Challenges in Implementation of 5G

The development of 5G networks is fraught with difficulties. They can be split into technical and
non-technical categories, including business continuity, societal concerns, and regulation-related
problems.

1. Technical Challenges: The introduction of 5G has technical obstacles in the areas of mm

Wave, D2D communications, backhaul, technology maturity, security issues, and EMF
and technology Maturity.

 Mm Wave: The 5G mobile network has been suggested to include mm Wave

communications as a key component to deliver eMBB services like VR, AR, and
ultra-high-definition video (UHDV). It can satisfy the demands of rapidly
increasing mobile traffic demand and lessen the effects of wireless bandwidth
bottlenecks, which are a major issue for 5G networks. However, the difficulties
with mm Wave communications are electromagnetic signal blocking and
integrated circuit design. These 60 GHz-band waves are sensitive to obstruction
from obstacles (e.g., humans and furniture).

 D2D communication: In the 5G era, there are primarily two problems with D2D
communications. Because there is no operator control as a central organisation for
direct communications, interference management, and resource allocation, the
first one is managing and limiting interference among D2D devices and microcell
users. Due to the fact that D2D communication routes user data through other
users' devices, security and privacy are also issues.

 Security Challenges: In order to provide services and use cases, the 5G network
leverages cutting-edge technologies including virtualization, software-defined
networking (SDN), and network function virtualization (NFV). On the other side,
unless the network architecture is secure, service security cannot be offered.
Traditional networks include components that are isolated from one another,
whereas 5G networks have virtualized services and shared infrastructure
resources. In this setting, many virtual network slices are formed, requiring
various levels of protection. In addition, security heterogeneity in 5G networks is
a novel issue that needs to be taken into account. The ITU service framework
states that 5G supports a variety of services with varying requirements, including
mMTC, URLLC, and eMBB. Different levels of security are required for each of
them.
  Spectrum Allocation: 5G needs a lot of spectrum in order to deliver faster data
rates and enormous network capacity. A low frequency band of less than 1 GHz, a
mid-frequency band (in the range of 2.3 to 3.5 GHz), and a high frequency band
(mm Wave in the range of 26 to 100 GHz) are all required. A buy-back option is
required if a portion of the required band of spectrum has already been sold to a
third party for another use, which may not always be possible. It might result in
some legal problems. Additionally, a portion of the spectrum might already
belong to governmental entities, in which case the regulating body would need to
engage in a difficult negotiation process to reclaim it.

2. Non-technical Challenges: Business continuity and societal difficulties have been

classified as non-technical obstacles to 5G deployment. Business models and investment
costs have been used to examine business continuity.

 Investment Cost: Supporting tailored slicing requirements in the 5G network

necessitates reconstructing the radio and core networks in terms of employing
new technologies like SDN, NFV, and Microcells [24]. For instance, it costs a lot
of capital to roll up a small, dense network in an urban setting. On the other hand,
because of the expensive capex, installing microcell networks in rural locations
could not be financially viable. Furthermore, these expenses are increased by the
current network's OPEX. The development of backhaul necessitates investments
in fiber deployment, which raises the price of the prior one. In this regard,
investment needs to be taken into account and examined for 5G adoption.

 Culture and Digital Literacy: Lack of digital literacy can make it difficult to use
the new 5G services available, which can have an impact on both operator
revenue and 5G adoption. In the digital context, schooling that accelerates
emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses might offer new benefits.

References:

https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=106943
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
340305038_5G_Implementation_Major_Issues_and_Challenges