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JHOM
28,6
Improving hospital care:
are learning organizations
the answer?
830 Sophie Soklaridis
Received 21 October 2013
Innovation and Education Scholarship (RISE), Division of Psychotherapies,
Revised 2 April 2014 Humanities and Education Scholarship (PHES),
Accepted 14 April 2014 Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
Abstract
Purpose – Hospital leaders are being challenged to become more consumer-oriented, more
interprofessional in their approach to care and more focused on outcome measures and continuous
quality improvement. The concept of the learning organization could provide the conceptual
framework necessary for understanding and addressing these various challenges in a systematic way.
The paper aims to discuss these issues.
Design/methodology/approach – A scan of the literature reveals that this concept has been applied
to hospitals and other health care institutions, but it is not known to what extent this concept has been
linked to hospitals and with what outcomes. To bridge this gap, the question of whether learning
organizations are the answer to improving hospital care needs to be considered. Hospitals are
knowledge-intensive organizations in that there is a need for constant updating of the best available
evidence and the latest medical techniques. It is widely acknowledged that learning may become the
only sustainable competitive advantage for organizations, including hospitals.
Findings – With the increased demand for accountability for quality care, fiscal responsibility and
positive patient outcomes, exploring hospitals as learning organizations is timely and highly relevant
to senior hospital administrators responsible for integrating best practices, interprofessional care and
quality improvement as a primary means of achieving these outcomes.
Originality/value – To date, there is a dearth of research on hospitals as learning organizations
as it relates to improving hospital care.
Keywords Hospitals, Leadership, Organizational theory, Medical professions, Methodology,
Management theory
Paper type Viewpoint
Introduction
Hospitals are subject to reform and ongoing change as funding and government bodies
seek better value from health funds, and as consumer expectations rise ( Joiner et al.,
2011). Hospital leaders are being challenged to become more consumer-oriented, more
interprofessional in their approach to care and more focused on outcome measures and
continuous quality improvement.
The concept of the learning organization could provide hospitals with an
opportunity to understanding and addressing these various challenges in a systematic
way. Business organizations such as Corning, General Electric, Honda and Xerox have
applied the concept of the learning organization to gain a competitive advantage in a
rapidly changing business environment (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995; Prokesch, 1997).
Journal of Health Organization and Hospitals are similar to business organizations because their “competitive advantage”
Management relates to the successful implementation of both the most current and evidence-based
Vol. 28 No. 6, 2014
pp. 830-838 research and technology into clinical practice for improved patient care. Although
© Emerald Group Publishing Limited
1477-7266
business and healthcare are quite different in relation to context and institutional
DOI 10.1108/JHOM-10-2013-0229 frameworks, hospitals have had to make changes in the way they approach the
business of healthcare. Hospitals are knowledge-intensive organizations in that there is Improving
a need for constant updating of the best available evidence and the latest medical
techniques. These innovations have lead to a significant increase in the cost of
hospital care
providing care. For hospitals to succeed in being innovative in patient care for both
procedures and treatments and remain cognizant of the need for cost containment
efforts, they will have to be run more like businesses than community services
(McDonald and Srinivasan, 2004; Kim et al., 2006). 831
From a medical educational learning perspective, an example of a cost-effective
strategy is to ensure that innovation and scholarship in hospitals is informed by a
sound review of literature and/or based on a theoretical framework. Scholarship and
innovations that lacks these elements are an impediment to knowledge creation (Albert,
2004) and diminish the overall quality and efficacy of patient care. It is widely
acknowledged that learning may become the only sustainable competitive advantage
for all organizations (Vassalou, 2001), including hospitals. Hospitals have been
anecdotally described as learning organizations. However, to date, no review of the
literature of any kind has been performed on hospitals as learning organizations.
If business organizations have demonstrated that implementing learning organization
concepts has kept them ahead of change, then hospitals can benefit from a similar process.
This paper considers whether the concept of the learning organization can be used
to improve hospital care. It provides a brief overview of the literature on learning
organizations and provides case study examples to illustrate how this concept has been
adapted into practice in two different hospital settings.
834 PROCESS
OUTCOMES
Improving Implementation Continuous
interprofessional care of best practices quality improvement
Examples of outcomes:
* Implementing workload benchmarks
* Establishing a baseline for quality improvement
Figure 1. * Monthly feedback for HCP
Overview of hospital as * Evaluation of student placement
learning organization * Altering team meetings to increase dialogue
* Moving away from a “culture of blame”
Conclusion
Hospitals are structured to provide opportunities for clinical care and education for
patients, along with clinical education and training of future and current health care
providers (Aston et al., 2012) within an environment in which research and innovation
are core activities. Hospital administrators are expected to encourage and support
knowledge translation and exchange activities, such as translating new knowledge into
cost-effective best practices, developing new frameworks for delivering optimal care
and innovating interventions and medications to improve treatments and health
outcomes (Oborn et al., 2013; Sox, 2011). This viewpoint paper considered whether the
concept of learning organizations can provide a framework for measuring these
activities to improve hospital care.
A brief overview of the concept of learning organizations and how it can be
applied to improve services was described and explained. Two case studies of hospitals
that have implemented core characteristics of a learning organization to their settings
were provided. The outcomes of both case studies suggest that applying learning
organization principles into practice improves hospital care.
Inevitably, there are many tensions within the working environment of a hospital.
With regard to consumers, given that even a very small error could have irreversible
effects on patients’ morbidity and mortality, as well as on the hospital and the
community, it can be argued that a quality orientation is more important in health care
than in any other sector (Carman, 2000). Although attempts have been made to account
for and measure the quality of services in hospitals (e.g. public scorecards), there is no
general agreement on how this should be measured (Mahmood and Mohammadreza, Improving
2011). With regard to interprofessional care, the entrenched hierarchical structure
of hospitals often poses challenges for health care providers and learners alike to
hospital care
communicate across professional boundaries and collaborate for learning (Baker et al.,
2011; Valentine et al., 2011). Unfortunately, this disinclination to communicate
and collaborate can adversely affect patient care and outcomes. It is known that
counterproductive hierarchical communication patterns derived from status 835
differences are partly responsible for many medical errors (Pian-Smith et al., 2009;
Ricci et al., 2012; Wu, 2000). While team functioning is pivotal to the quality of patient
care, there is limited guidance on how to identify and evaluate the dimensions and
behavioural aspects of team functioning that characterize high-performing
interprofessional health care teams (Sutton et al., 2011; Upenieks et al., 2010; West
and Lyubovnikova, 2013).
With regard to continuous quality improvement, health care providers and
administrators do not necessarily have easily accessible information on optimal care
provision, improved health outcomes and the identification of patient safety issues and
their solutions. Despite the volumes of research evidence available that may support
quality improvement, relatively little is disseminated and applied in clinical settings
(Cabana et al., 1999; Grol and Grimshaw, 1999; Lavis, 2009; Lemire et al., 2013; Tetzlaff
et al., 2009; Wallace et al., 2012).
Hospital care related to patient safety, interprofessional care and continuous quality
improvement were some of the challenges raised by hospital administrators. Medical
education informed by a sound review of literature and/or based on a theoretical
framework has been proposed as a means of meeting these challenges. The learning
organization has contributed to something new to our understanding of hospital care
by providing a mechanism for recognizing and appropriately managing medical errors,
facilitating teamwork among healthcare providers and designing measures to improve
the quality of patient care are long-term investments.
With the increased demand for accountability for quality care, fiscal responsibility and
positive patient outcomes, exploring hospitals as learning organizations is timely and
highly relevant to senior hospital administrators responsible for integrating best practices,
interprofessional care and quality improvement as a primary means of achieving these
outcomes. Applying the characteristics of a learning organization to hospitals could serve
as a first and necessary step in assisting hospital administrators to improve hospital care.
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The Challenges of Sustaining the Learning Organization, Doubleday, New York, NY.
Corresponding author
Dr Sophie Soklaridis can be contacted at: sophie.soklaridis@camh.ca