GENETIKA PERKEMBANGAN

DEWI IMELDA ROESMA

MANSYURDIN
Tujuan:
Untuk menjelaskan berbagai proses dalam
perkembangan.
Untuk memahami bagaimana hewan dapat
berkembang dari sel tunggal menjadi organisme
multiselular,
Mengeksplorasi mekanisme genetik dan
molekular yang mengatur bagaimana sel-sel
tumbuh, bergerak, berubah bentuk dan
berdiferensiasi menjadi berbagai jaringan dan
organ yang mana seluruh proses tersebut dapat
dipengaruhi oleh komunikasi antar sel2 embrio.
1. Pendahuluan.
2. Fungsi gen diferensial
a. Dasar diferensiasi sel
b. Sintesis RNA
c. Sintesis Protein
d. Sintesis Enzym dan degradasi
3. Regulasi Fungsi Gen dan Diferensiasi kromosomal
4. Mekanisme translasi dan control genetik
5.Interaksi inti dan sitoplasma
6.Interaksi Gen pada diferensiasi sel
7.Gen dan Morfogenesis
8. Kanker dan perkembangan abnormal
Developmental genetics is the study of how
genes control the growth and development
of an organism throughout its life-cycle
The application of genetic analysis and DNA
technology has changed our understanding
of how a complex multicellular organism
develops from a single cell.
Genes code for proteins, and proteins build
bodies
In the development of most multicellular
organisms, a single-celled zygote gives rise to cells
of many different types.
Each type has different structure and
corresponding function.
Cells of similar types are organized into tissues,
tissues into organs, organs into organ systems, and
organ systems into the whole organism.
 Thus, the process of embryonic development
must give rise not only to cells of different types but
to higher-level structures arranged in a particular
way in three dimensions
An organism arises from a fertilized egg cell
as the result of three interrelated
processes: cell division, cell differentiation,
and morphogenesis.
During development, cells become
specialized in structure and function,
undergoing differentiation.
• Different kinds of cells are organized into
tissues and organs.
Animal development Gut
Cell
movement

Zygote Eight cells Blastula Gastrula Adult animal

(fertilized egg) (cross section) (cross section) (sea star)

Cell division
Morphogenesis

Observable cell differentiation

Plant development Seed

leaves
Shoot
apical
meristem

Root
apical
meristem
Zygote Two cells
Embryo
(fertilized egg) Plant
inside seed
  Developmental genetics is the study of how
genes control the growth and development
of an organism throughout its life-cycle

Genes code for proteins, and proteins build bodies: a

salmon fry hatching from an egg.
• Drosophila melanogaster
• Caenorhabditis elegans
• Xenopus laevis
• Mus musculus
• Chicken
• Zebra Fish (Brachydanio rerio)
• Arabidopsis (tumbuhan)

10
– By following all cell divisions with a microscope, biologists have
constructed the organism’s complete cell lineage, a type of fate
map.
• A fate map traces the development of an embryo.
• The differences between cells in a multicellular
organism come almost entirely from differences in
gene expression, not differences in the cell’s
genomes.
• These differences arise during development, as
regulatory mechanisms turn specific genes off and
on.
• Much evidence supports the conclusion that nearly
all the cells of an organism have genomic
equivalence - that is, they all have the same genes.
• An important question that emerges is whether
genes are irreversibly inactivated during
differentiation.
 How Dolly was Made

• These arrested cells were

fused with sheep egg cells
whose nuclei had been
removed.
– The resulting cells divided to
form early embryos which
were implanted into
surrogate mothers.
• One, “Dolly,” of several
hundred implanted embryos
completed normal
development.
• Under the right conditions, cultured stem cells derived
from either source can differentiate into specialized
cells.
– Surprisingly, adults stem cells can sometimes be made to
differentiate into a wider range of cell types than they
normally do in the animal.
 What processes are needed for
development?

1. Cell divisions
2. Cell differentiation
3. Pattern formation
4. Morphogenesis
5. Growth
 Five cell behaviors

1. Cell-cell communication
2. Cell shape changes
3. Cell movement
4. Cell proliferation
5. Cell death (apoptosis)
Gene expression results in cell behavior
and development.
Genes control cell behavior by controlling
which proteins are made by the cell.
Gene activity gives cell identity.
 The Genetic Control
of Development
 Gene Regulation in Development

• Key process in development is pattern

formation = emergence of spatially
organized and specialized cells in the embryo
• Spatial organization of gene products
determines cell fate
• Genomic developmental program results in
differential gene expression and pattern
formation
Genetic Control of Cell Lineages
• Lineage = ancestor-descendant relationships
among a group of cells
• Lineage diagrams show the cell relationships
within a lineage
• Differentiation in cell lineages is under genetic
control
• Development in the
nematode follows a
fixed program of
lineage diversification
 Gene Regulation in Development
 Cell fate is progressively restricted in animal
development
 Fertilization initiates
cleavage divisions in
embryo to generate
multicellular blastula
 Infolding of blastula forms
gastrula
 Cell fate is determined by
autonomous development
and/or intercellular
signaling
 Gene Regulation in Development
• Cell fate refers to developmental outcome of cells
within a lineage
• Autonomous developmental restriction is controlled
by genetically programmed changes
• Positional information refers to developmental
restrictions imposed by the location of cells in
embryo
• Morphogen = controls development
• Only a few proteins are known to be exchanged
between cells.( examples ????)
 gen for synt hemoglobin  only in early erythrocyte
 gen for synt tyrosinase only during late stages in diff
of melanoblast
 Gen for synt insulin  active only in cel pancreas
 Differential gen function is intrinsic and fundamental
aspect of cell differentiation
 Whatever is responsible for regulating gene function
must also be responsible for cellular diff and indirectly
for the morphological changes occurring during the
course of embryonic development.
• Phenotype terminal of a cell selective
expression of its genes

• Achieved at several steps in cellular

metabolism
Differences between cells in a multicellular
organism come almost entirely from gene
expression, not differences in the cells’
genomes.
These differences arise during
development, as regulatory mechanisms turn
genes off and on.
Many experiments support the conclusion
that nearly all cells of an organism have
genomic equivalence (the same genes).