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Q1) Consider the following statements Q1) राज्य के नीति तनदे शक तिद्ाां ि ां के
w.r.t Directive Principles of State Policy: िांबांध में तनम्नतिखिि कथन ां पर तिचार
करें :
1) The framers of the Constitution
borrowed this idea from the Irish 1) िांतिधान के तनमाािाओां ने इि
Constitution. तिद्ाांि क आयररश िांतिधान िे
2) The Directive Principles resemble तिया है ।
the ‘Instrument of Instructions’. 2) तनदे शक तिद्ाांि 'तनदे श ां के िाधन'
िे तमििे जु ििे हैं ।
Which of the above statements is/are
correct? उपर क्त में िे कौन िा/िे कथन िही
है /हैं ?
A) Only 1 B) Only 2
C) Both D) None A) Only 1 B) Only 2
C) Both D) None
C) Both

• Directive Principles of State Policy are enumerated in Part IV of the

Constitution from Articles 36 to 51 .

• The framers of the Constitution borrowed this idea from the Irish
Constitution of 1937, which had copied it from the Spanish
Constitution.

• The Directive Principles resemble the ‘Instrument of Instructions’

enumerated in the Government of India Act of 1935.
In the words of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, ‘the Directive Principles are
like the instrument of instructions, which were issued to the
Governor-General and to the Governors of the colonies of India
by the British Government under the Government of India Act of
1935.

What is called Directive Principles is merely another name for

the instrument of instructions.

The only difference is that they are instructions to the

legislature and the executive’.
Q2) Which among the following is
not a Directive Principles of State
Policy
A. To promote equal justice and
to provide free legal aid to the
poor
B. To make provision for just and
humane conditions of work
and maternity relief
C. The right to adequate means
of livelihood for all citizens
D. Right against solitary
confinement and speedy trial.
Q2) तनम्नतिखिि में िे कौन राज्य के
नीति तनदे शक तिद्ाांि नही ां है ?
A. िमान न्याय क बढािा दे ना और
गरीब ां क मुफ्त कानूनी िहायिा
प्रदान करना
B. काम की न्यायिांगि और मानिीय
पररखथथतिय ां और मािृ त्व राहि
का प्रािधान करना
C. िभी नागररक ां के तिए
आजीतिका के पयााप्त िाधन का
अतधकार
D. एकान्त कारािाि और त्वररि
िुनिाई के तिरुद् अतधकार का
प्रािधान करना
D) Right against solitary confinement and speedy trial.

Classification Of The Directive Principles

The Constitution does not contain any classification of Directive

Principles.

However, on the basis of their content and direction, they can be

classified into three broad categories, viz,

• Socialistic
• Gandhian
• liberal-intellectual
Socialistic Principles

Article 39 A - To promote equal justice and to

provide free legal aid to the poor.

Article 42 - To make provision for just and humane

conditions of work and maternity relief
Article 39

• the right to adequate means of livelihood for all citizens;

• the equitable distribution of material resources of the
community for the common good;
• prevention of concentration of wealth and means of
production
The Supreme Court has reaffirmed its judgement in the Menaka
case in the subsequent cases. It has declared the following rights as
part of Article 21:

• Right to shelter
• Right to health.
• Right to free education up to 14 years of age.
• Right to free legal aid.
• Right against solitary confinement.
• Right to speedy trial.
Q3) The 42nd Amendment Act of
1976 added which new Directive
Principles to the original list.
A. To secure opportunities for
healthy development of children.
B. To separate the judiciary from
the executive in the public
services of the State.
C. To protect monuments, places
and objects of artistic or historic
interest which are declared to be
of national importance.
D. To promote international peace
and security.
Q3) 1976 के 42िें िांश धन
अतधतनयम ने मू ि िूची में कौन िे नए
तनदे शक तिद्ाां ि ज डे थे
A. बच् ां के स्वथथ तिकाि के अििर ां
क िुरतिि करना।
B. राज्य की िािाजतनक िेिाओां में
न्यायपातिका क कायापातिका िे
अिग करना।
C. राष्ट्रीय महत्व के घ तिि तकए गए
किात्मक या ऐतिहातिक तहि ां के
स्मारक ,ां थथान ां और िस्तुओ ां की
रिा करना।
D. अांिराा ष्ट्रीय शाां ति और िुरिा क
बढािा दे ना।
A) To secure opportunities for healthy development of children

The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added four new Directive

Principles to the original list.

They require the State:

1. To secure opportunities for healthy development of children

(Article 39).

2. To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor
(Article 39 A).
3. To take steps to secure the participation of workers in the
management of industries (Article 43 A).

4. To protect and improve the environment and to safeguard

forests and wild life (Article 48 A).

The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 added one more Directive

Principle, which requires the State to minimise inequalities in
income, status, facilities and opportunities (Article 38).
Original list

• To protect monuments, places and objects of artistic or

historic interest which are declared to be of national
importance (Article 49).

• To separate the judiciary from the executive in the

public services of the State (Article 50).

• To promote international peace and security (Article

51)
Q4) Consider the following statements: Q4) तनम्नतिखिि कथन ां पर तिचार करें :

1) Article 350 A - Instruction in mother 1) अनुच्छेद 350 ए- मािृभािा में तनदे श

tongue.
2) अनुच्छेद 351- तहां दी भािा का तिकाि।
2) Article 351 - Development of the
Hindi Language. 3) अनुच्छेद 349 - िेिाओां के तिए
अनुिूतचि जाति और अनुिूतचि
3) Article 337- Claims of SCs and STs to जनजाति के दािे
Services

उपर क्त में िे कौन िा युग्म िही िु मेतिि

Which of the above pair is not correctly नही ां है ?
matched?

A) Only 1 B) Only 2
A) Only 1 B) Only 2
C) Only 3 D) None
C) Only 3 D) None
C) Only 3

Apart from the Directives included in Part IV, there are some
other Directives contained in other Parts of the Constitution.

• Claims of SCs and STs to Services : (Article 335 in Part XVI)

• Instruction in mother tongue: (Article 350-A in Part XVII).

• Development of the Hindi Language: (Article 351 in Part XVII).

The above Directives are also non-justiciable in nature.

Q5) Consider the following Q5) 1976 में 42िें िांतिधान िांश धन
statements w.r.t 42nd Constitutional अतधतनयम के िांबांध में तनम्नतिखिि
Amendment Act in 1976. कथन ां पर तिचार करें ।

1) It added the Part IVA to the

Constitution. 1) इिने िांतिधान में भाग IVA क
2) Article 51A was inserted. ज डा।
3) Eight Fundamental Duties were 2) अनुच्छेद 51ए ज डा गया।
inserted in the Constitution 3) प्रारां भ में िांतिधान में आठ मौतिक
initially. किाव् ां क शातमि तकया गया था।

Which of the above statements

is/are correct? उपर क्त में िे कौन िा/िे कथन िही
है /हैं ?
A) 1,2&3 B) 2&3
C) 1&3 D) 1&2 A) 1,2&3 B) 2&3
C) 1&3 D) 1&2
D) 1&2

42nd Constitutional Amendment Act in 1976.

This amendment added a new part, namely, Part IVA to the

Constitution.

This new part consists of only one Article, that is, Article
51A which for the first time specified a code of ten
fundamental duties of the citizens.
Though the Swaran Singh Committee suggested the
incorporation of eight Fundamental Duties in the
Constitution, the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act (1976)
included ten Fundamental Duties
Q6) Which of the following
fundamental duty was added by 86th
Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002?
A) to safeguard public property and
to abjure violence.
B) to value and preserve the rich
heritage of the country’s
composite culture
C) to provide opportunities for
education to his child or ward
between the age of six and
fourteen years
D) None of the above
Q6) तनम्नतिखिि में िे कौन िा
मौतिक किाव् 86िें िांतिधान
िांश धन अतधतनयम, 2002 द्वारा
ज डा गया था?
A. िािाजतनक िांपति की रिा
करना और तहां िा िे दू र रहना
B. दे श की तमतिि िांस्कृति की
िमृ द् तिरािि क महत्व दे ना
और िांरतिि करना
C. छह िे चौदह ििा की आयु के
बीच अपने बच्े क तशिा के
अििर प्रदान करिाना।
D. इनमे िे क ई भी नही ां
C) to provide opportunities for education to his child or ward between the
age of six and fourteen years

List of Fundamental Duties

According to Article 51A, it shall be the duty of every citizen of India:

• to defend the country and render national service when called

upon to do so.
• to safeguard public property and to abjure violence.
• to value and preserve the rich heritage of the country’s composite
culture
• to provide opportunities for education to his child or ward
between the age of six and fourteen years. This duty was
added by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002
Q7) Consider the following statements Q7) मौतिक किाव् ां के िांबांध में
w.r.t Fundamental Duties:
तनम्नतिखिि कथन ां पर तिचार करें :

1) Some of them are moral duties

while others are civic duties.
2) Fundamental Duties have to be
followed by both the citizens and
foreigners living in the country.
3) Fundamental duties are non-
justiciable.
1) उनमें िे कुछ नैतिक किाव् हैं जबतक
अन्य नागररक किाव् हैं ।
2) दे श में रहने िािे नागररक ां और
तिदे तशय ां द न ां क मौतिक किाव् ां का
पािन करना ह िा है ।
3) मौतिक किाव् न्याय तचि नही ां हैं ।

Which of the above statements is/are

correct? उपर क्त में िे कौन िा/िे कथन िही है /हैं ?

A) 1&3 B) 2&3 A) 1&3 B) 2&3

C) Only 3 D) 1&2 C) Only 3 D) 1&2
A) 1&3

Features Of The Fundamental Duties

• Some of them are moral duties while others are civic duties. For
instance, cherishing noble ideals of freedom struggle is a moral
precept and respecting the Constitution, National Flag and National
Anthem is a civic duty.

• Unlike some of the Fundamental Rights which extend to all persons

whether citizens or foreigners , the Fundamental Duties are confined
to citizens only and do not extend to foreigners.
• Like the Directive Principles, the fundamental duties are also
non-justiciable. The Constitution does not provide for their
direct enforcement by the courts.

Moreover, there is not legal sanction against their violation.

However, the Parliament is free to enforce them by suitable
legislation
Q8) Consider the following Q8) तनम्नतिखिि कथन ां पर तिचार करें :
statements:

1) Article 368 in Part XXI of the 1) िांतिधान के भाग XXI का अनुच्छेद

Constitution deals with the 368 िांतिधान में िांश धन करने के तिए
powers of Parliament to amend िांिद की शखक्तय ां िे िांबांतधि है ।
the Constitution.
2) तिशेि बहुमि िे ही िांतिधान में
2) The constitution can be िांश धन तकया जा िकिा है ।।
amended only by special
majority.
उपर क्त में िे कौन िा/िे कथन िही है /हैं ?
Which of the above statements
is/are correct?
A) Only 1 B) Only 2
A) Only 1 B) Only 2 C) Both D) None
C) Both D) None
D) None

Article 368 in Part XX of the Constitution deals with the powers of

Parliament to amend the Constitution and its procedure.

It states that the Parliament may, in exercise of its constituent

power, amend by way of addition, variation or repeal any
provision of the Constitution in accordance with the procedure
laid down for the purpose.

However, the Parliament cannot amend those provisions which

form the ‘basic structure’ of the Constitution. This was ruled by
the Supreme Court in the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973)
Article 368 provides for two types of amendments, that is,

• By a special majority of Parliament

• Also through the ratification of half of the states by a simple

majority.

• But, some other articles provide for the amendment of certain

provisions of the Constitution by a simple majority of Parliament,
that is, a majority of the members of each House present and voting
(similar to the ordinary legislative process). Notably, these
amendments are not deemed to be amendments of the Constitution
for the purposes of Article 368.
Types Of Amendments

Constitution can be amended in three ways:

(a) Amendment by simple majority of the Parliament

(b) Amendment by special majority of the Parliament
(c) Amendment by special majority of the Parliament and
the ratification of half of the state legislatures.
Q9) Consider the following statements w.r.t Q9) िांतिधान में िांश धन की प्रतिया के िांबांध
the procedure for the amendment of the में तनम्नतिखिि कथन ां पर तिचार करें :
Constitution

1) िांतिधान में िांश धन केिि िांिद के

1) An amendment of the Constitution can be
initiated only by the introduction of a bill
for the purpose in either House of
2)
Parliament.
2) The bill can be introduced either by a
minister or by a private member and
require prior permission of the president.
तकिी भी िदन में एक तिधेयक पेश
करके शुरू तकया जा िकिा है
तिधेयक क या ि एक मांत्री या एक तनजी
िदस्य द्वारा पेश तकया जा िकिा है और
इिके तिए राष्ट्रपति की पूिा अनुमति की
आिश्यकिा ह िी है।

उपर क्त में िे कौन िा/िे कथन िही है /हैं?

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

A) Only 1 B) Only 2
A) Only 1 B) Only 2
C) Both D) None
C) Both D) None
A) Only 1

The procedure for the amendment of the Constitution as laid down in

Article 368:

• An amendment of the Constitution can be initiated only by the

introduction of a bill for the purpose in either House of Parliament and
not in the state legislatures.

• The bill can be introduced either by a minister or by a private member

and does not require prior permission of the president.
Q10) Which of the following provisions Q10) तनम्नतिखिि में िे तकि प्रािधान क
can be amended by a simple majority िांिद के िाधारण बहुमि िे िांश तधि तकया
of Parliament? जा िकिा है ?

1) Admission or establishment of
new states. 1) नए राज्य ां क ज डना या उनकी
थथापना।
2) Abolition or creation of legislative
councils in states. 2) राज्य ां में तिधान पररिद ां का उन्मूिन या
3) Election of the President and its तनमााण।
manner. 3) राष्ट्रपति का चुनाि और उिका िरीका।

Options: तिकल्प:

A) 1,2&3 B) 1&2
A) 1,2&3 B) 1&2
C) 2&3 D) Only 2
C) 2&3 D) Only 2
B) 1&2

By Simple Majority of Parliament

A number of provisions in the Constitution can be amended by a simple

majority of the two Houses of Parliament outside the scope of Article 368.
These provisions include:

• Admission or establishment of new states.

• Formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of
existing states.
• Abolition or creation of legislative councils in states.
By Special Majority of Parliament and Consent of States

• Election of the President and its manner.

• Extent of the executive power of the Union and the states.
• Supreme Court and high courts.
• Distribution of legislative powers between the Union and the
states. Goods and Services Tax Council.
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