A Review Of Various Iot Devices Used In Smart Irrigation

Kuldeep Sharma 2, Prabhat Agrawal1, Praneet Bansal1, Priyanshu Jain1, and Shreya Gupta1
1
B.Tech Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jaipur Engineering College And
Research Centre, Jaipur, Rajasthan(302022)
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jaipur Engineering College And
Research Centre, Jaipur, Rajasthan(302022)

Emails : kuldeepsharma.me@jecrc.ac.in 2, Prabhat9251@gmail.com 1,

Praneetbansal123@gmail.com1, Priyanshujain433@gmail.com1, Shreyagupta.sggs@gmail.com 1

ABSTRACT
Advancement in technology, os making the life of people easier and it is continuously upgrading
day by day. It already reached almost in all the fields in the same way it is also improving in the
agriculture field where it provides many long-term solutions to problems like stay on the field for
the whole day and water management from water wastage where the world already facing water
scarcity in many areas. In all these, IoT (internet of things) playing a vital role by automates
irrigation systems. For this purpose, many sensors, microcontroller Radio satellite, mobile
phones, internet-based communication, etc are interconnected with wires or wireless to make a
automatic technology. In this paper, we discussed various sensors are introduced in recent times
for surroundings and soil monitoring and like to measure soil moisture, temperature, humidity.
sensors were very costly many years ago but in recent times manufacturers developed low-cost
sensors which can be adopted easily even on a commercial scale. In this paper, we also discussed
various development microcontroller boards such as Arduino UNO, NodeMCU, etc which are
the assemblage of different circuitries and different from simple microcontroller because
assemblage of different circuitries facilitates it to do various tasks depending on requirements.
Communication technologies are also reported in this paper from various previously reviewed
papers which consist mostly of wireless communication technology like GSM, Zigbee, Wifi, etc.
In last some points on cloud platform is also discussed that allow hardware and software to co-
exist remotely. It provides rent access to compute services like storage, networking, analytics,
etc. All these technologies can save lots of time, labor, water wastage. Also, many manufacturers
are trying to make things cheaper so, that they can be adopted easily by all peoples and farmers.

Keywords- sensors, development microcontroller boards, communication technologies, cloud

platform.

INTRODUCTION

The lack of water may be a rising concern day by day, particularly within the Mediterranean
countries or southern Asian countries a bit like India, Nepal, Pakistan. Among the countries in
Europe, the Mediterranean countries are the foremost vulnerable to drought [1]. Water
management is often suffering from different variables like the water demand from the various
sectors a bit like agriculture, production and another is that the consequences of some degrees of
warming on hydrological resources. global climate change and its effects are a recurrent topic in
research papers regarding water resources and agriculture. The possible consequences of
worldwide warming have led to the consideration of making water adaptation measures to make
sure the supply of water for production, agriculture, humans and also to take care of ecosystems
i.e flowers [2]. The possible risks of global climate change are declining water supplies, the
reduction of water quality, the rise in water and soil salinity, reduced agricultural yields,
biodiversity loss, the rise in irrigation requirements, or the possible cost of emergency and
remediation actions. These reasons have led to an increase within the number of studies focused
on reducing water usage in irrigation processes in agriculture fields. Some of these studies
suggest the implementation of technological innovations to enhance water management in
agricultural fields.

The agricultural sector is that the most vital economic resource for a few countries like India. In
India, 10% of the world of the country is roofed by rice plantations [3]. Furthermore, 20% of the
Indian population is below poverty levels and 15% is food insecure. In 2002, the monsoon
season played the least role within the last 130 years that resulted loss of rice production in batch
because of the shortage of water. To work out the drought caused by anomalies in surface water,
the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) was utilized. These indexes and
therefore the information gathered from sensors that monitor the environmental conditions, the
soil and thus the water is often utilized to seek out the present state of the water and therefore the
likelihood of covering all the freshwater needs. Some Countries are already implementing this
sensor-based system because this is often cheaper and really effective.

Commercial sensors for systems aimed at agriculture and irrigation are very expensive, making it
impossible for smaller farmers to implement this sort of system on their farms. However,
manufacturers are currently offering low-cost sensors which will be connected to nodes to
implement low-cost systems for irrigation management in home gardens, big crop fields, and
agriculture monitoring. Furthermore, thanks to the interest in low-cost sensors for monitoring
gardens, crops, agriculture, new such sensors are being proposed in researches like a leaf water
stress monitoring sensor [4], a multi-level soil moisture sensor comprised of copper rings placed
along a PVC pipe [5], a water salinity monitoring sensor made with copper coils [6] and a water
turbidity colored and infra-red led emitter and receptor sensor [7].

Due to the recent advances in sensors for the implementation of irrigation systems for gardens,
crops, agriculture, and therefore the evolution of wireless sensor networks (WSN) and IoT
technologies which will be applied within the development of those systems. We present a
survey aimed toward summarizing this state of the art regarding smart irrigation systems. during
this survey, we are becoming to supply a summary of the state of the research regarding
irrigation systems. We'll provide a summary of the foremost utilized moisture sensors, hardware,
and wireless technologies employed to implement IoT-based smart irrigation systems.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows: The section Review Methodology presents the
methodology employed to perform the survey. This part has sub-sections discussing about
various soil moisture sensors, open-source hardware platforms, wireless communication
technologies, and cloud platforms for IoT in irrigation systems. At the end, the conclusions
drawn from the study are quoted.

REVIEW METHODOLOGY
This section discussed about different moisture sensors, microcontrollers, connectivity servers
and networks adopted so far to achieve automation in the irrigation systems. The content for
present part was gathered by considering relevant research questions like What are the current
IoT solutions for a smart irrigation system? Which sensors, arrangements, and wireless
technologies have been used to develop IoT irrigation systems? etc. Authors mostly used web
browsers to gather data and various research papers appropriate for study. The research papers
were obtained from ResearchGate, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, IJERT, Google Scholar, etc.
Though the questions written above became the base of study but, papers were selected on basis
of keywords each paper focusses on. They were water-efficient irrigation system, smart
irrigation, Irrigation system using IoT, Automated irrigation system.

After choosing papers, all of them were segregated from others on basis of pertinent information
each paper presents in respect to moisture sensors, microcontrollers, and connectivity servers and
networks. After this, the authors analysed different papers to fetch applicable facts and figures.
All the collected data were then arranged into different sub-sections while utilizing appropriate
figures, graphs (if any), etc. to present a complete overview of the total works that have been
done till now in automated irrigation systems.

SOIL MOISTURE MONITORING

The most relevant irrigation parameter is soil moisture. This part focuses on different soil
moisture sensing technologies that have been utilized. The data for this section is gathered from
papers which discuss about atleast one moisture sensor. While reading about moisture sensors
from related papers, many of them used similar sensors. In five papers [8,9,10,11,12], only a
picture of the sensor has been presented without detailing about the model. The sensor composed
of 2 forks that are inserted in the soil and the principle of moisture measurement was
conductivity between two electrodes embossed on these forks. In one paper [13] the use of a 4-
Fork sensor was cited that works on same the principle of conductivity. Similarly, information
about the model was missing. In [14] the authors just mentioned about hygrometer as a sensor
used, no other specifications were listed.

Sensors with two electrodes and measuring moisture on basis of conductivity are most common.
YL69 is one such sensor and has been used in nine research papers [15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23].
YL69 is a low price sensor and invented to operate with Arduino and other similar
microcontrollers. The output voltage varies from 3.3 to 5 V and corresponding soil moisture are
quoted as- 0 to 300 for dry soil, 300 to 700 for wet soil. Other sensors working on same principle
of conductivity are FC-28 (discussed in [24,25,26]), SEN058 (cited in [27]) and S-XNQ-04
sensor (used in [28]). FC-28 and SEN058 are 2 forks moisture sensors requiring an input voltage
of 3.3 V – 5V. S-XNQ-04 consists of 3 electrodes, produces an output voltage in the range of
0V- 2V and has an accuracy of 3%. It can sustain -40°C to 85°C of temperature.

A sensor that can measure both moisture content and temperature simultaneously is VH400, the
details of which are gathered from five papers [29,30,31,32,33]. This sensor can measure
temperature in the range of 35°C to 80°C. It is a low-cost sensor, can be interfaced with Arduino
and works on the principle of the dielectric constant of soil. The output voltage of the sensor (0V
to 3V) is a measure of the volumetric water content of soil and can measure upto 60% of this
moisture content. Another sensor that can measure both is SM300, used in [34]. The major
advantage of this sensor is that it can measure volumetric moisture content from 0% to 100%

A solid-state electrical resistance sensor, 200SS, that measures soil-water tension is discussed in
[35,36]. The 200SS has two corrosion-resistant electrodes, as a resistive device. The resistance of
the sensor varies with soil moisture content. The sensor generated output values from 0 to 199
centibars. Higher is the value of centibars, the drier is the soil.

WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES IN AUTOMATED IRRIGATION

SYSTEMS

This section presents an overview of mostly incorporated open-source hardware platforms,

wireless communication technologies, and cloud platforms for IoT in irrigation systems.

OPEN-SOURCE HARDWARE PLATFORMS FOR IOT

The hardware platforms used for IoT can be simple microcontrollers or complete development
boards. A Microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit (IC) that includes a CPU, memory, and
Input/Output(I/O) peripherals on a single chip. Its job is to govern the operations in an embedded
system. Microcontrollers are programmed in High-Level languages such as C++, C, java, etc.
In contrast, a Microcontroller Development Board is an assemblage of various circuitries
including an on-board microcontroller. Other hardware mounted on board include a power
supply circuit, USB-serial adapter, a couple of LEDs, and other supporting components. Though
a Development Board is sure to be costlier than a simple microcontroller but it offers additional
facilities.

Thus for IoT, a simple microcontroller or a development board can be used depending on
functional requirements.

The most utilized microcontrollers in selected research papers are Atmega2560 [17,26,37] and
the Atmega328 [38,39] with three and two papers as depicted. Atmega2560 has more memory,
more pins, and more built-in hardware peripherals and hence costlier than Atmega328. The
selection of microcontrollers depend upon the number of parameters to be looked upon in
irrigation systems.

Since Microcontroller Development Board offers additional features, it is more widely used in
research papers.

The most commonly chosen development boards are the Arduino Boards. Also among all
Arduino boards, Arduino UNO was used in the maximum number of research papers and
Arduino Mega was the least preferred. The frequency of using other microcontrollers in research
papers was in between these two. The references of such research papers have been detailed
below.

DEVELOPMENT BOARDS REFERENCES

Node MCU [11,12,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48]
Arduino Mega [25,28,41,49,50,51]
Arduino UNO [9,10,15,23,24,26,28,30,32,34,44,45,47,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,
59,60,61,62,63,64,66,67,68]
Raspberry Pi 2 model B [55,69,70,71]
Raspberry Pi 3 model B+ [10,72]
The most remarkable feature of Arduino UNO, making it most preferred is its pin header
arrangement that makes it compatible with most of the development board shields (Shields are
boards that can be plugged on top of the Arduino Printed Circuit Board (PCB), enhancing its
capabilities). The physical dimensions of the UNO (69mm x 54mm) make it a small
development board that makes the project compact.

Apart from other Arduino boards mentioned in the table, Arduino Yun [73], Arduino Due [31],
and Arduino NANO [62] have been utilized in only one research paper.

From the quoted references it can be seen that the Raspberry development kit was also frequently
utilized. Some papers clearly mentioned their specific models used as Raspberry pi 2 model B
was used in four papers and Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ was used in three papers. In total of eight
papers [19,20,33,67,74,75,76,77] also used Raspberry pi development board but didn’t specified
their models.

The selection of the best development board for an IoT irrigation system will depend on the
requirements and the characteristics, the client wants in his system. Arduino and other similar
boards provide low-cost automation. On the other side, Raspberries have powerful computing
capabilities that allow the implementation of more complex software and algorithms.

NodeMCU is another independent popular board for IoT but can be programmed using Arduino
IDE. NodeMCU is developed by a Chinese company, Espressif Systems, situated in Shanghai.
ModeMCU finds its application in IoT systems due to its lower cost, smaller size in comparison
to an Arduino board. But it lacks a pin header connector.

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

This section discusses about mostly incorporated wireless communication technologies.

The considerations in communication technologies involve the distance at which devices

communicate and the amount of data that is shared. For communication at short distances ( about
100m), transmitting a small amount of data requires less energy while that at large distances
(extending upto kilometers), transmitting a large amount of data requires more energy
consumption. Thus the type of technology to be used depend upon the amount of data to be
transferred, coverage area, and energy consumption.
The table below quotes the references and thus shows the most employed communication
technologies in IoT in irrigation systems

TECHNOLOGIES REFERENCES
Ethernet [22,25,49,54,59]
GSM [10,14,15,25,39,45,52,53,57,58,77,78,79]
Wi-Fi [9,11,12,13,14,15,17,19,21,27,32,33,40,41,45,46,47,48,49,55,56,58,59,60,
62,63,64,65,66,68,69,70,73,74,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,
92,93]
ZigBee [32,36,38,61,62,69,71,74,78,87,92,94]
LoRa [19,35,61,78,94,95,96]

It can be seen from above that Wi-Fi technology is majorly used in research papers due to its
accessibility. Most of the low-cost electronic components brace Wi-Fi. Though Wi-Fi has short
range but devices equipped with Wi-Fi are quite advantageous for small-scale areas of irrigation,
e.g. home gardens.

GSM and ZigBee are also widely used. GSM enables large distance communication that costs a
mobile plan offered by the service provider. ZigBee consumes less energy and can implement a
large number of networks but shares less amount of data in unit time. LoRa offers long-range
communication making it more suitable in remote areas that lack services.

Each of these communication facilities is provided by its respective communication module.

Some papers have mentioned such different modules utilizing a particular communication
technology.

The table below shows the use of particular communication modules in various reviewed
research papers depicted through references.

MODULES REFERENCES
ESP8266 [9,11,12,13,14,16,17,18,21,25,32,41,42,43,44,46,47,48,53,55,56,58,65,66,78,79,
87,90,92]
SIM900 [15,25,52,53,58,76]
 Xbee S2 [32,36,61]
SX686 [41,51,95]

As stated under communication technologies, Wi-Fi technology is mostly used. Of all

communication modules supporting Wi-Fi, ESP8266 is used in the maximum number of selected
research papers, followed by the SIM900 GSM module. Xbee S2 module supports ZigBee
technology and SX686 module supports LoRa technology.

There can be various other modules that support a particular communication technology that is
used in other papers. For e.g. WiFi modules such as the ESP32 [32] and ESP1 [10], LoRa
modules such as the Feather 32u4 [91], and the LoRa ESP32 [96] have been used in one paper
each. GSM modules such as the SIM800 are utilized in [88,93].

CLOUD PLATFORMS

This section focuses on the most frequently used cloud systems for IoT in the irrigation systems.

Cloud is a platform for storing data collected by sensors, processing, and transmitting it to a
specified location.

The review of selected research papers suggests that ThingSpeak is most widely used as it can be
a cloud server for the large number of IoT hardware Platforms including Arduinos, raspberry pi
models, NodeMCUs. It has been used in [15,16,20,46,50,60,63,65,66,68,91]. ThingSpeak has
great inherent features and provides both free and paid subscriptions. Algorithms are made in
MATLAB.

Same of the papers have used databases such as MySQL [27,28,31,34,35,46,61,72,78,93,95] and
SQL [32,55]

CONCLUSION

In this paper we have discussed that the automated irrigation system is an important aspect to our
upcoming generation where water scarcity, labour short comes, the capital problems would occur
that can be reduced by technological advancements in the irrigation system. This will increase
our food productivity, fresh water conservation, soil fertility would be enhanced by a limited
amount of manure. Thus, over the years, the researches on how to manage water usuage for
irrigation have increased. In this paper, we have provided a summary of the real state of the
method regarding IoT irrigation systems for agriculture, identified the most utilized technologies
for IoT, sensors, for the irrigation of crops, and the most popular wireless technologies.

Those sensors that composed of 2 forks, inserted in the soil and the principle of moisture
measurement was conductivity between two electrodes embossed on these forks, are most
common. YL69 is one such sensor. Low-cost sensors for monitoring gardens, crops, agriculture,
new such sensors are being proposed in researches like a leaf water stress monitoring sensor, a
multi-level soil moisture sensor comprised of copper rings placed along a PVC pipe, a water
salinity monitoring sensor made with copper coils and a water turbidity sensor made with
colored and infrared led emitters and receptors. A sensor that can measure both moisture content
and temperature simultaneously is VH400,

For IoT, a simple microcontroller or a development board can be used depending on functional
requirements. The most utilized microcontrollers in selected reaserach papers are Atmega2560
and Atmega328. Atmega2560 has more memory, more pins, and more built-in hardware
peripherals and hence costlier than Atmega328. Their selection depends upon a number of
parameters to be looked upon in irrigation systems. The most commonly chosen development
boards are the Arduino Boards in which Arduino UNO has the most use currently. Arduino
Mega was least preferred.

The considerations in communication technologies involve the distance at which devices

communicate and the amount of data that is shared. In communication technologies, Wi-Fi
technology is mostly used, ESP8266 module supporting Wi-Fi is used in maximum number,
followed by the SIM900 GSM module. Xbee S2 module supports ZigBee technology and SX686
module supports LoRa technology.

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