Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems 30 (2021) 100512

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Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/suscom

Smart agriculture – Urgent need of the day in developing countries

Raj Kumar Goel a, Chandra Shekhar Yadav a, Shweta Vishnoi b, *, Ritesh Rastogi c
a
Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida, India
b
Department of Physics, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida, India
c
Department of Computer Application, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Smart agriculture is based primarily on three platforms, namely science, innovation and space technologies.
Geospatial big data These are considered as the three pioneer pillars of nation building. Space technologies play a vital role in
Internet of things (IoT) improving soil quality, reducing the waste of water during irrigation and sharing agricultural information with
Smart irrigation system
farmers. With the help of terrestrial, aquatic, and aerial sensors, satellites and surveillance equipment, a large
Digital soil assessment (DSA)
Sustainable intensification (SI)
volume of geo-spatial data from diversifying sources is collected, analyzed, and utilized for smart farming and
Smart earth technologies shielding of crops. The technology foresight will introduce innovations such as the use of drones in agriculture,
precision gene processing in plants, epigenetic, big data and internet of things (IoT), utilizing efficiently all types
of energy like smart wind and solar energy, artificial intelligence-based application of robotics, desalination
technology in mega-scale and so on. Some of these innovations are already being used in developed nations.
Agriculture plays an important role in developing economy so the use of digital farming in rural areas will be a
boon for agriculture sector. By 2030, 85% of the world’s population is expected to live in developing countries. In
this context, data-driven technological development is urgently needed for developing countries to increase gross
domestic product (GDP) and ensure food security for the population.

1. Introduction
Smart agriculture is the concept of doing farming in an innovative
way, using the latest technologies to increase the quantity and quality of
agricultural products [1]. It is the future of the food production sector as
well as novel processes to confirm food safety of the world. It enables
farmers to reduce their resources as well as increase their yields. The
saved resources include fertilizers, manpower, seeds and water [2,3].
Smart farming is being conducted on a large scale using the IoT,
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and agricultural data analysis in developed
nations. Agricultural data analytics provides useful and relevant insight
to farmers for smart agriculture that result in better yield security and
enormous crop productivity [4–6]. The development and evolution of
earth observation (EO) technology, particularly satellite remote sensing
(SRS), has provided remote sensing (RS) data on a very large scale for
agricultural research and other applications [7–9].
The performance of crops in different regions with specific field
conditions and economic impact of natural calamities on yield produc­
tion have been assed using agricultural data analytics through machine
learning (ML) [10,11]. For this integrative and multi-scale AI models
have been used to predict the behavior of crops in different circum­
stances under specific field conditions [12,13].
Nowadays, mobile technologies have infiltrated even the most rural
geographical areas in developing nations. The diffusion of smart mobile
technology in the most remote and isolated areas of developing nations
provides an inimitable facility to bring rural producers into contact with
consumers in the city, and links with international investors that can
help facilitate investment and knowledge transfer [14,15]. With the
right platform, there is the opportunity to create enduring value, to lead
more people to financial inclusion, to improve food safety, and ulti­
mately to empower the less privileged farmers to make the optimal
utilization of the available agricultural resources [16,17].
The soil must be continuously observed and nurtured for preserving
fertility, because it is one of the core components of the environment.
Precise and quantitative spatial information of the soil is required to deal
with global problems, namely soil erosion, malnutrition, desertification
[18,19]. Worldwide, DSM has transitioned from the research stage to the
operational stage, but it has not yet conducted comprehensive research
in developing countries [20,21]. DSM technology is more popular
among soil scientists around the world, because it provides quick

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: raj9921@yahoo.com (R.K. Goel), csyadavrp@gmail.com (C.S. Yadav), shwetavishnoi@gmail.com (S. Vishnoi), riteshrastoginiet@gmail.com
(R. Rastogi).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suscom.2021.100512
Received 27 December 2019; Received in revised form 24 August 2020; Accepted 9 January 2021
Available online 14 January 2021
2210-5379/© 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
R.K. Goel et al.
solutions for spatial information of the soil and climate properties of
environment [22,23].
Satellite images of crop acreage provide valuable information for
implementing sustainable robust agriculture eco system and monitoring
the performance of it to meet sustainable development goals (SDGs)
[24]. Satellite based methods for capturing ultra-high spatial resolution
images and used them for mapping agricultural resources over huge
geographical regions of crops across various part of the world can in­
crease efficiency at large scale with minimal cost comparison to con­
ventional methods of field studies [25,26].
These remote sensing geographical images can be used to explore
global issues and develop their sustainable solutions with the help of
matrices which have been designed using parameters such as natural
calamities, change in climate, assessment index of carbon biomass,
water resources, air quality index, ocean management, food safety. An
environmental decision-making strategy for developing sustainable so­
lutions becomes more efficient through the integration of remote
sensing technology [27]. Now scientists can develop solutions to global
social benefit by protecting the earth using satellite EO data captured
using remote sensing technologies [28].
As pointed out in the "2030 Agenda", in order to monitor, estimate
and report progress towards the SDGs, EO play a decisive role. [29,30].
Prior indications of impending shortfalls in crop production due to
adverse weather conditions can better inform government and
non-government agencies to disaster so that they can provide rapid re­
lief response. Group on Earth Observations Global Agriculture Moni­
toring Initiative (GEOGLAM) is an international initiative to address this
critical need for food security. It provides an important advance in the
use of EO for SDGs [31].
This paper is structured as follows. Related work is discussed in
Section 2. The need of the study will be discussed in Section 3. Meth­
odology used in this paper has been explained in section 4. The result
and discussion of the study included in section 5 and subsequently
concludes the work with future scope.
2. Literature review
In the agricultural sector, modern and progressive technologies are
used to offer the best opportunities for collecting and processing infor­
mation, while at the same time increasing net productivity. Techno­
logical innovations such as the use of drones in the agricultural sector for
plant epigenetic, precision technologies / machines, wireless sensor
networks, intelligent solar and wind energy, robot technology applica­
tions based on AI and large-scale desalination technology. With the
timely adoption of these automated and modern technologies, the future
of global agriculture will definitely change.
Y. Sadeh et al. [32] suggested a methodology to create and update
crop statistics at the field level almost daily, which is economical, simple
and robust. It can be used to collect sowing dates on a variety of soils,
meteorological conditions, crops, and sensors in areas where
no-ploughing is being performed. The images used here were obtained
from PlanetScope CubeSat satellite data.PlanetScope is a satellite plan­
etarium consisting of several launches of a group (10 × 10 × 30 cm) of
individual CubeSat 3U satellites.
C. Persello, et al. [33] presented an approach with the combination
of a convolution neural network and grouping algorithm to detect farm
boundaries accurately using Very High Resolution (VHR) satellite im­
ages. ViscarraRossel, R. A., et al. [34] emphasized on the vital role of
proximal sensing for the rising demand of soil data to be used in various
applications like precision agriculture, which has accelerated the
development of proximal soil sensor at farm and field level.
Lobell, D.B. et al. [35] introduced a scalable yield estimation
approach using satellite EO data in corn belt region of US. It is worth
noting that in more than 29,000 field studies, the initial results of SCYM
(Scalable satellite-based Crop Yield Mapper) are very consistent with the
output reported by farmers. The advantage of the SCYM method is that it
2
Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems 30 (2021) 100512
can use the physiological knowledge embedded in the plant model to
interpret satellite surveillance in a scalable manner, because it can be
easily applied to new plants, regions and species, and the time of remote
sensing observations does not require soil calibration.
A systematic study of data assimilation (DA) in the area of crop
modeling was discussed by Huang, J. et al. [36] and suggested a general
framework for most of the DA literature by basing most of the methods
on a Bayesian approach, in which the various methods are offered as a
number of several choices and assumptions to create a subsequent
probability density function (PDF) that combines prior information and
a series of observations. Azzari, G. et al. [37], investigated two methods
namely SCYM and PEAKVI in three countries (US, India and Zambia)
using Landsat and MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradi­
ometer) data sources to record crop yields. SCYM did a little better in the
US and India, while PEAKVI performed well in Zambia. Both methods
(SCYM and PEAKVI) and sensors (Landsat and Modis) have their own
advantages and disadvantages, but their overall performance is similar
in monitoring spatial variation at the district or regional level.
Zhu Wei et al. [38] systematically examined the relationship be­
tween atmospheric temperature close to surface and MODIS land surface
temperature (LST) in the Xiangride river basin in the Qinghai-Tibet
plateau. The possibilities of using MODIS Daily Ts products to recover
highest and lowest air temperatures daily have been explored, respec­
tively. The results exhibit that MODIS Ts products may reflect the course
of daily higher and lower temperatures over time. But there was a major
change between day and night. Temperature-vegetation index (TVX)
method was used here to improve the estimation accuracy of daily air
temperature.
Xu Y et al. [39] analyzed the impact of different remote sensing
images on the spatial resolution of soil total nitrogen (TN) prediction
models in two small rural areas in South India, Kothapally and Masuti.
By combining spectral indices with various spatial resolutions, regres­
sion kriging (RK) is applied to characterize the spatial pattern of TN in
the topsoil (0− 15 cm). The results show that in the two study areas, soil
moisture, crusts and vegetation may all be utilized for conservation soil
TN.
Through the use of smart phones and Web applications for data
management, a control system using node sensors in crop fields has been
developed by J. Muangprathub et al. [40]. The main components are
web applications, hardware and mobile applications. In Mohammedia,
Thailand, the timely irrigation control system was implemented and
examined using data from soil moisture sensors. The results show that
this embodiment is useful for agriculture. Properly maintain the mois­
ture content of the soil to be suitable for vegetable growth, thereby
reducing costs and improve agricultural productivity. In addition, this
work represents the promotion of agricultural development through
digital innovation.
3. Need of the study
Agriculture has witnessed many revolutions, which have increased
competency, and yields and gains have reached unprecedented levels.
The first agricultural revolution (around 10,000 BC) allowed people to
settle down, creating the world’s earliest society and civilization. Other
revolutions brought mechanization (1900–1930), which led to the
evolution of resistant plant varieties and the emergence of agrochemi­
cals (the "Green Revolution" in the 1960s) as well as the rise of genetic
modification technologies (from 1990 to 2005).The most recent of these
is the "digital agricultural revolution" that will help mankind to sustain
and flourish in the future. As a part of Industry 4.0, digital agriculture
brings many opportunities for the ubiquitous interconnection and
database computer technology [41].
In most developing countries, agricultural technology is seen as an
important way to eradicate poverty. However, the acceptance rate of
these technologies is low in all these countries. Agriculture plays a
crucial role in rural development, strengthening food security and
R.K. Goel et al.
alleviating poverty. About 2.5 billion populations in developing nations
depend on it. In alleviating poverty, the growth of agricultural GDP is at
least twice the GDP growth of other regions. This means that if a 1%
increase in GDP in the non-agricultural sector leads to a 1% decrease in
poverty, then a 1% increase in agricultural GDP will reduce poverty by
2% [42].
By accelerating the acceptance rate of these advanced technologies
in farming, farmers can make agriculture even more beneficial. They can
save their money and efforts with optimal usages of resources and
reduce risks of destroying the crops using exact spatial data sets. The
dense meteorological and climatic data network, weather forecasts,
yield forecasts and probability maps for diseases and disasters for spe­
cific locations can be used to improve crop planting. The time required
for prioritizing the use of resources can be reduced by applying auto­
matic sensor data related to agriculture [43,44].
The interconnection of agricultural systems with IoT and the emer­
gence of Big Data require AI to automate farming processes and provide
rapid data analysis to identify current, new or future rural or urban is­
sues [45]. The previous studies shows how agricultural sector has been
transformed through AI and Big Data, whereas information on meteo­
rological models, soil variety and optimum crops to plant in certain
areas is easily accessible, and this provides informed crop management
decisions; which leads to sustainable outcomes by saving resources
required in this sector and associated proportional economic growth
[46–48].
About $661 million invested in 2015 into 84 agricultural startups
which were designed to assist the farmers transform agriculture into the
future big data industry [49]. High-performance computing, big data
and satellite remote sensing are viable approaches to driving forward
the science of agricultural systems modeling [50]. Agricultural remote
sensing is one of the most important approaches for precision farming,
taking into account the variability within the field of site-specific man­
agement rather than a single administration, as in traditional agriculture
[51,52].
3.1. Smart agriculture using IoT
The arrival of the IoT has shown the horizon for modern research in
the farming sector. In the initial phase, the IoT needs to be extensively
tested to find wide use in various agricultural applications. IoT-enabled
systems offer intelligent and smart services for smart agriculture [53].
IoT integrates people, processes, equipment and technology with actu­
ators and sensors. IoT’s overall integration with people in terms of
communication, collaboration and practical analysis can lead to
real-time decision making. In smart farming, multiple detection methods
are used, so that data can help farmers to monitor and increase crop
yield. Also adjust the ecological features, which include sensor signals
from GPS (Global Positioning System) satellite for regulating longitude,
latitude and altitude. This requires three satellites to triangulate space.
Precise and accurate positioning of satellites is the cornerstone of smart
agriculture [54].
The effect of sowing date or crop yield has been studied using diverse
large-scale data sources. MODIS’s Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) was
used to estimate the impact of seedtime on soybeans and rice, While
other studies have used diverse measures to estimate the sowing date
based on leaf parameters and crop biomass that characterize the richness
of plants [55,56].
In north India, wheat yield is reduced by about 1% due to every day
delay in sowing. The exact timing and date of sowing is therefore also a
major deciding factor in determining global crop yields. Sowing delays
often have a negative effect on yield as heat stress increases, and
moisture availability decreases during the breeding and seed-filling
stages [57]. Timely harvest forecasts are crucial to counteract the
volatility of food prices, which has a major impact on the economy and is
closely linked to issues such as malnutrition, and under nourishment
[58,59].
3
Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems 30 (2021) 100512
G. Severino et al. [60] proposed an IoT framework for assessing and
controlling the environmental hazards related with the use of recycled
water(s). This IoT-framework is organized for developing a robust
data-driven predictive model to optimize irrigation practices using
sensors data about soil moisture and dissolved pollutant concentrations
after deep analytics. To predict soil moisture, A. Goap et al. developed a
new algorithm based on ML technology, which is used for weather
forecast and sensor node data. [61].
The introduced IoT based smart irrigation engineering approach can
assist to make effective irrigation decisions with optimum water con­
sumption at better accuracy and less mean squared errors. It was
developed using k-means clustering and Support Vector Regression
(SVR) to estimate changes / differences in soil moisture due to weather
circumstances.
3.2. Geo-spatial big data
Big Data collected from satellites for EOs offers new opportunities for
geosciences and revolutionizes the innovation of methods and thought
patterns. EO technology, the core of the geo-spatial information system,
has become a wider embodiment of the capacity for technological
growth, socio-economic power and national security throughout the
world in this century [62].
Due to the development of remote sensing technology, Agricultural
data is growing exponentially across the world. These technologies can
generate petabytes of geospatial data, which are derived from drones
equipped with modified sensors and imaging instruments (MODIS and
radar) [63–65]. Millions of images are analyzed and refined using
advanced imaging algorithms with AI to solve complex prediction and
classification problems. These refined images are used to visualize
complex problems in understandable way [66]. Data-driven agriculture
can be considered as a new form of smart agriculture, where
decision-making is based on explicit information extracted from big data
gathered through multifarious sources [48,67].
4. Methodology
New methods like big data, IOT and AI can be adopted to achieve
sustainable crop production according to the physical, social and eco­
nomic condition of a place by optimally utilizing and preserving the
available resources in the protected agricultural system [68]. By
applying the techniques of soil and water conservation, we must manage
a smart farming that is capable of achieving sustainable production over
time with optimum utilization of both natural and unnatural resources
[69].
Climate is constantly changing due to abrupt exploitation of natural
resources is the main concern at present. Scientists believe that the
current rate of climate change due to human activities has been faster
than at any time in the past ten thousand years. New sources of emis­
sions due to human activities have also continuously affected the growth
and size of forests. The emission of greenhouse gases by human activities
has increased by more than 70 % between 1970 and 2004 and it may
likely to be increased up to 95 % by 2030 [70,71].
4.1. Sustainable intensification
SI intensifies quality production with sustainability, yielding higher
returns with the minimal or same inputs while reducing or eliminating
adverse environmental impacts and increasing the contribution to nat­
ural capital and ecosystem services flow [72]. Sustainable development
is the process of socio-economic growth in which it should be done ac­
cording to the endurance of the earth [73]. The level of crop production
can be made sustainable only by adopting minimum tillage, covering
soil permanently and crop diversification in smart farming.
In its 4th assessment, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) said that climate change has increased rapidly since 1990
R.K. Goel et al.
Fig. 1. Worldwide primary energy consumption through fossil fuels
(Source: [69]).
to account for human activities that will have an impact on ecosystems.
Fig. 1 shows that the consumption of fossil fuels (oil, coal and natural
gas) has grown exponentially worldwide since 1990, adversely affecting
our environment, and is the main cause of global warming. Harnessing
fossil fuels and agricultural practices has led to an average increase in
global temperature during the 20th century by 0.6 ◦ C [74].
EO offers easy-to-access long-term data sets with worldwide
coverage at different temporal and spatial resolutions. EO data can also
support SDG monitoring, improving the timeliness and relevance of
sustainable indicators, without jeopardizing their viability and meth­
odological soundness [75]. Relevant statistical data of interest to NSO
can be obtained from the EO data, which will prove to be a milestone for
the SDGs [76].The water and air quality assessment [77–79], soil pro­
tection and food prevention [80,81], urban change [82], land cover &
soil degradation [83,84] and risk assessment of natural disasters [85,
86], eradication of slavery and human trafficking [87], agricultural
plastic waste [88] etc are examples of SDGs.
Numerous remote sensing-based models such as FEST-EWB model
[89], Digital elevation model (DEM) [90] and sowing date estimation
models are available for predication of soil moisture, land temperature,
yield estimates and sowing date. It has been observed that these models
have limited potential to estimate soil moisture, land temperature and
appropriate sowing date due to cloud cover of some areas and low res­
olution EO images not because of existing advanced algorithms of image
processing. To create an archive of high-resolution earth images for
enhancing the performance of the discussed models, satellites with
advanced sensors are still required. Fig. 2 depicts the evolution in space
technologies and the improvements in technical specifications of satel­
lites for gathering high quality EO data.
The society expects adaptive farming, which shows flexibility during
future changes. Sustainable agronomy that maintains trade-offs across
various stakeholders such as land owners, fertilizer manufacturers,
pesticide manufacturers, farm workers, farmers’ associations, food dis­
tributors, Seed suppliers, animal welfare groups, transport companies
etc., by sharing their knowledge, insight and wisdom. The ecological and
technical resilience with critical thinking manifests an abstract
conceptualization of agriculture in a concrete implementation of smart
agriculture [91].
5. Results and discussion
The big data analysis can be done via AI. It can also be understood as
a method of training computers to imitate thinking patterns or even
human behavior. [92]. AI began in the 1950s and its applicability has
been slow in pace. However, it can be seen that the prevalence of the
super-AI, also called AI of the new generation, risen incredibly from
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Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems 30 (2021) 100512
2014 to 2019. It can be applied to gain insights from the huge sensor
data generated by the IoT [93–96].
Fig. 3 shows that In the system with IoT, and enormous amount of
real time data with diversity, redundancy, heterogeneity and vagueness
has been generated with the help of actuators, sensors, processing de­
vices and the software. In order to intelligently analyze such big data, AI
technology is inevitable [97,98].
The implementation of IoT in agriculture poses a number of hard­
ware and software challenges. The terminals must remain active for a
long time and function reliably, since the battery power is limited [99].
Therefore, proper programming tools and power-saving capabilities are
imperative as the battery is frequently replaced, for example, deploying
extensively in an open area is not very easy. In addition, the large
number of interconnected devices creates an incredible amount of data
that will soon exceed the resource capacity of small server in­
frastructures [100]. So, the IoT security assessment is a critical need to
take appropriate action.
In agriculture, wireless communication is most prevalent due to the
lack of cabling costs [101]. Reliable, robust and automated data trans­
mission must be used to meet the demands and challenges of the rural
environment otherwise the operation of the system deteriorates with
human intervention to control parameters like humidity and tempera­
ture. This machine-to-machine communication plays a significant role in
improving the system with IoT [102]. The IoT networks typically
comprise a large number of objects with confidential data, which must
be secure and unidentifiable, traceable and connectable. Therefore, se­
curity and privacy mechanisms should be scalable [103].
The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) proposed
preventive measures to secure various IoT aspects. To handle high-level
insecure user interfaces, security mechanisms include configurations
that accept only strong passwords, test the user interface for any type of
known vulnerabilities in the software tools, and use https with firewalls.
In addition, devices installed with firmware and software must be
updated periodically with secure transfer using cryptographic algo­
rithms. A server with firewall protection must be used to download the
updated files, and proper verification must be performed before
installing them [104,105].
6. Conclusion and future scope
In this paper, we deeply analysed different technologies, methods,
and models for various areas such as yield estimation, crop sowing dates,
crop land monitoring, land surface temperature, irrigation forecast using
satellite images, estimation of APW, spatio-temporal land used patterns,
agricultural greening, prediction of water dynamics in the soil, eradi­
cation of slavery and human trafficking from space and disaster man­
agement support and explored their significances to meet global
sustainable goals. The analysis based on 18 distinct well defined tech­
nologies, tools and methods is presented in Appendix A for under­
standing the problem and addressing the solutions.
It has been observed that the availability of satellite data is growing
rapidly, both in quality and quantity at very low cost. So we can easily
utilize these data in monitoring poverty, nutrition, child, and agriculture
yield production, health of human being, usages of water and cleanliness
of any country. These EO data are being used for the sovereignty and
security of any nation by monitoring the movement of army of other
countries.
To secure sustainable income in the confined lands, the society needs
an integrated and adaptive agriculture for self sustaining system that
exhibits resilience during future changes, while protecting the envi­
ronment. Sustainable agronomy that maintains trade-offs across various
R.K. Goel et al. Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems 30 (2021) 100512

Fig. 2. Evolution in space technologies.

ecological and technical resilience with critical thinking manifests an

abstract conceptualization of agriculture in a concrete implementation
of smart agriculture.
If there is haze in the area or the resolution of the EO images is low,
some of the models discussed in this study may not function properly to
estimate soil moisture and land temperature. In future the studies should
be focused on developing intelligent decision-making and geo-spatial
support systems for land suitability analysis. Further advances should
be initiated to integrate GIS, computer modelling and multi-criteria
decision analysis techniques to provide better insights. Data continuity
is essential for future analysis and monitoring in order to achieve sus­
tainable development in balanced manner. Modern satellites equipped
with advanced technology sensors at a lower cost to capture high-
resolution images are still required for better analysis, and address
these challenges.

Fig. 3. Prevalence of Big Data, IoT and AI from 2004 to 2018 (Google
Trends, 2019). Declaration of Competing Interest

stakeholders by sharing their knowledge, insight and wisdom. The The authors report no declarations of interest.

Appendix A

Area Problem Statement Description Outcome/Results Future Scope & Limitations Technology/
Method and
Reference

Use of various Identification of precise and
sensors to exact sowing date using
determine the Sensors data and their
exact sowing metrics (Inflection point,
date threshold)
Scalable yield estimation
using Satellite EO data
Finding out the absolute
sowing date of crops (maize
and soybean) region wise
across the nation (US).
In corn belt region of US,
SCYM has been implemented
By using T30 and Tinflection, SIF
and EVI based estimations of
seeding dates have high
accuracy than db based
estimation.
More than 29,000 field studies,
the initial results of SCYM are
Confounding effects of mixed Sensor data and
pixels can be reduced with the their Metrics
help of improved resolution. Urban,D. et al.
[57]
Since additional satellite Pseudo remote
sensors are put into operation, sensing
(continued on next page)

5
R.K. Goel et al. Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems 30 (2021) 100512

(continued )
Area Problem Statement Description Outcome/Results Future Scope & Limitations Technology/
Method and
Reference

Remote sensing
approach for
Yield estimation
Sowing date Impact of sowing date on the
detection using growth of crops and its
CubeSats remote appropriateness on
sensing environmental conditions.
Data assimilation
approach in
Forecasting local crop
production region wise to
address demand of the foods.
Crop monitoring
Geo-spatial big Implementation of broad-
data approach scale crop yield estimation
for Crop yield using Landsat and MODIS
estimation data sources.
Use MODIS surface
systematically investigation
temperature
of variance between highest
products to
and lowest air temperature
estimate land/
and MODIS Ts
air temperatures
Satellite-operated soil water
Smart Irrigation
balance model coupled with
forecast using
weather forecast to support
satellite
the progress of smart
observation
agriculture
To explore how easy it is to
Estimation of
use free online satellite data
agriculture
to evaluate APW, compare it
plastic waste
to the waste data coming
(APW) using
from rarer, higher resolution
satellite images
maps.
Spatio-temporal Use multi-year crop
land use patterns classification to create a crop
using multi-data sequence dataset for the
approach(MDA) research area
LAI datasets and statistical
Agricultural methods are used to verify
greening from the important greening
satellite data trends per acre worldwide
from 1982 to 2015
An IoT framework for
Prediction of water
assessing and controlling
dynamics in the
environmental risks related
soil using IoT
to the use of recycled water
To monitor soil erosion in
Land degradation
the Nile Delta region over
assessment
the last forty years.
Identifying gaps in
Land cover and soil technology and proposed
quality improvements to measure
assessment soil quality in agricultural
areas.
To estimate soil
Characterization of the
nutrients using
spatial form of soil TN
remote sensing
in GEE platform for yield
estimation of rain-fed maize
and soybean.
Seeding dates were obtained
on the field scale by detecting
unexpected changes using
Planet’s CubeSat data.
Challenges to increased
spatial resolution within crop
models, and increased
simulated expansions
between crop models when
facing large field operations
applications
SCYM and PEAKVI methods
were tested in three countries
using Landsat and MODIS
data sources to record crop
yields.
Ts is the indispensable
parameter for estimating air
temperature.
Using satellite data of LST, the
precision of predicted
meteorological variables and
the impact on hydrological
prediction, the water-energy
balance model is calibrated.
Support vector machines
(SVMs) classification
technique has been applied on
EO images captured by
Landsat 8 for identifying,
detecting and quantifying
APW
Correctly assessing the
management of specific crops
in a spatio-temporal context
using MDA
Use of publicly available
records to identify and
attribute trends in greening
for agriculture over the past
three decades.
A robust data-driven
forecasting model that
optimizes irrigation practices
using sensor data
Due to various soil erosion
processes, around 6 million
hectares of agricultural area
becomes nonproductive every
year worldwide.
Soil quality can be assessed
from a geographical statistical
point of view, indicating
spatial variation in a
landscape, as well as used to
determine optimum sampling
techniques.
Soil predictive models using
Landsat 8 satellite imagery
derived spectral indices have
great potential for use.
very consistent with the output this method may also be used observations and
reported by farmers for smallholder systems statistical model.
worldwide, where ground- Lobell,D.B. et al.
based data are scarce. [35]
It can be used for a broad range PCA and noise
As too many CubeSat
of soil types, crop types, weather removal methods
constellations are put into
and sensors to find out seeding (Low Pass filter)
operation, the accuracy of this
dates in areas where no-plowing Sadeh,Y. et al
technique will increase.
is done. [32]
Data assimilation
Although heterogeneity of The basic limitations of EO data,
and remote
cropland is main challenge for meteorological drivers, and
sensing
existing model but it is useful for crop models point out that
better understanding the integrating all of these is
Huang, J.et al.
uncertainties in the modeling essential to give reliable
[36]
frameworks monitoring capability.
SCYM and
The lack of adequate imagery
SCYM did a little better in the US PEAKVI methods
due to the haze in some areas
and India, while PEAKVI
and years can also cause Azzari, G. et al.
performed well in Zambia
problems. [37]
TVX method can be used to TVX method.
efficiently obtain the maximum TVX method remains
and minimum daily temperature challenging in non-growing
Zhu, W.et al [38]
from MODIS land surface season
products
It is feasible to simplify the FEST-EWB model,
The model gives better results
practical application of statistical indexes.
with minimal rain events.
irrigation by integrating EO data
During the rainy season, soil
for hydrological model state
moisture varies depending on
update and parameterization Corbari, C. et al.
the place and time. Errors in
and weather forecasting, thereby [89]
forecasting WRF rainfall make
improving the management of
the system less reliable
irrigation plans.
Image
one of the main difficulties in classification,
Waste assessment has been done
waste mapping is that input and Support Vector
by satellite map for fertilizer
output data on the use of Machines (SVMs).
sack, agrochemical containers
agricultural plastics is not easy
and water supply pipes. Lanorte, A. et al.
to obtain
[88]
The resulting dataset contains
Lack of observations in critical
information on crop rotation for GIS based MDA
periods, the distinction of
individual region on arable land Waldhoff, G. et al.
certain plant types remains
from which crop rotation plans [13]
problematic.
can be obtained.
Statistical
Here, findings indicate that The role of agro-greenery in
methods
significant eco-environmental global environmental and
changes are occurring in global climate variability is apt for
Gao, X. et al. [69]
farmland. further research.
Mining geo-
Prediction of quality and statistical
In-depth analysis of soil data is a
quantity of soil water for farm approach:
prerequisite.
irrigation. Severino G. et al.
[60]
Soils with electrical conductivity Digital elevation
of a saturated soil extract (ECe) model (DEM), GIS
Better results can be achieved
values less than 4 dS/m reduced
through better resolution
by 8.81 %, range of 8–16 El Baroudy, A.A.
image.
reduced by 35.32 % and range of [90]
4–8 increased by 44.13%.
The lack of historical
Here, a combination of field
information and the use of
data, laboratory data, and Machine Learning
proxy data (secondary) may
remote sensing mapping De Paul Obade,
lead to other shortcomings, for
products is a viable option for V., Lal, R. [83]
example, in the assessment of
soil quality estimation.
changes in soil quality.
Compared with commercial Multiple linear
Hyperspectral images and
satellites, Landsat 8 having regression models
drone-based remote sensing
higher temporal resolution and
products can also be used in
can reproduce multi-period Xu,Y. et al. [39]
DSM.
terrain information.
(continued on next page)

6
R.K. Goel et al. Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems 30 (2021) 100512

(continued )
Area Problem Statement Description Outcome/Results Future Scope & Limitations Technology/
Method and
Reference

Case studies have proven Holistic-staged

Disaster
Empirically research how
management
SRS supports disaster
support using
management through case
Satellite remote
studies of Sentinel Asia
sensing
Automation in Use of the technologies,
agriculture using namely IoT, geospatial big
data, wireless devices and
AI ML to automate
conventional farming.
Optimize the To apply a routing algorithm
mobility of to coordinate the drone
drones and avoid movement to make an
wasting energy adequate count against
and pesticides parasite attacks.
Based on case studies in SA, a
holistic and hierarchical
approach is chosen to derive
the requirements for using
SRS to support disaster
management.
Agricultural automation using
cutting edge technologies
Describes the new application
areas of drones, which
introduces key factors such as
crops, parasites, drones, and
plants
In terms of system operation,
through experience that, in approach.
there is a need for system
particular, the space-based
automation as far as possible:
response to the 2011 earthquake
for example, automated analysis
in the eastern part of Japan has
of satellite data and provision of Kaku, K. [85]
effectively supported disaster
disaster information products to
relief efforts in the event of a
users.
large-scale disaster.
AI
A unified perspective can be
Automation of agricultural
applied to create a sustainable
operations increases soil yield
environment to increase Jha, K. et al. [6]
and soil fertility.
productivity
Use embedded programs on RSoBIR
The bio-induced method seems
integrated microcontrollers to Algorithm
to be the most proficient in view
implement bio-induced protocol
of killing parasites and the more De Rango, F et al.
functions into drones to
scalable considering the bytes [63]
evaluate system feasibility and
sent over the network.
performance.

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