I Congreso Internacional de Ingeniería

Industria 4.0 – 14 y 15 de Noviembre 2019

Improving Security in the Internet of Things

(IoT) through Bio-Inspired Approaches

Dr. Heena Rathore

Visiting Professor
Texas A&M University, USA
heena.Rathore@ieee.org
 https://innovate.ieee.org/innovation-spotlight-ieee-fueling-fourth-industrial-revolution/

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 Focus of Today’s Presentation

https://innovate.ieee.org/innovation-spotlight-ieee-fueling-fourth-industrial-revolution/

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Internet of Things

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 Evolution of systems
Distributed
systems
• Single computer, • Autonomously acting
its peripherals, single systems
and perhaps some • Collection of performing local
remote terminals. independent programs and acting on
computers that local data but
appears to users as a participating on a global
Monolithic / single coherent task. Self-organizing
centralized system autonomous
systems systems

Characteristics of IoT Devices

Scalabilit Mobility Diversity
y
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 System Overview of Security Attacks in
IoT

Restuccia, F., D’Oro, S. and Melodia, T., 2018. Securing the Internet of Things in the Age of Machine Learning and Software-defined Networking. IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

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 Why Biological
Organisms as
Inspiration?

• Adaptive to varying environmental circumstances.

• Robust and resilient to failures.
• Achieve complex behaviors via limited set of basic rules.
• Learn and evolve when new conditions are applied.
• Effective management of constrained resources.
• Self-organize.
• Survive.

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 Taxonomy of Network Research
Inspired by Biology

Routing Security

Malware
propagation Intrusion Rumor
Social insect
detection Spreading in OSN
routing

Epidemiology**
Intelligent Immune
Ant colony (information
water drop** System**
optimization epidemics)
Heena et. al, NaBIC, 2012
Heena et. al, IJCA, 2014 Heena et. al, AMS, 2012

Admission Quality of Connectivity and

control service dynamism

Streaming Coding

Feedback loops Fireflies

Bird colony Bee colony for kidney blood synchronization
11/14/2019 optimization optimization pressure
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 IoT Security: Two Phase Approach

Machine Learning Model Generation of

Sociopsychological Model virtual
Consensus Aware antibodies and
Sociopsychological Model antigens

Detection Phase Recovery Phase

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 Flowchart for ML

Data sent to
cloud
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Heena Rathore, Sushmita Jha, “Bio-Inspired Machine Learning Based Wireless
11/14/2019 DrSensor Network Security”, in IEEE World Congress on Nature and Biologically Inspired
Heena Rathore 11
Computing (NaBIC), no. 5, 2013.
 Challenges in Machine Learning
• High space and time complexity.

• Reduces energy efficiency of energy constrained sensor nodes.

• Selection of training set.

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 Duke University Psychology and Neuroscience Organizational Development by Carrie Foster,
2013.

Sociopsychological Model

Roger et al., ``An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust’’, 1995. Harrison et al., ``Initial Trust formation in New Organizational 13
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Relationships’’, 1998.
 Psychological Trust Model
Tn  An (Bn   In )
where,     1
1 Functional
An   
0...Otherwise 
Bn  e | |E | |
pn
In 
pn  nn
E  Error  t n  t n '
Heena Rathore, Venkataramana Badarla and KJ George, “Sociopsychological Trust Model for Wire- less Sensor Networks’’, Elsevier Journal of
Network and Computer Applications, 2014.
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 Challenges in Sociopsychological Model
• Fradulent node detection
 n  1 1
 2  n
 

• Colluding data node problem

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 Consensus
Kelley's Covariation Model
Attribution Theory
The term covariation simply
Consensus Facilitation, PDCI
means that a person has information
from multiple observations, at different
times and situations, and can perceive
the covariation of an observed effect
and its causes.
Kelley believed that there were three types of causal information which
influenced our judgments:
•Consensus
•Distinctiveness
•Consistency
Kelley, H. H. (1967). Attribution theory in social psychology. In D. Levine (ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (Volume 15, pp. 192-238). Lincoln: University of Nebraska
Press

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 Consensus Aware Sociopsychological Model
Consensus Aware SP MODEL

Ability

Consensus
Benevolence Bn  e | |x  x '| |
Consistency
pn
Integrity In 
pn  n n

Trust calculation (T=A(αB+ βI))

If T<0.5

Malicious Benevolent
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Results

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 Comparative analysis
Method Machine learning Sociopsychological Consensus aware
model sociopsychological
model
Dependence on No Yes Yes
neighbors
Attacks Do not work for outliers, Do not work for Work well for all the
spikes, Colluding data node attacks
on-off attack attack
Space complexity O(k2) O(n) O(n2)

Time complexity O(k3) O(n) O(n2)

Response time 5 1 1

Malicious node ≈100% ≈50% ≈100%

detection percentage

k= number of samples, n= number of nodes

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 Recovery Phase- Immune Module

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 Flowchart

Sensor
Edge
Node

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A=2, 4, 8, 16 A=1.1, 1.2, 1.3
Relationship between weights and antigens
First instance of malicious node is detected

Prior to malicious node

Detection, weight = 1

Red line denotes

both antigen change
and weights

Weights assigned to measurement value are proportional

To the antigen value

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 Measurements (No Security)

Node becomes fraudulent

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 Measurements after recovery
WtdAvg+Inc

WtdAvg

WtdAvg+Dec
NonWtdAvg

Heena Rathore, Venkataramana Badarla, Sushmita Jha and Anupam Gupta, “Novel Approach for Security in Wireless Sensor Network using Bio-Inspirations,” in IEEE
International Conference on Communication Systems and Networks (COMSNETS), no. 6, pp. 1-8,2014.
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 Primary vs Secondary Response

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 Shutting Process can depend on:
Number of backup nodes:-
- Is a sensor node (Exponentially)
- Acts as a edge node (Linear)
Since it will allow leaf nodes to switch to another hop for transmission

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 Primary vs secondary response
(a)Linear increase for edge nodes

1
A(t )  
0.1  A(t  1)

(b)Exponential increase for sensor nodes

1
A(t )   n
2  A(t 0 )

Heena Rathore, Venkataramana Badarla, “Primary Secondary Immune Response Adaptation for Wireless Sensor Networks,” in IEEE International Conference on Sensing,
Communications and Networking (IEEE SECON), no.11, 2014.
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 Experimental Setup

(b)Soil moisture probe VH400 (c)Nodes and gateway communicate

(a)Field setup
through Zigbee

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(d)NI WSN-3294 Outdoor IP Enclosure (e)NI WSN-3202 (f)NI WSN 9792
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 (a)Measurements by the fraudulent node (b)Rate of change of A, B and I

(c)Trust ratings of fraudulent node (d)Recovery phase

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Experimental Results
 Conclusion

Machine Learning Model Generation of

Sociopsychological Model virtual
Consensus Aware antibodies and
Sociopsychological Model antigens

Detection Phase Recovery Phase

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 Drones and
Robotics

Self-driving cars

More efficient,
providing
economic
growth,
reducing
resource
consumption

Opportunities in the 4IR

Era
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 Thank You! 

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CREA IMPACTO POSITIVO Y
TRASCIENDE