FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Peter J. Mohr and Barry N. Taylor

B. A. Mamyrin, A. F. Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Russian
Federation
W. Martienssen, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitt, Germany
P. J. Mohr, National Institute of Standards and Technology,
United States of America
F. Nez, Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel, France
B. W. Petley, National Physical Laboratory, United Kingdom
T. J. Quinn, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures
B. N. Taylor, National Institute of Standards and Technology,
United States of America
W. Wger, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Germany
B. M. Wood, National Research Council, Canada
Z. Zhang, National Institute of Metrology, China (Peoples
Republic of )

These tables give the 2002 self-consistent set of values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics and chemistry recommended by the Committee on Data for Science and Technology
(CODATA) for international use. The 2002 set replaces the previously recommended 1998 CODATA set. The 2002 adjustment
takes into account the data considered in the 1998 adjustment as
well as the data that became available between 31 December 1998,
the closing date of that adjustment, and 31 December 2002, the
closing date of the new adjustment.
This report was prepared by the authors under the auspices of
the CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Constants. The members of the Task Group are:
F. Cabiati, Istituto Elettrotecnico Nazionale Galileo Ferraris,
Italy
E. R. Cohen, Science Center, Rockwell International (retired),
United States of America
K. Fujii, National Metrology Institute of Japan, Japan
S. G. Karshenboim, D. I. Mendeleyev All-Russian Research
Institute for Metrology, Russian Federation
I. Lindgren, Chalmers University of Technology and Gteborg
University, Sweden

Reference
Mohr, P. J. and Taylor, B. N., The 2002 CODATA Recommended Values of
the Fundamental Physical Constants, Web Version 4.0, NIST Physical Data
web site <http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/constants> (December 2003); Rev.
Mod. Phys. 76, No. 4, October 2004.

TABLE I. An Abbreviated List of the CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Constants of Physics and Chemistry
Based on the 2002 Adjustment
Quanity
speed of light in vacuum
magnetic constant
electric constant 1/0c2
Newtonian constant of gravitation
Planck constant
h/2
elementary charge
magnetic flux quantum h/2e
conductance quantum 2e2/h
electron mass
proton mass
proton-electron mass ratio
fine-structure constant e2/40c
inverse fine-structure constant
Rydberg constant 2mec/2h
Avogadro constant
Faraday constant NAe
molar gas constant
Boltzmann constant R/NA
Stefan-Boltzmann constant (2/60)k4/3c2
Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI
electron volt: (e/C) J
(unified) atomic mass unit
1 u = mu = (1/12)m(12C) = 103 kg mol1/NA

Symbol Numerical value

c, c0
299 792 458
0
4 107
= 12.566 370 614 107
0
8.854 187 817 1012
G
6.6742(10) 1011
h
6.626 0693(11) 1034

1.054 571 68(18) 1034

e
1.602 176 53(14) 1019
0
2.067 833 72(18) 1015
G0
7.748 091 733(26) 105
me
9.109 3826(16) 1031
mp
1.672 621 71(29) 1027
mp/me 1836.152 672 61(85)

7.297 352 568(24) 103

1

137.035 999 11(46)

R
10 973 731.568 525(73)
NA , L 6.022 1415(10) 1023
F
96 485.3383(83)
R
8.314 472(15)
k
1.380 6505(24) 1023

5.670 400(40) 108

eV
u

1.602 176 53(14) 1019

1.660 538 86(28) 1027

Unit
m s1
N A2
N A2
F m1
m3 kg1 s2
Js
Js
C
Wb
S
kg
kg

Relative std.
uncert. ur
(exact)

m1
mol1
C mol1
J mol1 K1
J K1
W m2 K4

(exact)
(exact)
1.5104
1.7107
1.7107
8.5108
8.5108
3.3109
1.7107
1.7107
4.61010
3.3109
3.3109
6.61012
1.7107
8.6108
1.7106
1.8106
7.0106

J
kg

8.5108
1.7107

1-1

HC&P_S01.indb 1

5/2/05 8:33:16 AM

Fundamental Physical Constants

1-2

TABLE II. The CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Constants of Physics and Chemistry Based on the 2002 Adjustment
Relative std.
uncert. ur

Quantity
Universal
speed of light in vacuum
magnetic constant

Symbol

Numerical value

Unit

c, c0
0
0

m s1
N A2
N A2
F m1

(exact)

electric constant 1/0c2

299 792 458

4 107
= 12.566 370 614 107
8.854 187 817 1012

mP
TP
lP
tP

376.730 313 461

6.6742(10) 1011
6.7087(10) 1039
6.626 0693(11) 1034
4.135 667 43(35) 1015
1.054 571 68(18) 1034
6.582 119 15(56) 1016
197.326 968(17)
2.176 45(16) 108
1.416 79(11) 1032
1.616 24(12) 1035
5.391 21(40) 1044

m3 kg1 s2
(GeV/c2)2
Js
eV s
Js
eV s
MeV fm
kg
K
m
s

(exact)
1.5104
1.5104
1.7107
8.5108
1.7107
8.5108
8.5108
7.5105
7.5105
7.5105
7.5105

e
e/h
0
G0

1.602 176 53(14) 1019

2.417 989 40(21) 1014
2.067 833 72(18) 1015
7.748 091 733(26)105

C
A J1
Wb
S

8.5108
8.5108
8.5108
3.3109

G01

12 906.403 725(43)
483 597.879(41)109
25 812.807 449(86)
927.400 949(80)1026
5.788 381 804(39)105
13.996 2458(12)109
46.686 4507(40)
0.671 7131(12)
5.050 783 43(43)1027
3.152 451 259(21)108
7.622 593 71(65)
2.542 623 58(22)102
3.658 2637(64)104

Hz V1

J T1
eV T1
Hz T1
m1 T1
K T1
J T1
eV T1
MHz T1
m1 T1
K T1

3.3109
8.5108
3.3109
8.6108
6.7109
8.6108
8.6108
1.8106
8.6108
6.7109
8.6108
8.6108
1.8106

h/2me
h/me

7.297 352 568(24)103

137.035 999 11(46)
10 973 731.568 525(73)
3.289 841 960 360(22)1015
2.179 872 09(37)1018
13.605 6923(12)
0.529 177 2108(18)1010
4.359 744 17(75)1018
27.211 3845(23)
3.636 947 550(24)104
7.273 895 101(48)104

m1
Hz
J
eV
m
J
eV
m2s1
m2s1

3.3109
3.3109
6.61012
6.61012
1.7107
8.5108
3.3109
1.7107
8.5108
6.7109
6.7109

GF/(c)3

1.166 39(1)105

GeV2

8.6106

sin2 W

0.222 15(76)

me

9.109 3826(16)1031
5.485 799 0945(24)104

characteristic impedance of vacuum

Newtonian constant of gravitation

0 0 = 0 c

Z0
G
G/c
h

Planck constant
in eV s
h/2
in eV s
c in MeV fm
Planck mass (c/G)1/2
Planck temperature (c5/G)1/2/k
Planck length /mPc = (G/c3)1/2
Planck time lP/c = (G/c5)1/2

Electromagnetic
elementary charge
magnetic flux quantum h/2e
conductance quantum 2e2/h
inverse of conductance quantum
Josephson constant1 2e/h
von Klitzing constant2 h/e2 = 0c/2
Bohr magneton e/2me
in eV T1

KJ
RK
B

B/h
B/hc
B/k
N

nuclear magneton e/2mP

in eV T1

N/h
N/hc
N/k

(exact)
(exact)

Atomic and Nuclear

General
Fine-structure constant e2/40c
inverse fine-structure constant
Rydberg constant 2mec/2h

1
R
Rc
Rhc

Rhc in eV
Bohr radius /4R = 402/mee2
Hartree energy e2/40a0 = 2Rhc = 2mec2
in eV
quantum of circulation

a0
Eh

Electroweak
Fermi coupling constant3

weak mixing angle4 W (on-shell scheme) sin W = sW 1 mW mZ

2

Electron, e
electron mass
in u, me = Ar(e) u (electron relative atomic mass times u)

HC&P_S01.indb 2

3.4103
kg
u

1.7107
4.41010

5/2/05 8:33:20 AM

Fundamental Physical Constants

Quantity
energy equivalent
in MeV
electron-muon mass ratio
electron-tau mass ratio
electron-proton mass ratio
electron-neutron mass ratio
electron-deuteron mass ratio
electron to alpha particle mass ratio
electron charge to mass quotient
electron molar mass NAme
Compton wavelength h/mec
C/2 = a0 = 2/4R
classical electron radius 2a0

Thomson cross section ( 8 3 ) re

electron magnetic moment
to Bohr magneton ratio
to nuclear magneton ratio
electron magnetic moment anomaly |e|/B 1
electron g-factor 2(1 + ae)
electron-muon magnetic moment ratio
electron-proton magnetic moment ratio
2

electron to shielded proton magnetic moment ratio (H2O, sphere, 25C)

electron-neutron magnetic moment ratio
electron-deuteron magnetic moment ratio
electron to shielded helion5 magnetic moment ratio (gas, sphere, 25C)
electron gyromagnetic ratio 2|e|/
Muon,
muon mass
in u, m = Ar() u (muon relative atomic mass times u)
energy equivalent
in MeV
muon-electron mass ratio
muon-tau mass ratio
muon-proton mass ratio
muon-neutron mass ratio
muon molar mass NAm
muon Compton wavelength h/mc
C,/2
muon magnetic moment
to Bohr magneton ratio
to nuclear magneton ratio
muon magnetic moment anomaly ||/(e/2m) 1
muon g-factor 2(1 + )
muon-proton magnetic moment ratio
Tau,
tau mass6
in u, m = Ar() u (tau relative atomic mass times u)
energy equivalent
in MeV
tau-electron mass ratio
tau-muon mass ratio
tau-proton mass ratio
tau-neutron mass ratio
tau molar mass NAm
tau Compton wavelength h/mc
C,/2

HC&P_S01.indb 3

1-3

me/m
me/m
me/mp
me/mn
me/md
me/m
e/me
M(e), Me
C

Numerical value
8.187 1047(14)1014
0.510 998 918(44)
4.836 331 67(13)103
2.875 64(47)104
5.446 170 2173(25)104
5.438 673 4481(38)104
2.724 437 1095(13)104
1.370 933 555 75(61)104
1.758 820 12(15)1011
5.485 799 0945(24)107
2.426 310 238(16)1012

Unit
J
MeV

C kg1
kg mol1
m

Relative std.
uncert. ur
1.7107
8.6108
2.6108
1.6104
4.61010
7.01010
4.81010
4.41010
8.6108
4.41010
6.7109

C
re

386.159 2678(26)1015
2.817 940 325(28)1015

m
m

6.7109
1.0108

e
e
e/B
e/N
ae
ge
e/
ep

0.665 245 873(13)1028

928.476 412(80)1026
1.001 159 652 1859(38)
1838.281 971 07(85)
1.159 652 1859(38)103
2.002 319 304 3718(75)
206.766 9894(54)
658.210 6862(66)

m2
J T1

2.0108
8.6108
3.81012
4.61010
3.2109
3.81012
2.6108
1.0108

e/n
e/d

e p

658.227 5956(71)
960.920 50(23)
2 143.923 493(23)

e
e/2

e h

864.058 255(10)
1.760 859 74(15)1011
28 024.9532(24)

1.883 531 40(33)1028

0.113 428 9264(30)
1.692 833 60(29)1011
105.658 3692(94)
206.768 2838(54)
5.945 92(97)102
0.112 609 5269(29)
0.112 454 5175(29)
0.113 428 9264(30)103
11.734 441 05(30)1015
1.867 594 298(47)1015
4.490 447 99(40)1026
4.841 970 45(13)103
8.890 596 98(23)
1.165 919 81(62)103
2.002 331 8396(12)
3.183 345 118(89)

kg
u
J
MeV

m/me
m/m
m/mp
m/mn
M(), M
C,

3.167 77(52)1027
1.907 68(31)
2.847 05(46)1010
1776.99(29)
3477.48(57)
16.8183(27)
1.893 90(31)
1.891 29(31)
1.907 68(31)103
0.697 72(11)1015

kg
u
J
MeV

kg mol1
m

1.6104
1.6104
1.6104
1.6104
1.6104
1.6104
1.6104
1.6104
1.6104
1.6104

C,

0.111 046(18)1015

1.6104

Symbol
mec2

mc2
m/me
m/m
m/mp
m/mn
M(), M
C,
C,

/B
/N

g
/p
m
mc2

1.1108
2.4107
1.1108
s1 T1
MHz T1

kg mol1
m
m
J T1

1.2108
8.6108
8.6108
1.7107
2.6108
1.7107
8.9108
2.6108
1.6104
2.6108
2.6108
2.6108
2.5108
2.5108
8.9108
2.6108
2.6108
5.3107
6.21010
2.8108

5/2/05 8:33:22 AM

Fundamental Physical Constants

1-4
Quantity

Numerical value

Unit

mp

1.672 621 71(29)1027

1.007 276 466 88(13)
1.503 277 43(26)1010
938.272 029(80)
1836.152 672 61(85)
8.880 243 33(23)
0.528 012(86)
0.998 623 478 72(58)
9.578 833 76(82)107
1.007 276 466 88(13)103
1.321 409 8555(88)1015
0.210 308 9104(14)1015
0.8750(68)1015
1.410 606 71(12)1026
1.521 032 206(15)103
2.792 847 351(28)
5.585 694 701(56)
1.459 898 05(34)

kg
u
J
MeV

1.410 570 47(12)1026

J T1

to Bohr magneton ratio

1.520 993 132(16)10

1.1108

to nuclear magneton ratio

2.792 775 604(30)

1.1108

Proton, p
proton mass
in u, mp = Ar(p) u (proton relative atomic mass times u)
energy equivalent
in MeV
proton-electron mass ratio
proton-muon mass ratio
proton-tau mass ratio
proton-neutron mass ratio
proton charge to mass quotient
proton molar mass NAmp
proton Compton wavelength h/mpc
C,p/2
proton rms charge radius
proton magnetic moment
to Bohr magneton ratio
to nuclear magneton ratio
proton g-factor 2p/N
proton-neutron magnetic moment ratio
shielded proton magnetic moment (H2O, sphere, 25C)

proton magnetic shielding correction 1 (H2O, sphere, 25C)

proton gyromagnetic ratio 2/
shielded proton gyromagnetic ratio 2P/ (H2O, sphere, 25C)
Neutron, n
neutron mass
in u, mn = Ar (n) u (neutron relative atomic mass times u)
energy equivalent
in MeV
neutron-electron mass ratio
neutron-muon mass ratio
neutron-tau mass ratio
neutron-proton mass ratio
neutron molar mass NAmn
neutron Compton wavelength h/mnc
C,n/2
neutron magnetic moment
to Bohr magneton ratio
to nuclear magneton ratio
neutron g-factor 2n/N
neutron-electron magnetic moment ratio
neutron-proton magnetic moment ratio
neutron to shielded proton magnetic moment ratio (H2O, sphere, 25C)
neutron gyromagnetic ratio 2|n|/
Deuteron, d
deuteron mass
in u, md = Ar(d) u (deuteron relative atomic mass times u)
energy equivalent
in MeV
deuteron-electron mass ratio
deuteron-proton mass ratio
deuteron molar mass NAmd
deuteron rms charge radius

HC&P_S01.indb 4

Relative std.
uncert. ur

Symbol

mpc2
mp/me
mp/m
mp/m
mp/mn
e/mp
M(p), Mp
C,p
C,P
Rp
p
p/B
p/N
gp
p/n

C kg1
kg mol1
m
m
m
J T1

1.7107
1.31010
1.7107
8.6108
4.61010
2.6108
1.6104
5.81010
8.6108
1.31010
6.7109
6.7109
7.8103
8.7108
1.0108
1.0108
1.0108
2.4107
8.7108

25.689(15)106
2.675 222 05(23)108
42.577 4813(37)

s1 T1
MHz T1

5.7104
8.6108
8.6108

2.675 153 33(23)108

s1 T1

8.6108

42.576 3875(37)

MHz T

8.6108

mn

mn/me
mn/m
mn/m
mn/mp
M(n), Mn
C,n
C,n
n
n/B
n/N
gn
n/e
n/p

1.674 927 28(29)1027

1.008 664 915 60(55)
1.505 349 57(26)1010
939.565 360(81)
1838.683 6598(13)
8.892 484 02(23)
0.528 740(86)
1.001 378 418 70(58)
1.008 664 915 60(55)103
1.319 590 9067(88)1015
0.210 019 4157(14)1015
0.966 236 45(24)1026
1.041 875 63(25)103
1.913 042 73(45)
3.826 085 46(90)
1.040 668 82(25)103
0.684 979 34(16)

kg
u
J
MeV

1.7107
5.51010
1.7107
8.6108
7.01010
2.6108
1.6104
5.81010
5.51010
6.7109
6.7109
2.5107
2.4107
2.4107
2.4107
2.4107
2.4107

n
n/2

0.684 996 94(16)

1.832 471 83(46)108
29.164 6950(73)

md

3.343 583 35(57)1027

2.013 553 212 70(35)
3.005 062 85(51)1010
1875.612 82(16)
3670.482 9652(18)
1.999 007 500 82(41)
2.013 553 212 70(35)103
2.1394(28)1015

/2

mnc2

mdc2
md/me
md/mp
M(d), Md
Rd

kg mol1
m
m
J T1

s T
MHz T1
1

kg
u
J
MeV

kg mol1
m

2.4107
2.5107
2.5107
1.7107
1.71010
1.7107
8.6108
4.81010
2.01010
1.71010
1.3103

5/2/05 8:33:26 AM

Fundamental Physical Constants

Quantity
deuteron magnetic moment
to Bohr magneton ratio
to nuclear magneton ratio
deuteron-electron magnetic moment ratio
deuteron-proton magnetic moment ratio
deuteron-neutron magnetic moment ratio
Helion, h
helion mass5
in u, mh = Ar(h) u (helion relative atomic mass times u)
energy equivalent
in MeV
helion-electron mass ratio
helion-proton mass ratio
helion molar mass NAmh
shielded helion magnetic moment (gas, sphere, 25C)
to Bohr magneton ratio
to nuclear magneton ratio
shielded helion to proton magnetic moment ratio (gas, sphere, 25C)
shielded helion to shielded proton magnetic moment ratio
(gas/H2O, spheres, 25C)
shielded helion gyromagnetic ratio 2|h| (gas, sphere, 25C)
Alpha particle,
alpha particle mass
in u, m = Ar() u (alpha particle relative atomic mass times u)
energy equivalent
in MeV
alpha particle to electron mass ratio
alpha particle to proton mass ratio
alpha particle molar mass NAm
Physico-Chemical
Avogadro constant
atomic mass constant mu = (1/12)m(12C) = 1 u = 103 kg mol1/NA
energy equivalent
in MeV
Faraday constant7 NAe
molar Planck constant
molar gas constant
Boltzmann constant R/NA
in eV K1

molar volume of ideal gas RT/p

T = 273.15 K, p = 101.325 kPa
Loschmidt constant NA/Vm
T = 273.15 K, p = 100 kPa
Sackur-Tetrode constant (absolute entropy constant)8
5/2 + ln[(2mukT1/h2)3/2kT1/p0]
T1 = 1 K, p0 = 100 kPa
T1 = 1 K, p0 = 101.325 kPa
Stefan-Boltzmann constant (2/60)k4/3c2
first radiation constant 2hc2
first radiation constant for spectral radiance 2hc2
second radiation constant hc/k
Wien displacement law constant b = maxT = c2/4.965 114 231

HC&P_S01.indb 5

1-5
Relative std.
uncert. ur
8.7108
1.1108
1.1108
1.1108
1.5108
2.4107

Symbol
d
d/B
d/N
d/e
d/p
d/n

Numerical value
0.433 073 482(38)1026
0.466 975 4567(50)10 3
0.857 438 2329(92)
4.664 345 548(50) 104
0.307 012 2084(45)
0.448 206 52(11)

Unit
J T1

mh

5.006 412 14(86)1027

3.014 932 2434(58)
4.499 538 84(77)1010
2808.391 42(24)
5495.885 269(11)
2.993 152 6671(58)
3.014 932 2434(58)103

kg
u
J
MeV

kg mol1

1.7107
1.9109
1.7107
8.6108
2.0109
1.9109
1.9109

1.074 553 024(93)10 26

J T1

8.7108

mhc2
mh/me
mh/mp
M(h), Mh

h B

h N
h
h

1.158 671 474(14)10

1.2108

2.127 497 723(25)

1.2108

0.761 766 562(12)

1.5108

0.761 786 1313(33)

4.3109

2.037 894 70(18)10

s T

32.434 1015(28)

MHz T

8.7108

6.644 6565(11)1027
4.001 506 179 149(56)
5.971 9194(10)1010
3727.379 17(32)
7294.299 5363(32)
3.972 599 689 07(52)
4.001 506 179 149(56)103

kg
u
J
MeV

kg mol1

1.7107
1.41011
1.7107
8.6108
4.41010
1.31010
1.41011

k/h
k/hc

6.022 1415(10)1023
1.660 538 86(28)1027
1.492 417 90(26)1010
931.494 043(80)
96 485.3383(83)
3.990 312 716(27) 1010
0.119 626 565 72(80)
8.314 472(15)
1.380 6505(24)1023
8.617 343(15)105
2.083 6644(36) 1010
69.503 56(12)

mol1
kg
J
MeV
C mol1
J s mol1
J m mol1
J mol1 K1
J K1
eV K1
Hz K1
m1 K1

1.7107
1.7107
1.7107
8.6108
8.6108
6.7109
6.7109
1.7106
1.8106
1.8106
1.7106
1.7106

Vm
n0
Vm

22.413 996(39) 103

2.686 7773(47)1025
22.710 981(40) 103

m3 mol1
m3
m3 mol1

1.7106
1.8106
1.7106

S0/R

1.151 7047(44)
1.164 8677(44)
5.670 400(40)10 8
3.741 771 38(64)1016
1.191 042 82(20)1016
1.438 7752(25)102
2.897 7685(51)10 3

W m2 K4
W m2
W m2 sr1
mK
mK

3.8106
3.8106
7.0106
1.7107
1.7107
1.7106
1.7106

h 2
m
mc2
m/me
m/mp
M(), M
NA , L
mu
muc2
F
NAh
NAhc
R
k

c1
c1L
c2
b

8.7108

1
1

5/2/05 8:33:29 AM

Fundamental Physical Constants

1-6
1
2
3
4

5
6

See the Adopted values table for the conventional value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the volt using the Josephson effect.
See the Adopted values table for the conventional value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the ohm using the quantum Hall effect.
Value recommended by the Particle Data Group (Hagiwara et al., 2002).
Based on the ratio of the masses of the W and Z bosons mW/mZ recommended by the Particle Data Group (Hagiwara et al., 2002). The value for sin2W they recommend,
which is based on a particular variant of the modified minimal subtraction (MS) scheme, is sin 2 W ( MZ ) = 0.23124(24 ) .
The helion, symbol h, is the nucleus of the 3He atom.
This and all other values involving m are based on the value of mc2 in MeV recommended by the Particle Data Group (Hagiwara et al., 2002), but with a standard
uncertainty of 0.29 MeV rather than the quoted uncertainty of 0.26 MeV, +0.29 MeV.
The numerical value of F to be used in coulometric chemical measurements is 96 485.336(16) [1.7 107] when the relevant current is measured in terms of representations of the volt and ohm based on the Josephson and quantum Hall effects and the internationally adopted conventional values of the Josephson and von Klitzing
constants KJ 90 and RK 90 given in the Adopted values table.
The entropy of an ideal monoatomic gas of relative atomic mass Ar is given by S = S0 + (3/2)R ln Ar R ln(p/p0) + (5/2)R ln(T/K).

TABLE III. Internationally Adopted Values of Various Quantities

Quantity
molar mass of 12C
molar mass constant M(12C)/12
conventional value of Josephson constant
conventional value of von Klitzing constant
standard atmosphere
standard acceleration of gravity

Symbol
M(12C)
Mu
KJ 90
RK 90
gn

Numerical value
12 103
1 103
483 597.9
25 812.807
101 325
9.806 65

Unit
kg mol1
kg mol1
GHz V1

Pa
m s2

Relative std. uncert. ur

(exact)
(exact)
(exact)
(exact)
(exact)
(exact)

TABLE IV. The Values of Some Energy Equivalents Derived From the Relations E = mc2 = hc/ = hv = kT, and
Based on the 2002 CODATA Adjustment of the Values of the Constants
1 eV = (e/C) J, 1 u = mu = (1/12)m(12C) = 103 kg mol1/NA, and Eh = 2Rhc = 2mec2 is the Hartree Energy (hartree)

1J

(1 J) = 1 J

1 kg (1 kg)c2 = 8.987 551 787 1016 J

1 m1 (1 m1)hc =
1.986 445 61(34)1025 J
1 Hz (1 Hz)h = 6.626 0693(11) 1034 J
1 K (1 K)k = 1.380 6505(24) 1023 J
1 eV (1 eV) =1.602 176 53(14) 1019 J
1u

(1 u)c2 = 1.492 417 90(26) 1010 J

1 Eh

(1 Eh) = 4.359 744 17(75)1018 J

Relevant unit
kg
m1
(1 J)/c2 =1.112 650 056 1017 kg
(1 J)/hc =
5.034 117 20(86)1024 m1
(1 kg) = 1kg
(1 kg)c/h =
4.524 438 91(77)1041 m1
(1 m1)h/c =
(1 m1) = 1 m1
2.210 218 81(38)1042 kg
(1 Hz)h/c2 =
(1 Hz)/c = 3.335 640 952109 m1
7.372 4964(13)1051 kg
(1 K)k/c2 =1.536 1808(27) 1040 kg (1 K)k/hc = 69.503 56(12) m1
(1 eV)/c2 =
(1 eV)/hc =
1.782 661 81(15)1036 kg
8.065 544 45(69)105 m1
(1 u) = 1.660 538 86(28)1027 kg
(1 u)c/h =
7.513 006 608(50) 1014 m1
(1 Eh)/c2 =
(1 Eh)/hc = 2.194 746 313
4.850 869 60(83) 1035 kg
705(15)107 m1

Hz
(1 J)/h =1.509 190 37(26)1033 Hz
(1 kg)c2/h =
1.356 392 66(23)1050 Hz
(1 m1)c = 299 792 458 Hz
(1 Hz) = 1 Hz
(1 K)k/h = 2.083 6644(36)1010 Hz
(1 eV)/h =
2.417 989 40(21)1014 Hz
(1 u)c2/h =
2.252 342 718(15)1023 Hz
(1 Eh)/h =
6.579 683 920 721(44)1015 Hz

TABLE V. The Values of Some Energy Equivalents Derived From the Relations E = mc2 = hc/ = hv = kT, and
Based on the 2002 CODATA Adjustment of the Values of the Constants
1 eV = (e/C) J, 1 u = mu = (1/12)m(12C) = 103 kg mol1/NA, and Eh = 2Rhc = 2mec2 is the Hartree Energy (hartree)
K
1J
(1 J)/k = 7.242 963(13)1022 K
1 kg (1 kg)c2/k =6.509 650(11) 1039 K
1 m1 (1 m1)hc/k =
1.438 7752(25)102 K
1 Hz (1 Hz)h/k =
4.799 2374(84)1011 K
1 K (1 K) = 1 K
1 eV (1 eV)/k = 1.160 4505(20)104 K
1u
1 Eh

HC&P_S01.indb 6

(1 u)c2/k = 1.080 9527(19)1013 K

(1 Eh)/k = 3.157 7465(55) 105 K

Relevant unit
eV
u
(1 J) = 6.241 509 47(53)1018 eV
(1 J)/c2 =6.700 5361(11)109 u
(1 kg)c2 = 5.609 588 96(48)1035 eV (1 kg) = 6.022 1415(10)1026 u
(1 m1)hc =
(1 m1)h/c =
1.239 841 91(11)106 eV
1.331 025 0506(89) 1015 u
(1 Hz)h =
(1 Hz)h/c2 =
4.135 667 43(35)1015 eV
4.439 821 667(30)1024 u
(1 K)k = 8.617 343(15)105 eV
(1 K)k/c2 =9.251 098(16)1014 u
(1 eV) = 1 eV
(1 eV)/c2 =
1.073 544 171(92)109 u
2
6
(1 u)c = 931.494 043(80)10 eV
(1 u) = 1 u
(1 Eh) = 27.211 3845(23) eV
(1 Eh)/c2 = 2.921 262 323(19)108 u

Eh
(1 J) = 2.293 712 57(39) 1017 Eh
(1 kg)c2 = 2.061 486 05(35)1034 Eh
(1 m1)hc =
4.556 335 252 760(30) 108 Eh
(1 Hz)h =
1.519 829 846 006(10)1016 Eh
(1 K)k = 3.166 8153(55)106 Eh
(1 eV) = 3.674 932 45(31) 102 Eh
(1 u)c2 = 3.423 177 686(23) 107 Eh
(1 Eh) = 1 Eh

5/2/05 8:33:32 AM

FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS FREQUENTLY USED CONSTANTS

Quantity

Symbol

Value

Unit

Relative std. uncert. ur

299 792 458

m s1

(exact)

4 10

NA

= 12.566 370 614 107

N A2

electric constant 1/0c

8.854 187 817 10

F m1

Newtonian constant of gravitation

6.6742(10) 1011

m3 kg1 s2

1.5 104

Plank constant

6.626 0693(11) 1034

Js

1.7 107

1.054 571 68(18) 10

Js

1.7 107

1.602 176 53(14) 10

8.5 108

magnetic flux quantum h/2e

2.067 833 72(18) 1015

Wb

8.5 108

conductance quantum 2e2/h

G0

7.748 091 733(26) 10

3.3 109

electron mass

me

9.109 3826(16) 10

kg

1.7 107

proton mass

mp

1.672 621 71(29) 10

kg

1.7 107

mp/me

1836.152 672 61(85)

4.6 1010

7.297 352 568(24) 103

3.3 109

speed of light in vacuum

c,c0

magnetic constant
2

h/2
elementary charge

proton-electron mass ratio

fine-structure constant e2/40c

inverse fine-structure constant
Rydberg constant mec/2h
2

12

34
19

31
27

137.035 999 11(46)

(exact)
(exact)

3.3 109

10 973 731.568 525(73)

6.6 1012
1.7 107

6.022 1415(10) 1023

mol1

Faraday constant NAe

96 485.3383(83)

C mol1

molar gas constant

8.314 472(15)

J mol K

1.7 106

Boltzmann constant R/NA

1.380 6505(24) 10

JK

1.8 106

5.670 400(40) 108

Wm K

7.0 106

Avogadro constant

N A, L

Stefan-Boltzmann constant ( /60)k / c

2

3 2

8.6 108

23

1
2

Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI

S01_20.indd 1

electron volt: (e/C) J

eV

1.602 176 53(14) 1019

8.5 108

(unified) atomic mass unit

1 u= mu = 1/12 m(12C) = 103 kg mol1/NA

1.660 538 86(28) 1027

kg

1.7 107

5/2/05 12:04:22 PM