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I
z == z J§~I ~4JI
J.;hl~ L+h ,:fi.,.;.J a,/3,y ~\ ~L;-..JI <) ~ u'j..il- c.,,4.J - -(3)
: ~ \ , ~ l ~ · · - 11 t' == /Jt + rx
~ ·- .J -~ - -(4)
1
a=/3
✓1-v¼2 : o., /3 ,Y .:.i~lA..J\ J~l ("r)
~ ~ ~~ oJ..:.J ~ O ~ "~ i.)-l-4.. ~'~ ,) vajio
y=-/J--:;-=
V 7c 2

-(spherical waves) ~J.fi ..:A.~y, ~

C
c- ✓1-v¼2
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x-vt , , S x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 =c 2 t 2
_ (S)
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1
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12
+ y 2 + z 12 = a, 2 =c 2 t' 2 _ (6)
t- V/ 2X
t' IC
~ fa 'l ~~I~ :j}il :~~jl\ ~ ]
1
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✓1-v¼2
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.(Fitzgerald) .lll~fa J,..\- ~.J ✓
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:~'JI O_)~\ u)y_p:ill ~b a 2 (x- vt)2 + y 2 + z 2 =c2 (/Jt+ yx)2

I' ' ' '(

x =a(x-vt), y =y , z =z, t =a t--;:,x
V)
:. (a2-c2 y2)x2 + Y2 +z2 -2xt (a2v+c2 /Jr)

= (c2 132 - a2 v2) t2 _ (7)

( U..ihll ~ ) ~ .:·.:ibll o~L.bll ~ u~ (5), (7) J ~J

:~L....
: ~ ~ u;J..ih.JI tiJS i.) (x 2 , xt ,t2) u)L.\.a...ll A.jJ\i..#
: a , /3 , y ~\~\ ~ J~l
_ (8)
:u)~ a2-c2 r2 =1
a2 -c2 r2 =1 _ _ (1) 2
_(9)
2
a V + C 2 /J Y = 0
a v+c 2 f3y=O _ _ (2) _(10)
c2 /32 _ a2v2 = c2 _ _ (3) c2 /32 _ a2 v2 = c2

"°i
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-----
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-JJil~4JI
132 = c2 =--1 '( a-vu- ~ ) i.o. (2) cfa, v .,; ( r) .,_,J'"'!
... -c 2 yv-c 2 /Jr-
c -v 2 1- v / 2
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_ _ (7)
/J= Fv¼2 ,~, ) JJ <l\1.i, r «lo J_._u ~ , ,n. r "" ~ .,..,
c2 ( 2c2 2)- a2 v2 = c2 :(3) ~ (7) 04 ~_,.:ill.,u :.-V C
2 2
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C -v
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2 2 C 2 V C . -v2(l+c2y2)+c2/J2==c2 _ _ (5)
av= C 2 -v 2-c = C 2 -v 2
•. (5) c,b 1-a V c) (4) '-,'.)"'; ' W~IJ
c2 1 :. vc2/Jr+c 2 /12 =c 2
a2=---
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:0! ~ (7) , (8) 04 =~ ~ r ~ (4) , (6) L-"'

l+c'( \;'J]
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:(6) ~ (7) 04 ~_,.::Jy_,

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1- c ~ :. v [ v2 /32 +c2(1-/32)2]+c2 (1-/32)=0
:. r c2-v2 c2-v2 v
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v/J v fl /J(c 2 -v 2 ) :V/J2~ '-:-lya!4
2 2
2 2 _C_ 2 C
C - V - /J2 f- /J =2
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:. v2 /32 + c2 (l - /32)2 +c2 /32(l- /32) =O I:
:. v2p2 + c2(l- 2 /32 + /34) +c2 (/32 -fJ4) = o
:. r=- /Jv(/32)=-~/3= 2 2
;{2
r--- _ _ (9)
C C
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n /3 2 [v 2 -c 2]+c 2 ==0
i.

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x =a x-vt) ,y =y,z =z,t =a t - - x) I , , ( V _(I)
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a=. .J1- v%C 2

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J- JJ~II ~411

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:wla..ll ts9\.S,j ~i u\..,uj ~ (2) ~..:il.a..J\ W
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x=a "(x-v"t) ,Y-Y,
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2 2 cc aa'[ x(l + ; ')-t(v+v')]

= c ( 1+~ )

c 2 +2vv , +--
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fie I., , V = Vx I + VY J+ V z k :0 ~ ~ ~ I v2 v
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's ~(~b)~t.;i~.>4~.JAr=xl+yJ+zk
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:~'ils. ~ fa.J_,l ~~ ( ~WI ) ~~'ii i..J_,....JI 01 w,ui

=0#_;hll ~_;ill .J~I i:..~

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r = r + - - - a-1)-avt
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t' t- 1-c2. 1-c2

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1 -c2-

1/.
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- If I

v=vxl +vy1+vzk y =y =y _ _ (2)

V
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If
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V
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: • '•
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(Q) v ~ t.;:iy,i:. ~-►--(") (P) v o~I <) ~-►-- (')

:~
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r=P+Q _ _ (l) , vv x v+v
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· IJ .f '
: u. v~
· ~,J1jll -.r·
. _.,. 0 LilS l.:il• c2 C 1+-z
C
P =(rcos0) -b-
= rvcos0(v)= (r·v)v
V V V
2 _ _ (2) =a'(t-;: X) _(4)
.y _,11.JI .r J
n
r'A

i "i
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t'=a(t-;,x)=a[ t (i'/')] __ (II) - (3)

. .i~i ~ \ ."4J6. i_} ~1)1 Ji~I :..l.i~ .~ .J :~ ~ p 'Q ~.,?.-11 c)c. fa.J)~~~~:..:;J

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. ( .i~i ~ i.} ) fa .J) o'=B :~ .;-JI c)c. (.F-_y,&, Qd ~ j
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Ub ~.J),

k -.,r-_,_.J1 ,.U_c
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.J W (,? .J\ _j..-J\ 0~ ~.J
l~~'-! :('\) J.i.
C ,Ge .J--"" . ;_y.:a t t....!. ~
P'=a[ (i'~,")V-Vt] _ (4)

, ( ~ _,_;-JI .)~\ ol._;..:jl ~ 0 ~.J ~ _y. ii , k = ~ 11 ~ -, - Cr. v) -

Q =r---v _ _ (5)
0..)----:!W :..ll.i ~ , ~w A ~ 'I'= Acos(wt--½ · r) :~.J~.J
v2
.(Covariant) :..ii~ ) JS.,.!JI :o.J-.,.-IY .f ~_,.JI~ <.SY. .l...al.)10µ S ~~ v.i1
:~I r' =P' + o' _ (6)
:0i ~fo
:Jc. ~ (6) j (4) , (5) ~... L,~_,J-;
n = nx I + ny 3 + n f
_ c-. -)
2

1· r-a
-, _ [ _
(r ____;_-
• v) - ] +r--
v-vt rv .,- v
r=xi + YJ+zk 2
V V~

k- · r - n·r =w
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-r+ __ (I)
C C

':
2
V
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I '¥ = A cos (wt - k . r) :u} ~xv~~ (r·v) 0~.i~I mw]I &_) :~I
•'
r-v-- xvx + yvy +zvz
= A cos [ wt - : ( xn x + yn Y + zn z ) ]
_ : 0~ V l..c Y'i J,,;l X J,,.- ,l;,ll ,_,PS_,,ll UIS l,)J
= A cos w[ t- ~ (xnx + ynY + zn,)] r-v~
---,. xv

.J
f'
'
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, - JJ~II -,.~1
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k =--n :~ .J 1
:o _;_,_!4 fa.)~ i.:.i~~ ~\~L!J
C

[ , r ·n-'] =
x= a(x +v t') , Y-y , zccz' , tcca(t' +-x')
~ ' V
, _,
w 't' -w' (n_, ·r-')]
:. '¥ =Acosw t - -c- A cos [
- c!-
C

·'l'=Acosw•a[( t+
, 2v x ') --2£.(x+vt)--Ly'--
n , , n n ']
=A cos [ w , t , - - , _,]
k ·r =rn'
T
·· c c ca ca 22

_,11,..JI JAo .J
]
.y

:wl.Dl..a.ll :~~
, V X
[
=Acosw·a t(l--nx)~-(nx
, ny- y
-V- ) - ,-n- z,
c c c ca ca
2

w' = aw(l-%nx)

% ,-
V
=Acosw•a(l--nJ t , -X-'( ~-C
v V]-
, - nx -
nx - ' ny -
ny , -
' nz -
nz
C
[ C 1-Cnx
1-Yn
C X
a(l- Vn)
C X
a(l- vn
C X )
~ (fl) o.l:>._,11 ~ w~__;.J.J (w) l.j.J\)\ ~yll J.i_p.::JI w'i:i~ ~ y ny z nz
.~ _,.JI .JL..!.:i..i\ o4,:j\ ca'( l-2nx] ca'( 1-~nx )1]

:~ , V
I I I I
w = aw(l- -nJ t"-4.,-u
w =w , nx =nx , n y =n y , n, =n , C

..
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nx ----=--
V ,
n y = -----=--- • n z = z
1 - -C n X a a (l - -VC n X )

B
(1- vC n X )
V
~-<< 1 .
~.J-/
C 1 1
1 1
• lTI
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I I I ) ]
- (1)
la ➔ l\
:o _;_,,_ly w' , n: ,n~ , n: _J ~ \ J.i_p.::JI .::.ili)l..c. ~ .J
:u.ilS l:i!J

, , , , r' = x I + y' 3+ z' k

w =w ' nx =nx ' ny =ny ' nz =nz
ii' = n~ I + n~ 3+ n: k
_, _, , ,
r · n =x n X + y ,n 'y + z 'nz'
fi

t"

b~
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( ~ l i...t,,J;..Jl ~t...~l ~t...ll 1-------- JJ~U ~4-11 JJ~l~~I

Jj~
J~•
:(') ~J '-lW1 ~ (X2 + y 7. + Z 2 - C
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~I
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ul ..::.itii , ... .1 _,

.)IJJ_,.~~ ~\~ l, (')

: ... .1
YJ.Jy ~ - I~ l i
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, .. A\b W.Jla..a JI ~.,JI ~~Id ~i' ... .I. . -1-
~~ / ~ w(r)
x , = a (x- vt ) , y , = y, z , = z, t , = a ( t - 2Vx) .;_i~

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•

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~ 0¢== 0 ~ ,.
C
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a,
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1 a 2
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X
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o == ax 2 + ay 2 + a2 2 -d at2
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y
2
+z 2
-c'a' (t-;, x )' ~ u4S yJ., ~ ~ t l....!J (w) i.; JIJI Jill J:~I u'J ~I.a.. uilS Ii! (r)
JJ

:-.,A (nx,ny,nz) t_l..a...!JI J~l o~I J~.i:..)\

= a 2[ X2 + V 2 t 2 - 2V xt ·- w' = aw(l - f3nx) '/3= V

C

-c
2
(
2 V
t + c 42 x --;;-tx
2
2 2v J] +y +z
2 2 f
nx -
- n X --

1- f3nx
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'n
f

Y
ny
a(l- f3n)
I
nz
'nz a(l-/JnJ
:~)i

=a' (1-;: )x' +y +z' -c

2 2
t'(1-;: )a' = 0.1~4 (kx ,ky ,kz) -r-_,JI ~\ u\..iS_;J J_pJll u'J}~ (i)

2 2
k'x = a (k x - ~ W) , ky' - k y , k'z = k z
=x
2
+y 2 + z 2 - =Inv. 2

. A ) C~ _,JI J_,bllJ ( V ) .)WI JJJill J~I w'J ~l,..., (ii)

c t
-
.
-~ : .J~4 (
0
v, = av (1 - f3 n ) , ). = a ).' (1- /3 nJ
(1- =1 f- a2 =_v_2- . ·I _ •.x , • • ,,, , '".l\.a..J\~\ ..:i'J~wl\ (iii)

ri
a2 _v_2 ) 11 1 I.,.) J
• l.l -...1.;U1 .!u.l V"' J ' .u.i........ ,
c2 1- v2
c2
,
=V / 1-
-~--x
fJn + f3nx-
).' == ).
, ., ,r "..
~ ~
. e ( 2 + y 2 + Z 2 -c 2 t2) ~ ,.,
~1 0'! .
~ .l.\J
\· V
1 + /3 n ' 1 - /3 nx
o ~ ;, X • X WI ..:i©LJI /l~..I ' , ,

., • . I l.....lA;!_?-1
·.YJ.J..Jl - "'' . - f' I~ ..l.J
,.:. -.. . .( )p.l .iii,:;) .fa.,.) -;, ~ l..b r .fl .u:

to
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~ ~
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~)-.JI ~L.~l~t
(~t~,>1-.Jl ~L..~l~t..ll 1-------- JJ~I -ii14-II
JJ~l'!ii~I
:uSJJ

ax' =-av x' = a(x- vt)

a¢ - dr/) ax' ani a , X==f (x' ,t') . __ :(Y) ~ J ~ \ ~
f- - -'),
- -') + -'f' -t u, .I ~ -
,..r-Jy
at
ax uX ux at' ax -~ i,j...

at'
-=a f- t , =a(t--x
V )
at c2
:0SJJ
ax'
-=a
a¢ a¢ a¢ a a a ,. ~ x' ==a(x-vt)
-=a--av-
at at' ax'
➔ -=a--av-
at at' ax'
ax
at' av V
:~I -=-- ~
I
t ==a(t--x)

~:t =:t (~:)=(aaat,-av L)(a::,-av ;:,) ax 2

c c2

a2 A, a2 A, a2A, a2A,
= a _ ' f ' - a 2 v - - ' f ' - a 2 v - - ' f ' - + a 2 v 2 _'f'_
2
¥x=a~-~* 1 ➔ f;=a~r~*
:~ i
at' 2 at' ax' ax' at' ax' 2
a2A,
= a 2_ ' f2' -2a 2 v _ _
at'
a2 A,
ax' at'
a2 A,
'f'_+ a 2v 2_'f'_
ax' 2 - -
(2)
2
a¢ _
ax2 -
a(a¢)-(
ax ax - a ax d
a av aJ( 0¢ av
at' aox c!- ot'
0¢]
::,I.!
'-'•
y = y' ~-
, z = z' ,-,\ w.i.:...
,,.
:~1,,. =a2 a </) a2v a ¢
2 2
a2v _!j_+ rlv2 li2
a2</J a2</J
a.x c? ax at'
2 c
2
ax ot' 4
C at'
_(3)
aY2 = ay'2 =d a2 ¢ - 2d .'!.- a'¢ +ri,; a'! __(1J
a2</J a2</J
_(4)
ax2 c? ax at' c4 ot
az 2
= az' 2

t == t (x', t') : 0l ~ J
:c)c ~ w~b ~~~ ~-!{l) , (2) , (3) , (4) u,o ~y:J4_,
2 2 a 2¢ a 2¢ 1 a 2¢
2 1 a ¢ a ¢
CJr/J=v' r / J - - --=-+-+----- . a a¢ at' +-·
··--
</J a¢ -ax'
c2 at 2 dx 2 d y 2 d z 2 c 2 d t 2 dt - ot' at ax' ot

l1 iV
ti
~ .
~
• llll!l!lll5 rF
 Qt Ai);.Jl i.t-L.~t i¥~l J-
(~t ":!_,l;..Jl ~t...~l ~t..ll l--------- JJil i.4-11
JJil ~4-11
2
2 d ¢,2 _ 2a 2 ~ -iJ'tp a' v' a'¢
W
, , W
-nx =a-(nx --)=a -nx --w
C C C C c
2
V
( W V
J =a
dx
2 -+--+
C dx'at' c 4 at'2
2 2
d r/J2 d r/J l ( 2 d2</J a2¢- +
jk>a(kx-f,w)I _ _ (l) - - + - - - a --2a 2 v -
+ i) y' iJ z'' c' iJt'' ax'at'
~
a2¢ ) v2 a2¢ a2¢ a2¢
w
k =-nx 'kx =-nx
, w , +a2 v2 iJx'2 = a' (1- c') ax' +ay" +az•2-
X C C 1·

:~I i 2 a2Ai
- -2a 2 (1-~)-'f'
nY
, - --~:-----:- nY w
-a-=n -
w c 2 2
'---v---'
c at'
ny - a(l- f3nx) a w' Y w' 1·

, , w w
,
, a ¢ a2
¢ a2¢ 1 a2~
2
=--+--+----- '
.·.w nY =wnY :.-ny=-ny
C C
:. , k~ =ky ,_(2) d x' 2 d y'2 dz' 2 c 2 at' 2
:~I
=V'2A,_~ a2¢ = □· ¢
, w n w n 'f' c 2 d t' 2
n = z =-La-= n -
z
a ( 1- /3)
nx a w , zw, .-.,.i_,lhJI ~ J

:. w'n: =wn2 :. : n: =: n :.1 k~ =k

2 2 , __ (3) :(1") ~J~ ~
w'=aw(l-/Jn) J~
-.r-_,.JI ~ I w4SyJ J;y,:JI w'l:ll.- ~ (1) , (2) , (3) w'l:lt.-.11
K =(kx,ky,kz) w
1
a-,
: 0~ , w = 27! V : ~ t t.....!.11 :lti-11 :l:l _;JI ~ V w.il.S. l~J :~I 1- f3nx w
w' = aw(l- /Jnx)
1
:. n' = nx - /3 =a~ (nx - /J)
:. 21!V = 21lVa(l- /Jnx) X 1-/Jnx w'
:. Iv'= av (1- /Jnx) I __ (4) :. w' n'X = aw (nX - /J)

t '\
ti\
-------
 r;,:;it ~,J-.Jl ~t..~t ~t:..It J-
(~t i.,i,,J;...11 i.,i--L.~l ~t:,.ll ) JJ~I ~\+II
- - - - - JJil ~L.11
1-/Jnx I _( 6) ~
= ;i ~ l , '-'_;;11, J.,.-" (,l) <r,.JI J.,l,11 UlS l;JJ
✓ 1+ Pn: ~ (5)' :c.....,J
V

v' = v ,(5) C = a C (1 - /J n x )
:. A' A

aA(l + /Jn:)
:. ~=
X
A' a
A (1-/Jnx)
A aX (1- /3nx)
:. IA =-a-A-:-,(::---1--~/Jnx- )"].
:. (x)A =( 2

1+ f3n:
1-/Jnx
J - (5)
(A) '-,,r-"_,.JI J_.,.h11J (v) -ll.;ill J.i~ltJ..il..... ~ (4) , (5) ut.b\.....J1
:. 1X =A ✓ l+ fJn: I _(7)
1-/Jnx :~~

(6) ' (7) u-~\ :'-r' ¼LJI w'i jl..Jl ~ I w'J j\.....J\
C-~ o \c..•.<
,,r--~ ..J-~ J ·\:i.,i-lL_n - ~ \ I.Ai\
, c..J.~'c..J
, V ,
-~ 1 ~µ1 _} ( .fa.J-l o.JAl.l:. ~ ) -~'-:!_»ill .JAl_,l;JI ~ kx =a (kx +7) _ ( l)'
(Doppler Effect) :~__,.l ~b k y =k'y
_(2)'
y k 2 =k: _(3)'
p
v = av' (1 + /Jn~) _(4)'
X A'= a A (1 + /Jn~) _ _ (5)'

:uAiµ ~ \ ~~"iJ
: (4)' _)c-(4) ~
v' _ av (1- /Jnx)
wt__._.. p (~ ~·) i.::.i..iti
. .) ~ U"'· Wa.u.o.
. • · tW I.id
~Y-4 • u· \.S l~I.
~- av' (1+ /JnJ
-~.fall ~ X, y, z w~l:i:...'j\ .)Jl:- c4 a, 13, y ylJ)I
:.nx =cosa,nY =cos/3,n, =cosy
v'')2 ( 1- /Jnx)
( ~) = 1+ /Jn~
o,
0.

j ,
\ _:,
 ~~)-.Jl ~1..~l ~t..!Q -
\~t i,i)..Jl 1,t-l...~l ~t.a}l l JJ~I llpl~I JJil ~~l
:Jc ~~_,a= 1 : ~ =0~w-.c::.
• W>-:J
_ ·• _J\ 015. \jl t..j\ ' ~ 0,4 ijyfo O J.....:il)IJ p .J-l-,JI ·\S lj\ -,
1
~ w .
1
v = v(l+ ,B)= {1+ ~}-~ v > v -cosa=cos180°=-l .. ,, . t, • ••
nx - •IJ~ 0'2.):t 1 I.>" y ~
1
:ui ~1 :iJIJJ.: ~y\\J;J\ ~Jill 0\-! ~I
A =A(l-,8)=,{1- ~) ➔ A <A
1 1 V >V 0
~ c)J
1
:J~~\ ~\.:i. ~-1 .-1. < A. :() ~1 (~) u,-:ii~ .r-.,JI J.,.hll 0\.9 ~ J
~ 1 0 15. \jl t..j1 , ~ ~ ul.le.~ o .lw:11;1., p ,J.i-.JI 0\S lj! -~
nx = cos a= cosO = 1
nX = cos a= cos0° = 1 :.:,\j ,~}JI ,:,;p. ~
:.v1 =av(l-,Bn )=av(l-,B)=v X
~ v✓l-/3
• 1 + ,B
n2
--4v' <v\
v >V
1
:,) ~i ,~ ~y\\J;J\ ~Jill 0\-! 4-lWI o~ c)J

A1 = ail(l + ,8) = A (l + ,B
✓1-,82
Al+ ,B ➔\A' > Al
1--=~ ~&!~_,a= 1 : ~
A! > A :u1 ~1 ':iJY. -r-_,JI J..,bll 0\.9 ~ J
• ~_,:i .Y.J~ ay\~I o~ u ~J

v' =v(l-,8)={1- ~J ➔ v' <v

:o_;o\~I ~ ~jilJ
:1.:1\Jitil Ua. c).-,
1
A = A(l+ ,B)= i 1+ VJ ➔ A. < A 1
n, = cos a= cosl80° =-I (l-P) -v (I+ p)
.bJ (:i..,.....yJI) &ri.r--~1 J_,1,JI ~ /1! = A(l + /3) ~ \ : ~ :. v' = av(l- /JnJ = av(l + ,8) = v n .jl- /3.jl + /3
: ~ ' ~ ~ IY' ~ \ "'_,..:.JI ,.} ~ \

A! = A(l + V \ = A(C + V \ ➔ A = C + V = l + V
1
\\
c) C ) A C C = v ,F+ji = v✓ l + p ---;:.\v' > vi
\\
i. ✓ 1-/3 1-/J
V A! A! -A V :~1

\,
I
:. - = - -1 = - - ➔ A -A= -A= ,BA
C A J C
.-+u = .BAI .!.A = ~ Rn ) = a, (1- .B)
(1 + JJ'x

i ... ful=A!-A ~ A. 11:

1
I'
'I
I "'~\ t ~ ~ .bJ (,r,"~\ J_,1,JI,.} ~lj'jl ~~Io~ • I (1- ,8) : ). (1- /3)
d
:~ ~ :i~'l\ ~>-" LJ.J~_, ''->°.J'-11 UC ~ r:""-1 IY' ~ I •. A; =cl(l-/J)=). ✓l-,8 2 fi-,B.[l+/3

V=CA. -J M
1

-J-=C;:- =A F7J
✓ 1+/3
=Atp ➔~ <aj l+/J

I
I
or
( o-r