Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TheWorld Bank
Impact EvaluationReport
Benin-HinviAgriculturalProject
(Credit144-BEN)
April5,1964
Public Disclosure Authorized
Odice caDi,ectcr-Gmal
Opera0omEvaluan
April 5, 1984
MEMORANDUM
TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ANMTHE PRESIDENT
Attachment
Mervyn L. Weiner
by Shiv S. ICapur
This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance
of their officialduties Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.
FOR OMCIAL USE ONLY
IMPACT EVALUATIONREPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
Preface .. ......................................................... i
Summaryand Conclusions ............ ............................... ii
I. INTRODUCTION 1
III. MAINEXFASONS
FOR PROJECT FAILURE. 9
V. SOCIAL IMPACT . . 17
Annexes
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IMPACT EVALUATIONREPORT
PREFACE
A copy of the draft report was sent to the Borrower on December 23,
1983. However, no commentswere received.
SUMMARYAND CONCLUSIONS
The Project
6. The project ERR was re-estimated at about 5Z, compared with 12X
calculated at appraisal. However, the social impact of the project was con-
sidered substantial. Different opinions were expressed in the PPAR as
regards the cooperative system, which was found by the PPAM "well on the way
to becoming efficient farmer organizations'while the PCR stated that it was
difficult to conclude that the cooperatives -had really taken root". In
addition, the PPAR stated that insufficient knowledge at appraisal of local
conditions and overoptimistic assumptions of labor availability had resulted
in difficulties with the maintenance of oil palms and an overestimation of
the benefits that the farmers could derive from the proposed annual crop sys-
tem. Neverthelessit was found that a new technology had been introduced in
the project area and farmers were adopting better practices than elsewhere in
the country.
Project Impact
(a) the climatic conditions and natural resources of the project area
were overestimated and, as a result, the proposed technical
packages proved inadequate;
10. The project ERR is now negative. Deficit of food superseded the
surplus prevailing in the pre-project situation and most of the cooperatives
incurred deficits from their oil palm activities. The project impact on
balance of payment and Government revenues is negligible. While the farmer
incomes are now lower than they were before the project, the main benefici-
aries of the project appear to be the 1,500 civil servants working in the
Project Authority.
11. The social impact of the project can only be considered a dis-
appointment. Contrary to plans, no effort was made to improve the medical
and scholastic infrastructure in the project area. The project was not able
to offer, in the Hinvi region, adequate job opportunities for young men who
often opted for emigration. In addition, the project deeply disrupted the
traditional way of life of the population and had particularly adverse
effects on the living conditions of women, who lost a large part of their
ccmmprcial and artisanal activities.
(a) the risk of planting oil palms in densely populated regions with
sub-optimal climatic conditions;
(c) the need for the Bank to ensure durability of completed projects
through its economic and sectoral dialogues with governments.
IMPACT EVALUATIONREPORT
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background
1.01 In 1965, natural groves of oil palm covered an estimated 0.4 to 0.5
million ha in Southern Benin; oil palm was the main source of edible fats for
the Beninese population and contributed to 73% of export earnings. Local
consumption was expected to increase from 23,000 tons to 32,000 tons in 1975
and to double by 1985. There was an urgent need to develop oil palm pro-
duction, both to meet domestic consumption and to maintain exports, if
possible.
1.04 From 1962 to 1975, some 28,000 ha of improved oil palms were
planted and three palm oil mills were built by SONADER. Other rural develop-
ment activities were also integrated with oil palm development including
annual crops, reforestation, livestock, rural roads and social services. The
development strategy used by SONADERwas to acquire land in the vicinity of
villages, and to establish blocks of about 600 ha of oil palms (to permit the
use of modern agricultural methods) and of 600 ha of annual crops. Villagers
were grouped into production cooperatives and worked both oil palm and annual
crop blocks under the supervision and with the assistance of SONADER.
1.05 The oil palm program was mostly financed by FAC and FED until
1968. In 1966, however, the Government requested assistance from the Bank
because of a growing reluctance of FAC and FED to carry the full burden of
external financing of the proposed projects. PNWA then collaborated with
SONADER for the preparation of an oil palm development project, followed by
pre-appraisal in March 1967 and appraisal in August 1968, of the Hinvi Agri-
cultural Project, the subject of this Impact Evaluation Report.
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B. The Project
Project Design
1.07 The project cost was estimated at US$9.6 million, of which IDA and
FAC were to finance 47.9% (US$4.6 million) each, and the Government the
remaining 4.2%. The main objective of the project was 'to develop an effi-
cient and modern system of agricultural production, capable of assuring
participating farmers of standards of living superior to those obtainable
from traditional farming methods."1 / To this effect the project benefi-
ciaries were to be organized into ten producer cooperatives,each with 600 ha
of oil palm; 600 ha of annual crops (the latter block sub-dividedin 1.5 ha
individual plots) and 300 ha of pasture, afforestationand village area.
encouraged to obtain -B" shares and become 'AB' members by working on the
plantations.
1.09 For the 25-year life of the project, SONADER was to manage the oil
palm plantations on behalf of the cooperatives. All revenues were to accrue
to SONADER, and only after all costs, including loan repayments, had been
met, would the surplus be paid to the cooperatives. The cooperativeswere to
become autonomous only after discharge of their debt to SONADER.
Project Implementation
1.15 The planting program started quickly and was completed on schedule
in 1970. Altogether, 6,075 ha of oil palms were correctly planted and
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1.16 The annual crop program soon ran into difficulties. Fewer farmers
than expected were prepared to abandon traditional shifting cultivation on
plots cleared in the forest and take up 1.5 ha holdings in the project
blocks. On these 600 ha blocks, called ZOCAs, input use was minimal and
yields far below appraised targets. By 1971, only 450 farmers had taken up
plots in the ZOCAs. In 1971/72, a greater flexibility by SONADER,allowing
the farmers to choose the crop rotation, and the introduction of animal
traction stimulated more farmer interest. Thanks to technical assistance
financed by FAC, the use of animal traction increased rapidly. But
constraints on the supply of animals were believed to limit expansion of ox-
drawn cultivation, and further development of the ZOCAs remained uncertain.
1.17 The original project called for an oil mill of 24 t/h capacity to
be built in two stages. The revised project (April 1971) showed the need for
a 20 t/h mill, with provision for expansion to 40 t/h. Construction of the
mill was completed in 1974 as planned, but it did not go into operation until
mid-1975 owing to water-supply problems. The total investment cost was CFAF
962.4 million (US$3.9 million), as estimated in 1971. The functioning of the
mill was considered satisfactory on the whole, especially since some last
adjustments in 1977 made it possible to raise capacity to 27 t/h.
1.18 The project costs and financing schedule were revised twice. In
1971, with the difficulties encountered on the ZOCAs and a need to reallocate
oil palm production among existing and planned mills, project costs were
restructured. The Bank then abandoned its support to the ZOCAs, which
SONADERpursued thereafter with FAC technical assistance, and the funds thus
released helped finance the extra costs of the mill.
were burning their fields, and theft due to the inadequate organization of
ffb collection and the higher prices obtainable on the parallel market.
1.21 For annual crops, the proposed cropping system was not popular with
farmers, who preferred their traditional practices. The new system did not
meet all the needs of the farmers; the part devoted to food crops was too
small, the yields obtained from commercial crops were low and the planned
rotation created serious labor constraints during the planting and harvesting
periods. Since the rotation system was obligatory, a number of farmers aban-
doned the ZOCAs, preferring to grow their crops outside the project area.
Later, relaxation of the rigid cropping pattern and the introduction of ox-
drawn cultivation were favorably accepted by the farmers and made it possible
to increase yields while reducing the per-hectare labor requirement. The
total number of farmers in the ZOCAs rose from 1,800 in 1973 to 3,000 in
1975.
1.22 Functioning of the mill was satisfactory, although the oil fat acid
content was high due to inadequate organization of fruit collection and the
insufficiency of storage capacity. The livestock and afforestation programs
had been completed as planned. The benefits of these components, however,
did not accrue to the cooperatives because animals available for sale were
sold at a price fixed by the Government at about 50% of the market price and
the teak and cassia plantations had not been properly maintained and some had
suffered from bush fire.
1.23 The project ERR was re-estimated at about 5%, with labor costed at
wage to reflect the labor constraints in the area.
1.25 Different views, however, were expressed in the PPAM and the PCR.
The PPAM pointed out that, in contrast to experience in most African
countries, the project cooperatives "seemed to be well on the way to becoming
efficient farmers' organizations, managed to a large degree by the members
themselves." The phenomenon was mostly attributed to (i) legislation which
facilitated low-cost land reform by compensating land owners with shares
instead of cash while leaving management authority to the workers and (ii) a
fair system of remuneration (wages and dividends) which increases payment to
farmers as the cooperative develops. The PCR was less optimistic, stating
that although an operating framework of cooperatives had been set up, -it was
difficult to conclude that it had really taken root." The farmers who were
members of a cooperative did not perceive themselves as owners of the oil
palm plantations, responsible for for their success or failure. Rather, the
plantations were regarded as places where remuneration was very low in rela-
tion to work done, and farmers only sought employment there if no other was
available. The PCR also mentioned that the important concept of autonomous
cooperatives was jeopardized by the fact that the cooperatives did not
receive an adequate share of the value of oil palm plantations. With a price
of CFAF 5 per kg of ffb (37Z of the net oil revenue), they could not
adequately remunerate the cooperators'labor nor repay their debts.
1.26 The PPAR pointed out that SONADERhad proven a remarkably effective
institution and that an unusual feature of the project was that it had been
prepared and executed by a Beninese corporation, a completely Africanized
organization, and with very little technical assistance. However, a recent
Government decision to give up the integration concept and to have two dif-
ferent a encies (CARDER for annual crops, and SONADER, now called
SOBEPALH,_3/ for oil palms) intervening in the project area was a matter of
concern for the future of the project.
2.01 On completion of the Hinvi Project, reports from the Bank and the
other agencies were not unanimous on the subject of results. Whether
regarded as a success or a failure, however, the project was at all events a
particularly interesting case and an original development venture that
merited close attention. Now, five years after physical completion, it is
clear the project is a major economic and social failure, the manifestations
of which are examined below and the causes in Chapter III.
3/ SONADER was renamed SOBEPALH, but its functions were not significantly
changed.
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Africa most favorable to the oil palz 4 / and 30% of those obtained in South
East Asia. However, as rainfall was below normal levels during the early
years of the planting process, potential yields were revised down, first of
all to 7 t/ha and then to 5 t/ha. In actual fact, average yields between
1973 and 1982 were around 2 t/ha, varying from 1.2 t to 3.1 t depending on
the particular cooperative (see Annexes 2 and 3 for details); this was 25% of
initial yield estimates and 40% of corrected estimates. Generally speaking,
the cooperatives in the south of the project region showed the worst results
and those in the north the best. Of the ten cooperatives set up under the
project, the average annual production figure for the years 1980, 1981 and
1982 was 13,437 tons of ffb, roughly 28X of the initial estimates.
2.03 The low yields are in part a consequence of the low rainfall, which
for some years now has been characteristic of this part of Africa, but more
than anything else they reflect the neglected condition of the plantations,
which receive virtually no regular maintenance and give a very poor output.
The spread of grasses and weeds and the lack of pruning makes both harvesting
and the transportation of ffb to collection points very difficult, and
explains why a proportion of the ffb are not even harvested. Seasonal labor
shortages also explain why ffb are not harvested for weeks, even several
months in some cases. Finally, thefts of ffb, whether from the plantations
themselves, from collection points or during transportation, are consider-
able, so that a reduced volume of fruit reaches the mill, which then operates
at a third or half of its capacity.
Annual Crops
2.04 The annual crops program was designed to replace extensive with
intensive cropping. Before the project was launched, the average family
landholding was 6.2 ha, about 2.8 ha of which was put under crops each year
and then left to lie fallow for some years. Natural oil palm stands and
perennial crops (coffee, cocoa, bananas) were also present. The result of
crop intensification was expected to be that a reduced area (1.4 ha net)
would allow higher output than the then usual holding, thanks to the elimina-
tion of fallow areas, introduction of a double-cropping system (a
grain-legume rotation) and improved unit yields owing to the use of
fertilizers. Crop intensificationalso called for clearing of any remaining
forest growth and uprooting of both perennial species and naturally growing
oil palms.
though family holdings had been reduced to a quarter of their former size.
Animal traction was introduced and, though successful at first, failed in the
end because farmers, since they had no access to credit, were unable to
replace animals or equipment. Altogether, yields were no better than 30% of
the target figures. In addition, the old perennial crops and natural oil
palm stands, important sources of income, had disappeared. While the area
enjoyed a surplus of food products prior to commencementof the project, it
is now by and large a deficit area. Many members of the cooperativeshave
had to lease land outside the project zone in order to meet household food
needs.
Stockraising
2.06 This component of the project was designed to produce income for
the cooperatives from beef sales on the local market and sales of traction
animals to cooperative members, the necessary pasture being sown on the land
put under oil palms. SONADER and USAID funds were used, beginning in 1966,
to establish a herd of approximately400 head, expected to increase to 1,000
by the early 1980s. In 1983, the size of the herd was in fact 322 head (it
had reached 560 in 1976/77), with a high proportion of old females and too
few young ones. Deterioration of pastures, a lack of supplementaryfeed,
periodic difficulties in watering the animals and generally poor animal
health were the main reasons for a high mortality rate in the herd and its
drop in size. The stockraising component was the responsibilityof SOBEPALH
alone (the cooperatives having no role at all in herd management); it has
been running at a loss for the last five years.
Reforestation
2.07 The aim of the reforestation component was to offset the loss of
firewood caused by clearing operations and to produce income for the coopera-
tives from the sale of teak building poles. A total area of 1,000 ha was
planted, as projected, and management of this part of the venture, like the
stockraising component, was the responsibility of SOBEPALH. Repeated
refusals on the part of SOBEPALH to carry out cutting operations meant that
cooperative members themselvesdid so clandestinelyin most reforestedareas.
Conclusion
3.01 At the outset, the Bank recognized two constraints: the climate
was just barely suitable for the oil palm, and the intended collectivist
approach promised to be difficult. However, the Appraisal Report concluded
that the climate was suitable enough and that the effectiveness of SONADER
would overcome the human problems certain to be created by the establishment
of cooperatives. In practice, the natural environment, whether climatic or
human, proved much more unfavorable and hostile than foreseen.
3.02 Hindsight shows that there were four major causes for wide
differences between initial expectations and final results: Mi) under-
estimation of the constraints inherent in the natural environment; (ii)
insufficient knowledge of the social and human context, which meant that an
inappropriate development approach was used; (iii) the failure of the
cooperative system; and (iv) management errors on the part of the
institutions responsible for the project.
A. Under-estimationof Constraints
3.03 Averaging 950 to 1,000 mm in the south and 1,000 to 1,100 mm in the
center, rainfall has been below the figure of 1,170 mm projected for the
whole project area. Only in the northern zone did the rainfall of 1,100 to
1,200 mm come close ta initial estimates. Two additional factors also played
a part: the lengthening of the dry season and annual variations that were
more marked than expected. It is now clear that climatic conditions in the
Hinvi region were over-estimated initially and that project appraisal
personnel were not aware of the differences between the north and south
zones. It is also evident that the water shortage was worse from 1974
to 1981 than from 1966 to 1973 (see Annex 4). The climate therefore proved
to be even less suitable than had been thought originally,which explains why
average potential oil palm yields, first assessed at 8 tons of ffb/ha, were
later scarcely above 5 or 6 tons/ha. It is also very clear that poor rain-
fall cannot provide a complete explanation of the average yields of 2 tons/ha
recorded for the last few years and that other limiting factors prevailed
(para. 3.16-3.17).
3.05 The social and economic characteristics of the Hinvi region were
sunmmiaized in the Appraisal Report: high population density (62 inhabitants
per km2 ), growing by approximately 3Z a year; dispersed settlements; smallish
holdings (averaging 6.2 ha in size, with 81% consisting of less than 10 ha),
a quarter under crops and the rest fallow.
3.06 It was the size of the fallow area which seems to have determined
the technical package of the project: intensive cropping, without fallow, on
25% of the initial landholding would, theoretically,bring its owner as much
income as he had before the project, at the same time making land available
for the establishmentof palm groves and for redistribution to landless farm
workers.
effort and work, but not the means of production or land. Pre-project
studies showed that 64% of smallholders had obtained their land by in-
heritance and 36% by purchase, so that land was an individual saleable good
and not a collectivelyowned one.
3.13 Not only did the cooperative system rest on the unsteady founda-
tions described above, but it also never had any real possibility of
functioning. Certainly, the Boards of Directors were made up solely of B and
AS group members, elected by the cooperative. The Annual General Meetings,
which consisted of all members, convened once a year. However, the role of
these two bodies has always remained ambiguous and been limited to protecting
the interests of members vis-a-vis the central authorities and to the
distribution of profits and dividends whenever the cooperatives had a surplus
for the year. In practice, each cooperative was managed by its director,
appointed by SOBEPALH and assisted by an administrative staff of ten. 7 /
This group, paid by the cooperative but not under its control, provided the
real management of the cooperative, being responsible as well for the
programming and execution of work.
3.15 It was stagnation in the wages paid for labor and the price paid
for ffb that would rapidly point out the fiction on which the cooperative
system was based. Although the daily wage, CFAF 125 in 1968, was to rise to
CFAF 200 by the end of the planting period, the increase was granted by
SOBEPALHonly in 1978, whereas wages had risen to CFAF 350 elsewhere and as
high as CFAF 750 on State farms. Moreover, the price paid the cooperatives
for their deliveries of ffb was held at CFAF 5.68 for eight years (1975-82)
even though the cost of inputs billed by SOBEPALH to the cooperatives
increased continually. Producer prices, which in 1972/73 amounted to 40% of
the export price of palm oil, were equivalent to only 19% in 1981/82 (see
Annex 5). Any hope of dividends the members of the cooperatives might have
had therefore became more and more remote.
3.16 Low wages and low or nonexistent dividends led to gradual desertion
by the group B members of the cooperatives, whose shares (CFAF 30,000 each)
had not been revalued either. Like their group A counterparts, group B
members have now lost all motivation and no longer work on the plantations
except intermittently. Moreover, since the work is poorly paid, they cut it
down to a few hours a day and their output is low. For the most part, they
either concentrate on their own annual crops, look for work elsewhere or
emigrate. Given the defection rate, as high as 72% from group A and 65% from
group B (see Annex 7 for details), the project resorted increasingly to
salaried laborers, who now go by the name of users" in the cooperatives and
have obtained voting rights. But at the wage levels offered, labor is more
and more scarce and erratic; it is only absolute necessity that drives
laborers to work on the plantations when there is no work elsewhere, particu-
larly as the work is considered hard and dangerous by laborers. Under the
circumstances, the manpower shortage is chronic; the majority of laborers
71 Two extension agents for maintenance and the harvesting of ffb; 4 team
leaders; 1 or several foremen or caretakers; 1 cyclist for liaison with
the oil mill; 1 collection supervisor; 1 tally clerk; and 1 first-aid/
veterinary assistant.
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want no more than 1-5 workdays a month and maintenance of the plantations is
neglected.
3.17 Moreover, the theft of ffb from the trees, from collection areas
and during transportationis frequent. The fruit is processed into oil on an
artisanal scale, not only for family consumption but also for sale at three
to four times the official price. For some, this is a way of recovering
assets of which they have been robbed; for others, it offsets earnings that
are too low. The vicious circle whereby low output leads to low producer
prices, which in their turn lead to low wage levels and theft (which
partially explains the low output) has gradually become the norm and taken
the place of the "joyous group work in an atmosphere of friendly rivalry"8/
that had been expected of the cooperatives. The survey conducted in early
1983 for purposes of this impact evaluation report shows clearly to what
point members of the cooperatives feel exploited by the project and regard
the plantations as the property of SOBEPALH and not their own (Annex 8).
3.18 The failure of the cooperative system has often been blamed on the
Beninese Government and particularly on SOBEPALHfor never allowing the co-
operatives their autonomy. It is true that the cooperatives were finally
never more than instruments for land redistributionand reservoirs of cheap
labor and that they were never authorized to govern themselves. However,
SOBEPALH's role as management agent for the cooperatives was intended from
the outset and is clearly mentioned in the Bank Appraisal Report, which
states (para. 6.04) that the cooperativeswere gradually to take over respon-
sibility for their own management, but since they would be financially
indebted to SONADER "the latter would exert a high level of direct control
over them for the first 25 years of their existence." The Report further
states that SONADER would also have the power to "dissolve the cooperatives
in the event of unsatisfactoryperformance."
3.19 It is therefore clear that there were no plans to make the coopera-
tives autonomous in the short term. However, despite the mistakes made in
connection with the composition of the cooperatives, which were mentioned
earlier (paras. 3.09 and 3.10), one of the few opportunities to save the
cooperativemovement would have been to give it a certain degree of autonomy
as soon as possible and to vest the Boards of Directors and Annual General
Meetings with real decision-makingpowers. This was not done and there were
no plans to do it until years had passed. The result is that the coopera-
tive, as far as its members are concerned, is an extension of the state in
which they feel they have no say and from which they can expect no benefits.
D. Management Errors
3.20 SONADER, which became SOBEPALH in 1975, was described in the Bank's
Appraisal and Project Performance Audit Reports as an effective institution
with wide experience in agricultural development and the organization of
3.23 Equally serious has been SOBEPALH's very attitude to the coopera-
tives. Far from being in favor of their gradual emancipation, the
organization has held them in virtual subjection and treated them without
consideration. Staff are appointed to the cooperatives by SOBEPALHbut paid
by the members, who, however, remain ignorant of the fact, although this item
represents 30% of the cooperatives' expenditure. Interest is paid to A group
members one or several years late. Some profitable cooperatives do not
receive their share of the profits. In 1981, disputes on questions of
authority between SOBEPALH's mill director and director of plantations led to
a truck stoppage and to failure to collect ffb, the only ones to suffer being
the members of the cooperatives. Excessive centralization of the decision-
making power in Porto Novo and the very size of the SOBEPALHbureaucracy mean
that requests and complaints from the cooperatives are passed on and
considered only after major delays. For instance, cooperatives seeking
approval to buy oil from the mill for household consumption or to cut fire-
wood or to sell cattle have to apply to headquarters, which responds very
slowly, if at all. It is therefore no surprise that the members of the
cooperatives finish by "stealing" what they consider "their" ffb, "their"
firewood and "their" livestock. The relations between SOBEPALE and the
members of the cooperatives resemble those between employer and employee,
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3.25 -o conclude, it would appear that some of the factors which explain
the failure of the project-ignorance regarding climatic conditions and the
social context, in combination with a development approach ill-suited to the
human environment-should have been apparent at the time it was designed.
Throughout the execution period, SONADER's good performance and the adequate
wage levels paid to cooperative members masked the ?roject's intrinsic
deficiencies,which made their presence felt only on completion of physical
implemeutation,when the technical packages of the whole venture were seen to
be mistaken. At that stage, it would probably have been possible to remedy
the initial errors partially by allowing the cooperativemovement a chance to
function on a healthy footing and in accordance with its real vocation.
Unfortunately, management errors added a further problem, which compounded
those already in evidence.
Economic Returns
4.01 On completion of the project, the economic rate of return (ERR) was
re-estimated at approximately 5% on the basis of revised production output
figures-7 tons/ha for the oil palm plantings and 50% less than the original
estimates for the annual crops. Actual oil palm output is difficult to
assess because of thefts of ffb and the existence of parallel markets for
palm oil; in any case, it is well below both the initial estimates and the
revised estimates given in the Project Performance Audit Report. As far as
the annual crops are concerned, the low cropping intensity (around 62%
instead of the 200% envisaged) and poor yields mean that production has
hardly reached 30% of the initial projections. Globally, the project ERR can
only be nil or negative, since sensitivity tests conducted at the time of the
Project Performance Audit Report indicated that the ERR would fall to 2.5%
and 0% with oil palm output figures of 6 tons and 5 tons per hectare respec-
tively.
4.02 In addition, the direct economic effects of the project have been
calculated by FAC, which arrived at the following conclusions: the value
added accruing from it represents approximately 0.18% of GDP; the tax
revenues derived from it total approximately 0.27% of all tax revenue; it has
helped reduce the trade deficit by about 1%. Clearly, therefore,the impact
of the project on the Beninese economy has been negligible.
4.04 FAC, which incorporated a study of the impact of the project on the
Beninese economy into its ex-post evaluation report, concluded that gross
vaije added amounted to CFAF 424.9 million, of which CFAF 89.6 million (21%)
reverted to the cooperatives and the remainder (79Z) to the SOBEPALH
complex. The report adds that this "allocation of value added between the
cooperatives and SOBEPALH is not a matter of mill performance being better
than that of the cooperatives; it is only the ffb price paid to the coopera-
tives which determines this uneven division." Furthermore, the cooperative
workers, who provide the largest body of labor for the Hinvi operation,
receive only 26% of net value added, while management/administrative
personnel receive 12%, support structure personnel 10% and mill personnel
30%. At all events, 78% of project value added goes into the remunerationof
personnel.
SmallholderIncome
4.05 The Bank's Appraisal Report estimated that a farm family, prior to
the project, could attend to its own food needs and produce a surplus of
lO/ Agbotagon lies in an area where rainfall is good. Moreover, data in-
cluded by FAC in its evaluation report on the Greater Hinvi Project
indicate that the members of the Agbotagon cooperative are almost all
residents of the village of that name. Only five village houses are
situated within the expropriated area, while in other cooperativesthis
figure is between 40 and 50; this fact explains why thefts of ffb are
less frequent there than elsewhere.
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approximately CFAF 12,000 (in 1966 prices) per year. As a result of the
project, money income would increase to CFAF 60,000, with CFAF 42,000 coming
from annual crops, CFAF 16,000 from 80 man-days of labor on the p? ntations
and CFAF 1,800 from interest on A and B shares. Translatedinto 198L prices,
money income was therefore estimated at approximatelyCFAF 48,000 pre-project
and CFAF 240,000 post-project. However, as the FAC study shows, the annual
money income of a family belonging to a cooperativenow varies between CFAF
36,000 and CFAF 44,000 (for 40 and 80 manrdays of labor respectively on the
plantations). This figure, no more than 16% of the initial projections,
indicates a significant impoverishment of rural families by comparison with
their pre-project situation.)-/
V. SOCIAL INPACT
5.01 The project was designed not only to increase the ircome of the
Hinvi population but also to improve their living conditions by regrouping
the typical dispersed settlements into villages and providing medical and
schooling facilities. To that end, village areas averaging 50 ha per co-
operative were reserved. SONADER was to build the access roads and construct
buildings to house its employees,while the Governmentwas to finance and set
up the social infrastructure. The assumption was that the members of the
cooperativeswould establish themselvesspontaneouslyin these rural centers,
where they would find all the advantages their scattered dwellings had
previously kept them from. In actual fact, the end result was quite
different: roads and housing were built by SONADER, but the expected social
infrastructurenever materialized;the smallholder families have remained in
their old houses, scattered throughout the project zone and its palm groves,
this last factor being something which facilitates thefts and clandestine
harvesting of ffb.
11/ In addition, FAC considers that family income pre-project was underesti-
mated in the Bank report and that current income, based on SOBEPALH
statistics,is overestimated.
5.02 Two other social activities were begun in order to improve living
conditions. One first-aid/veterinaryassistant was appointed per cooperative
(and paid by it), with the responsibility of providing care for both the
workers and their animals; however, since they have received no medical
supplies for several years, these assistants have been unable to exercise
their function, although the cooperatives have continued to pay them.
Literacy instruction,originallywelcomed by the population, has been dropped
in favor of other courses through which participants receive World Food
Program rations. FAC surveys have demonstrated that on the whole health and
schooling have not progressed since 1966. Illiteracy is still 84% on average
and 92% among women. The only successes in this sphere have been achieved by
the Agbotagon and Goulo cooperatives,which have managed to strengthen both
school and health infrastructureswithin their jurisdictions.
5.04 The project has had a particularly adverse effect on the female
population, women in fact being its main victims since the very beginning.
Because of the reduction in the size of the average family holding, most
women have lost the use of the plot which, under the traditional system, they
cultivated for their own profit. This disappearance of natural oil palm
stands and fruit trees has deprived them of a major part of their craft-
producing and trading activities. The manufacture and sale of palm oil,
which had been one of the traditional occupations of women in the Hinvi
region, has now become a clandestine operation dependent on stolen ffb. (In
theory, it is still possible to purchase ffb from the mill, but authorization
must be obtained from SOBEPALH headquarters,which may take months.) Total
clearing of the land has wiped out the sources of the fuel wood required for
cooking, and reforestation operations by the cooperatives have not yet
provided the expected replacements; collecting wood, traditionally women's
responsibility,has therefore now become very arduous work. The carrying of
water, another job falling to women, has not been made any easier, since the
wells initially planned for the village reserves have never been built.
be noted that, as a rule, women do not form part of the Boards of Directors
of the cooperatives and no women are found among their managerial/admini-
strative staff.
6.01 In 1983, the year when the project was expected to have reached
full production, it appears to be a major economic and social failure. Five
years ago, there was still hope of success in institution-building and in the
social area, despite unpromising economic results; the original concept of
the project, which envisaged a combination of benefits from agrarian reform
with benefits from greater productivity per capita and per unit of surface,
still looked promising. After so many failures in the sphere of collective
agriculture, the project seemed to indicate that success was at least within
reach.
6.02 Hindsight shows that financial flows during the investment phase
temporarily concealed the two main defects in the project, ignorance of the
natural and human environment and an inappropriate development strategy. For
those few years, the wages paid in the course of implementing project invest-
ments offset the losses sustained by the farming population. Promises of a
better future were an encouragement to participate. For some individuals,
access to collectively-held property seemed preferable to the lot of the
landless farmworker. For others, the imperfectionsof the cooperative system
were the errors of youth, which time would correct. The true facts, however,
are brutal. The Einvi region is now impoverished: all population groups in
the project zone have sustained losses, and the only real beneficiaries of
the project are clearly SOBEPALH's almost 1,500 employees, whose salaries are
guaranteed whatever happens and whatever the outcome of their actions. The
transfer of resources from a poor rural population to the civil service was
obviously not the goal of the project.
6.03 The recent studies of the Hinvi project have all led to the same
adverse conclusions and all propose the same remedy, namely improvement of
SOBEPALHmanagement and the granting of management autonomy to the coopera-
tives. The latter is regarded as essential, the expert opinion being that
the cooperative concept has been distorted, has never had a chance to
function properly and has encouraged irresponsibilityamong the members them-
selves. Surveys carried out in the context of this impact evaluation have
shown that some members of Boards of Directors are firmly convinced that they
would have performed better than the supervising agency, would have been
capable of getting people back to work, preventing thefts and producing
profits for their cooperatives.
- 20 -
7.01 By and large, the nearly 40 oil palm development projects financed
by the Bank in 13 countries have so far been relatively successful (Annex
11). Serious failures have been rare in the sector, and this is why the
Hinvi project gives cause for reflection, may be usefully compared with other
projects of the same type and teaches important lessons.
13/ As part of the move to reform the oil palm sector in Benin, the Govern-
ment dissolved SOBEPALH at the end of 1982, entrustingmanagement of the
sector to SONICOG (Societe nationale pour l'industrie des corps gras).
14/ Refer to the Impact Evaluation Report on oil palm and coconut projects
in Ivory Coast (Report under preparation) and the PPAR on the CAMDEV and
SOCAPALM projects in Cameroon (OED Report No. 1752).
- 21 -
7.04 The second lesson learned from the project concerns the importance
of the choice of development method and of the approach to the target popula-
tion. The major question posed by the Hinvi project is this: once the deci-
sion was taken to launch an oil palm development project despite the con-
straints inherent in the natural environment, was the cooperative approach
used the right one? As noted already, the principle of the producer coopera-
tive had no basis in any local tradition and was in fact modeled on systems
in force in other countries. Furthermore, Bank experience with producer
cooperatives, especially in Africa and Latin America, had already demon-
strated the limits and dangers of the system when this project was appraised
in 1969. While voluntarily organized service cooperatives (dealing with
agricultural credit, provision of inputs, marketing, etc.) have often been
successful, imposed producer cooperative arrangements have generally failed
badly. Abandonment of the concept of private property and the pooling of the
means of production have rarely been looked on with favor by smallholde-rs
anywhere.
7.06 Experience gained from other projects elsewhere in the world shows
that different means of developing the oil palm in Benin were available.
- 22 -
Other Bank-financed oil palm projects have taken one of three main develop-
ment approaches: State farms (especially in Zaire and Cameroon), nucleus
estate plantations surrounded by outgrower plantings (mainly in Indonesia,
Ivory Coast, Ghana, Liberia and Nigeria) and establishment of small planters
in newly cleared zones (the so-called 'settlement" projects, numerous in
Malaysia, Papua-New Guinea and Indonesia). Since there was hardly any
uncleared virgin forest in Benin, the second formula would probably have been
the most suitable.
7.08 The Hinvi venture raised a third and equally important considera-
tion: the future life of a project and the Bank's possible role in it once
the investment period is over. At Hinvi, as in most cases, the Bank's role
came to an end when loan proceeds were entirely disbursed. According to Bank
practice, a project is then regarded as complete and is no longer supervised;
the final act is the issuance of the Project Performance Audit Report some
months after the investment process has come to an end. The present impact
evaluation,however, demonstratesclearly that the Bank could and should have
had an active role at Hinvi during the years following 'completion." One of
the Bank's last recommendationswhile it still had a voice in the project was
that ffb prices and wages should be increased so as to break the vicious
circle then just forming. No action was taken on the recommendation. The
same went for the wish-expressed on several occasions- to see more autonomy
granted to the cooperatives. However, completion of the project broke off
all dialogue and put an end to the Bank's role in it.
7.09 Looking back, it would seem that projects should not be placed
totally outside the Bank's field of attention once they are considered com-
plete. A project is not really complete until it has accomplished its objec-
tives. When this is not the case, the fact should be more clearly acknow-
ledged in the dialogue the Bank maintains with the Borrower through its
economic and sector work.
- 23 -
Annex 1
Annexe 1
Cooperative/ Oil Palms/ Annual Crops/ Village Reserve/ Reforestation/ Pasture/ Total
Cooperative Palmier Cultures Zone de village Reboisement Paturage
a huile annuelles
Cooperative/ 1973/74 74/75 75/76 76/77 77/78 78/79 79/80 80/81 81/82 Average Yield/
Cooperative Rendement Moyen
Attogon 0,697 2,501 3,558 2,735 1,809 2,543 0,716 1,158 2t946 2,074
Agbotagon 1,950 2,620 5,380 4,040 4,610 2,120 4,146 1,441 1,904 3,149
Hanafin - - 2,078 1,574 2,081 2,571 1,286 1,924 5,264 2,386
Kpoe - - 1,013 1,103 0,392 0,897 0,831 2,187 2,250 1,239
Goulo 2,318 1,875 4,784 1,507 0,835 1,253 1,639 2,250 2,818 2,141
Sgdja - 1,098 4,021 3,030 0,902 2,083 1,509 2,291 2,690 2,203
Adjan - - 1,397 3,076 1,782 2,944 2,463 3,814 5,923 3,057
Kpoe-Kpanroun - - 1,013 1,103 0,392 0,897 0,831 2,187 2,250 1,239
Dodji-Gb6to - - 1,918 1,519 0,428 1,800 0,494 1,338 1,455 1,278
Dodji-Saha 0,704 2,501 1,570 2,346 2,309 1,799 1,201 0,963 4,021 1,934
Koundokpoe - 1,864 2,956 1,822 0,832 1,398 2,142 1,401 2,618 1,879
Taux/Rate Estimate/
7 RendementlYieLd _stimations
Wtha)
6~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2 / / / ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a]
isations
O ., | , , , , ,* ,~~~~~ I I
5
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Ann3es
1966-1973 1974-1981
Year/ Deficit/ Year/ Deficit
Annee Deficit Annie Deficit
IMPACT EVALUATIONREPORT
1. Social Organization
The three ethnic groups inhabiting the Greater Hinvi Region all
possess the same forms of social organization,a characteristicof which is
the fragility of the traditional political power. Outside Togoudo and
Allada, which in the past played an important political role as the centers
of a powerful kingdom from which came the Princes of Abomey, Porto Novo and
Savi, overall political power is held by the religious chiefs, who exercise
the most important social functions. In the exercise of their power, these
chieftain-priestsrely primarily on the chiefs of clans and lineages. It is
the latter who provide political direction for their own groups.
from CFAF 100 to CFAF 1000, or sometimes more. There are two kinds of ton-
tine, one calling for a contributionof money and the other for the contribu-
tion of imported alcoholic beverages (rum, gin, whiskey, etc.). In both
cases, the idea is to be able to make investments which exceed the capacity
of an individual.
The tontine and the ajolu are primary forms of the common pooling
of resources, and provide points around which the cooperative spirit could be
fostered. These forms of mutual help aside, however, the fragility of the
techniques of social and political integration,heavy population pressure and
a dispersed settlement pattern have worked against the development of a
cooperative spirit, having clearly tended to foster individualism. Neverthe-
less, prior to the vote on the legislation of 1961, several articles were
published in different national newspapers in an attempt to vindicate cooper-
ative action.
2. Economic Features
The base for this agricultural activity is land, and the way land
is used is largely a question of how it was appropriated.
Sale has become the most common means of transferring land. The
majority of cooperative members interviewed obtain new land by this method.
The prevailing price is geared to the kantin, the unit of land measurement
most widely used on the Allada plateau. The kantin is equivalent to 400 m2
and sells in the region for between CFAF 4,000 and CFAF 6,000, putting the
pre-hectare cost between CFAF 80,000 and CFAF 120,000. This price for land
is clearly well above that at which cooperative land has been rented by the
State, namely CFAF 30,000.
1/ Parts of these large farms have been commandeered by the State for the
establishment of teak plantations (Quenum), plantings of selected oil
palm (Agbota) or state farms (Meideros).
- 31 - ANNEX 5
Page 5
results, a kantin under maize has brought in about CFAF 10,000 per season
since 1980-in other words, approximatelyCFAF 250,000 per hectare. Over the
same period, the annual income of the member of a cooperative has been only
CFAF 65,000. This earnings gap between the independent smallholder and the
member of a cooperative explains the disaffection of the latter to the
cooperative system and his abandonment of the land area managed by the
cooperative.
The matters discussed above also explain in part the problems that
are likely to arise in the management of cooperative blocks.
IMPACT EVALUATION REPORT/RAPPORTD'EVALUATIOND'IMPACT ECONOMIQUEET SOCIAL
1. Purchasesof FFB/Achatdes
r6gimes 663.5 449.6 283.4 261.2 339.4 348.3 523.4
2. Salespalm oil/Ventehuile
de palme 1937.7 1143.8 1040.7 996.7 1229.3 2168.0 2524.4
3. Saleskernels/Ventepalmiste 154.5 194.2 96.9 125.5 1?0.7 148.4 209.6
4. Total sales/Total
ventes 2092.2 1338.0 1136.9 1122.2 1360.0 2316.4 2734.0
1/4
Proportion/Rapport 31.7 33.6 24.9 23.3 25.0 15.0 19.1
a/ Estimated/estimations.
Economique(missiondata).
Source: CaisseCentralede Cooperation
Ii
IMPACTEVALUATION
REPORT/RAPPORT
D'EVALUATION
D' IMPACTECONOMIQUE
ET SOCIAL
IMPACT EVALUATIONREPORT
One almost unanimous opinion among the ten Board members interview-
ed was that the cooperative units should be selt-m&'aging. None of the Board
members regarded his cooperative as the property of the community group; as
far as everyone was concerned, the cooperative belonged to the supervising
authority. On this score, some interesting analyses were made at Agbotagon
and Dodji-Saha on the ffb price per kilo, the way in which rroduction tonn-
ages are calculated for each cooperative and the expenditures statements for
each fiscal year.
On the subject of the ffb price per kilo, all Board members thought
that if they had real control of their cooperative they would be able to
improve this price by exploring other markets-in Nigeria, for instance. The
fullowing is a verbatim account of an incident related in support of this
~
35 - ANNEX8
Page 2
poaition: "We had an interesting experience here in Sehe. When the Hinvi
mill was being overhauled in 1982, we sent two and a half tons of ffb to the
mill at Houin-Aganey, which was to process the fruit from our cooperatives.
Our ffb were returned to us for not being ripe. We then sold them on the
market for CFAF 96,000, although the price we would have got from the mill
was only CFAF 17,500. This single instance gives some idea how we are
exploited by SOBEPALH.- And as one member of a cooperative put it: -if we
had a free hand, the members certainly wouldn't be having losses like this.'
As far as recording production tonnages for each cooperative unit is concern-
ed, members of Boards of Directors believed it would be fairer if weighing
took place within the cooperatives themselves rather than at the mill, where
mathematical errors can be made to the detriment of the cooperatives.
These three examples show very well how little control members of a
cooperative have over its management; they highlight the major problems of
the cooperative system perfectly.
Their losses are not limited to land and material assets. Above
all, they have lost influence in their communities,beginning with their own
children, who, believing they would profit from cooperative structures,
voluntarily withdrew from under parental authority, or, lacking land of their
own to work, left the family environment as part of the rural exodus.
Most of them have plots in the ZOCAs and are satisfied w'th them.
Their main problem is low wages. They always compare their wages
to those earned by the free smallholder, who hires himself out as a simple
farm hand to local landowners. He receives CFAF 500 for tilling one kantin
(400 m2). As he is able to till 4 kantins a day, he returns home at night
with CFAF 2,000 in his pocket. This prospect is very tempting and explains
why group-B members are prepared to leave the areas worked by their coopera-
tives and become farm laborers themselves. They return to work on the
cooperative blocks only when there are no jobs available elsewhere. For this
group, which should provide the driving force behind their cooperatives, work
within the cooperative becomes a secondary consideration.
D. Reaction of -Users"
Members of this group are the same age as those in group B. Tme
nine interviewed were under 40. Their existence is a consequence of the
desertion by the real members of the cooperatives,which made it crucial to
find substitute manpower for plantation maintenance.
1977 1978 1978 1979 1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 1982
Cooperative/ Profit/ Loss/ Profit/ Loss/ Profit/ Loss/ Profit/ Loss/ Profit/ Lose/
Coophrative B6n6fifce DSficit B6n6fice Deficit B6n6fice D6ficit B6n6fice D6ficit B6n6fice D8ficit
Total 3,822,632 38,591,008 3,502,070 14,916,874 11,745,046 17,035,355 33,269,908 35,398,736 14,839,468
ii.
MM
- 39 -
Annex 10
Annexe 10
Composition by Age and Sex of the 5 Rural Communities in the Hinvi Region/
Structuree par Age et par Sexe des Cing Communes Rurales de la Region d'Hinvi
Rural Coumtnity/ Age Groups/ Structure par Age (Z) Males/100 Females/
Co-mune rurale Hoinmes/100 Femes
Adjan Total 26 13 7 35 18 68 94 88
Men/Hormes 13 7 4 14 9
Women/Feres 13 6 3 21 9
- 40 - annexe11
Page 1
IMPACT EVALUATIONREPORT/RAPPORTD'EVALUATIOND'IMPACT
BENIN: HINVI AGRICULTURAL PROJECT/PROJET AGRICOLED'HINVI
(CREDIT 144-BEN)
The World Bank Group has helped finance 40 oil palm and coconut
development projects in 13 countries (see list below). Some of these pro-
jects also include a rubber or other tree-crop component (projects focusing
exclusively on rubber-grovingare not included in the list) There is a coco-
nut component in only nine of the 40 projects where oil palm predominates.
By the start of 1983, the Bank had lent more than US$900 million to the oil
palm/coconutsector.
authority of the State company (FELDA) which guides and supervises them until
their debts are fully repaid.
Annex 11
Total aount Approx. Area planted/replanted Page 3
Number of loanstcredits (ha)
Region projects Z (US$ illions) Z Estate Outgrower
plantations plantin8g
Africa 18 45 270 29
Asia 21 53 640 69
Latin America 1 2 19 2
Total 2I0 100 I2i 100 330.000 170,000
AFRICA
Caseroon
1st CAMKEV Project
(Loan 490 and Cr. 100) 18.0 1967-73 Estate and outgrover plantings (6,350 ha).
lat SOCAPALUProject
(Loan 593 and Cr. 886) 9.6 1969-74 Estate and outgrover plantings (8,660 ha).
2nd CAMDEV Project (Loan 1508) 15.0 1978-82 Estate oil palm (600 ha) and rubber plantings.
2nd SOCAPAL Project (Loan 1392) 18.0 1977-82 Estate and outgrover oil palm plantings (7,000 ha).
Cmoros
Coconut Project (Cr. 1035) 5.2 1980-86 Rehabilitation of coconut plantations.
Ivory Coast
lot Oil Palm and Coconut Projec. Estate (4,000 ha) and outgrover (12,000 ha) oil palm
(Loan 611, 612 and 613) 17.1 1969-75 plantings; estate (3,500 ha) and outgrower (3,000 ha)
coconut plantings; construction of oil mlU
2nd Oil Palm and Coconut Project Outgrower oll palm (4,500 ha) and coconut (4,500 ha)
(Loans 759, 760) 7.0 1972-79 plantings and estate coconut (8,000 ha) plantings;
contruction of oil will
3rd Oil Palm Project (Loan 1036) 2.6 1974-77 Outgraver (5,000 ha) and estate (5.250 ha) oil palm plantings.
4th Oil Pa1 and Coconut Project
(Loan 1382) 35.8 1980-86 Estate oil palm (6,258 ha) and coconut (6724 ha) plantings.
Oil Palm Project (Cr. 531) 13.6 1976-83 Estate (4,000 ha) and outgrover (1,200 ha) oil pala plantings;
construction of oil mill.
Liberia
Decoris Oil Palm Project Estate (5,000 ha) and outgrover (2.500 ha) oil palm plantings;
(Loan 1765) 12.0 1981-87 construction of oil mill.
Nigeria
1st Oil Pal Project Estate (8,000 ha) and outgrover (8,000 ha) oil palm plantings;
(Loan 1183) 29.5 1975-84 construction of oll will.
2nd Oil Palm Project Outgrower oil palm plantings (16.000 ha); construction of
(Loan 1191) 19.0 1977-84 2 oil mills.
3rd Oil Palm Project Estate (6,000 ha) and outgrover (6.000 ha) oil palm plantings;
(Loan 1192) 17.0 1978-84 construction of 2 oil ailla.
4th Oil Palm Project Estate (10.000 ha) and outgrover (10.000 ha) oil palm
(Loan 1951) 30.0 1979-84 plantings.
Tanzania
Pyrethri Project (Cr. 1070) 6.8 1981-85 Pilot coconut project.
ASIA
Indonesia
let North Sumatra EstatesProject
(Cr. 155) 16.0 1969-76 Estate oil palm plantingalreplantings (36,300 ha).
2nd North Sumatra Eatates Project
(Cr. 194) 17.0 1970-77 Outgrouer oil palm plantings (3,300 ha).
North Sumatra Sualholders Project Estate plsntings/replantings (23.000 ha) oil palms
(Cr. 358) 5.0 1972-81 and rubber.
4th Nucleus Estates Project Estate plantingsjreplantings (23 000 ha) of oil palms
(Loan 3V9) 11.0 1973-81 and rubber.
Nucleus Estates and Smaliholders Estate and outgrover oil palm (5,000 ha) and rubber
Project (loan 14"9) 65.0 1978-82 plantings; conversion from rubber to oil pals.
3rd Nuclewu Estates and Small- Rubber project vith small oil palm estate component
holders Project (Loan 1751) 99.0 1979-86 (2,135 ha).
4th Nucleus Estates and Small- Outgrower oil palm plantings (8,000 ha); construction of
holders Project (CLoa 1835) 42.0 1980-86 oil mill; rubber component.
Coconut SmalIholders Project Rehabilitation of 38,000 ha and pLanting of 37,700 ha of
(Loan 1898) 46.0 1980-86 coconut palms.
Lat Jeugka Triangle Land Settlement Outgrower oil palm (10,450 ha) and rubber plantings;
Project (Loan 533) 14.0 1968-75 construction of oil mill.
2nd Jeugka Triangle Land Settlement
Project (Loan 672) 13.0 1970-78 Outgrower oil pals (6,800 ha) and rubber plantings.
3rd JeDgka Triangle Land Settlement Outgrover oil palm (8,900 ha) and rubber plantings;
Project (Loan 885) 25.0 1973-81 construction of oil mill.
Johore Land Settlement Project Outgrover oil palm (26,200 ha) plantings; construction
(Loan 967) 40.0 1974-81 of 3 oil mills.
Vast Johore Project Conversion of outgrouer rubber plantings to oil palm
(Loan 973) 45.0 1974-83 and coconut.
Kar:.tong Settlement Project Outgrower oil palm (22,000 be) plantings;
(Lon 1044) 36.0 1975-83 construction of 3 oil mills.
FELDA VT.Land Settlement Project
Loan 1590) 28.0 1979-85 Outgrover oil palm (8,100 ha) and rubber plantings.
Coconut Smallholders Development Rebabilitation/replanting of 23,000 ha of outgrower coconut
ProJect (Loan 1618) 19.5 1979-85 plantings.
Trans-Perak Project (Loan 1960) 50.0 1981-89 Outgrower plantings (8,400 ha) of oil palm, rubber and coconut.
Outgrover plantings (8,100 ha) of oil palm and rubber;
FELCRAI Project (Loan 2013) 37.0 1981-86 construction of 2 oil mills.
Papua-New Cuinea
Ne Britain Land Settlement and
Development Project (Cr.1371175) 4.9 1969-73 Outgrower oil palm plantings (3,850 ha).
Sopondetta Lrad Settlement Project Outgrover (5,400 ha) and estate (4,000 ha) plantings of
(Loan 1333) 12.0 1977-84 pals; construction of an oil mdll.
Agricultural credit for plantings of oil paln, rubber and
2nd Credit Project (Loan 1149) 15.0 1982-84 other tropical tree crops.
LATINAME1CA
Tropic l Tree Crop Project 19.0 1979-85 Plantings of oil pals (3,000 ha), coffee and cocoa; construction
of an oil 5.11.
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