CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

Housefly is an efficient and successful insect which is important for the

biologist to make a close study of its life history and habits (Mackean,2018). It has a
complete metamorphosis with distinct egg, larval or maggot, pupal and adult structures.
Based on the study of Keiding (1986), it takes from 6 to 42 days for the egg to develop
into the adult fly. The length of life is usually 2-3 weeks but in cooler conditions it may
be as long as three months depending on the temperature. In terms of human health
problems, houseflies are the most commonly linked to outbreaks of diarrhea and
shigellosis, but also are implicated in transmission of typhoid fever, food poisoning,
dysentery, tuberculosis, anthrax, ophthalmia, and parasitic worms as stated by Arroyo
and Capinera (2017). Otherwise, the society is affected because housefly can easily
reproduce in large numbers like in poultry manure under caged hens, garbages that
usually seen everywhere, et cetera.

Flytrap is a trap for catching flies often having the form of a wire or glass cylinder
with a conical cover and bottom in which is a small opening. It could be a various plants
that entrap insects, especially Venus flytrap. The Venus Flytrap is a carnivorous plant
that catches and digests mainly arachnids and small insects. With its red-colored leaves
attract insecs, and the minuscle hairs trgigger when an insect crawls across thema and
ranges from thre to six inches in statue and grows slowly. The leaves then close up
rapidly like a trap and it takes the plant seven to ten days to digest fully the animal. The
Venus Flytrap, also known as Dionaeamuscipula, thrives in humid, muggy habitats.

Ficus nota (Blancoi) Merr., locally known as tibig is a small tree endemic to the
Philippines (DerPharChemica, 2014). According to Mapatac, Tibig (Ficus nota) contains
dichloromethane extract of unripe fruits yielded 4-(2 hydroxyetyl)-2-methoxyphenol (1),
a mixture of meso-2,3-butanediol (2a), (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol (2b) and (2S,3S)-2,3-
butanediol (2c) and B-sitosterol (3). Methylene Chloride is a clear, colorless, non-
flammable, volatile liquid chlorinated hydrocarbon with a sweet, pleasant smell and
emits highly toxic fumes of phosgene when heated to decomposition. Methylene
chloride is primarily used as a solvent in paint removers, but is also used in aerosol
formulations, as a solvent in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, as a degreasing
agent, in electronics manufacturing and as an ethane foam blowing agent. Inhalation
exposure to this substance irritates the nose and throat and affects the central nervous
system. Methylene chloride is a possible mutagen and is reasonably anticipated to b a
human carcinogen. (NCI05)

This study aims to test the effectiveness of tibig (Ficus nota) fruit extract to make
an alternative flytrap and to test the advantages of a housefly trap from Tibig fruit extract
compare to commercially available flytrap. This study will be beneficial to all human
especially to those who live near on hog and poultry farms, horse stable and ranches.
For them to reduce the population and to lessen the diseases coming from houseflies.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the effectiveness tibig (Ficus nota) fruit extract
attractant to make fly glue-trap and compare to commercially available trap. And it
sought to answer the following questions:
1. What is the characteristic of:
1.1 Tibig plant extract?
2. What are the yields differences of organic flytrap compare to commercially available
one?
2.1 Household
2.2 Public Market

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study focused on the production of an organic fly glue-trap using
Papaya(Carica papaya) peel as adhesive and Tibig(Ficus nota) fruit extract as additive.
The properties of Tibig fruit and Papaya were investigated to determine if it is suitable
on producing additive for attracting flies and an sticky material to trap flies. It aimed to
produce an organic fly glue-trap that can be a substitute to the commercial flytraps.
This research included collection, extraction and construction processes to obtain the
said product.
This study was limited to the use of only one fly glue-trap design that is the pad-
like insect trap. It is also limited to the utilization of extraction as processes of obtaining
the fruit extract to make the attractant and the adhesive. This study did not include
chemical analysis of the raw material before the actual extraction process; and the
finished product. Lastly, the study is limited to only one area of its testing site for the
organic flytrap.

Significance of the Study

This study regarding Tibig: A Housefly (MuscaDomestica) Glue-trap using peel
as Pitch glue and Tibig (Ficus nota) fruit extract as Attractant would be beneficial to
environmental effects. And also this study will be beneficial on:
Farmers. Houseflies commonly found in farm, often feed on rotting or decaying
matter, as well as human and animal feces. Well, house flies (along with other species
of filth flies) are known to spread a range of harmful diseases (Rentokil,2018). With the
use of organic fly glue-trap, the rate of diseases brought by houseflies will reduced.
Family. According to Orkin (2018), several species of flies may invade homes
quickly in large numbers. This type of sudden infestation can be alarming for residents
and often indicates some underlying issues. Researchers recognize this problem on
household and with the help of organic fly glue-trap, numbers of flies will decreased.
Community.This will improve environmental sanitation and hygiene. The
overwhelming advantage of housefly trap for the environment is to attract more insects
because of its odor emanating from the papaya and tibig fruit extract. Attraction to this
housefly trap can be prevented by cleanliness, the removal of waste, and its storage
under cover.
Future Researchers.This study is also useful for the future researchers that may
use this study as reference material. It can add more knowledge in conducting new
researches and to improve it at the same time.
Definition of Terms
 Some terminologies that are going to be frequently used are listed below for the
better understanding of the study:
Additive. According to The American Heritage (2002), it refers to the substance
added to a small amount of another substance to strengthen its feature. In this study, it
refers to a raw material that will be added to another to improve the organic housefly
trap.
Adhesive. According to Daryl J. Doyle (1990), it defines as a substance that
sticks to the surface of an object such that two surfaces become bonded. In this study, it
refers to the substance that will let the two substance stick and bond together.
Attractant. According to National Library of Medicine, Division of Specialized
Information System(2017), it defines as the substance which attracts animals. Some
attractants fulfill natural biological functions such as mating or predation: others may be
used to attract animals for monitoring or for control. In this study, it refers to the
substance in which it will attract the housefly.
Extraction. According to Bartaula (2018), it refers to the method of removal of a
soluble fraction in a form of a solution from an insoluble matrix with a help of a suitable
solvent. In this study, it refers the process of extracting a Tibig( Ficus nota) to produce
an effective housefly trap.
Housefly. According to University of Florida (2017), House fly, Muscadomestica
Linnaeus, is a well-known cosmopolitan pest of both farm and home. This species is
always found in association with humans or the activities of humans. In this study, it
plays a vital role in doing the study since it is the primary material in testing the
effectiveness of the organic housefly trap.
Pitch Glue. According to Miles (2013), it istype of adhesive used in the
construction industry that provides superior bonding capabilities. In this study, it is the
sticky substance that oozes out from papaya starch that serves as the gluetrap.
Society. According to New World Encyclopedia (2017), it refers to the groupings
of individuals, which is characterized by common interest and may have distinctive
culture and institutions. In this study, it refers to the affectant once the researchers
finally finished making the organic houseflies trap.
 Tibig. According to Stuart (2018), it is defined as an erect, spreading, dioecious
perennial tree, growing to a height of 8-10 meters. In this study, it is defined as the
primary material in making the organic houseflies trap.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the review of conceptual and research literature,

conceptual framework, hypothesis and definition of terms.

According to Hedges (2004), houseflies are known cosmopolitan pest of both

farm and home. It is the most common species found on hog and poultry farms, horse
stables and ranches. Excessive fly populations are not only irritant to farm workers but
also to nearby humans. Also, housefly has the widest distribution in the world. The
common housefly is the usual culprit but there are a few other types of flies than can
become pests including stable flies, horse flies, bottle flies, black flies and cluster flies.
(DoMyOwnStuff, 2018). Based from the article at Everythingabout.net, houseflies are
carriers of such diseases as typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery, trachoma, and anthrax.
The house fly belongs to the family Muscidae. It is classified as Muscadomestica. The
stable fly is classified as Stomoxyscalcitrans, and the little house fly as
Fanniacanicularis. Houseflies are high reproducers. According to a research article at
Orkin, one matured female housefly can bear more than a billion flies in one year.
House flies live between 15 to 25 days. However, these insects cause trouble despite
the brief lifespan and can cause health risks for homeowners. Within a week, houseflies
mature and can lay 500 eggs even in a short amount of time. Most flies live between 15
to 25 days. However flies have a different perception of time than humans do. They
have the ability to see objects up to four times faster than humans, meaning that a
newspaper swat from their view happens in slow motion.
Based from the Morphology of Flies, houseflies have their whole body
covered with short hairs. They only have only one pair of wings. The head of houseflies
is hemispherical in shape and bears two lateral compound eyes. Two small antennae
and the thorax are formed of three segments. The abdomen has made up of ten
segments. The mouthparts of housefly are adapted for sucking liquid or semi-liquid food
like a sponge. (Medheker’sStructure and Life Cycle of the Housefly, 2018). Housefly
puparia are almost evenly rounded at both ends and the anterior spiracle bears six
papillae. A pair of pupal respiratory horns is found laterally before the posterior
boundary of the first abdominal segment, bearing numerous papillae that have a
longitudinal opening along the oval convex base. (Olson, et. al, 2005). The housefly's
thorax features all of its limbs used for movement. Though flies appear to have only one
pair of wings, they have halters which are their secondary wings. (Lamb, 2018).
Antenna, maxillary palpus, facial mask, spinulation, posterior spiracles, anal pad, and
integumentalmicropores are present in a housefly. (Pape,et.al, 2008). Also according to
Jcehrlich.com, orse fly bites can be very painful for humans. They have mouth parts that
work like miniature knives, which they use to slash open the skin with a scissor–like
motion.
Based from the article at KZNHealth, female housefly is larger than the
male. The sexes can be readily separated by noting the space between the eyes, which
in females is almost twice as broad as in males. But according to Lamb (2018), the
housefly life cycle closely mirrors that of most insects: a basic cycle that begins with an
egg then develops through a larva phase, a pupa phase, and finally, into an adult. But
according to Entnemdept, weather causes changes in the housefly’s life cycle. Warm
summer conditions are optimum for the development and can complete its life cycle in
seven to ten days. However, under suboptimal conditions the life cycle may require up
to two months. Based from Dynatrap, he average lifespan of a house fly is around 28
days. The egg stage of a fly’s life cycle lasts around 24 hours. Larvae usually last
between 3 to 7 days. The pupal stage takes place inside of a hard, outer shell that
protects the pupae as it changes to a fly. The lifespan of a house fly depends greatly on
a variety of conditions such as temperature and humidity.
House flies have an incredible ability to reproduce. Female house fly can lay from 75 to
150 eggs with five to six batches of eggs during her lifetime. Eggs take eight to 20 hours
to hatch and reach the first of three larval stages and then followed by the pupal stage.
(Terminix, 2018). Based from the parasitology research (2005), anatomical features
allow the differentiation of puparia of the two fly species studied.
Ficus nota
A medicinal plant (Hassan, 2012), (World Health Organization, 2015),
(Lanting&Palaypayon, 2002) that belongs to family Moraceae
(MahbuburRahman&Khanom, 2013), (Shiksharthi& Mittal, 2011), (Lanting&Palaypayon,
2002) & (Philippine Alternative Medicine, 2011) iscalledFicus nota, locally known as
“tibig” (Lanting&Palaypayon, 2002), (Philippine Alternative Medicine, 2011) & (Polinag,
2003). Shiksharthi& Mittal (2011) stated that among the genera found in the family
Moraceae is the genus Ficuswhich constitutes an important group of trees with
immense medicinal value because it is a sacred tree of Hindus and Buddhists. This kind
of medicinal plant is considered as rich source of ingredients that can be used in drug
development and synthesis (Hassan, 2012). From the standing tree for fever, and
muscle pain relief, among its traditional uses include drinking three times per day of the
water extracted (Lanting&Palaypayon, 2002). For treatment of the urinary tract infection,
hypertension, and diabetes are decoction of the roots and bark (Philippine Alternative
Medicine, 2011). Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care,
Department of Health, University of the Philippines Manila & University of the
Philippines Mindanao (2000) stated that the Mansaka tribe in Compostela Valley used
the decoction of the bark of this plant to treat asthma, cough, and other respiratory
condition in the Philippines. The stem of this plant species is used as repellent against
hematophagous insects by the Ayta people of Porac, Pampanga province in the
Philippines (Obico&Ragragio, 2014). In this study, stem of F. nota is traditionally used
as an alternative medicine based from the interview of the Manobo tribe chieftain in the
study area. It was found that F. nota occurs throughout the Philippines and found in
Batan Island, Polilio, Mindoro, Palawan, Panay, Samar, and Leyte
(Lanting&Palaypayon, 2002).
Ficus nota (Blancoi) Merr.locally known as “tibig” is asmall tree endemic to the
Philippines.The young leaves are cooked as a vegetable while the fruit can be eaten
raw when it is ripe (Polinag, 2003). Antibacterial / Fruit and Leaves: Study evaluated the
antibacterial activities of ethanolic extract of Ficus nota fruit and leaves against
pathogenic pathogens viz. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella
pneumonia, and Salmonella typhimurium that the results showed significant
antibacterial activity when compared to standard Chloramphenicol while Cytotoxicity
results showed higher toxicity with fruit compared with leaf extract (Stuart, 2015). On the
other hand, scientific validation of traditional medicinal plant has been an important path
of recent studies (Upret, et.al., 2010). Like F. racemosahas long been applied for
various conditions as alternative medicine then scientific validation was made for its
antidiabetic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antitussive, hepatoprotective, and
antimicrobial activities (Ahmed &Urooj, 2010). By certain studies to exhibit anti fungal
activity,Ficussepticahas also been found (Sudirga, 2014). Ragasa (2014) stated that
although a study on the chemical constituents of F. nota fruits has shown that the
dichloromethane extract of the plant’s unripe fruits has 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)- 2-
methoxyphenol (1), a mixture of meso-2,3-butanediol (2a), (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol (2b)
and (2S,3S)-2,3- butanediol (2c) and β-sitosterol (3), Ficus nota is among the
Ficusspecies less explored on its bioactivity against certain conditions. However,
Dumitrascu (2011) revealed that no studies yet are reported on the phytochemical
constituent of neither the stem of F. nota nor any documentation of its potential
cytotoxicity. Hence, as an initial effort to scientifically support the utilization of F. nota
stem as an alternative medicine,
This study was done to determine the potential cytotoxicity of F. nota stem
extract, as traditionally applied by the Manobo tribe as an alternative medicine.
Artemiasalina, a primitive aquatic arthropodis used as target organism to detect
bioactive compounds in plant extracts in which the toxicity test against these animals
has shown to have a good correlation with antitumor activity . (Arcanjo, et.al., 2012) &
(Responte, et.al, 2015).
Vital & Rivera (2009) said that the Philippines has remarkable biodiversity and
rich in traditions of plant use. However, in scientific studies and pharmacological
investigations of Philippine medicinal plants, the momentum recently gained (Vital,
2009). On the great prospect of finding a new source of bioactive chemical compounds
is the importance of the country's diverse medicinal plants lies not only in their
chemotherapeutic value in traditional healthcare (Rivera, 2009). In this study, A
chemical investigation on the dichloromethane extract of the unripe fruits of F. nota
afforded the following chemical constituents: 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2¬-methoxyphenol,a
mixture of meso-2,3-butanediol, (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol and (2S,3S)-2,3- butanediol
and β-sitosterol (Ragasa, et.al., 2014). Cytotoxicity study using in vivobrined shrimp
lethality of the decoction and ethanol extracts of the stem of F. nota were active against
the brine shrimp Artemia salina with LC values of 991.00 ppm and 852.22 ppm, 50
respectively (Arquion, et.al., 2015). Additionally, to combat the growing threat of multi-
drug resistant pathogens in anti-infective and anti-cancer therapies, these plants
extracts could possibly be used to produce alternative forms of natural products that
could act in synergism with conventional drugs (Latayada&Uy, 2016).

Pitch Glue and Starch Extraction Process

Paste got from sap is defined as "pitch glue". American Indians utilized pitch glue
produced using materials found in nature to make instruments and different waterproof
things. Pitch glue contrasts from regular paste that is accessible in stores today due to
its tar-like consistency and high malleability. While diverse clans had their own formulas
for making pitch stick - adding or subtracting fixings to make it pretty much sinewy
there's not only one strategy that will accomplish successful outcomes.
Pine resin is a nature source of adhesive. This substance is naturally sticky and
viscous, but can transform into an excellent glue through careful application of heat and
a temper material. This organic making of glue is called pitch glue making process. One
of the ingredients in making pitch glue is starch. Starch is made through
photosynthesis. Using energy from the sun, plants combine carbon dioxide and water
into simple glucose, or sugar molecules and all plants have the presence of starch.
Starch when cooked in water became sticky and viscous. The starch in gives them their
fluffy, soft texture, but also makes potatoes high in carbohydrates. Removing the starch
reduces the carbohydrate content, which is helpful when you're following a low-carb
diet. In addition, cooking high-starch potatoes makes them soft and crumbly. Remove
the starch when you want to cook crispy potato dishes, such as chips, French fries or
hash browns. In making potato starch: Clean and peel the potatoes. Scrub the potatoes
clean first using warm water and a scrubby brush. Peel them using your preferred
method or tool, and then cut away any leftover eyes.
 Grate the potatoes. You can do this by hand using the small holes on a box
grater. You can also use the grating attachment on a food processor instead.Cover the
potatoes with warm water. Scoop the grated potatoes into a pot, then cover them with
warm water. How much water you end up using will vary, but about 3 to 4 cups (700 to
950 milliliters) should be enough. If you used a food processor, you may notice some
white stuff in the bowl. This is some of your starch. Swirl some water in the bowl to
loosen the starch, and then add it to the potatoes.Strain the potatoes, reserving the
water. Place a strainer or colander onto another pot. Line it with cheese cloth, and then
pour the grated potatoes into it. Bundle the potatoes up in the cheese cloth, and then
squeeze it to get as much water out as possible.
Repeat the watering and straining process until the water runs clear. Place the
potatoes back into the empty pot. Cover them with more warm water, and then pour
them back into the cheesecloth-lined strainer or colander. Squeeze the cheesecloth to
drain more water. Keep repeating this step until the water runs mostly clear.Save the
strained water and set the grated potatoes aside. You only need the strained potato
water to make the starch. You do whatever you want with the grated potatoes, such as
using them to make hash browns. If you won't use them right away, cover them with
water, add a squirt of lemon juice, and keep them in the fridge.Allow the starch to settle
for about 20 minutes. As time goes on, the water will start to turn clear-ish again. The
starch will settle at the bottom of the pot.
Pour out the excess water. The starch will be mostly stuck to the bottom of the
pot, so you shouldn't have to worry about it as you pour the water out. Still, avoid stirring
or sloshing the water around as much as possible. Discard this excess water, or use it
in a soup or sauce.Add fresh water to the container and wait another 20 minutes or
so. Pour some more water into the container (try to use the same amount that you
poured out). Let the starch settle to the bottom, another 20 minutes.Pour the water off
and save the starch. Use the same technique as you did the first time. Once again, be
careful not to mix the starch into the water.
Use the wet starch, if desired. You can use the wet starch as-is to thicken
sauces, soups, and stews. You can also read on to the next section to learn how to dry
it out.Wet starch is easier to mix into sauces, soups, and stews because it is already
hydrated.Spread the starch out onto a baking sheet with a rubber spatula. You can also
use a wide baking pan or casserole dish. The thinner you spread the starch, the faster it
will dry.You can also use a dehydrator instead. Line the dehydrator with the "fruit roll up"
tray so that you don't lose the starch.Allow the starch to dry and harden. You can cover
the starch with a sheet of paper, wax paper, or parchment paper if you want to avoid
using plastic wrap, however, or you will trap the moisture. It can take up to 24 hours for
the starch to dry, depending on how thick or thin it is.Break the dried starch up.  You can
do this with your fingers, a fork, a whisk, or even a spoon. Don't worry about getting all
of the clumps out; the next step will fix that.
Grind the starch into a powder. It is best to do this in a clean coffee grinder, but
you can try a food processor or blender as well. This will break up any remaining
clumps and make it fine and powdery, just like the kind you'd get in a store.
Store the potato starch in a small jar. Roll a sheet of paper into a cone, and stick
it down the neck of a small, glass jar, such as a spice jar. Pour the potato starch into the
jar, then remove the paper and close the jar.
 CHAPTER III

METHOLOGY

This chapter presents research design, data gathering, and procedures used in
the conduct of the study.

Research Design
The study on tibig: A Housefly (MuscaDomestica) Tibig (Ficus nota) fruit extract
as Attractant used the experimental method of research. As pointed by Calmorin (2009),
experimental method of research provides systematic and logical method of answering
questions and objectives of the study under carefully controlled conditions. Experiments
manipulate certain stimuli, treatments or environmental conditions and observe how the
conditions or behavior of the subjects is affected or changed.
The research deemed the experimental method since it involves identification of
variables, relating to one another and manipulating them to achieve the goal. The
independent variable in this study is the place where the trap is placed, the dependent
variable is the number of flies that will be trapped, and the controlled variable will be the
time duration.

Materials
To realize the goals of the study, this research used tibig fruit extract for attractant,
and commercially available fly trap for comparison.

General Procedure
The goal of this experimental research is to test the effectiveness of tibig fruit extract for
attractant to make an organic fly glue-trap. This study follows the following procedures:

Collection and Extraction of Tibig(Ficus nota)

The researchers gathered Tibig (Ficus nota) fruit from Soro-SoroIbaba,
Batangas. After collecting the fruits, the fruit will be cleansed and then extracted by the
researchers. The fruit was crushed into smaller pieces using a blender and then boiled
to dissolve the chemicals of the materials. The boiled fruit where put in the strainer to
get the extract. The collected extract will be placed in a closed container.

Construction of the Flytrap

After cooling the Tibig (Ficus nota) fruit essence, it was placed into a pad-like
material. After creating the trap, it was ready for the tests.

Response Test
The researchers made two sets of traps for the test. The flytrap with Tibig(Ficus
nota) fruit essence and papaya (Carica papaya) peel aspitch glue compared to the
commercial flytrap. The researchers compared the effectiveness of the traps that will be
placed on the same place. In this process, the researchers will gather the data needed
to fulfil the study’s objectives.