December 1966 Equilibria in KAl F4-Contnining Systems
5.0-
,I-, ’
I I
I I 1 I I I
Ideal Emitter
I ‘+ (Blackbody) - u.0
0 1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0
WAVELENGTH I N MICRONS
Fig. 4. Relative radiant intensities of boron nitride, titanium
nitride, titanium diboride, and polished titanium boronitride
at 1300°K.
nitride, based on the respective normal spectral emissivities
of these materials. Figure 5 shows the relative radiant in-
tensities developed from the theory based on Eq. (3) using a
volume percent method. It shows the relative radiant in-
tensity of titanium boronitride as a sum of the relative radiant
intensities of its basic constituents.
References
W. D. Kingery, Property Measurements a t High Tempera-
tures; pp. 92, 117-22. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
1959.
* A. G. Worthing, “Temperature Radiation Emissivities and
Emittances,” J. Appl. Phys., 11 [6] 421-37 (1940).
a W. N. Harrison, J. C. Richmond, E. K. Plyler, Ralph Stair,
and H. K. Skramstad, “Standardization of Thermal Emittance
Measurements,” Wright Air Development Division, Wright-
Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. Report No. WADC-TR-59-
510; March 1960.
A. F. Grenis and A. P. Levitt, “Infrared Radiation of Solids
-Refractory Materials,” A m . Cerum. SOC.Bull., 44 [ l l ] 901-906
(1965).
A. F. Grcnis, “Thermal Radiation of Complex Ceramic
Solids,” U. S. Army Materials Research Agency, Watertown,
Massachusetts, Technical Report AMRA-TR-65-14, July 1965.
J. C. Richmond, “Relation of Emittance t o Other Optical
Properties,” J. Res. Null. Bur. Stds., 67C [3]217-26 (1963).
R. V. Dunkle; pp. 2 4 in Theory and Fundamental Research
in Heat Transfer-Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, Novem-
Equilibria in KAIF,-Containing Systems
BERT PHILLIPS, C. M. WARSHAW,* and I. MOCKRINt
Tcm-Pres Research, Inc., State College, Pennsylvania 16801 and Pennsalt Chemicals Corporation, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
Stability relations in the systems KF-AlFa,
KAlF4-RbAlF4, and gAIF4-RbA1F4-KBF4 were
established using DTA,direct observationalanal-
ysis, and quenching techniques. Two KF-AlFa
compounds, k A l F e and KAlF,, are stable and, on
cooling, cubic KAlF4 inverts (between -23” and
+SO”C) to an orthorhombic modification. On
heating, the cubic form is stable to the congruent
melting temperature of 574” f 1°C. Melting
points of -6 and AlFs are 985” and 99D°C, re-
spectively. The compounds KAlF, and RbAlF,
form a complete solid solution with a relatively
narrow solidus-liquidus interval. As little as 5
631
5.01 1 ’ I
. .1
’-
I I 1 I I
-\ Ideal Emitter
I
1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0
WAVELENGTH I N MICRONS
Fig. 5. Relative radiant intensities of boron nitride, titanium
nitride, titanium diboride, and polished titanium boronitride
(based on volume ratio) at 1300’K.
ber 1960. Edited by J. A. Clark. The Macmillan Co., New York,
1963.
8 J. D. Plunkett and W. D. Kingery, “Spectral and Integrated
Emissivity of Carbon and Graphite”; pp. 457-72 in Proceedings
of the Fourth Conference on Carbon, University of Buffalo, New
York, 1960.
9 A. G. Maki, Ralph Stair, and R. G. Johnston, “Apparatus
for the Measurement of the Normal Spectral Emissivity in the
Infrared,” J. Res. Null. Bur. Std., 64C [2] 99-102 (1960).
‘OH. T. Betz, 0. H. Olson, B. D. Schurin, and J. C. Morris,
“Determination of Emissivity and Reflectivity Data on Air-
craft Structural Materials: Part I,” Armour Research Founda-
tion, WADC-TR-56-222; AD 110458, October 1956.
11 W. D. Wood, H. W. Deem, and C. F. Lucks; p. 60 in “Emit-
tance of Ceramics and Graphites,” Defense Metals Information
Center, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio, Report
No. DMIC-Memo-148; Contract No. AF 33(616)-7747, 108 pp.;
March 1962.
I* G. H. Walker and F. W.Casey, Jr.; pp. 20,21 in “Measure-
ment of Total Normal Emittance of Boron Nitride from 1200’F
to 1900’F~. with Normal Soectral Emittance Data a t 1400’F.”
Lngley Research Center, Langley Field, Va., Report NO.
NASA-TN-D-1238, July 1962.
18 T. R. Riethof and V. J. DeSantis, “Techniques of Measuring
Normal Spectral Emissivity of Conductive Refractory Com-
pounds at High Temperature”; Symposium on Measurement of
Thermal Radiation Properties of Solids, Session V, Dayton, Ohio,
Report No. NASA-SP-31, 1963; p. 579.
’4 C. D. Pears, “Some Problems in Emittancc Measurements
at Higher Temperatures and Surface Characterization,” ibid.,
p. 545.
mole % R b U 4in the KAlF, lattice greatly affects
the low-temperatureinversion, causing it to occur
below the temperature of liquid nitrogen
(- 196OC).
Received April 1, 1966; revised copy received June 20, 1966.
This study was supported in part by the United States Office
of Naval Research.
At the time this work was done the writers were, respectively,
senior scientist, senior scientist, Tem-Pres Research, Inc., and
group leader, Pennsalt Chemicals Corporation.
* Now editor, Committee on Ceramic Chemistry, National
Research Council.
t Now manager, Planning Department, Kawecki Chemical
Company, Boyertown, Pennsylvania 19512.
632 Journal of The American Ceramic Sockty-Phillips et d.
I. Introduction age transformer. The powdered samples and inert material
N AN evaluation of tetrafluoaluminates, which have layered
I structures' and fairly good dielectric properties,* as po-
tential dielectric materials, equilibrium relations were studied
in related systems to determine basic properties as a func-
tion of composition.
Of the five reported tetrafluoaluminates (KAlF4, RbAlF,,
NH4AlF4,Tu1F4,3and NaA1F44), TlAlF. is poisonous and
prohibitively expensive, NH4AlFphas a relatively low upper
temperature of stability (it dissociates a t about 3OO0C), and
NaAlF, is both difficult to prepare and decomposes above
47OoC. Of the other two, KAlF, is the more logical choice in
developing synthetic dielectrics. It is considerably less
expensive and slightly more refractory than RbAlF4.
11. Previous Work
RbAIFl has been prepared from aqueous s o l ~ t i o n but
,~
KAlF4 has not.6.0 Brosset reported that pure KAlF4 could
not be obtained by fusion of KF and A1Fa,3 although success
by this method was reported by Eitel el al.' A pure crystal-
line. KAIFl was reportedly obtained by Brosset3 when he
combined aqueous solutions of HF, AlFa, and KHFt in the
correct proportions and then evaporated the suspension to a
dry mixture, which was melted and recrystallized. Other
attempts to grow KAlF4 sheets have been made as a step
toward growing synthetic fluorophlogopitecrystals.8
The structure of tetrafluoaluminates has been discussed by
several investigators including Brosset,3,6.9 Wells, Pabst,'O
Dana,lI and B@ggild.12
A published phase diagram for the system KF-A1Fa shows
KoAIFoand another compound, not specified, near the KAlFd
~ornposition.1~,1~ A congruent melting point of 1020°C is
given for KaAIFs.
111. Experimental Procedures
(1) General
To avoid volatilization and thermal hydrolysis of the fluo-
rides during equilibration, all samples were encapsulated in
gold or silica tubes. The gold tubes were prepared by weld-
ing one end closed, funneling in the powdered sample, com-
pressing, and then welding the top seam. The sealed silica
capsules, which were prepared in a somewhat similar manner,
and which could not be compressed, were evacuated before the
final sealing. The samples were observed immediately on
removal from the furnace, or in the case of silica containers,
while still in the furnace.
Phase relations were established by DTA supplemented
by direct observational analysis (DOA) or quenching results
or both. No single method is considered adequate for study-
ing systems where extreme difficulties in quenching are en-
countered.
All starting materials and products were analyzed by X-ray
diffraction. Microscopy was used mainly to establish the
presence of phases not detectable by X-ray diffraction.
(2) Procedure and Apparatus
For DTA between 200' and 900°C the sample and inert
reference material (calcined alumina) were sealed into gold
tubes, inserted with the thermocouplesinto a refractory sample
holder which was heated in a wire-wound resistance furnace.
The rate of heating or cooling was controlled by a program-
controller and a saturable core reactor. The differential emf
was amplified and the thermal effects were recorded. Tem-
perature of the reference material was measured to the nearest
degree and noted directly on the chart a t appropriate inter-
vals. In critical temperature ranges, the temperature was
recorded every few degrees.
For DTA between -196' and 100°C the furnace and
sample holder consisted of a Dewar flask, thoroughly chilled
with liquid nitrogen before the run, and a silver sample block
wrapped with an insulated wire connected to a variable volt-
Vol. 49, No. 12
were packed into the block with no concern for excluding the
water in air a t these low temperatures. The heating and the
recording of thermal effects and temperatures were carried
out as for the high-temperature DTA.
Because of the difficulties encountered in interpreting data
from both DTA and quenching techniques, a furnace was
built in which samples sealed in evacuated silica capsules
could be examined during heating (DOA). Phases present
as a function of furnace temperature were established directly.
The furnace was a simple vertical Kanthal-wound resistance
furnace equipped with side ports which permitted direct
sighting into the hot zone. The temperature of the furnace
was controlled to +2"C and the heating rate could be de-
creased to l0C/min to permit close observation of solidus
and liquidus temperatures.
Other direct observation analyses were made with a thermo-
couple microfurnace. The heating element was a V-shaped
?-in. length of platinum wire connected to a variable power
supply. The temperature, regulated by variable voltage
transformers, was measured directly with a 36 gage Pt-90-
PtlORh thermocouple, the junction of which was welded to
the heating element at the bottom of the V. With this in-
strument, small amounts of powdered samples were observed
directly with a binocular microscope while being heated on the
thermocouplejunction. The element was enclosed in a plastic
box so that heating was in a controlled atmosphere; dry
nitrogen was used.
( 3 ) Materials
The KAlF4 and RbA1F4 were prepared by the Brosset
m e t h ~ d . ~Precipitates of K2AlFs.H200 and of RbA1Sa
were obtained by adding stoichiometric amounts of the alkali
metal fluoride solution to a solution of AlFa in aqueous HF
(obtained by dissolving A120a.3H20 in 48% HF). The sus-
pension was evaporated to dryness in polypropylene or Teflon
beakers at approximately 100°C. The starting material
for KAlF4 preparation was cp KF-3HzO. The RbF was
used for making RbAlF4.
The dried precipitates were fused in platinum either in air
or in dry nitrogen. The fusions in air were made just above
the liquidus temperature and only long enough to obtain a
clear melt. Those in dry nitrogen were made at G5OoC for
about 15 rnin. X-ray diffraction patterns of the products
indicated that only KAlF, or RbAlF4was present.
An attempt was made to prepare pure KAlF4 by heating a
1 : 1 mixture of anhydrous K F (ignited a t 40OoC) and vacuum-
sublimed A1Fa**16under pressure in sealed gold tubing. Most
of the air was excluded by compression of the tube before
sealing. Hydrothermal pressure (2000 to 3000 psi) necessary
to equalize the pressure within the soft gold tubing during the
heat treatment was applied and the materials were heated to
GOOo to 65OoC. Complete reaction was not obtained. either
by heating a t GOOOC for 15 rnin or by fusion at 650°C fol-
lowed by 4 hr at 52OoC. Traces of AlFa and KaAlFo were still
present after the fusion treatment.
The KAlF4-RbAlF, mixtures were prepared by fusing mix-
tures of the end members. X-ray diffraction showed single-
phase tetrafluoaluminate solid solutions with the d spacings
and intensities varying between those for KAlF, and RbAlF4.
A series of mixtures between K3AlFa and KAlFp was pre-
pared by reacting anhydrous KF-KAIF4 mixtures in sealed
gold tubes under pressure as described in the foregoing. The
samples were heated to G50°C, then held at 5OO0C for 12 to
15 hr.
Mixtures of KAlF, and AlFa were prepared by combining
fused KAlF4 and vacuum-sublimed AIFa.
Mixtures of KBF4with KAlF4or RbAlF4were prepared by
grinding the appropriate amounts of the components together
* Obtained from the Research Laboratory, Kaiser Aluminum
& Chemical Corp.
 Equilibria i n KAlF,-Containing Systems
[L KF*K3AIF6
Cubic KAlFa + Liquid
3 heated to 586'C. These data plus the KAlF4 melting tem-
2LL K3AIF6
L 400- +
C u b e KAIF,
+AlF,
> Cubic KAI Fq * >
5
c 100
0-
-4:
K3AIF6 t
K A q AF3
-100.
1 k t h U h u n "lF4*'mqtrmbr
~
'
I an exotherm (on cooling) at -23'C and an endotherm (on
Fig. 1. Phase diagram for the system KF-MI.
and then fusing the mixture at about GOOC ' or reacting them
at about 525°C in gold tubes. Both fused and solid-state-
reacted mixtures were used.
The KBF4 (Baker and Adamson) was checked by elemental
analysis, DTA, and X-ray diffraction. The as-received mate-
rial underwent a reversible phase transition a t 279'C (re-
ported as 278OCl6)and melted a t 548'C (reported as 53OoCl6).
The chemical analysis for KBF4 was as follows: calculated,
31.0K,8.GB,60.4F; measured,30.8K, 10.0B,and59.0F.
The I4AlF6 was prepared by solid state reaction of a stoichi-
ometric mixture of K F and KAlF4 by heating several hours
at 8OO0C, grinding, and reheating at 900'C in a nitrogen at-
mosphere. X-ray diffraction showed that only K3AlF6
was present in the product.
The AlFa was prepared by vacuum sublimation.16 Except
for a few additional weak lines, the X-ray pattern agreed with
that in the ASTM file.
IV. Results a n d Discussion
( 1 ) System KF-A&
The phase diagram for the system KF-AlFa, shown in Fig. 1,
is based on a previously published diagram,13J4on the results
of quenching experiments shown in Table I,* and on other
data reported in this section.
The melting temperature for KAlF, was established as
574' f 1'C based on the average values of two DOA and three
DTA determinations. On the basis of melting data for
nearby compositions, the compound KAlF4 is considered
to melt just congruently, whereas a mixture slightly richer in
AlFg would melt at the same temperature to form AlFt plus
liquid very close in composition to KA1F4. This indicates
that the difference between the melting point of KAlF4 and
the possible eutectic between KAlF4 and AlFa is within the
limits of experimental error. This congruent melting exists
in many systems involving halides.
Tables I through I11 listing results of equilibrium runs, DTA,
and d spacing measurements on solid solutions have been de-
posited as Document No. 9191 with the AD1 Auxiliary Publi-
cations Project, Photoduplication Service, Library of Congress,
Washington, D. C. 20540. A copy may be secured by citing
the document number and by remitting $1.25for photoprints or
$1.25 for 35mm microfilm. Advance payment is required.
Make checks payable to: Chief, Photoduplication Service,
Library of Congress.
633
The KF-AlF3 mixtures between 35 and 47 mole % AlFs were
analyzed by DTA (Table II).* The major effect recorded
is attributed to the solidus temperature. Minor thermal
effects resulted from small amounts of impurity, and the uni-
formity in temperature of this effect indicates that it may be a
ternary eutectic. These results indicate that the eutectic or
solidus temperature between K&F6 and KAlF, is 559"
f 2'C. Visual examination of the samples showed that
those of composition near KAlF, had been above the liquidus
a t 576'C whereas those closer to KaAlF6 were not, even when
perature permit placing of the eutectic closer to the KAlF,
- than to the KsAlFa composition in Fig. 1. This position is
> in close agreement with the eutectic in the previous diagram.I3
Crystals grown from melts of KAlF4 compositions crumble
and opacify when cooled to near -3O'C. X-ray data and
optical properties of the products of this low-temperature
- change show only one phase; hence this is a phase transforma-
tion and not a disproportionation reaction. The DTA on a
KAlF4 sample cooled to liquid nitrogen temperature showed
heating) a t +5OoC. X-ray diffraction of the samples im-
mediately following the DTA correlated these thermal effects
with the phase transformation. The X-ray patterns obtained
on the chilled samples contained the peaks due to the "nor-
mal" orthorhombic form of KAlF4 in addition to numerous
others. The large difference in temperature of the exotherms
and endotherms indicated a sluggish inversion and that the
equilibrium temperature is intermediate.
The DTA showed that &AlF6 and AIFa melt a t 985' and
990°C, respectively. Since these new data (incorporated in
Fig. 1) we're obtained in sealed systems, they are probably
more reliable than those in the literature, which indicate that
KaAlFa melts a t 102j°C13and that AIF, melts at 1040°C.17
K2AlFs is formed above 270°C on heating KzAlFs*H20,
which is one of two stable fluoaluminates precipitated from
aqueous solution. From X-ray evidence traces of this hy-
drated compound appeared to be present in some heated mix-
tures of K3AlF6and KAlF,. Further studies were made to
determine whether KzAIFs has a field of stability in the sys-
tem KF-AlFa in the range investigated. Longer heat treat-
ments and high-temperature X-ray patterns were made to
determine if K,AIFKformed and then decomposed on cooling.
In no instance were more than traces of the KIA~FK observed.
It was concluded that the extraneous phase may have been
hydrolysis contamination product and that K2AlFs is ;lot a
stable phase in the system KF-AlF3.
( 2 ) System KAZFo-RbAIF4
The system KAIF4-RbAlF4 was studied to determine
RbAlF4 solubility in KAIFl and to determine the amount of
RbAlF4 necessary to inhibit the low-temperature inversion
to a temperature low enough to use KAlF4in dielectric appli-
cations. Results of DTA and DOA of mixtures of KAlFd
and RbAlF, show a complete solid solution series between
these compounds and a relatively narrow (-10°C) solidus-
liquidus interval in the system. KAlF4melts at 574" f 1'C
and RbAlF4melts at 537" f 5'C.
Pure KAlF4 and the solid solution containing 1 mole %
RbAlF4 inverted structurally at temperatures above that of
liquid nitrogen. The DTA showed exotherms (cooling) and
endotherms (heating) as follows: for KAlFd: -23' and
+5OoC; for 99KA1F4-1RbAlF4:-37', -41", and +45'C;
for 95KA1F4-5RbA1F4:none were observed above - 19G'C.
Immediately following the heating cycle, samples were ana-
lyzed by X-ray diffraction, which permitted correlation of
these thermal effects with the inversion. The large difference
in temperature between the exothermic and endothermic
effects indicates that this is probably a reconstructive trans-
formation and that the equilibrium temperature must be
between these values. Even though the exact temperature
decrease has not been established for mixtures containing
634 Journal of The American Ceramic Society- Winkler et al.
between 1 and 5y0 RbAlF4, the results indicate that a 2 or References
3% addition of RbAlF4 in KAlF4 will probably decrease the
inversion temperature to below -65OC.
(3) System KAZPd-RbAZFd-KBF4
Mixtures containing from 5 to 90 mole yo KBF4 with
KAlF4 and with RbAlF4 were studied by X-ray diffraction
after both fusion and cooling and after solid state reaction.
More significant data were obtained with samples fused and
cooled than from those reacted in the solid state. Experi-
ments at subsolidus temperatures for 36 hr did not form equi-
librium assemblages and KBF4 was present when according
to other data it should have been completely dissolved.
Three days to three weeks are necessary to attain equilibrium
in fluoride systems of this type at subsolidus temperature.*
Considerable d spacing data on solutions of KBF4 in KA1F4
and RbAlFd (Table I1I)t indicate that KBF4 is soluble in
KAlF4 to about 10 mole % and soluble in RbAlF4to about 20
mole %.
Evidence indicates that RbAlF4 is soluble to some extent
in KBF4. The phase transition temperature for the KBF4
phase was depressed to 248OC by the RbAlF, when the mix-
tures had been fused and then cooled. No similar decrease
was noted when KAlF4 was fused with KBF4.
The solubility of KBF, in KAlF4 and in RbAlF4 suggests
that a ternary solid solution exists among these compounds.
The fact that KBF4 is soluble in KAlF, and in RbAIF, was
not expected from a crystal chemical viewpoint because Ba+
would probably be present in sixfold coordination with fluorine
in the KAlF4 lattice.
Melting temperatures were determined by DOA for two
fused (590OC) and ground mixtures of 17.0 and 30.0 mole %
KBFI with KAlF4; RbAIF4 in 9: 1 mole ratio (corresponding
to (K,Rb)AIF, solid solutions). Complete melting occurred
at 530’ to 55OoC and at 512’ to 533OC, respectively. Al-
though precise values could not be determined due to clouding
and temperature gradients, it is evident that addition of
KBF4 caused decreases in the solidus and liquidus tempera-
tures for (K,Rb)AlS solid solutions.
Acknowledgment
The authors are indebted to G. K. Dunsmore, J. Carman, and
H. W. Shadle of Tem-Pres Research, Inc., for supporting Iab-
oratory work, and to the Analytical Department, F. D. Loomis,
C. W. Graver, and E. E. Hillman, of Pennsalt Chemicals Corpora-
tion.
Solid Solution of Titanium Dioxide in
Aluminum Oxide
E. R. WINKLER, J . P. SARVER, a n d I V A N B. CUTLER
Ceramic Engineering Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112,
and Lighting Research Laboratory, General Electric Company, Ncla Park, Clcvcland, Ohio 44112
The solid solution limit of titanium dioxide in
AlzOa was investigated using difhrse reflectance
and cathodoluminescence measurementson poly-
crystalline AlzOa doped with 1.0 mole 7-or less
TiOz. The samples had been fired in air at
1300OC. The di&se reflectance spectra indi-
cated that the solid solubility limit is between
0.25 and 0.30 mole %. Cathodoluminescence
spectra indicated that both TiS+and Ti4+ are
Vol. 49, No. 12
A. F. Wells, Structural Inorganic Chemistry; pp. 287, 291-
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as Dielectrics,” U. S. Pat. 3,016,480, January 9, 1962.
(b) Isadore Mockrin and Alexander Kowalski, “Fluoaluminate
Composition as Dielectric Material,” U. S. Pat. 3,098,752, July
23, 1963; U. S. Pat. 3,112,207, November 26, 1963.
3 Cyrill Brosset, “Preparation and Crystal Structures of Some
Alkali Aluminum Fluorides of the TlAIF4 Type,” 2. Anorg.
Allgem. Chem., 239,301-304 (1938).
E. H. Howard, “Some Physical and Chemical Properties of a
New Sodium Aluminum Fluoride,” J. A m . C h m . Soc., 76 [8]
2041-42 (1954).
Cyrill Brosset, “Electrochemical and X-Ray Crystallographic
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6 F. A. Paine and J. Pearson, “Potassium Fluoaluminates,”
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Wilhelm Eitel, R. A. Hatch, and M. V. Denny, “Synthetic
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Layer Minerals (Mica)”; Horizons, Inc., Final Rept., Office of
Naval Research, Washington, D. C. NR 032503, June 1, 1953.
* Cyrill Brosset, “Preparatiov, and Crystal Structure of the
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134-47 (1937).
10 A. Pabst, “Structural Classification of Fluoaluminates,” Am.
Mineralogist, 35 I3-41 149-65 (1950).
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(editors); Dana’s System of Mineralogy. Vol. II,7th ed. John
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I t 0. B. Bfiggild, Mineralogy of Greenland, Vol. 149. C. A.
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18 P. P. Fedotiev and K. Timofeev, Melting Diagrams of the
Systems KF-AIFa and LiF-AIFI,” Z . Anorg. Allgem. Chem., 206
[3] 263-66 (1932).
14 E. M. Levin, H. F. McMurdie, and F. P. Hall, Phase Dia-
grams for Ceramists; p. 223. Edited by M. K. Reser. The
American Ceramic Society, Inc., Columbus, Ohio, 1956.
16 J. L. Henry and S. H. Dreisbach, “Preparation of Pure
Anhydrous Aluminum Fluoride by Vacuum Sublimation,” J. Am.
Chem. Soc., 81 120) 5274-75 (1959).
10 “Data on Chemicals for Ceramic Use,” Bull. Natl. Research
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17 Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 41st ed. Edited by
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* H. Insley; private communication.
t See * footnote on p. 633.
present in air-fired samples whereas only Tia+
is present in hydrogen-fired samples.
Received January 7,1966; revised copy received June 6, 1966.
The writers are, respectively, graduate student, Department of
Ceramic Engineering, University of Utah, research ceramist,
Lighting Research Laboratory, General Electric Company, and
professor and chairman, Department of Ceramic Engineering,
University of Utah.