adalah temuan umum
(https://slide-atlas.org/link/jbwi7v ).
(4) Intrusi jaringan vili yang utuh ke dalam pembuluh darah yang melebar
secara masif pada antarmuka uteroplasenta (tengah atas gambar). Fenomena
ini dapat memberikan gambaran kontinuitas vaskular antara plasenta dan
uterus pada USG, tetapi pembuluh yang melebar adalah uterus, bukan
plasenta (https://slide-atlas.org/link/ h7ggbf).
(5) EVT meluas jauh ke dalam dinding rahim. Ini paling baik terlihat pada
pewarnaan sitokeratin. Contoh ini juga mengilustrasikan implantasi pada
bekas luka sesar. Pada daya rendah, bekas luka muncul sebagai zona pucat
di tengah miometrium. Pada gangguan kekuatan yang lebih tinggi dari
bundel otot polos, dan peningkatan kolase dan pembuluh darah kecil yang
tidak teratur dihargai. Area bekas luka rentan terhadap dehiscence (tidak ada
di sini) (https://slide-atlas.org/link/ 4uhfxn, https://slide-atlas.
org/link/x4bvby (pewarnaan sitokeratin)).
12
(6) Dehiscence bekas luka caesar (tinta biru menunjukkan segmen bawah rahim
berbatasan dengan kandung kemih). Pada pita tipis jaringan yang
membungkus tepi kiri plasenta, perhatikan tidak adanya otot polos. EVT
menyusup ke dalam pewarnaan mikron, dan konversi trofoblas hadir dalam
pembuluh subserosa (https://slide-atlas.org/link/ a4fpkr).
(7) Dehiscence bekas luka operasi caesar. Dinding rahim menipis dan
seluruhnya terdiri dari jaringan parut fibrotik. Pembuluh darah subserosal
sering terdistorsi oleh proses, tampak melebar dan berliku-liku. Bekuan
darah sering terjadi di area bekas luka (https://slide-atlas.org/link/tyqijk ,
https:// slide-atlas.org/link/tj4bee, https://slide-atlas.org/link/sfystk _
(pewarnaan trikrom)).
Seperti dalam sistem FIGO [24], subkategori PAS yang diusulkan ditetapkan
sebagai tingkatan berdasarkan tingkat invasi yang dinilai juga dengan kerusakan
jaringan lokal (Gbr. 7).
13
miometrium luar (yaitu, dengan mempertahankan setidaknya 25% dari
ketebalan dinding relatif terhadap miometrium yang tidak terlibat).
3) PAS Grade 3A—invasi yang dalam: potongan melintang menunjukkan
hubungan plasenta-miometrium yang ireguler dengan keterlibatan
miometrium luar (yaitu, dengan preservasi kurang dari 25% dari ketebalan
dinding relatif terhadap miometrium yang tidak terlibat). Serosa utuh.
4) PAS Grade 3D—invasi dalam dengan gangguan serosa: plasenta invasif
dalam dengan gangguan permukaan serosa uterus (D = invasi dalam).
5) PAS Grade 3E—invasi dalam dengan struktur ekstra uterus yang melekat:
invasi plasenta ke organ yang berdekatan (paling sering kandung kemih)
atau jaringan fibroadiposa ekstrauterin, dikonfirmasi dengan mikroskop (E
= invasi ekstrauterin).
Penggunaan/ Utilisasi
Nilai secara longgar sesuai dengan sistem AIP (plasenta akreta, inkreta,
perkreta), tetapi mereka deskriptif daripada kategoris sehingga mereka dapat
diselaraskan dengan, dan ditafsirkan dalam konteks, nilai FIGO yang didorong oleh
intraoperatif temuan. Menyertakan istilah warisan (accreta, increta, percreta) di
samping istilah yang direkomendasikan di atas tidak disarankan, namun hal ini
diserahkan kepada kebijaksanaan laboratorium lokal yang bekerja sama dengan tim
klinis.
14
korionik pada tepi spesimen yang telah diwarnai yang terganggu tanpa bukti
mikroskopis invasi ke dalam lemak atau hanya berdasarkan kesan intraoperative
ahli bedah. Yang lain menggunakan istilah "hampir perkreta" dalam kasus di mana
bagian dari area tipis dinding Rahim menunjukkan vili pada pita tipis jaringan
fibrotik tanpa sisa miometrium.
Gambar. 8 PAS Grade 3E. Kandung kemih melekat pada serosa uteri dengan
fibrosis menutupi batas luar uterus (panah menunjukkan batas uterus). Area pucat
di luar batas serosal uterus (*) menunjukkan infiltrasi trofoblas dengan kekuatan
tinggi.
15
Gambar. 9 Pola Invasi pada PAS
Area dehiscence sering merupakan bagian tengah yang besar dari area
perlekatan plasenta, namun mungkin tidak menunjukkan otot yang menginfiltrasi
trofoblas dan pembuluh miometrium kaliber besar. Potongan dari area ini bahkan
dapat memperlihatkan desidua yang menutupi bekas luka (Gbr. 10). Invasi
infiltratif biasanya dapat ditemukan di bagian antarmuka plasenta- miometrium
yang berdekatan dengan bekas luka. Bagian-bagian itu harus selalu dimasukkan
dalam pemeriksaan patologi.
Gambar 10. Transisi dari miometrium ke dehiscence bekas luka sesar. Area bekas
luka dehiscence sering muncul di tengah tempat implantasi PAS.
16
semua spesimen cukup rapuh untuk diganggu merupakan bentuk PAS dengan
resiko komplikasi tinggi. Pengecualiaan untuk kategori ini termasuk histerektomi
yang sangat terfragmentasi, di mana batas-batas gangguan dan penanda anatomis
tidak diidentifikasi.
Sistem pelaporan patologi berbeda dari klasifikasi klinis FIGO untuk invasi
miometrium dalam. Dalam sistem FIGO, Grade 3 PAS dibagi menjadi tiga kategori
berdasarkan lokasi invasi: Grade 3A kasus menunjukkan invasi dibatasi oleh serosa
uterus, Grade 3B menunjukkan invasi kandung kemih, dan Grade 3C menunjukkan
invasi jaringan panggul lainnya. /organ. Pada spesimen yang direseksi, lokasi invasi
ekstrauterin tidak selalu jelas karena terganggunya spesimen. Untuk menyelaraskan
klasifikasi patologi dengan FIGO, studi ini menghapus Grade 3B dan 3C dari
klasifikasi patologi karena keduanya ditangkap di bawah Grade 3E: bukti
mikroskopis invasi melampaui serosa. Jika kandung kemih atau organ panggul
lainnya dapat diidentifikasi pada spesimen, mereka akan dilaporkan secara terpisah.
17
Bekas Luka Parut Uteri
Defenisi
Bekas Luka Parut Uteri merupakan gangguan yang tidak lengkap dari dinding
rahim di lokasi kelahiran sesar sebelumnya. Bekas Luka Parut Uteri biasanya terjadi
di dalam segmen anterior bawah uterus yang terletak di atas kandung kemih, tetapi
dapat meluas ke lateral hingga mengenai parametrium. Dinding rahim bisa menjadi
sangat tipis sehingga plasenta dapat terlihat melaluinya saat melahirkan; sebuah
"jendela rahim" (Gbr.11) bahkan tanpa adanya plasentasi abnormal.
Diagnosis bekas luka parut uteri didasarkan pada adanya gambaran makroskopis
dan mikroskopis. Pada pemeriksaan makroskopis, sebagian segmen anterior bawah
uterus menipis dan sering membengkak. Bagian potongan menunjukkan transisi
berbentuk baji bertahap dari tepi tonjolan bekas scar ke miometrium. Sebaliknya,
invasi infiltratif menunjukkan antarmuka miometrium yang tidak teratur tanpa
transisi bertahap dari bekas luka ke miometrium (Gbr. 9).
18
https://slide-atlas.org/link/a4fpkr, https://slide-atlas.org/link/tyqijk , dan https://
slide-atlas.org/link/tj4bee dan noda trichrome: https://slide-atlas.org/ link/sfystk).
Ketika area bekas luka parut uteri terlibat oleh PAS, lokasi dan ukurannya
harus didokumentasikan secara terpisah dari invasi miometrium infiltratif.
Potongan menunjukkan vili plasenta di atas bekas luka yang matang dan menipis
daripada infiltrasi trofoblas ke otot polos dan pembuluh miometrium kaliber besar.
Desidua mungkin atau mungkin tidak ada di sepanjang bekas luka. Perhatian harus
diberikan untuk membedakan disrupsi dinding uterus (PAS Grade 3D) dari invasi
ke jaringan yang berdekatan (PAS Grade 3E) pada kasus bekas luka parut uteri,
karena dinding uterus yang tipis rentan terhadap gangguan artifaktual saat
pembedahan. Jika bagian histologis tidak menunjukkan infiltrasi trofoblas ke dalam
lemak perivesikal atau invasi infiltratif di miometrium yang berbatasan langsung
dengan defek, korelasi dengan temuan bedah dan radiografik harus memandu
diagnosis akhir. Dapat diterima untuk melaporkan sebuah kasus sebagai: “tidak
terbatas untuk invasi intrauterin, pemeriksaan terbatas di area gangguan bedah
potensial. Korelasi dengan temuan bedah dan radiografik disarankan.”
Istilah "BPMF" adalah istilah yang lebih disukai untuk temuan mikroskopis
serat miometrium di semua spesimen selain histerektomi atau eksisi en-block
plasenta dengan sebagian rahim. Ini akan mencakup semua plasenta yang dikirim
dan spesimen kuret. Kriteria minimum untuk BPMF adalah serat otot polos
19
miometrium yang melekat pada lempeng basal diskus plasenta dengan atau tanpa
intervensi desidua. Diagnosis BPMF memerlukan kualifikasi meliputi stadium dan
ukuran sebagai berikut :
Latar belakang dan konteks klinis: BPMF diidentifikasi pada plasenta yang
dilahirkan dan dianggap abnormal, karena plasenta biasanya terpisah dari dinding
rahim pada bidang desidua (zona pemisahan desidua) dan tidak boleh mencakup
otot polos miometrium. BPMF diidentifikasi pada bagian plasenta yang diwarnai
hematoxylin dan eosin (H&E) dari lempeng basal dan dapat dilihat dengan
ketebalan bervariasi dari desidua yang memisahkan serat otot dari basal vili
fibrinoid/korionik. Diagnosis BPMF dianggap oleh beberapa orang sebagai
konfirmasi klinis plasenta akreta, dan kehadiran mereka juga menandakan risiko
untuk terjadi akreta pada kehamilan berikutnya, namun banyak BPMF terlihat tanpa
bukti klinis akreta.
Insiden BPMF yang dilaporkan berkisar antara 0,9 hingga 40%, dengan
kemungkinan penjelasan untuk rentang yang luas termasuk tingkat pengambilan
sampel atau efek seleksi yang dihasilkan dari indikasi klinis untuk meminta
pemeriksaan plasenta. Jika area lempeng basal yang terganggu secara makroskopis
(konsisten dengan kepatuhan fokus), pengambilan sampel pelat basal di
20
persimpangan keutuhan dan gangguan meningkatkan deteksi BPMF, seperti halnya
pemeriksaan bagian wajah melalui pelat basal . BPMF telah dilaporkan sepuluh kali
lebih sering pada plasenta prematur daripada plasenta aterm. Tidak ada faktor risiko
klinis yang konsisten terkait dengan plasenta akreta, seperti usia ibu lanjut,
multigraviditas, atau instrumentasi uterus sebelumnya telah dilaporkan pada pasien
dengan BPMF bila dibandingkan dengan kelompok referensi, dan sebagian besar
tidak memiliki gambaran klinis plasenta akreta.
BPMF berbagi fitur histologis dengan plasenta akreta klinis (Gbr. 13),
termasuk defisiensi desidua dan peningkatan jumlah dan ketebalan EVT di lokasi
BPMF. Kekambuhan BPMF pada kehamilan berikutnya dan hubungannya dengan
PAS mungkin merupakan akibat dari defek desidua fokal akibat lahirnya plasenta
dengan BPMF, yang berpotensi menyebabkan desidua yang tidak adekuat dan
invasi trofoblas abnormal pada kehamilan berikutnya. Temuan patologis plasenta
yang terkait dengan BPMF termasuk penurunan berat plasenta, pembuluh
uteroplasenta dengan perubahan fisiologis abnormal, villitis kronis basal, desiduitis
sel plasma, peningkatan syncytial knot, aglutinasi vili , peningkatan fibrin perivilus,
trombus subkorionik/intervili, hemosiderosis desidua, infark, dan bekuan darah
retroplasenta yang terpisah. Meskipun ada hubungan dengan lesi malperfusi
vaskular ibu, termasuk kelainan vaskular uteroplasenta, hubungan antara BPMF
dan gangguan hipertensi kehamilan tidak ditunjukkan dalam studi tunggal yang
meneliti masalah ini.
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Gambaran Makroskopis
Gambar 14. Plasenta yang dilahirkan dengan kerusakan pada permukaan maternal
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Gambar 15. Paska histerektomi pada perdarahan
Gambaran Mikroskopis
BPMF adalah serat otot polos miometrium yang melekat pada lempeng
basal dengan atau tanpa intervensi desidua. Definisi tersebut tidak memerlukan area
keterlibatan yang minimal, tetapi temuan tersebut harus mudah terlihat pada
pewarnaan rutin seperti H&E. Skrining menggunakan imunohistokimia tidak
dianjurkan saat ini.
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terbukti meningkatkan deteksi BPMF, namun, bagian ini tidak memungkinkan
penentuan jumlah desidua yang ada.
Pewarnaan imunohistokimia
Spesimen dari prosedur kuretase paling sering berasal dari pasien dengan
perdarahan postpartum yang ditemukan memiliki produk konsepsi yang tertinggal
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pada USG. Diagnosis BPMF jarang dapat dibuat pada fragmen retensio plasenta
dan kuretase endometrium pascapersalinan, tetapi harus berhati-hati untuk
menyingkirkan artefak retensi jaringan dan spesimen fragmentasi. Misalnya,
jaringan plasenta yang tertinggal dapat menunjukkan area fibrin perivilus yang
mengaburkan desidua; subinvolusi dari situs implantasi mungkin termasuk
transformasi trofoblas yang tidak lengkap dari pembuluh miometrium dan trombus
fibrin yang besar serta inflamasi akut dan kronis yang menyerupai jaringan vili
invasif. Jaringan mungkin juga rusak setelah radiologi intervensi atau penggunaan
metotreksat yang pada akhirnya dapat menyebabkan pelepasan plasenta secara
spontan beberapa minggu atau bulan setelah kelahiran. Artefak ini diilustrasikan
dalam (Gbr. 16).
Karena jumlah desidua basal yang bervariasi dapat memisahkan BPMF dari
fibrinoid/villi korionik basal, diduga spektrum BPMF ditentukan oleh jumlah
desidua antara miometrium dan vili fibrinoid/korionik basal. Dalam sistem staging
yang dikembangkan oleh Linn et al. yang stadium PAS sebagai stadium 0 (normal)
sampai stadium 6 (plasenta perkreta dengan invasi atau perlekatan ke organ yang
berdekatan), BPMF termasuk dalam stadium 1 sampai stadium 3. Secara khusus,
stadium 1 adalah BPMF yang menempel pada zona pemisahan lempeng basal
dengan banyak lapisan desidua; stadium 2 adakah BPMF dengan lapisan desidua
antara vili korionik dan myometrium yang berkurang menjadi 2 lapisan sel atau
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kurang; dan stadium 3 adalah BPMF adalah kontak dengan fibrinoid basal / vili
korionik tanpa intervena desidua (Gbr. 17).
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berikutnya, menunjukkan jumlah ambang batas yang harus dicapai untuk
meningkatkan resiko. Oleh karena itu mereka mengusulkan bahwa stadium 2
BPMF dapat disebut "BPMF dengan perubahan sugestif akreta fokal," sedangkan
tahap 3 dapat disebut "akreta histologis".
Penggunaan/ Utilisasi
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diterapkan sebagai temuan terisolasi. BPMF adalah umum, dengan insiden dalam
seri yang dilaporkan 8-30%. Melihat sampel berpasangan (indeks dan kehamilan
sebelumnya), Miller et al. menemukan BPMF pada plasenta sebelumnya pada 40%
kontrol (mereka yang tidak memiliki BPMF atau PAS pada kehamilan). Temuan
BPMF secara klinis tersembunyi pada 31% kasus yang dilaporkan oleh Heller et al.
Selain itu, meskipun BPMF pada indeks kehamilan berhubungan dengan BPMF
pada kehamilan berikutnya, faktor risiko PAS dengan invasi tidak jelas. Oleh
karena itu, sebagaimana dinyatakan dalam catatan penjelasan, diagnosis BPMF
harus ditafsirkan dalam konteks prediktor klinis PAS lainnya, seperti plasenta
previa, riwayat operasi caesar, dan pencitraan abnormal. Kami tidak membuat
rekomendasi manajemen spesifik karena semua studi yang sudah diterbitkan
merupakan studi retrospektif tanpa percobaan prospektif akan peningkatan
pengawasan berdasarkan BPMF.
Format Pelaporan
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PAS sering terdistorsi oleh upaya pelepasan manual. Untuk saat ini, laporan harus
mencakup lokasi dan tingkat keterlibatan sebagai perkiraan persentase plasental
bed.
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