Hydrogen atom: of different orbits 0 hydroge n atom, _ _ Q.No.2: On the basis of Bohr’s theo Ty of atomic Structure derive an expression for radius of nth orbit of hydrogen atom. Ans. Hydrogen atom has the simplest structure. It Consists of a nucleus having charge +e and a single negatively charged electron revolving around it in a circular orbit. The electrostatic force of attraction between the electron and positively charged nucleus provides the necessary centripetal force required to keep the electron in orbit. Radius of n‘h orbit of hydrogen atom: In order to derive an expression for radius of different orbits of hydrogen atom, we will apply Hydrogen atom Bohr’s postulates. The electrostatic force of attraction between the electron and the nucleus is balanced by centripetal force, theref e Electrostatic force 5 ty Centripetal force required = m v? r ké = mz Sienna et * WORM OR hs. (0 mr According to first postulate of Bohr’'s theory: myr= nh an vV=_nh_ 2amrV=_ nth? 4nm? Comparing equations (i) and (ii) we get: Ké#@ =_ ri? 4eme (ii) mr wher k =_4_= 9x10° Nm2/c? 4nty Radii of various orbits of hydrogen atom can be calculated on the values of different quantities in the above equation. Hence for first orbit n = n 4) (6.625x10™%)? "x9x10°x (1.6x10 y= 5.3.10" m = 0.53 x107? m 3 (107° m = 18) drogen atom is 0:53 A. Substituting 1 we get: For n™ orbit. m are in the ratio of t in the n** orbit of d of the nucleus, 0 the sum of its K.E and ition in the electric ed, rtuveu away Tom tne mucous ane wes 5 Wave length of light emitted by hydrogen atom: Derive an expression for wave length of light emitted en atom when its electron jumps from an outer to an inner orbit. 3 - Accordi he third postulate of Bohr's theory of atomic structure when Shas jumps ae pA fi an outer orbit it absorbs, but when it jumps from an outer to an inner orbit it emits energy. Energy absorbed or emitted is Equal to the difference of energy possessed by the electron in the two states and it is in the form of a photon of energy hv. Hence if Ei and Eyrepresent the energy of the electron in its initial and final states when it jumps from an outer to an inner orbit, then the energy emitted is given by: _ . EIS ESS WY a eriears-ce>---> (iD) But from equation (iii) we get: + Ei=-2n?mke*x_1 wherek =_1 ig ne 476 | Ese oe On substituting the above expressions in equation (iv) we get: 2 Zo 2 2 -22m etx t- (-2x'my Je apne. i Ce = 2 28 x! 4. Seen etme a p= aonb et (1 - aye a Cp ond But v=. where “c” is the speed of light in vacuum, n “X" is the wave length of light emitted.and neutro r present ina nucleus are called s. Hence mass number ‘A’ is sometimes called nucleon b (or number of protons in a nucleus), “A” is the ght or nucleon number), then , the nucleus of uranium of atomic no. 92 and atomic Tepresented by 92U***. bepresence of more lsive utrons in nuclei overcomes the strong repul ose altively charged protons in heavy nuclei, whose oe ize Rees large, making it more unstable. Protons and ‘ one are bound together by a very strong, short range, nuclear ne force. Radioactivity: Of a, B particles and y-Tays from the unstable nuclei se Remmerehoccten It may also be defined as the spontaneous disintegration of nuclei of atoms, + Radioactivity was discovered by Henry Becquerel in 1896. He found that uranium salt emits hi ighly Penetrating radiations, The process was found to be independent of e: xternal conditions, such as ture and pressure etc, ts with charge number “2° greater than 83 are naturally Nuclei contain three types of radiati ns. If a Iced in a cavity drilled in alead are allowed to pass through plit into th eeeProperties of B-particles: ie -particles are fast moving electrons, emitted from radioactive nuclei, : Their charge and mass are equal to that of an electron. . ‘i Since they are charged particles, therefore, they are affected by C \ electric and magnetic fields. As compared to c-particles they have = more penetration and less ionization power. * B-particles also produce fluorescence. . * B-particles have more kinetic energy than ordinary electrons found in an atom. * They are produced during radioactivity, due to the disintegration of a neutron into a proton and a f-particle. y electromagnetic waves, 1e frequency of X-rays. , they are not affected by electric or and very small (negligible) ionization when they fall on a suitable surface, lear reactions. ground state after emitting a y-ray. ioactive elements: “a” or a “B” particle it changes into a the original element is called rmed after the emission of an nm @ radioactive us (Or in other words, in the charge number “2” of Ss number “A” will be four and daughter nuclei ission of an a-Note that action - reaction forces |] are exchanged between the colliding and walls of the due to reaction force exerted by the wall (which is equa! and opposite to the action force, exerted by a molecule) momentum of the molecule changes. contained in a cubicle box whose each side is “L” ox is “L™. Let the total number of molecules of the gas in of the box and one of No.1) of mass “m" be moving th one of the walls of the box its velocity reverses (since will bounce back. collisions in one dimension d z-components of its velocity ent of its velocity then i along x-axis before collision -M Vj," because after j in other words, the direction of its