Final Report

TRIDEM Collaborative Research Program

Deteritorialization, Ethnoscape and Hybridity: Case of Syrian refugees in

Freiburg, Germany

Andi Triswoyo
Department of International Relations
Universitas Gadjah Mada
anditrsw@gmail.com

2017
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
I INTRODUCTION 1
A. Background 1
B. Research Question 1
C. Conceptual Framework 1
D. Research Methods 4
E. Research Goals 5
II RESEARCH SCOPE 6
A. Germany: From Reunification to European Union 6
B. History of Freiburg city 7
C. Research Scope 7
III CIVIL WAR (IN) SYRIA 8
A. History of civil war in Syria 8
B. Civil and Ethno-religious conflict in Syria 8
C. The Arrival of Syrian Refugees in Germany 10
D. Syrian Refugees di Freiburg 10
IV THE EXPERIENCES OF CULTURAL DETERITORIALIZATION, ETHNOSCAPE,
AND HIBRIDITY AMONG SYRIAN REFUGEES IN FREIBURG 13
A. Cultural Deteritorialization 13
B. Etnoscape 15
C. Hibridity 15
V CLOSING 17
Conclusion 17
BIBLIOGRAPHY 18
 I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
This research aims to explain how Syrian refugees experiencing cultural deteritorialization,
ethnoscape, and hybridity. A big number of Syrian refugees in Germany, especially in Freiburg
has become an excuse why it has been chosen as a topic. It is argued that an interesting setting
why they decide to migrate to Germany. Logically, it is based on the excesses of ethno-religious
conflict. So, ethno-religious conflict has become independent variable in this research.
The outbreak of the conflict can be recognized as a primary factor of the big number of
refugees or asylum seekers’ influx, who escape from their origin of countries. It has stimulated
an unexpected condition, regarding to the complex alliance among them. Although, they simply
are categorized into two groups: pro-Ashad and anti-Ashad groups. According to site
syrianrefugee.eu, there are eleven millions Syrian, who has left abroad since the conflict pop up
in March 2011. The conflict, evolving more complex, has stimulated uncertain condition and
situation to civilian, as they are able to live well and safely. They unexpectedly, decide to leave
from their country and mobilize to such countries, which offer better opportunities to them. In
this case, Germany is the primary destination place for them.
B. Research Question
The research, are to answer following question, “how do Syrian refugees in Freiburg
experience of cultural deteritorialization, ethnoscape and hybridity?”.
C. Conceptual Framework
To understand several concepts used in this research, it will be explained each used concept,
like ethno-religious conflict and globalization.
1. Ethno-religious conflict
Of understanding about ethno-religious conflict, we may refer to a thesis proposed by
Peter Waldman, which provides a framework to measure primary causes of an ethnic
conflict.1 According to him, there are four determining factors, enabling an ethnic conflict can
emerge.

1
Hoadley, Stephen. Ruland, Jurgen (ed).(2006). Asian Security Reassessed. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian
Studies. page 211,212

1
 Firstly, he stresses specific historical role of the ethnic. He argues that each ethnic has
its own tradition and experience. Moreover, the tradition and experience may be norms,
beliefs, and values, that harden due to special conditions happens. Besides that, they also have
their own history. It sometimes, is very strong and potential to inflict any crash to others.
Secondly, he shows structural dimension of an ethnic conflict. Each group has its
characteristics: sense of belonging and gap among its members. It can be social grievance,
politic or economy. In this way, it aims to achieve those purposes. Therefore, we tend to
understand that each group has internal risk to have some conflict inside. Based on structural
thing, they possibly have their own characteristics, such as ease access to economic and
political resources. That will hamper people to harmoniously live and accept their destiny. If
they are no longer tolerant, a conflict may be inevitable thing to suddenly happen.
Thirdly, he underlines elite role. Elite apparently, is also categorized a member of
specific group of some group, who have certain power, compared to majority of group
members. They usually have a clear-achieved goals, which indirectly bother other members.
In several cases, elite have an expertise to manipulate a kind of issue, in order to earn
advantages to them. Blasphemy as done by an ex-governor of Jakarta is definitely one way of
how elite try to harness somebody’s fault as obtain a political goal.
Fourthly, single incident can be another way to stimulate an ethnic conflict. We may
argue whether it significantly plays or not. However, each conflict may spontaneously arise at
a time, while there is interesting incident encouraging two groups or more to be engaged and
treat it a considered important one.
2. Globalization
Globalization can be meant a process, which happen an increase of connectedness among
people stimulated by an advanced development of information, communication and
transportation technology. On social literature, Arjun Appadurai apprehends globalization as
a process linking the working of capital on a global basis.2 The intensity increase among
various actors on globalization figure, may generate some disjuncture affecting problems and
frictions in different local situation, such (1) flow of national cross boundaries producing a
life sketch, that unsatisfied by national life standard and consumer capability; (2) flow of
human rights’ discourse generating a demand from laborer, repressed by state violence,

2
Appadurai, Arjun. (2001). Globalization. London: Duke University Press. hal 4

2
 backed up by flow of global arms; and (3) ideas on gender and modernity flowing to create
wide female workers, while at the same time opposing national ideology on culture,
authenticity, and national pride, so as increase some pressure to different community upon
manufacture sites and developing marketplace.3
According to Nikos Papastergiadis, globalization is associated to a prolonged spatial and
flexible production forms, fast capital, information and goods mobility, capital and cultural
de-nationalization, local community interpenetration by global media networks, and spread
of socio-economic power beyond Euro-American axis.4
3. Cultural deteritorialization
Before understanding cultural deteritorialization, it may have been understood that
culture is related to a nurturing process. Therefore, learning certain culture will greatly
correspond to where it comes from. In this view, Papastergiadis apprehends a culture may
grow at some place. it unsurprisingly declares that culture is the matter of space and time
indeed. By citing Edward Said, it can be defined that culture as a way of some group to
communicate their social relations in everyday life.5 Moreover, that culture then is formulated
in a certain spatial relations by its borders separating each other.
Cultural deteritorialization refers the way which people nowadays, feel incorporated at
different communities, yet in fact they are not divided into similar to another members. 6 On
the other hand, Appadurai stresses that instability and volatility within political expressions
and cultural affiliations, emerging from deteritorialization processes. Diaspora community is
an example reflecting they have already been grouped onto separated community, who are
inseparable with their homeland. So, their existence in a host contry is not merely reasoned
as a part of the country.
4. Etnoscape
Etnoscape concept is a dimension, proposed by Appadurai who contribute to global ideas
and information exchange. According to Ashley M. Hogan, there are such three scapes,

3
ibid. Hal 6
4
Papastergiadis, Nikos. (2000). The Turbulence of Migration: Globalization, Deteritorialization and Hybridity.
Cambridge: Polity Press. hal 76
5
ibid. hal 103
6
ibid. hal 115

3
 interrelated one another, as ethnoscape, technoscape, dan finanscape.7 Furthermore, etnoscape
refers any migration across culture and border presenting world and its community as fluid
and flexible as it was. Technoscapes may be defined as a type change of interaction and
cultural exchange through technology power, that recently happen on unexpectable speed. Not
separated from technology, finanscape rises when it closely meet up economic domain.
Consequently, it become much dynamic. Its following type results on mediascapes and
ideoscapes.
5. Hybridity
Hybridity is arguably a concept being known at postmodern studies. In understanding
hybridity of culture, it will correlate to a identity formation process. It usually can be
exclusively differed between us and them.8 Hybrid is simply understood as those who were
born from transgression of that border, drawn as a form of danger, lost and degeneration. In
case of refugees, hybrid generation belongs to a generation of refugees’ children, who were
born in newly host country.
D. Research Methods
In this research, it will be discussed qualitative method, in order to acquire needed data. The
following way of obtaining data can be seen as follow
1. Desk study
Aimed to doing desk study, it has been done a collection of several reading brick that
explain or pertain research question and object. Related to it, the researcher browses various
prior research files and collects data about location and object’s characteristic.
2. Semi-structured Interview
In doing interview, it has been previously provided interview draft going to propose.
However, after proposed it, it would be proposed additional question to follow up and obtain
in-depth information on some topic.
3. Participation observation
Participation observation can be done through visiting informants’ house, joining
children to play, refugees’ children in particular.

7
Hogan, Ashley M.”Appadurai’s 5 –scapes”.<
https://www.amherst.edu/academiclife/departments/courses/1011F/MUSI/MUSI-04-1011F/blog/node/229354>
diakses pada 20 November 2017 pukul 07:57
88
Papastergiadis, Nikos. (2000). op.cit. hal 174

4
E. Research aims
Below are its research aims
1. To describe the condition of Syrian refugees in Freiburg
2. To emphasize the chronology of conflict and migration of the refugees from Syria to
Germany
3. To explain the experience of cultural de-territorialization, ethno-scape and hybridity
amongst Syrian refugees in di Freiburg

5
 Chapter II
SCOPE

A. Germany: From Unification to European Union Era

1. The Split of Germany after World War II
As a country, Germany has a specific dynamic. Each era shows some characteristic,
including Germany. In this way, it will be discussed how Germany history from Unification to
European Union (EU) era.
Throughout Cold War, German was actually divided into such two territories as West and
East Germany. Because of the era, bipolar world system, each of them belonged to main axis,
which respectively West Germany toward Western Bloc (United States) and East Germany
toward Eastern Bloc (Soviet Union). The split of Germany itself was closely related to the
process of two countries’ formation. They are the ally’s grabbing territories. Previously, it can be
seen that West Germany was formed by the unification of those territories by France, United
Kingdom and US. They, thereby named it as Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik
Deutschland), more known as West Germany. It had capital of Bonn.9 Meanwhile, East
Germany was formed by Soviet Union, then named as Democratic Republic of Germany
(Deustche Demokratische Republik), which had capital in Berlin.
2. The Fall of Berlin Wall
In 1961, Soviet Union blocked the only way for immigrant to leave East Germany.10 The
building of Berlin wall aimed to close the inhabitants’ access to leave the country. For your
information, it was 12 feet high and 4 feet wide.11 Due to its size, it was unlikely for people to
breakthrough. Nevertheless, they forced themselves to escape. Their escape had to be highly paid
off as the soldier shot them all. More than 80 people dead at that time. It continued to happen to
summer 1989, when Hungarian government opened the border and became an access to East
German leaving for West Germany. People furiousness inevitably rose as they were able to
disrupt the wall. On November 9th 1989, they started to destroy and traced anti-climax story upon
its masterpiece.

9
D’Clare, John.”Germany During the Cold War”.< http://www.johndclare.net/cold_war1_Germany.htm> diakses
pada 3 Oktober 2017 pukul 12:49
10
ibid
11
History.com.”Berlin Wall”.< http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/berlin-wall> diakses pada 3 Oktober 2017
pukul 13:35

6
B. History of Freiburg (City)
Freiburg is a city that locates in southwestern Germany. It is reportedly a border city, of
which close to another countries, which Switzerland in the south and France in the west.
Locating on the west side of Black Forest, it is blessed a comfortable landscape. Moreover, its
inhabitants believe in healthy and eco-friendly of life style.
Historically, Freiburg was built in 1120 as free trade town, whereby continued to be melting
point among trade routes.12 This route connected Mediterranean sea to North and Baltic sea.
Accordingly, it was built under Duke of Bertold and Konrad Zaehringen, who were noble family
out there.
C. Research scope
Based on what have been done about the research, there were few locations in Freiburg ,
where it took place. They were Laenghof, Hochdorf and a café at the complex of Albert Ludwig
University. In each location, we have met our informants.
First of all, Laenghof is a district, where we met an informant from Syria. He himself is a
student at the University.
Secondly, Hochdorf is obviously a district, whereby locates in the outer side of the city. It is
more knowingly, as heavy industrial spot, such processing area of heavy equipment and
furniture. Over there, there is one complex of refugees’ house amid industrial arena. We met 3
until 4 informants, who respectively came from different background, like Arab, Kurd, even
though they are from Syria tough.
Thirdly, a café at University complex is a special designed location by the student aiming to
facilitate refugees’ student to doing social integration and technical help about student life in
particular and living in Freiburg in general. Interestingly, we met at least three informants, whom
were all youngsters, by most of them are student.

12
Germany Insider Facts.”Freiburg Germany”.< http://www.germany-insider-facts.com/freiburg-germany.html>
diakses pada 3 Oktober 2017 pukul 13:18

7
 Chapter III
CIVIL WAR IN SYRIA

A. History of Civil War in Syria

There was such a long history about the formation of civil war in Syria. However, it shortly
emerged as culmination point of people discontent upon authoritarian leadership under Bashar
Al-Ashad.
B. Civil War and Ethno-religious Conflict in Syria
There was no direct relation between civil war and ethno-religious conflict in Syria. But, both
are conceived as a terminological difference, because when talking about civil war, it incredibly
was a conflict dealing with civilians in some place. Moreover, civil war was either ethno-
religious-formed or not. In this way, a civil war that happened in Syria was ethno-religious
conflict. It chronologically can be tracked upon Bashar’s rise in past 2000.13 If we observed
toward actors’ complexity who engaged with, even up to 1950s, it was literally too complicated.
Through various pressures, his political foes had been stepped down, particularly toward pro-
reformation activists against Hafez A;-Ashad in September 2001.
Of the outbreak of the conflict in 2011, happening as security soldier shot deadly the
protesters in Deraa, who called for release of political detainees, it stimulated nationally political
dispute in March. By citing BBC report, the main actor’s involvement, such as Russia and US
and islamist group could be delved as follow.14
Opposition group was one of involved groups in Syrian conflict. Indeed, Syrian conflict was
literally known by the involvement of numerous groups, like foreign intervention. It began in
2011, when President Assad fired the governor of Hama province after a mass demonstration
happening. It was followed by troop sending. Afterwards, in October 2011 New Syrian National
Council said that there must be a struggle front of internal activist and exiled opposition. A
month went by, Arab league did a scores over Syria with an accusation of failing in
implementing plan of Arab peace, as well as gave sanction. In February 2012, the government
continued bombarding Homs and other cities. One month later, UN Security Council took part
by issuing an unbounded peace plan, declared by Kofi Anan, as UN ambassador. China and
Russia knocked their head down over it as its design would be modified. Moreover, Turkey also

13
BBC (online).”Syrian profile – Timeline (24 August 2017)”. <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-
14703995> accessed on October 31st, 2017
14
ibid

8
altered an involvement rule after Syria shot their airplane by declaring if Syrian approached
Turkey border will be conceived as a military threat. Free Syria Army appointed three security
chairman of Damascus and conquered Aleppo in the north. In August 2012, Prime Minister of
Riad Hijab urged the US President of Barack Obama warning that the utilization of chemical
weapon will direct the US onto any intervention. Later in October 2012, a fire in Aleppo
demolished historical market, as well as inflicted some strike and bombing in more cities. In
November 2012, National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces was formed
in Qatar, outside of Islamic militia. Not long afterwards, Arab League stopped their full
recognition. Other countries also did the similar way, while US, United Kingdom, France,
Turkey and Gulf states officially recognized the opposition, National Coalition as lawful
representative of Syrian people. In January 2013, Syria accused Israel of bombing their military
base near Damascus, whereby Hezbollah was assumed of running some convoy of anti-aircraft
missile around Lebanon.
The rise of Islamist group might be begun by a weapon investigation action of UN that
concluded a chemical weapon used at an attack toward Ghouta, Damask in August 2013 has
made 300 people dead, but had not given any responsibilities. The government allowed UN to
completely destroy chemical weapon’s troops by June 2014. By December 2013, the US and the
UK scored non-lethal supports upon the rebels in North Syria after having a report that explained
the rebels had taken FSA’s base over backed up by the west. During the following two months,
peace talk led by UN failed as Syria authority rejecting to discuss a transition government. By
March 2014, Syrian army and Hezbollah took Yabroud, the last rebel in the border of Lebanon
back. Furthermore ISIS militia announced the establishment of caliphate in a territory stretching
from Aleppo to east province of Iraq, Diyala by June 2014. Three months later, the US and five
Arab states launched air attack on IS around Aleppo and Raqqa. Kurds army reportedly got rid
IS out of Kobane, a town near Turkey’s border after doing a battle for four months long by
January 2015. IS rebels obtained an ancient city, Palmyra in Central Syria and processed any
destroy of local monuments of pre-Islam heritage by May 2015. Their conquer co-operating with
Jaish al-Fatah, an alliance of islamist rebels took over Idlib province, and pushed coastal territory
of government’s, Latakia.

9
C. Arrival of Syria Refugees in Germany
The arrival of Syrian refugees in Europe has been a most prominent discussion topic
amongst its citizen. Likewise, a huge influx of refugees coming from middle sea or eastern
Europe became a new blast for European. Many news, reactions and responds were given by
each of them. Some of them were threatened of their arrival, because it was predicted that will
adds more competition at job area. Nevertheless, rest of them then started to accept them as a
part of moral responsibility and humanity of world citizen.

According data published by UNHCR, as reported back by German newspaper, Deutsche

Welle, the distribution of Syrian refugees around the world can be seen as follow: Turkey (42%);
Lebanon (27%); Jordan (15%); Iraq (6%); Egypt (3%) dan Europe (7%), that 3% out of them
were in Germany.
D. Syrian Refugees in Freiburg
The existence of Syrian refugees in Freiburg seemed marvelous to observe. According a data
released by its local media, Badische-zeitung on November 18th 2017, Syrian ranked most
portion of all refugees in Freiburg. Following data will exaggerate these composition based on
country of origin.15
Country/region Number Country/region Number
Suriah 868 Iran 38
Irak 652 Afrika Utara 38
Kosovo 581 Turki 28
Afghanistan 321 Pakistan 27
Afrika-sahara 233 Sri Lanka 24

15
Badische-zeitung (online).”Freiburg Fluechtlinge” (Herkunftslaender der Gefluechteten”.< http://www.badische-
zeitung.de/freiburg/freiburgs-fluechtlinge--136378257.html> diakses pada 18 November 2017, 09:14

10
 Eks-Yugoslavia 221 Somalia 17
Albania 49 India 11
Eritrea 58 Lain-lain 103

There were several locations where has been bases to refugees as it can be seen at following
table.16

No Location Established Construction model Capacity Sozial- Helferkreis; Kontak s.

since betreuung Kasten S.4
Regular Acommodation
1 Besanconaliee 2015 Container 126 DRK Dietenbacher
Fluechtlingesinitiative
(DieFi)
2 Bissierstrasse 1990 Behelfsbau 495 DRK Freundeskreis
Bissierstr. Weitblick
3 Hagelstauden 1989 Behelfsbau 70 Stadt Fluechtlingsinitiative
St. Georgen/Vauban
(Figeva)
4 Hammerschmiedstrasse 1990 Behelfsbau 252 Stadt Freundeskreis Zeit
fuer Kinder
5 Hartkirchweg 2015 Container 30 Caritas Freundeskreis Zeit
fuer Kinder, Figeva
6 Hermann-Mitsch-Strasse 1989/2012/ Behelfsbau 346 Stadt Herferkreis St.
(St. Christoph) 2015 Christoph,
Schluesselmensch,
Fabrik
7 Hoellentalstrasse (Bahn-hof 2015 Holzmodule 48 Stadt Buergerverein
Littenweiler) Littenweiler
8 Kaiserstuhlstrasse 2015 Massivbau 168 Stadt Helferkreis
Kaiserstuhlstrasse
9 Kartaeuserstrasse 2015 Massivbau 34 Stadt Freundeskreis
Kartaeuserstr., Ev.
Stift
10 Leinenweberstrasse 2016 Container 180 Stadt Helferkreis Hochdorf
(Gewerbeg. Hochdorf)
11 Loerracher Strasse 2015 Massivbau 89 Diakonie Helferkreis
Loerracher Strasse,
Figeva
12 Mooswaldallee 2014 Container 70 DRK Buergerstiftung
13 Schuetzenallee 2014 Massivbau 21 Stadt Freundeskreis

16
Amtblatt Freiburg.2017.”Unterbringung in drei Stufen”.Fluechtlinge in Freiburg.<
https://www.freiburg.de/pb/site/Freiburg/get/documents_E2144650603/freiburg/daten/news/amtsblatt/pdf/SoSeitenF
luechtlinge_2016.pdf> diakses pada 18 November 2017, 09:29

11
 Schuetzenallee
14 Wiesentalstrasse 2015 Container 250 Ev. Stadt- Helferkreis
mission Wiesentalsrasse,
Figeva
Notfallunterbringung
15 Am Sportplatz - Ist aufgelost Mehrzweckhalle 80 (Stadt) Freundeskreis
(Tuniberghalle Opfingen) Opfingen
16 Haslacher Strasse (ADAC) 2016 Massivbau 130 Stadt HaWeiFi
17 Loerracher Strasse Wird Masivbau 124 Diakonie Freundeskreis
aufgelost Loerracher Strasse,
Figeva
18 Schwarzwaldstrasse 2015 Massivbau 400 DRK -
(Stadthalle)
19 Waltershofener Strasse 2015 Fertigbau 170 Diakonie -
20 Madisonallee 2016 Zeit 323 Stadt -
(Wendeschleife Messe)

By twenty locations stated on the table, they had been visited those where a place to seek such
informants as Bissierstrasse and Leinenweberstrasse.

12
 Chapter IV
EXPERIENCES OF CULTURAL DETERITORIALIZATION, ETHNOSCAPE AND
HYBRIDITY AMONGST SYRIAN REFUGEES IN FREIBURG

A. Cultural Deteritorialization
Pertaining on the experience of cultural deteritorialization undergone by Syrian refugees in
Freiburg, may be directed into such a big capture of how they did express their habit and cultural
ties out there. It at least correlates to the seeking of explanation of the experience.
According to a research conducted in Freiburg, research team has conducted several
initiatives on individual level. Moreover, data which obtained was through some interview with
pertinent informants. The following table delivers such processes that has been done before.
No Week Agenda Place & Date Type Informant/Figure/Supervisor
1 1st • 1st FRIAS, 14 June • Formal
th
• Supervisor, program
week workshop meeting coordinator, researchers
2 2nd • Visit Café • Near • “catching an • German volunteers,
week Satz Escholhstrasse informant refugees as course
• Visit , 19th June candidate” participants
Refugee’s • Hochdorf, 20 th
• Conducting • Flat coordinator
house June preliminary • Program coordinator,
• Visit • Near library, and mapping refugees as course
Open 20th June the situation participants
Café • Campus, 21 st • “catching an • Supervisor and researchers
• 2nd June informant • Refugees as informants
Workshop • Near library, candidate” • A Syrian (Ali) as informant
• Visit nd
22 June • Formal
Open • Laehlinger, meeting
Café rd
23 June • Making an
• Visit informal talk
Refugee’s • Making an
house informal talk
& interview
3 3rd week • Office • Campus, 26th • Consultation • Supervisor
hours June • Making an • 2 Syrian (Noor & Jamal) as
with Prof. • Near library, interview informants
Ruland th
27 June • Consultation • Supervisor
• Visit • Campus, 28 th
• Making an • Syrian as informants
Open June interview • 1 Syrian and 2 Syrian-Kurd
Café • Near • Making an as informants
• Office library,29th appointment
hours June & informal
with Prof. • Hochdorf, 30th talks
Hedy June
13
 • Visit
Open
Café
• Visit
refugee’s
house
4 4 week • Visit
th
• Hochdorf, 4th • Making • 2 Syrian-sunni and 1
refugees’ July several Syrian-kurd
house • Universitat interviews • All of team members
• Final Bibliothek, 6th • Informal team • Supervisor & researchers
discussion July discussion
• 3 rd
• Campus, 7 th
• Formal
workshop July meeting
During the interview process, research team questioned a list of interview direction, which
became preliminary basis for more complete information. Those can be seen as follow.
• Introduction (name, age, occupation, and geographical background);
• Self - categorization (ethnic, religion, daily activities, interaction with other groups);
• Uncovering differences amongst the groups (opportunity, comparison amongst them);
• Recognized group pattern (structure, trustworthy figure, and internal difference of the
group);
• Impact of the outbreak of the civil war and their arrivals in Germany
.
The interview honestly was designed to know the self - categorization amongst them, so it can
be seen what it concept looked like that had been interview’s point. Yet, considering to data
submission which did not show its sign amongst them, whereas research theme also acquired
certain data about their such own experience, as looking for houses, job and school, it was
consequently directed to see such experience amongst them that reflected cultural
deteritorialization in globalization context.
As it has been discussed on previous parts, cultural deteritorialization definitely relates to
such upooted process of a culture whereby in its land or territory that it grows. It meaningfully
refers to the culture owned by Syrian were de-territorializing, that were currently practised by
Syrian refugees in Freiburg. For instance, the deterritoralized one was post-Ied celebration.
In the realm of Indonesian culture, the post-Ied celebration is such a celebration done by
moslem, which is especially marked by shaking hand, visiting one house to another, presenting
food and also coming to their relatives. In Indonesia, this celebration is called halal-bihalal.

14
Related to similarity of the religion believed by majority of Syrian refugees, which is Islam, thus
they have similar culture in accordance to celebrate Islam tradition as Indonesian has had.
According to what researcher saw, they called the celebration as zucker-fest (sugar festival). In
that context, they themselves usually visit one another. However due to their condition as
refugees, they replace “house to house” into “accomodation to accomodation”. Nonetheless, they
keep feeling exile because they are minority one. If they are in their own countries, it will be a
national holiday. Conversely, it does neither. There is no holiday agenda for German calendar to
celebrate zucker-fest. It definitely will be any difference between Islam and Masehi calendar.
B. Ethnoscape
Regarding to ethnoscape, the existence of various ethnics like Arab, Kurd, Jew in Germany
are a list of example of how a group of ethnic fleeing of their homelands. This phenomenon is
actually a common way that happen in somewhere around the world. In the case of Jew, they
consistently belongs a diaspora who interact and dream of having their own country.
There has been found in Freiburg, that the Kurd’s existence apparently had relatedness to
Kurd ethnic itself. For example, they prefer recognizing themselves as Kurd to Syrian in few
chances. So, they sometimes prefer interacting with Kurd from any countries, such as Iraq and
Turkey.
C. Hybridity
Of talking about hybridity, it can be witnessed into the generation of Syrian refugees who
born in Germany. It can be seen that some of them showed different language skills from their
parents while visiting refugees’ house in Hochdorf. Almost all of them at least can speak two
languages, which were the one spoken by their parent and another spoken by the people who live
in surrounding them.
When visiting that location, the researcher found several children who played together. They
are so enthusiastic in playing hide and seek and swing. After saying greeting, we directly got in
through them. What a surprise to see that one of them could speak three different languages,
which were Kurd, Arabic and German. Had been investigated, he was a child of Kurd’s couple
who lived in Syria. Because of it, they used Arabic as their official language, and Kurd as their
mother tongue. Meanwhile, German language skill was obtained by their intensive interaction
with their German teacher.
The skill of language owned by this hybrid generation has actually been a proof of how
hybridity can be found, even though still belongs to one ethnic only. Other thing which they

15
found was of finding such an awkwardness of habit between private (family) and public space.
These signs made them to be a unique and special generation indeed.

16
 BAB V
CLOSING
Conclusion

Globalization is a recent phenomenon engaging various discussion, either theoretical or

practical way. In the study of globalization that keep developing, it comes up numerous studies.
In this case, the research tries to bridge a conflict understood upon wider context. Such
implications may be approached by different tools. The researcher inevitably chose several core
concepts over cultural globalization, such cultural deterritorialization, ethnoscape and hybridity
in order to explain the experience of Syrian refugees in Freiburg.
Of the Syrian refugees in Freiburg, the explanation over the chronology of civil war became
much interesting as it literally contributed some meaningful implications, as like inter-ethnic
sentiment, untrust-worthiness toward global mainstream media’s coverage and awesome
experience of being diaspora. Lastly, it might not happen while there was no civil war going on
at their homeland.
At continuing the discussion about cultural deterritorialization, ethnoscape and hybridity, the
researcher carefully observed that those phenomena was visible on the interaction to the
informants. Few happenings, such zucker-fest celebration, playing with refugee’s children until
visiting to their houses demonstrated how these concepts implemented in daily life.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Book/Journal
Appadurai, Arjun. (2001). Globalization. London: Duke University Press
Hoadley, Stephen. Ruland, Jurgen (ed).(2006). Asian Security Reassessed. Singapore: Institute of
Southeast Asian Studies. page 211,212
Papastergiadis, Nikos. (2000). The Turbulence of Migration: Globalization, Deteritorialization
and Hybridity. Cambridge: Polity Press

Internet
Hogan, Ashley M.”Appadurai’s 5 –scapes”.<
https://www.amherst.edu/academiclife/departments/courses/1011F/MUSI/MUSI-04-
1011F/blog/node/229354> accessed on November 20, 2017 at 07:57
D’Clare, John.”Germany During the Cold War”.<
http://www.johndclare.net/cold_war1_Germany.htm> accessed on October 3, 2017 at
12:49
History.com.”Berlin Wall”.< http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/berlin-wall> accessed on
October 3, 2017 at 13:35
Germany Insider Facts.”Freiburg Germany”.< http://www.germany-insider-facts.com/freiburg-
germany.html> accessed on October 3, 2017 at 13:18

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