Digital signal processing

Dr. Saad Muhi Falih

DSP-II p. 1

Chapter 1

Discrete-Time Signals

and

Discrete-Time Systems

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• A discrete-time signal x ( n ) is a function of an
independent variable that is an integer.
• It is graphically represented as in Fig. 1.1.
• It is important to note that a discrete-time
signal is not defined at instants between two
successive samples.

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• In this lectures, we will assume that a discrete-

time signal is defined for every integer value n
for - < n <  .
• We refer to x ( n ) as the "nth sample" of the
signal
• if the signal x ( n ) is obtained from sampling an
analog signal xa(t), then x ( n ) = xa(nT), where T
is the sampling period
• sampling period is the time between successive
samples.

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 representation of a discrete-time signal

1. graphical representation

2. Functional representation

3. Tabular representation

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representation of a discrete-time signal

3. Sequence representation

• An infinite-duration signal or sequence with the time origin (n = 0)

indicated by the symbol f is represented as:

• A sequence x ( n ) , which is zero for n < 0. Therefore, we can represented

as

• A finite-duration sequence can be represented as

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 Some Elementary Discrete-Time Signals

In our study of discrete-time signals and systems there

are a number of basic signals that appear often and play
an important role. These signals are defined below.
1. The unit sample sequence: is denoted as ( n ) and is
defined as

Note: Unit Impulse in analog signals

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Some Elementary Discrete-Time Signals

2. The unit step signal is denoted as u(n) and is defined

as

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 Some Elementary Discrete-Time Signals

3. The unit ramp signal is denoted as ur(n) and is

defined as

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Some Elementary Discrete-Time Signals

4. The exponential signal is a sequence of the form

If the parameter a is real, then x ( n ) is a real signal. As shown below

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 Some Elementary Discrete-Time Signals

• When the parameter a is complex valued. it can be

expressed as

where r and  are now the parameters. Hence we can express x ( n )

as

Since X( n ) is now complex valued. it can be represented graphically

by plotting the real part

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Some Elementary Discrete-Time Signals

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 Some Elementary Discrete-Time Signals

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Classification of Discrete-Time Signals

1. Energy signals and power signals.

The energy E of a signal x ( n ) is defined as:

• The energy of a signal can be finite or infinite.

• If E is finite (i.e., 0 < E < ), then x( n ) is called an
energy signal.

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 Energy signals and power signals.

Many signals that have infinite energy, have a finite average power,
therefore, this signal is called an power signal.

The average power of discrete time signal x(n) is defined as:

• If we define the signal energy of x( n ) over the finite

interval -N ≤ n ≤ N as

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Energy signals and power signals.

• then we can express the signal energy E as

• and the average power of the signal x( n ) as

• Clearly, if E is finite. P = 0.
• On the other hand. if E is infinite, the average power P
may be either finite or infinite.
• If P is finite (and nonzero), the signal is called a power
signal.

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 Energy signals and power signals.

Example: Determine the power and energy of the unit step

sequence.
Solution:

• the unit step sequence is a power signal.

• Its energy is infinite.
• Similarly, it can be shown that the complex exponential sequence
x ( n ) =Aej0n has average power A2. so it is a power signal.
• On the other hand, the unit ramp sequence is neither a power
signal nor an energy signal.
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Classification of Discrete-Time Signals

2. Periodic signals and aperiodic signals.
• A signal x( n ) is periodic with period N ( N > 0) if
and only if

• The smallest value of N is called the

(fundamental) period.
• If there is no value of N that satisfies equation
above, the signal is called nonperiodic or
aperiodic.

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 Periodic signals and aperiodic signals

• We have already observed that the sinusoidal signal of the form

𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐴. 𝑠𝑖𝑛(Ω𝑛 + 𝜙)
is periodic when

𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑁 = 𝐴. sin(Ω𝑛 + Ω𝑁 + 𝜙)
And
2𝜋𝑘
Ω𝑁 = 2𝜋𝑘 ⇒ 𝑁 =
2𝜋𝑓𝑜
Where f0 is a rational number, that is, if f0 can be expressed as

where k and N are integers.

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Periodic signals and aperiodic signals

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 Periodic signals and aperiodic signals

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Periodic signals and aperiodic signals

• The energy of a periodic signal x ( n ) over a single period, say.

Over the interval 0 ≤ n ≤ N – 1, is finite if x ( n ) takes on finite
values over the period.
• However, the energy of the periodic signal for - ≤ n ≤  is
infinite.
• On the other hand, the average power of the periodic signal is
finite and it is equal to the average power over a single period.
• Thus if x( n ) is a periodic signal with fundamental period N and
takes on finite values, its power is given by

• The periodic signals are power signals.

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 Classification of Discrete-Time Signals
3. Symmetric (even) and antisymmetric (odd) signals
• A real-valued signal x( n ) is called symmetric
(even) if

• On the other hand, a signal x(n) is called

antisymmetric (odd) if

• We note that if x( n ) is odd, then x(O) = 0.

Examples of signals with even and odd symmetry
are illustrated in Fig below.

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Symmetric (even) and antisymmetric (odd) signals

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 Symmetric (even) and antisymmetric (odd) signals

• Any signal x ( n ) may be decomposed into a sum of

its even part, xe(n), and its odd part, xo(n), as follows:
• The even signal component is formed by adding x( n )
to x(-n) and dividing by 2. that is.

• Similarly, we form an odd signal component xo(n)

according to the relation

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Symmetric (even) and antisymmetric (odd) signals

• Now, if we add the two signal components, we obtain

x ( n ) , that is,

• Definition: A complex signal is said to be conjugate

symmetric if, for all n ,

• and a signal is said to be conjugate antisymmetric if,

for all n ,

• Any complex signal may always be decomposed into

a sum of a conjugate symmetric signal and a
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 Symmetric (even) and antisymmetric (odd) signals

Example: Find the even and odd parts of the following signals

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Symmetric (even) and antisymmetric (odd) signals

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 END

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