Welcome to 3.

091
Lecture 4
September 16, 2009
Matter/Energy Interactions: Atomic Spectra

3.091 Periodic Table Quiz

1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

Name

Grade

/10

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Rutherford-Geiger-Marsden experiment

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Bohr Postulates for the Hydrogen Atom

1. Rutherford atom is correct
2. Classical EM theory not applicable to orbiting e3. Newtonian mechanics applicable to orbiting e4. Eelectron = Ekinetic + Epotential
5. e- energy quantized through its angular momentum:
L = mvr = nh/2, n = 1, 2, 3,
6. Planck-Einstein relation applies to e- transitions:
E = Ef - Ei = h = hc/
c =

18

= eh/2me

Bohr magneton
Nuclear magneton

20

Fine structure constant

21

Inverse fine structure constant

22

Rydberg constant

23

Rydberg constant in eV

24

Bohr radius

24

5.050 786 6(17) X 10

27

= eh/2mp

19

9.274 015 4(31) X 10

= 0ce /2h

JT

7.297 353 08(33) X 10

137.035 989 5(61)

R = mec2/2h

10 973 731.534(13)

R hc/{e}

13.605 698 1(40)

0.045
0.045

0.30

10

m s

0.529 177 249(24) X 10

Quantum of circulation

h/2me

3.636 948 07(33) X 10

Electron specific charge

-e/me

-1.758 819 62(53) X 1011

C kg
m

Electron Compton wavelength

Electron classical radius

C = h/mec

2.426 310 58(22) X 10

12

re = 2a0

2.817 940 92(38) X 10

15

928.477 01(31) X 10

Electron magnetic moment`

30

Electron mag. moment anomaly

ae = e/B _ 1

1.159 652 193(10) X 10

31

Electron g-factor

ge = 2(1 + ae)

2.002 319 304 386(20)

32

Muon mass

33

Muon magnetic moment

34

Muon mag. moment anomaly

35

Muon g-factor

a = [/eh/2m)] -1
g = 2(1 + a)

36

Proton magnetic moment

37

Proton gyromagnetic ratio

38

Neutron magnetic moment

n
2

26

1.165 923 0(84) X 10

26

26 752.212 8(81) X 104

_

26

0.966 237 07(40) X 10

3 2

Stefan-Boltzmann constant

= ( / 60)k /h c

5.670 51(19) X 10

40

First radiation constant

c1 = 2hc2

3.741 774 9(22) X 10

41

Second radiation constant

c2 = hc/k

42

Electron volt

43

Atomic mass unit

44

Standard atmosphere

45

Standard acceleration of gravity

0.0086
0.00001
kg

0.61

JT

0.33
7.2
0.0084

JT

0.34

19

27

0.30

JT

Wm K
16

1.602 177 33(49) X 10

1.660 540 2(10) X 10

0.34

0.014 387 69(12)

eV = (e/C)J = {e}J

0.13
1

39

0.089

1.410 607 61(47) X 10

0.30

28

2.002 331 846(17)

0.089

1.883 532 7(11) X 10

JT

4.490 451 4(15) X 10

0.045

26

29

0.0012

eV

26
28

0.34

25
27

0.34

1/

a0 = a/4R

JT

0.41

34

W m2

0.60

mK

8.4

0.30

kg

0.59

atm

101 325

Pa

gn

9.806 65

m s

exact

exact

_
_
Notation : 1.602 177 33(49) X 10 19 C means (1.602 177 33 + (0.000 000 49) X 10 19 C
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
C = A s F = (C/V) = m 2 kg 1 s4 A2 Pa = N m 2 = m 1 kg s _ 2 T = kg s 2 A 1
W = J s 1 = m2 kg s 3
_

Wb = V s = m2 kg s 2 A

_1

_1

Fm

_1

= (C/V) m

_3

=m

kg 1 s4 A2

T s = kg s 1 A

_1

J T 1 = m2 A
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Figure 6.9
Prism
Spectrograph

A.A. ngstrm (1853)

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Figure 6.9b

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

1
IA
IA
1.00794

-259.34
-252.87
0.0899
2.20
13.598
1s1
Hydrogen

6.941

180.5
1342
0.534
0.98
5.392
[He]2s1
Lithium

Li

22.989768
97.72
883
0.97
0.93
5.139
[Ne]3s1
Sodium

11
1

Na

2
IIA
IIA
9.012182
1287
2471
1.8477
1.57
9.322
[He]2s2
Beryllium

Be

24.3050

650
1090
1.74
1.31
7.646
[Ne]3s2
Magnesium

12
2

Mg

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Bohr magneton

= eh/2me

19

Nuclear magneton

= eh/2mp

20

Fine structure constant

21

Inverse fine structure constant

22

Rydberg constant

23

Rydberg constant in eV

24

Bohr radius

18

9.274 015 4(31) X 10

24

5.050 786 6(17) X 10

27

= 0ce /2h

JT

7.297 353 08(33) X 10

137.035 989 5(61)

R = mec2/2h

10 973 731.534(13)

R hc/{e}

13.605 698 1(40)

0.045
0.045

0.30

10

m s

0.529 177 249(24) X 10

Quantum of circulation

h/2me

3.636 948 07(33) X 10

Electron specific charge

-e/me

-1.758 819 62(53) X 1011

C kg
m

Electron Compton wavelength

Electron classical radius

C = h/mec

2.426 310 58(22) X 10

12

re = 2a0

2.817 940 92(38) X 10

15

928.477 01(31) X 10

Electron magnetic moment`

30

Electron mag. moment anomaly

ae = e/B _ 1

1.159 652 193(10) X 10

31

Electron g-factor

ge = 2(1 + ae)

2.002 319 304 386(20)

32

Muon mass

33

Muon magnetic moment

34

Muon mag. moment anomaly

35

Muon g-factor

a = [/eh/2m)] -1
g = 2(1 + a)

36

Proton magnetic moment

37

Proton gyromagnetic ratio

38

Neutron magnetic moment

n
2

26

1.165 923 0(84) X 10

26

26 752.212 8(81) X 104

_

26

0.966 237 07(40) X 10

3 2

Stefan-Boltzmann constant

= ( / 60)k /h c

5.670 51(19) X 10

40

First radiation constant

c1 = 2hc2

3.741 774 9(22) X 10

41

Second radiation constant

c2 = hc/k

42

Electron volt

43

Atomic mass unit

44

Standard atmosphere

45

Standard acceleration of gravity

0.0086
0.00001
kg

0.61

JT

0.33
7.2
0.0084

JT

0.34

19

27

0.30

JT

Wm K
16

1.602 177 33(49) X 10

1.660 540 2(10) X 10

0.34

0.014 387 69(12)

eV = (e/C)J = {e}J

0.13
1

39

0.089

1.410 607 61(47) X 10

0.30

28

2.002 331 846(17)

0.089

1.883 532 7(11) X 10

JT

4.490 451 4(15) X 10

0.045

26

29

0.0012

eV

26
28

0.34

25
27

0.34

1/

a0 = a/4R

JT

0.41

34

W m2

0.60

mK

8.4

0.30

kg

0.59

atm

101 325

Pa

gn

9.806 65

m s

exact

exact

_
_
Notation : 1.602 177 33(49) X 10 19 C means (1.602 177 33 + (0.000 000 49) X 10 19 C
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
C = A s F = (C/V) = m 2 kg 1 s4 A2 Pa = N m 2 = m 1 kg s _ 2 T = kg s 2 A 1
W = J s 1 = m2 kg s 3
_

Wb = V s = m2 kg s 2 A

_1

_1

Fm

_1

= (C/V) m

_3

=m

kg 1 s4 A2

T s = kg s 1 A

_1

J T 1 = m2 A
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Figure 6.11a

Electronic emission transition

Higher-Energy Orbit

e-

Photon

eLower-Energy Orbit

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Bohr Postulates for the Hydrogen Atom

1. Rutherford atom is correct
2. Classical EM theory not applicable to orbiting e3. Newtonian mechanics applicable to orbiting e4. Eelectron = Ekinetic + Epotential
5. e- energy quantized through its angular momentum:
L = mvr = nh/2, n = 1, 2, 3,
6. Planck-Einstein relation applies to e- transitions:
E = Ef - Ei = h = hc/
c =

Figure 6.11

(a) Balmer Series Transitions

n=4

n=5

(b) Electronic emission transition

n=6

n=3
410 nm

Higher-Energy Orbit

e-

434 nm
486 nm
656 nm

Photon

eLower-Energy Orbit

n=2
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Figure 6.4a

Wavelength , (m)
10-12

10-11

Gamma
1020

10-10

(b)
10-9

10-8

X ray
1019

1018

10-7

10-6

10-5

Ultraviolet
1017

10-4

10-3

10-2

Infrared

1016 1015

1014

1013

10-1

Microwave
1012

1011

1010

109

100

101

Radio
108

Frequency , (Hz)

(a)

400

450

500

550

600

Red

Orange

Yellow

Green

Blue

Violet

Visible Spectrum

650

700

Wavelength , (nm)
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Figure 6.12

Lyman Series

Balmer Series

n=1
n=2

Paschen Series

n=3
n=4
n=5
n=6

Brackett Series
Pfund Series
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Cecilia Payne (1900-1979)

1st woman graduate student in Astronomy at Harvard
1st Ph.D. in Astronomy at Harvard
1st woman to receive tenure at Harvard
1st woman to chair the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at
Harvard
awarded tenure in 1938 but denied a professorship for
18 years
forced to recant her findings that the sun is not
dominantly iron but rather hydrogen

Figure 6.9b

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

lines characteristic of atomic H

Figure removed due to copyright restriction.

MIT OpenCourseWare
http://ocw.mit.edu

3.091SC Introduction to Solid State Chemistry

Fall 2009

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