Digital signal processing

Dr. Saad Muhi Falih

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Chapter 1

Discrete-Time Signals

Simple Manipulations of Discrete-Time

Signals

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Simple Manipulations of Discrete-Time Signals

We consider some simple modifications or manipulations involving

the independent variable and the signal amplitude (dependent
variable).
1. Transformation of the independent variable (time).
A signal x ( n ) may be shifted in time by replacing the independent
variable n by n - k. where k is an integer. If k is a positive integer, the
time shift results in a delay of the signal by k units of time. If k is a
negative integer, the time shift results in an advance of the signal by
|k| units in time.
Example :A signal x ( n ) is graphically illustrated in Fig.a. Show a
graphical representation of the signals x(n - 3) and x(n + 2).
Solution:
• The signal x(n -3) is obtained by delaying x ( n ) by three units in
time. The result is illustrated in b.
• On the other hand, the signal x(n + 2) is obtained by advancing
x(n) by two units in time. The result is illustrated in Fig c.
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Simple Manipulations of Discrete-Time Signals

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Simple Manipulations of Discrete-Time Signals
2. Folding or a Reflection or Flipping or Reversal
of the signal
• Another useful modification of the time base is
to replace the independent variable n by -n. The
result of this operation is a Folding or a
Reflection or Flipping or Reversal of the signal
about the time origin n = 0.

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Simple Manipulations of Discrete-Time Signals

3. Time Scaling
• A third modification of the independent variable is Time Scaling.
This transformation is defined by f (n) = Mn or f (n) = n/ N where M and
N are positive integers. In the case of f (n) = Mn, the sequence x(Mn) is
formed by taking every Mth sample of x(n) (this operation is known as
down-sampling). With f (n) = n/N the sequence y(n) =x( f (n)) is defined
as follows:

• This operation is known as up-sampling.

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 Simple Manipulations of Discrete-Time Signals

• Examples of time scaling a signal are illustrated in Fig. below.

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Simple Manipulations of Discrete-Time Signals

• Shifting, reversal, and time-scaling operations are order-

dependent. Therefore, one needs to be careful in evaluating
compositions of these operations. For example, Fig. below shows
two systems, one that consists of a delay followed by a reversal
and one that is a reversal followed by a delay. As indicated. the
outputs of these two systems are not the same.

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 Simple Manipulations of Discrete-Time Signals

• Addition, Multiplication, and Scaling

1. Addition: The sum of two signals

is formed by the pointwise addition of the signal values.

2. Multiplication The multiplication of two signals

is formed by the pointwise product of the signal values.

3. Scaling Amplitude scaling of a signal x(n) by a constant c is accomplished by
multiplying every signal value by c:

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Simple Manipulations of Discrete-Time Signals

Examples:
1) X1(n)={0,3,2,5,6}, and x2(n)={2,4,-1,4,0}
Z(n)=X1(n)+x2(n) for all n
Z(n)= {2,7,1,9,6}
2) X1(n)={0,3,2,5,6}, and x2(n)={2,4,-1,4,0}
y(n)=X1(n).x2(n) for all n
y(n)={0,12,-2,20,0}
3) X1(n)={0,3,2,5,6}
S(n)=3.X1(n) for all n
S(n)={0,9,6,15,18}
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 DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS
• In many applications of digital signal processing we wish to
design a device (Hardware) or an algorithm (Software) that
performs some prescribed operation on a discrete-time signal.
Such a device or algorithm is called a discrete-time system.
• a discrete-time system is operates on a discrete-time signal,
called the input or excitation. according to some well-defined rule,
to produce another discrete-time signal called the output or
response of the system.
• In general, we view a system as an operation or a set of
operations performed on the input signal x(n) to produce the
output signal y ( n )
• We say that the input signal x ( n ) is transformed by the system
into a signal y ( n ) and express the general relationship between
x( n ) and y(n)

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Discrete-Time Systems
• where the symbol T denotes the transformation (also
called an operator), or processing performed by the
system on x( n ) to produce y ( n ) {i.e: 𝑦 ( 𝑛 ) =
𝑇[𝑥(𝑡)]}.
• Some time the symbol S[--] use to represent the
transfer function of the system.
• There are various ways to describe the characteristics
of the system and the operation it performs on x ( n ) to
produce y ( n ):
1. Input-Output Description of Systems.
2. Block Diagram Representation of Discrete-Time
Systems.
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 Input-Output Description of Systems
• The input-output description of a discrete-time
system consists of a mathematical expression
or a rule, which explicitly defines the relation
between the input and output signals (input-
output relationship).
• The exact internal structure of the system is
either unknown or ignored.
• Thus the only way to interact with the system
is by using its input and output terminals (i.e.,
the system is assumed to be a "black box" to
the user).

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Input-Output Description of Systems

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 Input-Output Description of Systems

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END

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