DEFERENSIASI

DWI SETYATI
 Stages in Differentiation
• Meristem cells: after cell division, one daughter cell remains meristematic
(undifferentiated) to maintain meristem size and the other daughter cell
has committed to differentiation. Division of this second daughter cell will
yield new cells that are even more differentiated (more specialized).
Through such cell divisions and differentiation processes, plant organs
(leafs, roots, etc…) are formed.

Meristem cell

Differentiated
Meristem cell
cell

Differentiated Differentiated Differentiated

Meristem cell
cell cell cell
 Stages in Differentiation
• Plant organ: collection of differentiated cells, each cell having its own
specific task depending on its position within the organ.

Meristem cell

Differentiated
Meristem cell
cell

Differentiated Differentiated Differentiated

Meristem cell
cell cell cell

Cell differentiation leading to plant

organ formation (leaf, root, flower,
etc…)
 Stages in Differentiation
• Under certain conditions (see lectures on hormones), a differentiated cell can
dedifferentiate and regain the characteristics of a meristematic cell (or a zygote,
which is the ultimate meristematic cell).

Meristem cell

Differentiated
Meristem cell
cell

Differentiated Differentiated Differentiated

Meristem cell
cell cell cell
 Differentiation and Gene Expression

• Genetic information is encoded in sequence of bases in DNA

(information for the synthesis of proteins).

• Processes of cell differentiation (and dedifferentiation) depend

on expression of genes (what collection of proteins is made).

• Cells with different characteristics make (express) different sets

of proteins.
 Central dogma of Molecular Biology

DNA

TRANSCRIPTION REPLICATION

RNA

TRANSLATION +

mRNA
Ribosome

protein
 Chromosomes contain many genes
that can be expressed
Gene A Gene B Gene C Gene D Gene E Gene F Gene G Gene H

RNA-A RNA-B RNA-C RNA-D RNA-E RNA-F RNA-G RNA-H

PROTEIN-B
PROTEIN-A PROTEIN-D PROTEIN-F PROTEIN-H

PROTEIN-C PROTEIN-E PROTEIN-G

Differential gene expression: a combination of genes is expressed
that is different from another combination (compare with next
slide)

Gene A Gene B Gene C Gene D Gene E Gene F Gene G Gene H

RNA-A RNA-C RNA-D RNA-H

PROTEIN-A PROTEIN-D PROTEIN-H

PROTEIN-C
 Differential gene expression: a combination of genes is expressed
that is different from another combination (compare with previous
slide)

Gene A Gene B Gene C Gene D Gene E Gene F Gene G Gene H

RNA-B RNA-C RNA-F RNA-G RNA-H

PROTEIN-B
PROTEIN-F PROTEIN-H

PROTEIN-C
PROTEIN-G
 Differential Gene Expression and Cell
Differentiation

Plant Cell-X Plant Cell-Y

PROTEIN-B
PROTEIN-D PROTEIN-C
PROTEIN-A PROTEIN-H PROTEIN-H
PROTEIN-F
PROTEIN-C
PROTEIN-G

Plant Cell-X differs from Plant Cell-Y because it makes a

different combination of proteins (a result of differential gene
expression). Proteins are the main determinants of a cell’s
characteristics (structure, biochemical abilities, etc….).
 Differential Gene Expression and Cell
Differentiation

Plant Cell-X Plant Cell-Y

PROTEIN-B
PROTEIN-D PROTEIN-C
PROTEIN-A PROTEIN-H PROTEIN-H
PROTEIN-F
PROTEIN-C
PROTEIN-G

Why do Plant Cell-X and Plant Cell-Y make different

combinations of proteins? Why do they have differential
gene expression?
 Differential Gene Expression and Cell
Differentiation is the result of Differential
Signaling

Signal X Signal Y

Plant Cell-X Plant Cell-Y

PROTEIN-D PROTEIN-B
PROTEIN-C
PROTEIN-A PROTEIN-H PROTEIN-H
PROTEIN-F
PROTEIN-C
PROTEIN-G
 Internal versus External signals
• The organization of cells in a multicellullar organism
is based on information encoded in its chromosomes
(internal signals) and based on signals from the
environment.
• Often the effects of internal signals are (directly or
indirectly) influenced by signals from the
environment (External signals).
• “Chicken and the egg” conundrum, which was first?
Impossible to separate internal signaling controls
from effects of the environment.
• Homeotic genes control organ identity
Shoot meristem converts to inflorescence meristem
which can form one or more floral meristems.
The floral organ primordia arise from floral meristem
by cell differentiation and enlargement.
4 concentric whorls reflect the order within the floral
meristem.
Sepal (whorl 1) from the outer ring.
Petals (whorl 2) from the next ring.
Stamens (whorl 3; male reproduction) from the inner
ring.
Carpels (whorl 4; female reproduction) from the
centre.
In Arabidopsis there are 15 separate primordia (4
sepals, 4 petals, 6 stamens and 1 pistil [with 2
carpels]).
http://www.mun.ca/biology/desmid/brian/BIOL3530/DB_Ch07/fig7_20.jpg
http://www.mun.ca/biology/desmid/brian/BIOL3530/DB_Ch07/fig7_22.jpg
• Model of gene activity in floral organ development.
The floral meristem is divided into three overlappng regions,
A, B and C.
Region A contains whorls 1 & 2, B contains whorls 2 & 3, and C
covers whorls 3 & 4,
This combination of a, b and c regulatory functions give each
whorl an unique identity.
In addition, the aand c regulatory functions must be mutually
exclusive such that a prevents c activity and vise versa.
A floral meristem region with ...
a function only produces sepals,
a & b functions produce petals,
b & c functions produce stamens and
c function only produces carpels.
Homeotic mutants eliminate either a, b or c function.
http://www.mun.ca/biology/desmid/brian/BIOL3530/DB_Ch07/fig7_23.jpg