Table of Content

TITLE PAGE

1.0 ABSTRACT 1

2.0 INTRODUCTION 2

3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 4

4.0 METHODOLOGY 12

5.0 RESULTS 13

6.0 DISCUSSION 16

7.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 18

8.0 REFERENCES 19

9.0 APPENDICES 22
1.0 ABSTRACT

The absence of heavy metals such as chromium can be harmful to the human body nor
the environment. Some of the potential sources of chromium are from industrial waste and coal
ash from electric utilities. Thus, this experiment was conducted to determine the quantity of Cr
(VI) present inside the lake water sample given by using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. To
achieve this objective, standard preparation of diluted Cr (VI) was set by using different
concentrations of Cr (VI) and different volume of distilled water. Sample A and Sample B of
lake water were collected to identify the amount of Cr (VI) by evaluating the value of
absorbance of each sample. This study also conducted for three trials to obtain the average data
value of absorbance. By plotting the graph Absorbance vs Concentration of the lake water
sample, the concentration of Cr (VI) can be calculated using the linear equation of the graph,
which by the x represents the concentration of Cr (VI) in ppm. The results show that the
concentration of chromium for sample B is higher than sample A. This concludes that lake
sample B has the highest toxicity than lake sample A.

1
2.0 INTRODUCTION

Heavy metals can be categorized into many types, such as chromium. Chromium is
one of the 25 hazardous substances or waste that can be harmful to human health and
environment. naturally, chromium can be found in groundwater and soil contaminant,
especially in industrial areas [1]. Due to the industrial waste that are released, chromium can
also be exposed to the air, water and soil resulting in the larger releases of anthropogenic.
Water sources can be exposed to the chromium through the waste released by the textile
industries and leather tanning.

Chromium can be retrieved in different forms, trivalent chromium or chromium (III),

hexavalent chromium or chromium (VI) and metallic chromium, Cr. Metallic Cr is commonly
used for steel production. The other chromium is responsible for its toxicity impacts to the
environment and human body system as chromium can cause cancer [2]. Commercial products
that contain the disposal of chromium and also the coal ash from electric utilities are the sources
where the chromium is release into the soil. During manufacturing process, solid waste and
slag are produced and is disposed improperly in landfills [3]. These are also one of the sources
of chromium to be exposed to the surroundings. It can be concluded that there are many sources
of chromium from the waste released that can affect the humankind and environment.

Chromium metals and chromium (III) are both insoluble in water, thus it does not
harmful to human body [4]. Chromium (III) is the most common ion that can be naturally found
in occurring chromium. However, chromium (VI) is found in the environment as a result of the
industrial waste [1]. Since the chromium (VI) is absorbed at a higher rate than insoluble
chromium (III), it can be adsorbed through the human skins, inhaled and ingested. chromium
(VI) will be distributed to body tissue with the kidney and liver adding the highest
concentrations of chromium (VI) [5]. Chromium ions are considered hazardous and toxic when
the concentration is more than 10x10-6 g/L in the river water. As for the lakes, the chromium
concentrations must not exceed 5x10-6 g/L [3]. Lake water containing chromium (VI) greater
than the standard value is unable for drinking or agricultural purposes. Therefore, it is very
crucial to measure the concentrations in every water source to ensure the safety and health of
human and nature.

For this study, it is important to identify the concentration of chromium (VI) via
spectrophotometer to deduce either the water sample can drink and for agricultural process or
not. A spectrophotometer, such as UV-Vis spectrophotometer is used in this experiment to

2
detect the amount of radiation emitted or absorbed by a substance. The wavelength for
chromium is set to determine its concentration inside the water sample.

This experiment is carried to determine the quantity of chromium (VI) present in lake
water sample using a spectrophotometer. The results from this experiment can be used to
identify whether the lake water sample is suitable for drinking and/or agricultural purposes by
comparing the absorbance value for the standard chromium solutions and the lake water
sample.

3
3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Cr (III) or Cr (VI), are present naturally in rivers, lakes, and streams. Even at low aqueous
solution concentrations, many heavy metals, including chromium (Cr), are toxic. The use of
hexavalent chromium is associated with many sectors including refractory products,
pigments, tanning agents, catalysts, electroplating products, stainless and alloy steels, and
corrosion resistant products [6]. Consequently, traces of the substance from the said sectors
become the key source of chromium pollution in natural rivers, lakes, and streams.

In a recent case at Tanjung Pelepas Port (PTP), the Department of Environment (DOE)
detected 110 containers of toxic disposal of electric-arc furnace dust (EAFD) exported by
Rome, in which by far the biggest scheduled toxic waste disposal found by the authorities
ever since the Basel Convention [7]. Electric-arc furnace dust (EAFD) is a process residue
generated during steel production that contains traces of chromium (IV). The case had been
handled within standard means which is enough proof of the harmful effects it can cause on
the environment.

An acceptable conditions for discharge of Cr(IV) has been set under the fifth schedule of
paragraph 11(1) (a) by the Department of Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environment.

Table 1: The acceptable conditions for discharge of industrial effluent by the Department of Environment

Based on Table 1 above, the acceptable amount of discharge of hexavalent chromium Cr(IV)
for both standard A and B is 0.05 mg/L. Therefore, any industry or investors that have
association with related process must abide by the regulations.

4
In environmental and biological systems, Cr(VI) is a heavy oxidizer and thus harmful. It can
easily penetrate the cell wall and exert its harmful effect on the cell itself [6]. Workers'
wellbeing is at risk from exposure to hexavalent chromium (Cr[VI]) compounds in many
industries. Airborne Cr(VI) was established as a known human respiratory carcinogen [8][9].
Some Cr(VI) compounds have also been found to serve as contact allergens, apart from the
carcinogenic effects [9].

Therefore, numerous methods have been conducted from previous studies to quantify the
amount of Cr(IV) in a sample, which includes the spectroscopy method. The spectroscopy
method is commonly used in analytical laboratories as a technique for determining the
chemical composition or chemical elements of an unknown gas, liquid or solid. Various
wavelengths will require various methods of spectroscopy. Molecules can absorb their energy
and undergo rotational, vibrational, or translational motion or ionisation of the molecules,
depending on the frequency of the incident electromagnetic wave. By giving off the energy of
electromagnetic radiation, the molecules will then go to the ground state from the excited
state. It is then possible to record the absorption and emission in spectra form such that
through spectra analysis qualitative and quantitative information can be obtained [10].

Figure 1: Electromagnetic spectrum

Based on Figure 1 above, the absorption of inorganic elements or ions, such as transition
metals, UV/VIS is due mainly to the electronic transition from d to d. The aqueous solutions
of hexavalent chromium compounds absorb light in the ultraviolet and violet regions of the
spectrum [6].

Beer's Law states that the overall absorption of a solution is equal to the amount of each
individual element of the solution's absorption. This then makes it possible for the

5
quantitative analysis to estimate the concentration of the elements in the solutions. The law
l is the
path length and [Cr] is the concentration of Cr(IV).

(1)

Furthermore, Beer's Law also states that absorbance is proportional to the absorbing
medium's thickness and concentration [10].

In a previous study by Kefa K. Onchoke and Salomey A. Sasu [11], the concentrations of
hexavalent chromium Cr(IV) from Nacogdoches Wastewater Treatment Plant, East Texas
(USA) were determined using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. The concentrations of Cr(IV)
were to be determined along multiple stages starting from the influent (aeration stage) to the
effluent stages prior to discharge into the La Nana Creek. In the experiment, a Shimadzu UV-
2550 double beam UV-visible spectrophotometer with a 1 cm quartz cell was used for Cr+6
measurements at = 540 nm.

Wastewater samples were spiked with a 0.5 ppm Cr(VI) standard with different quantities
and analysed with UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The illustrations below show the gradual
decrease in Cr(IV) concentrations throughout varying treatment stages.

6
 Figure 2: Absorbance/concentrations of the samples from aeration chamber, clarifier, chlorine chamber, and
sulfur dioxide chamber spiked with h 5, 10, and 15 mL of 0.5 ppm Cr(VI) standards. A 2550 UV-Vis
spectrophotometer was used for measurements at = 540 nm.

The spiked concentrations gave concentrations of Cr(VI) in the range of 0.0090 ± 0.0060
ppm and 0.0040 ± 0.0061 ppm respectively in the influent and effluent. Low chromium
comparative levels show a contrast to USEPA's maximum contaminant level of 0.1 ppm [12].
Therefore, Nacogdoches Wastewater Treatment Plant has effectively extracted high
concentrations of Cr(IV) during the treatment process before being discharged.

A study on determination of trace concentrations of hexavalent chromium Cr(IV) was also

conducted by Michael Gardner and Sean Comber [13]. For the determination of hexavalent
chromium in fresh and saline waters, a simple and delicate solvent extraction-atomic
spectrometric technique has been developed in which is based on the chromium reaction with
diphenylcarbazide. The process has been was tested over an analytical range of 0.03 ppm to
2.00 ppm on a variety of water samples which include river waters.

7
Figure 3: Typical calibration graph showing response in milli absorbance units (mAU) versus concentration of
CrVI.

A standard calibration curve with a quadratic fit suitable for at least 2 mg ppm is shown in the
figure, with a consistent reagent blank corresponding to about 0.02 ppm. Curve fitted line
gives an equation of y = 36.6x2 + 437x - 1.6. The findings, expressed as Cr(IV) observed, did
not deviate significantly from zero and ranged from 0.010 to 0.017 ppm. The U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set a maximum contaminant level of 0.1 ppm
for total chromium in drinking water and 0.05 ppm of total chromium in numerous states
[14]. Therefore, all the water samples were determined to be within the range of permissible
limit.

Tetsuo Inui, Kazuhiro Fujita, Masaru Kitano, and Toshihiro Nakamura had conducted a study
on the determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) at Sub-ppb Levels in Water with Solid-Phase
Extraction/Metal Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry [15]. In this study, An SAS-760
atomic absorption spectrophotometer from Seiko Instruments was used together with a SAS-
715 metal furnace atomizer. In the range of 0.1 0.5 ng, the calibration curve of Cr(VI)
showed good linearity. The linear equation of Cr(VI) calibration curve was measured to be y
= 1.741x + 0.222 (r = 0.9998).

8
 Table 2: Analytical results of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in water samples

Table 2 shows the analytical results of Cr(III) and Cr(IV) in multiple water samples. 1.0 ppm
of Cr(III) and Cr(IV) was added to 500ml of water samples to estimate the total recoveries.
The recoveries of Cr(III) and Cr(IV) were 103% and 104%, respectively. Like the US
regulations, the Japanese regulation value of Cr(IV) is also set at 0.05 ppm. As observed from
the table above, the Cr(IV) concentrations were found to be within the regulation standard for
all river water samples and they are safe to be consumed.

The concentration of Cr(IV) in Langat River was also determined in a study by Minhaz Farid
Ahmed and Mazlin Bin Mokhtar [16]. Water samples from the four stages of the supply chain
of drinking water (river water, water treatment plant, household tap water, and post-filtration
water) at Langat River were obtained once in 2015. From the eight points of Langat River,
where the water treatment plants collect water for drinking water treatment purposes, three
replicates of water samples were obtained. Three replicates of the water samples from the
outlets of the eight water treatment plants were also obtained. In addition, using five types of
water filtration systems in the same households, three replicates of household tap water and
post-filtration filtered water samples were also collected. The concentrations of Cr(IV) are
tabulated as follow:

9
 Table 3: Mean Cd and Cr concentrations (mg/L) in drinking water at Langat River Basin, Malaysia (2015).

Cd and Cr concentrations in the drinking water supply chain were within the drinking water
quality requirements of the Ministry of Health of Malaysia (MOH), the World Health
Organization (WHO), USEPA, and the European Commission (EC) in the Langat River
basin, Malaysia. The maximum concentration of Cr (12.2 x 10 ppm) in the Langat River
suggested contamination from metal finishing industries such as electroplating, etching, and
preparation of metal components for different industries in the mid-stream of the river basin.
Similarly, in the Langat River, corrosion inhibitors, industrial effluent pigments and
lithogenic sources led to high concentrations of Cr [17].

Table 4
Basin, Malaysia (2015).

Similarly, the mean concentration of dissolved Cr in the basin supply water (0.37 x 10 ppm)
was lower than the MOH, WHO and EC upper limit of the drinking water quality level of 0.5
ppm. At Hentian Kajang VI and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) III, the highest
concentrations of dissolved Cr were reported at 0.71 x 10 ppm and 0.63 x 10 ppm,
respectively.

The high concentration of dissolved Cr at Hentian Kajang and UKM might be a result of
corrosion of Cr in the drinking water delivery system's steel pipes (steel alloy and chromium).

10
In addition to that, the stagnant water cycle in the water delivery system could also lead to an
increase of the dissolved Cr concentration in the water supply [18].

In this experiment, the concentrations of Cr(IV) are to be determined via absorption

spectroscopy. The presence of Cr(IV) in two lake water samples is quantified using UV-Vis
1800 Shimadzu spectrophotometer to determine whether the samples are fit for drinking
purposes.

11
4.0 METHODOLOGY

4.1 Apparatus and Instrumentation

10 mL square cuvette bottles were used to fill in a blank sample and lake water samples
to be placed into the spectrophotometer slots. 5 mL volumetric pipette was used to measure the
Cr (VI) solution and put into a 20mL volumetric flask with lid. A Shimadzu UV-Vis 1800
spectrophotometer was used to evaluate the value of absorbance of each sample.

4.2 Materials and Standard Preparations for UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Analysis

Two samples of lake water were collected and labelled as Sample A and Sample B.
Multiple sets of diluted Cr (VI) solutions were prepared using different Cr (VI) concentrations
of 0, 15, 30, 60, 75, 100, 300 ppm. The first Cr (VI) of 15 ppm and 1 mL volume was diluted
with 19 mL of distilled water. The other concentrated Cr (VI) stock solution were diluted using
different volume of distilled water (20, 18, 16, 15, 13.33 and 0 mL).

4.3 Analysis of Cr (IV) Concentrations via UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Analysis

The absorbance for all seven standard solutions including the blank sample and the lake
water samples were recorded using the spectrophotometer. Three trials were done for this step
to obtain the average value of absorbance. The graph of absorbance against concentration in
unit of ppm was then plotted to determine the slope and the intercepted data.

12
5.0 RESULTS

Table 5: Determination Absorbance Value for Standard Solutions Using Spectrometer

Concentration Volume of Chromium (VI) Volume of Distilled Absorbance

(ppm) (mL) Water (mL)

0 0.00 20.00 0

15 1.00 19.00 0.017

30 2.00 18.00 0.018

60 4.00 16.00 0.038

75 5.00 15.00 0.045

100 6.67 13.33 0.055

300 20.00 0.00 0.168

Table 6: Average Absorbance Value for Lake Water Sample

Lake Water Sample A Absorbance

Trial 1 0.001

Trial 2 0.003

Trial 3 0.009

Average Values of Trials 0.0043

Table 7: Average Absorbance Value for Lake Water Sample

Lake Water Sample B Absorbance

0.01
Trial 1 0.042
0.00
Trial 2 0.039
0.01
Trial 3 0.028

Average Values of Trials 0.0363

13
Sample Calculation

Example calculation for average absorbance in lake water sample A

Example calculation for average absorbance in lake water sample B

Example calculation for volume of Chromium Cr (IV): -

Example calculation for concentration of Chromium (IV) using Linear Graph Equation
for lake water sample A

Average absorbance=0.0043

y = 0.0005x + 0.0034

0.0043 = 0.0005x + 0.0034

ppm

14
Example calculation for concentration of Chromium (IV) using Linear Graph Equation
for lake water sample B

Average absorbance=0.0363

y = 0.0005x + 0.0034

0.0363 = 0.0005x + 0.0034

ppm

Where, x = Concentration of Chromium (VI) at the wanted value

y = Absorbance value at the wanted value

Figure 4: Graph Absorbance vs Concentration of Chromium (VI)

Absorbance versus Concentration of Chromium (VI)

0.18

0.16

0.14
Absorbance Value

0.12
y = 0.0005x + 0.0034
0.1
Absorbance
0.08
Linear (Absorbance)
0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Concentration of Chromium (IV), ppm

15
6.0 DISCUSSION

The main objective of this experiment is to determine the concentration of Cr (VI) the
lake samples from the absorbance data. The absorbance value of standard solution and lake
samples are obtained via absorption spectroscopy. From the recorded data, the graph
concentration against absorbance is plotted.

Figure 5: concentration of Absorbance vs chromium (IV)

Absorbance versus Concentration of Chromium (IV)

0.18

0.16

0.14
Absorbance Value

0.12
y = 0.0005x + 0.0034
0.1
Absorbance
0.08
Linear (Absorbance)
0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Concentration of Chromium (IV), ppm

The graph shows that when the concentration of the Cr (VI) is directly proportional to
the absorbance value. It means that when the concentration of Cr (VI) increases, the absorbance
increases. Hexavalent chromium is very toxic form of chromium to flora and fauna [19]. The
reason is due to the high solubility or high mobility rate of chromium in the aquatic medium
[20]. Thus, the increase of chromium will increase the toxicity of the lake water. Based on the
calculated data, the average value for absorbance in sample A is 0.0043 while in sample B is
0.0363. The concentration of the Cr (VI) in the lake water can be determined by using linear
graph equation y= 0.0005x+ 0.0034 which y represents absorbance value and x represents the
concentration of chromium in ppm. The result for the concentration for sample A and B are
1.8667ppm and 65.8667ppm respectively. This result also shows that the concentration of
chromium for sample B is higher than sample A. Thus, the toxicity of lake sample B is higher
than sample A.

16
 The most common types of chromium that occurs in water are trivalent chromium and
hexavalent chromium [21]. Hexavalent chromium for plants and animals. Aquatic plants
absorb may accumulate chromium in their tissues. The accumulation of chromium in the
tissue of the plants may decrease growth, inducing chlorosis in young leaves, decreasing the
amount of pigments, altering enzymatic function and damaging the root cells, chloroplast or
cell membrane of the plant [22]. From the official website of National Water Research
Institute of Malaysia, it stated that the chromium standard for lake water is 0.05ppm [23].
Form the calculated concentration of lake samples which are 1.8667ppm and 65.8667ppm, it
shows that both of the lake samples have higher chromium content. Thus, the government
needs to take further actions in this problem to reduce the chromium content before it is
supplied to the consumer.

Chromium is listed among the top environmental pollutants and in the hexavalent for,
it is listed in the top 14 of the most harmful substances for the health of living organism [24].
Since hexavalent chromium is toxic for living organism, it is also known for its negative health
and environmental impact. It causes allergic and asthmatic reactions and is 1000 times as toxic
as trivalent chromium and is carcinogenic. Health effects related to exposure to hexavalent
chromium include diarrhoea, stomach and intestinal bleedings, cramps, and liver and kidney
damage [3]. For drinking water, Malaysia has a national water quality standard for drinking
water to prevent potential health problems. The standard only allowed 0.05ppm or lower for
total chromium concentration in drinking water. This includes all the forms of chromium [25].
Based on the concentration of chromium in the lake water samples which are 1.8667ppm for
sample A and 65.8667ppm for sample B. These results are higher than the national standard
which only allowed 0.05ppm of chromium in drinking water. Thus, these samples are not
suitable for drinking.

This study shows that the concentration of chromium is unsafe for flora, fauna and
humans. One of the solutions to reduce the chromium content is through a reverse osmosis
process. Distillation and anion exchange are also known as an effective method to solve this
problem Error! Reference source not found..

17
7.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

In conclusion, the objective of the experiment was successfully achieved. The

experiment was conducted to determine the quantity of Cr (VI) present in a polluted water
using spectrophotometer. Spectrophotometer is used to measure the absorbance of Cr (VI). The
result showed that when the concentration of Cr (VI) increases the absorbance value increase.
Base from the data given, the concentration of Cr (VI) can be calculated by using equation of
the graph obtained (y = 0.0005x + 0.0034). The concentration of Cr (VI) in lake water sample
A is 1.8ppm and for lake water sample B is 65.8ppm. Although the concentration Cr (VI) for
lake water sample B is higher than lake water sample A, it does not conclude that lake water A
is safer as National Water Research Institute of Malaysia stated that standard chromium
concentration in lake is 0.05ppm. As a result, both lake A and B is unsafe to use for drinking
and agriculture purposes due to the very high concentration of Cr (VI) in the water sample.

Student should be well prepared before conducting the experiment to ensure student can
conduct the experiment smoothly without facing confusion about the steps that need to be done
during experiment happened. Next, preparing the data table should be done before the
experiment to avoid confusion when taking the data or for the reference for the lab report.
Student should properly learn how to handle the spectrophotometer as the cuvette bottles is
very sensitive. Lastly, the eyes must be parallel to the level of measurement scale of pipette to
get accurate reading.

18
8.0 REFERENCES

[1] J. K. Sueker,

[2] A. RoyChowdhury, R. Datta, and D. Sarkar, Heavy Metal Pollution and Remediation,
no. 1. Elsevier Inc., 2018.

[3]
EXPOSURE Figure 6-
vol. 3, no. Nriagu 1979, pp. 165 203, 1996.

[4] S. Mani Tripathi and S. R. Chaurasia

groundwater and its bio-absorption using bio- Eng. Sci.
Technol. an Int. J., vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 1153 1161, 2020.

[5] A. L. Luz, X. Wu, and E. J. Tokar, Toxicology of Inorganic Carcinogens, 1st ed., vol.
12. Elsevier B.V., 2018.
[6] Fournier-Salaün, M. C., & Salaün, P. (2007). Quantitative determination of
hexavalent chromium in aqueous solutions by UV-Vis
spectrophotometer. Central European Journal of Chemistry, 5(4), 1084-1093.

[7] Noh, M. (2020, July 19). METROTV. 110 Kontena Buangan Toksik Dikesan.
Retrieved 2020, from
https://www.hmetro.com.my/utama/2020/07/601503/110-kontena-buangan-
toksik-dikesan-metrotv

[8] World Health Organization (WHO). (2006). International agency for research
on cancer IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to
humans. Cobalt in hard metals and Cobalt sulfate, Gallium arsenide, Indium
phosphide and vanadium pentoxide summary of data reported and evaluation
86.227-229.

[9] Bankole, L. K., Rezan, S. A., & Sharif, N. M. (2014, March). Assessment of
hexavalent chromium release in Malaysian electric arc furnace steel slag for
fertilizer usage. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental
Science (Vol. 19, pp. 1-7).

[10] Tan, C. H. (2015). Determination of Pb (II), Cu (II) and Ni (II) in Water by

Direct Measurement Using UV/VIS Spectrophotometer (Doctoral dissertation,
19
 Universiti Sains Malaysia).

[11] Onchoke, K. K., & Sasu, S. A. (2016). Determination of Hexavalent Chromium

(Cr (VI)) concentrations via ion chromatography and UV-Vis
spectrophotometry in samples collected from nacogdoches wastewater
treatment plant, East Texas (USA). Advances in Environmental
Chemistry, 2016.

[12] Chromium in Drinking Water. (2020, January 27). Retrieved November 18,
2020, from http://water.epa.gov/drink/info/chromium/index.cfm

[13] Gardner, M., & Comber, S. (2002). Determination of trace concentrations of

hexavalent chromium. Analyst, 127(1), 153-156.

[14] Hexavalent Chromium. (n.d.). Retrieved November 18, 2020, from

https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/hex-chromium/index.cfm

[15] Inui, T., Fujita, K., Kitano, M., & Nakamura, T. (2010). Determination of Cr
(III) and Cr (VI) at sub-ppb levels in water with solid-phase extraction/metal
furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Analytical Sciences, 26(10), 1093-
1098.

[16] Ahmed, M. F., & Mokhtar, M. B. (2020). Assessing Cadmium and Chromium
Concentrations in Drinking Water to Predict Health Risk in
Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public
Health, 17(8), 2966.

[17] Al-Badaii, F., & Shuhaimi-Othman, M. (2014). Heavy metals and water quality
assessment using multivariate statistical techniques and water quality index of
the Semenyih River, Peninsular Malaysia. Iranica Journal of Energy &
Environment, 5(2), 132-145.

[18] Chebeir, M., Chen, G., & Liu, H. (2016). Emerging investigators series:
frontier review: occurrence and speciation of chromium in drinking water
distribution systems. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology,
2(6), 906-914.

[19] A. Sanchez-Hachair and A. Hofmann,

solution: Comparing direct UV visible spectrometry with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide
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 Comptes Rendus Chim., vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 890 896, 2018.

[20] A. Bakshi and A. K. Panigrahi induced

Toxicol. Reports, vol. 5, pp. 440 447, 2018.

[21]
.

[22] V. Kastrat
distribution and accumulation of chromium in the water, sediment and macrophytes of
Kragujev. J. Sci., no. 38, pp. 125 134, 2016.

[23] Water Quality Criteria and

Natl. Hydraul. Res. Inst. Malaysia, pp. 1 25, 2015.

[24]
2002.

[25] Ministr Beehive, no. December

2000, 2018.
[26]

21
9.0 APPENDICES

A. Calculation for volume of Chromium Cr (IV) (15 ppm, 30 ppm, 60 ppm, 75 ppm)

22
B. The concentration of Cr (VI) obtained in Sample A from Figure 4

Figure 4: Graph Absorbance vs Concentration of Chromium (VI)

Absorbance versus Concentration of Chromium (IV)

0.18

0.16

0.14
Absorbance Value

0.12
y = 0.0005x + 0.0034
0.1
Absorbance
0.08
Linear (Absorbance)
0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
X = 1.8667
Concentration of Chromium (IV), ppm

C. The concentration of Cr (VI) obtained in Sample B from Figure 4

Figure 4: Graph Absorbance vs Concentration of Chromium (VI)

Absorbance versus Concentration of Chromium (IV)

0.18

0.16

0.14
Absorbance Value

0.12
y = 0.0005x + 0.0034
0.1
Absorbance
0.08
Linear (Absorbance)
0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
X = 65.8667
Concentration of Chromium (IV), ppm

23
D. Drinking water quality standards for chromium

24
25
26