UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY

College of Engineering and Architecture

Architecture Department

A Study of Lipa City through Urban and Regional Planning Issues

A Course Project

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

For PLN 3

By
Bautista, Ariane Joy R. 
Jawod, Glen Damiel B.
Mutya, Gerald L. 
Pureza, Joshua B. 

May 27, 2022

Part I: General discussion of the issues

1. Definition of terms 
1.1 Cultural Heritage  
Heritage may take various forms—intangibles like memories, emotions, beliefs,
and rituals, or tangibles like locations, structures, and landscapes—as can its application,
which can range from nation-building to marketing places. Heritage is often associated
with a conventional historical discourse, although it has recently expanded to include
peripheral appearances, frequently emerging from organizations on the periphery of that
traditional discourse as well. Heritage is used in a variety of contexts, including political,
cultural, and business goals, as well as educational and emancipatory purposes, to
mention a few. Understanding how to analyze legacy in order to grasp its meaning to
diverse people is thus a critical challenge.

The utilization of the past by modern society is referred to as cultural heritage.

"Our cultural legacy" shapes national stereotypes and regional identities, and it is a
contemporary or postmodern mirror of the past. In Europe it is generally connected with
historic city cores

UNESCO defines cultural heritage as "the legacy of physical artifacts and

intangible attributes of a group or society that are inherited from previous generations,
maintained in the present, and bestowed for the benefit of future generations."2 This
organization defines cultural heritage in three dimensions: monuments, groups of
buildings, and sites.

Source: http://whc.unesco.org/en/conventiontext/

1.2 Developments and Street Activities 

Streets, more than any other feature of urban design, have a considerable impact in
establishing urban form. Streets, as stated by Jacobs (1993) by the shapes they have
generated, possess several qualities that separate a city form from others. They aid in
defining the city's construction time, geographical qualities, underlying purposes, design
or political ideologies, technical needs, and local culture. Furthermore, according to
Lynch (1960), the street or "route" is the first and most important feature that builds the
picture of a city. Paths are the most apparent and remembered elements of a city, out of
all the nodes, landmarks, edges, and districts. Alleys, highways, trains, canals, and other
modes of transportation are also covered in this category.

It emphasizes the contextual link and interaction between people and the built
environment, as well as the relevance of informal street activities in the contemporary
urban design approach. Despite these benefits, local governments see informal activities
as a major impediment to the process of managing urban spaces because of the inherent
issues of conflicting occupation of public urban spaces, which impedes pedestrian and
vehicular movements, reduces sidewalk space, and, more often than not, degrades the
general cleanliness of the urban environment.

The Uses of Streets

According to Ellis (1986), streets can be physically split into street walls and street
space. The volumetric entity generated by the street wall is referred to as street space. It
appears as a confined arrangement and serves as the city's external room. In the
meanwhile, a street wall is an enclosure of street space that might take the shape of a
sequence of buildings or landscapes.

Streets as Channel of Movement

The roadway serves as a transportation conduit, connecting one location to
another. The roadway connects buildings both within the street and throughout the city.
As a connection, it promotes both pedestrian and vehicular travel, as well as the flow of
products. In respect to this role, Eichner and Tobey (1987) listed a variety of activities
including the use of the street as a mode of transportation.

Functional Uses 

 Vehicular Circulation  
 Through movement Picking up/dropping off passengers  
 Curb side parking  
 Access to parking  
 Buses On-street service  
 Off-street service  
 Emergency vehicle 
 Pedestrian Circulation  
 Through movement  
 Waiting for, boarding and alighting from vehicles (buses, auto, cars)  
 Entering and leaving subways 
 Crossing street Entering and leaving building
Streets as Social Space 
Streets can serve as a forum for social interaction. People engage with one another
on the street. It is in public area, where people may see and be seen. Eichner and Tobey
(1987) recognized many social functions of the roadway, which are illustrated.
Social and Amenity uses of Street
Strolling and window shopping Resting People-watching Vendors  Telephones 
Newspapers  Art works and banners  Eating  Waiting  Orientation/information  Street
performers  fountains  
Streets as Commercial Space
Some streets serve as a marketplace for commodities or as a venue to do business
(Rykwert, 1986 and Jacobs, 1993). People utilize the streets as much as they are
"allowed" to sell items and promote their wares. Pedestrians look, compare, converse
with their friends, bargain, and decide whether or not to purchase an item.
Streets in Asian cities have always acted as a venue for trade in addition to being a public
space. While individuals utilize the street to trade, several other economic-based informal
street activities, such as street vendors and street performers, take up the majority of the
street area.

Formal and Informal sector is due to the legal aspect. Most governments in the world
officially recognize the formal sector but not the informal one and assist in the allocation
of favorable locations, loans, subsidies, tariff protection and management training to the
formal sector. The state of an urban space, particularly the street as a center of human
activities is one of the most recognized matters which comes into the attention of an
urban designer. Street activities, which represent people‟s values, aspirations, and the
urban culture, are often discussed as “formal” and “informal” activities. In brief, formal
activities can be regarded as activities within the buildings of both sides of the street,
comprising big scale trading, legal and formal in nature and taking place in the private
spaces of the city. 

On the contrary, informal street activities, or in other terms “life between

buildings” (Gehl, 1987), “informal sector” (Bromley, 1979; Pena, 1999; Korff, 2000),
“street activities” (Rapoport, 1987), and “street culture” (Idid, 2004), comprise of all the
activities taking place in the street space, informal and public in nature, performed
communally and culturally acknowledged as people‟s values and aspirations (street
culture). 

The scope of the informal street activities is not only limited to the economic-
based informal street activities or street trading. Social activities including all communal
activities in street space or space between buildings are also considered as informal street
activities. The scope of economic, cultural and social-based informal activities is
provided as following:
Economic-based Informal Street Activities
The economic-based informal street activities (also called “the underground
economy”, and “the shadow economy”) refer to the small business, controlled by the
owner, taking place in a small space outside a building, like the business of a street
vendors, hawker, street artist (singer, painter, street comedian, street entertainer, etc).  

Social-based Informal Street Activities 

Gehl (1987) defines social activities as all activities that depend on the presence of
others in public spaces. Social activities include children at play, greetings and
conversations, communal activities of various kinds and finally – as the most widespread
social activity – passive contacts, that is, simply seeing and hearing other people. 
1.3 Economic Development 
Economic development is a term that refers to coordinated measures intended to
advance economic progress in a certain area. It refers to the process of creating and
maintaining wealth in a community. Every community has distinctive characteristics that
can be leveraged to attract employers and investment. Investing in these assets is one of
the most effective methods for communities to stimulate their economies.
Coordination of land-use decisions with the provision of infrastructure and
services that support corporate investment and market-ready (re)development is critical.
Local governments should establish a business-friendly regulatory framework that is both
supportive and simplified. 
All levels of government are involved in enacting policies that promote economic
development. Intergovernmental collaboration and engagement among corporations,
community organizations, civic leaders, and residents are essential for imagining and
constructing a better economy. When communities build on their unique advantages and
plan for expansion, the benefits compound. Local governments can play an important role
in economic development planning.

1.4 Equity 
As scholars, institutions, and development organizations grow to appreciate the
importance of urban equity, they also recognize that it has multiple meanings and
features. Some link it with justice and human rights; others with distribution and social
protection; and yet others with strict adherence to the law or processes of empowerment
and inclusion. The unifying denominator for all of these varied perspectives and
understandings is that equity refers to justice, and that achieving it requires leveling the
playing field politically, socially, and economically in local and global arenas.

Urban justice in development is more than an ideal that exists only in the domain
of thoughts or aspirations. It is a conceptual framework that guides decision-making to
improve people's lives in cities; a useful tool for redefining the urban policy agenda at the
local, national, and regional levels to ensure shared prosperity; and a factor to increase
the city's transformative capacity to bring about collective well-being and fulfillment for
all.
1.5 Spontaneous VS Planned Developments 

Many fields, including sociology, art, music, literature, and natural sciences,
regard spontaneous behavior as a desirable trait that can be identified as a natural process
or act. In the architectural and urban setting, spontaneity has many different meanings. In
an architectural context, however, spontaneity is often associated with poor, deprived and
dilapidated urban environments and It's often linked to unplanned urban phenomena.
Meaning to say, spontaneous or spontaneity encompasses a variety of unplanned
activities and experiences, and as such is subject to change, transformation, adaptation,
and mutation throughout the planning process and the duration of its life. Adekunle
(2014), defined Spontaneous as the outer spread of built-up areas as a result of expansion
with insufficient infrastructure. The emergence of spontaneous settlements is a byproduct
of urbanization, in which rents rise as cities develop, driving low-income earners to the
suburbs for easy access to places where they can find casual labor while remaining close
to the city.

         This, on the other hand, is very much contrasted to the planned development.
Its sole purpose is to provide for more flexibility in land use rules, allowing developers to
take a more creative approach to land development. To create a more acceptable living
environment, density limitations, setbacks, and other land use rules may be modified. A
planned development can provide a range of benefits, including the preservation of
natural features, the economy of shared services and amenities, and a development that is
more consistent with the surrounding region. Planned development also encourages
holistic real estate development by segmenting potential development by land use or
dwelling kinds, clustering uses (for example, residential vs. public use), and enhancing
the necessary coordination between developers and municipalities. This sort of regulation
aims to encourage coordinated planning, solid economics, and the protection of all
community members' interests.

 1.6 Tourism

Urban tourism, according to the United Nations World Tourism Organization

(UNWTO), is "a type of tourism activity that takes place in an urban space with its
inherent attributes characterized by non-agricultural based economies such as
administration, manufacturing, trade, and services, as well as being nodal points of
transportation." Urban/city destinations offer a broad and heterogeneous range of cultural,
architectural, technological, social, and natural experiences and products for lean
travelers. We can't state that there is an exhaustive definition of urban tourism in the
literature. Furthermore, urban tourism is a relatively new idea that began after 1970 and
grew rapidly after 1990. As a result, some authors regard specific kinds of urban tourism
separately, while others include these forms in the definition of urban tourism, giving the
term a more complicated meaning.
1.7 Transport and Mobility Issues
Cities are areas with a high level of economic activity accumulation and
concentration. Infrastructures, such as transportation systems, support complex spatial
structures. The more the complexity of a city, the greater the potential for disruptions,
especially when this complexity is not efficiently controlled. The ability of a city's
transportation infrastructure to move labor, consumers, and freight between many origins
and destinations is critical to its productivity. This includes traffic congestion and parking
difficulties, longer commuting, public transport inadequacy, difficulties for non-
motorized transport, and loss of space.

2. What do these issues have to do with the process of urbanization?

This 21st century brings infinite possibilities through the help of technology that
results in a fast-changing pace. This affects the way how urbanization changes over time
but due to multiple factors, it brings limitations and slows down the changes from
urbanization. 

2.1 Cultural Heritage

From a planning perspective, there have been several approaches to counteract the
decay of cities and manage their transformations. In the 1960s, urban revitalization
emerged as an approach to bring new life and to improve the social welfare in
deteriorated areas of cities (Roberts, 2004), without specifying a method of intervention
(Coach, 1990 cited in Tsenkova, 2002 p. 1). Urban renewal and redevelopment, the most
used approaches in the 1970s and 1980s respectively, implied intensive physical
interventions including demolitions and significant changes of the form and uses of the
intervened areas (Roberts, 2004; Coach, 1990 cited in Tsenkova, 2002 p. 1). In the 1990s,
urban regeneration emerged, with a more holistic approach to urban transformation
embedded in the emergent theory of sustainable development and consequently
considering social, economic and environmental factors (Roberts, 2004).

Urban regeneration stands out from other similar approaches because of its holistic
and comprehensive perspective. Roberts (2004) points out, among other characteristics,
that it considers the linkages between social and physical conditions, the relevance of
economic development for prosperity and life quality, and the need to understand the
political powers that shape development. Additionally, cultural identity has been
mentioned as an element that should be considered in urban regeneration because it
enhances the life quality of the residents (Barosio et al., 2016). The objective of
improving the life quality of the residents and the acknowledgement of the relevance of
cultural identity within the discussion of urban regeneration are of significance because
they indicate fundamental synergies in the contemporary agendas of urban regeneration
and urban heritage preservation.

2.2 Developments and Street Activities

 Streets and roads have a critical and multifaceted function in modern metropolitan
settings, serving as important physical and social places. Their spaces are part of the
primary spatial structure of urban landscapes, serving for movement and accessibility,
social and economic activities, and as the backbones of public and communal life. Roads
and streets are durable constructions that have a long-term impact on public and
constructed areas. Their 'gross' space is inflexible as a network structure. However, roads
and street networks have a tremendous potential to adapt to new applications and
technological innovation in their precise design.
Apart from the powerful reciprocal dynamic between mobility networks and
urbanisation, mobility and spatial planning are now separated. In general, mobility
infrastructure planning is organized by sector — technically, legally, financially, and
politically. The introduction of new road types, such as highways, also resulted in
infrastructure paradoxes, such as the creation of barriers (physical and social), a car-
dominated design paradigm, a car-culture that excludes people, and infrastructure side
effects such as environmental problems and traffic accidents. There are frequent conflicts
between different territorial scale levels (physical, governance).
2.3 Economic Development
The Complete Communities ideology promotes economic growth by providing a
framework for communities to expand on current plans and use local assets to improve
citizens' quality of life. When local governments implement Complete Communities
features, they bring together several aspects that work together to create places that are
enjoyable to live, work, and play. Businesses can recruit and retain bright personnel when
they are located in a region with a high quality of life.

2.4 Equity
When equality is embedded into urban development schemes, efficiency increases,
asset utilization improves, productivity rises, and social cohesion grows. The equation
"equity development" contributes to lowering barriers to individual/collective potential,
expanding opportunities, and strengthening civic involvement. It promotes deeper, more
durable transformation by creating equitable life opportunities with equal consideration
for people's needs.
2.5 Spontaneous VS Planned Developments
Because The world is getting increasingly urbanized, and the rate at which cities
and countries urbanize reflects the speed with which social and economic transformation
is occurring. Spontaneity is becoming a prominent feature of developing cities. As useful
as these urban centers are as demographic absorbers, their sheer size creates complex and
multifaceted problems on scales never seen before. It has been suggested that the growth
of spontaneity is a precursor to the urbanization of new areas. Building layouts in
spontaneity are essentially unplanned, unpretentious, and appear disorganized, with high
residential density, a poor drainage network, overcrowding, criminality, increased
hostility, deviant behavior, physical disorders, and mental illness. It portrays the city in a
completely neglected state, while the settlers, with few exceptions, lack security of
tenure, preventing them from investing in any standard home improvement and
development. On the other hand, Planned Development creates an acceptable living
environment, density limitations, setbacks, and other land use rules may be modified. A
planned development can provide a range of benefits, including the preservation of
natural features, the economy of shared services and amenities, and a development that is
more consistent with the surrounding region.
 
2.6 Tourism
According to the World Tourism Organization's most recent trends and forecasting
studies, cities will continue to be in high demand from all types of tourists, and the issues
associated with their management will need to be addressed more systematically by all
parties concerned. As a result, cities face a two-fold problem. To begin with, they must
be able to meet the needs and expectations of the growing number of tourists drawn to
their diverse range of cultural, business, entertainment, shopping, sports, and other
attractions; they must also continue to renovate and improve such facilities in order to
maintain their share of the competitive tourism market and the benefits that come with it.
Second, cities must guarantee that tourism is marketed and handled in a way that benefits
local citizens, does not degrade but rather enriches the urban environment, and does not
become a financial burden on local governments.
The relationship between tourism services and other aspects of urban design and
function can reveal a lot about a tourist city in the city area. The success or failure of
tourist attractions such as restaurants, hotels, and retail outlets in metropolitan areas has
been connected to proximity to a CBD, a residential neighborhood, and shopping malls.
People prefer a CBD that is more widely dispersed and concentrated, with essential
transportation links and clustered facilities at the city's core. Urban areas are popular
tourist sites and important recipients of both citizen engagement and tourism. People,
daily activities, and particular spaces for social interaction and recreational space are all
provided in urban areas that are not considered to be harmful to the environment
throughout city development. Social sustainability is an important characteristic of a
sustainable city and sustainable tourism in a developed metropolis, in addition to the
ecological, economic, and cultural dimensions.

2.7 Transport and Mobility Issues

Traffic congestion and parking difficulties.  Congestion is one of the most
common transportation issues in large urban areas. Congestion is closely linked to
motorization and the widespread use of automobiles, which has raised demand for
transportation infrastructure. Congestion and parking are linked because street parking
consumes transportation capacity, removing one or two lanes from urban highways for
circulation. Furthermore, hunting for a parking spot (often known as "cruising") causes
additional delays and impedes local traffic flow. Transport and mobility is a big factor in
urbanization since it is directly linked to how urbanization will take place. If a city
consists mostly of transport vehicles, there is less space for other activities which is
essential for urban development.
 Longer commuting. People are spending a rising amount of time commuting
between their home and employment, which is in line with traffic congestion. The
affordability of property placed further away from central locations (where the majority
of the employment remains) is a significant element driving this trend. As a result,
commuters are trading time on the road for housing affordability. Long commutes, on the
other hand, are associated with a number of social issues, including isolation (less time
spent with family or friends) and ill health (obesity). Commuting time is spent at the
expense of other economic and social pursuits. Commuters, on the other hand, may now
conduct a number of things while traveling because of advances in information
technology.
Public transport inadequacy. Because demand for public transportation has
peaks and troughs, many public transit systems, or parts of them, are either over or
underused. Users experience pain during peak hours as the system deals with a sudden
rise in demand. The difficulty of providing enough transit infrastructure and service
levels arises as a result. Peak capacity design leaves the system underutilized during off-
peak hours, whereas average capacity planning causes congestion during peak hours.
Difficulties for non-motorized transport. These challenges arise from either
heavy traffic, which limits the mobility of pedestrians, bicycles, and other non-motorized
vehicles, or from an obvious lack of care for pedestrians and bicycles in the physical
design of infrastructure and facilities. On the other hand, creating bicycle pathways
reduces the capacity of streets and parking spaces. A negative effect would be to allocate
more space for non-motorized transportation than real mobility demand, causing
congestion to worsen.
Loss of public space. The majority of roadways are publicly owned and
accessible. Increased traffic has a negative influence on public events like markets,
agoras, parades and processions, games, and communal interactions that used to clog the
streets. These have slowly faded away, replaced by automobiles. Many of these activities
have been relocated to retail malls, while others have been abandoned entirely. 

3. To what factors can these issues be attributed? 

3.1 Cultural Heritage

Currently in society, but also among professionals and people in positions of
responsibility, two approaches to architectural heritage are being circulated. Some are
supporting the development of urban settlements by destroying and replacing old
buildings with modern ones, which are built according to the latest trends in architecture,
construction, and market requirements. Others argue that history, cultural and
architectural heritage must be preserved for new generations; that the past determines the
present and shapes the future. 
The monitoring of endangered properties has made it possible to identify the factors that
affect the Outstanding Universal Value. In 2008, the World Heritage Committee adopted
a standard list of 14 primary factors, encompassing each a number of secondary factors
(UNESCO, 2008)
Number of properties preserved during the years 1979-2019 Source: (UNESCO, 2020). 

List of monuments in danger by year. 

Factors affecting the value of cultural heritage.

Buildings and Development

 An extraordinary temptation for the owners of the architectural heritage has
become the increase of the market value of the plots of land located in the Historic Center
of Chisinau. Currently, the “economic” aspect prevails in the consciousness of society. It
is considered that buildings that do not bring income become useless and turn for owners
into a burden, as any property must generate high income. 

Utilities or Service Infrastructure

The engineering networks in the area of the location of the architectural heritage
are outdated, often failing and generating trampling and compaction of ground that cause
cracking of the walls. 

Social/Cultural Uses of Heritage

Only buildings used as museums, religious sites, universities, schools, libraries are
in a good or satisfactory condition and maintain their cultural/architectural value.

Other Human Activities

It is also important to mention the repair of buildings with modern “fashionable”
materials, such as replacing the decor covering the walls of buildings with plaster or a
layer of stones, changing the roof and replacing it with attics of 1 - 2 levels the
construction of annexes, the replacement of wooden doors and windows with those of
thermopan, closing balconies with glass and lining them. Thus, contemporary
interventions lead to the disappearance of the “historic city”. Inadequate technologies and
inappropriate materials lead to increased degradation of buildings included in the national
cultural heritage. Exterior finishes executed in the last two decades have not lasted more
than 5 years.

The influence of factors that generate “ascertained” dangers cannot be excluded,

they can only be reduced by restrictive actions (limiting road traffic, imposing fines for
incorrect/inappropriate interventions in the structure/facades of buildings, etc.) or
providing some facilities (exemption from property tax, offering preferential loans, etc.).
At the same time, the “potential” dangers generated by the group of institutional and
management factors can be eliminated through an appropriate legislative framework and
a functional executive framework. 

3.2 Developments and Street Activities

Pedestrian activities on the street must be reviewed since the needs of users on the street
are determined by their activities and reasons for usage. According to Gehl (1987), the
quality and character of outdoor spaces impact the types of outdoor spaces. He goes on to
say that as the space's features increase, so will the activities and functions. These
activities vary widely by culture, with certain actions being accepted in one nation but not
in another. Davies (2000) proposed that if the street is a commercial street, the design
should allow people to go to the store, cross the street, and engage in various static and
leisure activities such as conversing and loitering in front of store windows.
  attractions on the street
 Activities
 commute distance (proximity) and
  congestion. 
The variables that contribute to the components varies depending on the situation,
particularly for nations with varying climates and economic levels (between developing
and developed countries). This might be related to the environment, climate, or culture of
the location, which differs from past research. This specifies the issues that must be
addressed in future rules and regulations for urban area planning and design, particularly
in streets.
3.3 Economic Development
The economic status of a certain location is a big factor that contributes to investor
trust and confidence. The rising economy will most probably gain more investors and
will gradually bring prosperity. Producing policies and programs to support economic
growth is a major goal of urban and economic development planning. Urban and
economic planners are always struggling to identify economic development plans that
would boost growth while improving the quality of life in the communities where people
live and work. The investigation of issues impacting economic growth at the communal
level assists decision makers such as urban planners and economic development planners
in developing wiser policies to increase prospects for economic growth.
3.4 Equity
Putting urban equity at the heart of development means that no one should be
punished because of where they live, what they think or believe, or how they look. It also
implies that public commodities and basic services should be available to everyone,
establishing circumstances for needs-based distribution. Urban equity in development
indicates that the urban environment should not contribute to the reproduction of unequal
relations or the reinforcement of current ones. In this regard, it should ensure that
redistributive processes are in place to ensure a more equitable and efficient utilization of
resources, talents, and opportunities.

3.5 Spontaneous VS Planned Developments

The failure of cities to care for newcomers has resulted in them being left to their
own devices for shelter and livelihood. As a result, these migrants merely bring their
poverty and lack of skills to town, which disqualifies them from working in the formal,
tax-paying business sector, whilst the industrial and public sectors are too
underdeveloped to give regular employment. Self-employment, casual work, and petty
commerce, as well as small-scale, low-productivity, informal firms with no legal, social,
or labor protection, are alternatives. Youth and women face particularly tough conditions,
with a substantial danger of child labor exploitation, according to Moreno, E. et. al
(2016). 
Planned development, in contrast to spontaneous development, can be attributed to
the increasing concentration of the world's population in major cities and towns,
according to Turok and McGrahan (2013), which means that the relationship between
urbanization and development has become a major policy concern. The urbanization–
growth nexus is sometimes portrayed as automatic and inevitable; yet, in order to
generate growth momentum, it is necessary to plan and establish a new town within the
metropolis.

3.6 Tourism. 
Aesthetics and environmental factors are two significant factors affecting the
tourism sector as part of urban development. Aesthetics, or the nature of beauty and its
expression, is taken into account in urban development in many places. Cities frequently
aim to avoid clutter or adhere to a standard architectural design. This is notably
noticeable in many towns' historic districts. Cities may regulate paint colors on home
exteriors, as well as embellishments outside of the home, in order to maintain control
over new development in certain regions. Successful urban development takes into
account the region's culture or legacy, as well as natural risks. Changes in the
environment, particularly in rural areas, have a significant impact on the tourism sector
when it comes to development. Not all tourism sectors are adaptable to big changes, and
this problem is prevalent in most rural areas that are rapidly becoming urbanized. 

3.7 Transport and Mobility Issues.

One of the main causes of transportation and mobility issues in most cities is poor
urban planning. It has a significant impact on how the city functions by connecting
various industries. Market accessibility is provided through transportation and mobility,
which connects producers and consumers so that transactions can take place. Focusing
solely on transportation expenses, which typically range from 5 to 10% of the value of a
good, is a common misconception in appraising the relevance and impact of
transportation on the economy. Even though transportation accounts for a minor portion
of input expenses, it is an economic component in the production of products and
services, meaning that it is critical in their production. This suggests that an activity
cannot take place without the transit aspect and the mobility it gives, regardless of cost.
As a result, even minor changes in transportation cost, capacity, or performance can have
a big influence on the economy.

4. What are the physical ramifications of these issues?

4.1 Cultural Heritage

Concerning outdoor pollution, evaluating cumulative impacts in multi-pollutant

settings is a future challenge for the environment's influence on the degradation of
created Cultural Heritage (for example, the effect of sulfur pollutants in combination with
NOx, considering climatic parameters and the concerned materials). Apart from air
pollution, organics and bacteria are known to have a deleterious influence on the
preservation of ancient works of art. The physical factors that influence the potential
deterioration of artworks in enclosed spaces such as museums must be handled, but
airborne microorganisms must also be monitored (Lee et al. 2011).

Caves are a peculiar instance among cultural objects since they often exhibit a stable and
delicate enclosed habitat, making them vulnerable to perturbations caused by human
activity. As a result, tourism has an immediate impact on caves. One effect is erosion
caused by mechanical removal of sediment particles. Increases in CO2, increases in water
vapor, and temperature shifts are other evident consequences that threaten the fragile
geochemical/environmental balance. Furthermore, independent of the presence of
historical paintings and engravings, these impacts may induce uncontrolled chain
reactions at the site of corrosion, which contribute to rock surface weathering.

4.2 Developments and Street Activities

As a result of many illegal actions carried out by street squatters, residents living
in and near city centers confront a number of socioeconomic and environmental
concerns. One of these activities is the street public market. Until date, one of the
unresolved challenges for automobiles, pedestrians, and residents in CBDs and market
areas has been a difficulty in urbanization.

4.3 Economic Development 

People active in the beautification and enhancement of the city had a significant
impact on economic status. This is a key factor on how we’re going to be able to define
the economy’s status. Thus, the town or city/s government composition and capabilities is
what dictates the current and the future of the city/s development.

4.4 Equity
Equitable development does not occur on its own. The need to address justice is
based on more than just moral and ethical considerations. A number of broadly ratified
human rights treaties and conventions allude to equality and other fundamental ideals as
benchmarks against which all policies are evaluated and held accountable. Equality can
serve as the foundation for a new development agenda based on important components
such as participation, accountability, non-discrimination, empowerment, rule of law, and
social inclusion. These concepts can help to build and assess development initiatives, as
well as clarify their content.
For a long time, the pursuit of equity has been on the periphery of the development
political agenda. There has been no clear urban policy and plan to address it until now;
challenges in translating it into an operational definition and policy-oriented activities
explain this apathy. After economic progress has occurred, equity comes as a byproduct
or as an action.

4.5 Spontaneous VS Planned Developments

Spontaneity is rampant today because the world is getting increasingly urbanized,
and the rate at which cities and countries urbanize reflects the pace of social and
economic change. The growth of Spontaneous development is responsible for the
following different problems in urbanized areas, Lamidi et. al (2019):
 The extraordinary growth of the urban population continues to put strain on
existing housing facilities.
 In some cities, the government's incapacity to efficiently develop compulsorily
acquired pieces of land. This is based on the government's unwillingness to
compensate the owners for untapped riches in the seized land. As a result, the
land's unwillingness to rent to individuals persists, with no reference to the
planning authorities to obtain planning authorization.
 The complete built-up in directing extreme lack of control in its development in a
high residential density area in spontaneous settlement.
 Drainage System: It has been noted that the drainage system in these settlements is
mostly obstructed by household waste. Surface run-off flows freely between
buildings, eroding the walls in most cases and creating a deep gully that poses a
security risk.

4.6 Tourism. What are the physical ramifications of tourism in terms of urban
development?
In designers' perspective in urban planning, tourism also may cause physical
ramifications especially in areas that are undergoing major changes. Some tourism areas
are based on heritage or the identity that is already associated with it. It shouldn’t
undergo major changes to retain the image but the consequences of these issues was
causing limitations on nearby or other areas that needed major changes. In addition,
tourism activities cause an impact on the area regards also the human elements, but
especially the natural ones. Among the damages that may be made of the natural
environment we find: pressures created by noise and vibrations, which is particularly
found in urban and rural areas along transport routes, through increasing traffic on these
roads; changes in composition of flora and fauna species, destruction of green areas,
parks, clearing natural vegetation for development of tourist facilities; pollution: water
pollution by domestic waste, air pollution by motor vehicle exhaust, pollution of soil by
compaction, noise pollution; erosion: soil compaction that leads to increased storm runoff
and surface erosion, damage to river banks; degradation of natural resources: water
resources decreased by over demand, increased risks for natural fires’ negative visual
impact: the construction of large hotels, huge recreational and commercial areas, littering
of waste resulted from tourist traffic. 

5. What are the social implications of these issues? 

5.1 Cultural Heritage
Cultural legacy has a social influence through improving residents' identity and
social cohesiveness. This includes, in particular, beneficial benefits on the community as
a result of community interest in project execution and project engagement through
volunteer labor. Supported initiatives began to generate social and cultural activities in
renovated buildings that became community hubs. It was mostly about the restoration of
ancient traditions or the formation of new traditions, as well as the growth of children's
leisure activities. The usage of sacred monuments for religious rituals provided a unique
benefit to believers (improved availability of religious services).

5.2 Developments and Street Activities

The stress of rapidly expanding urban population expansion can be overwhelming at
times. More than one-third of the urban population lived and worked on the streets in
some metropolitan areas. The effects of street activities on residents in central business
districts (CBD) and market districts include environmental degradation, traffic
congestion, overcrowding inside the CBD, and a deplorable state of social facilities.

5.3 Economic Development 

Economic development results in higher levels of education, greater employment
opportunities, and higher income levels. Communities are strengthened with economic
development because increasing numbers of jobs result in higher income levels.

5.4 Equity
Policies and practices that unfairly limit opportunity and assign burden to groups
based on race, age, gender, sexual orientation, immigration status, religion, or disability
institutionalize health, income, mobility, and other imbalances. When communities are
displaced due to gentrification, when communities report higher rates of disease due to
the presence of a hazardous waste facility or the absence of healthy food, or when
communities are excluded from participating in the planning process due to language or
logistical barriers, inequity can be observed. Planning for social equality entails
identifying planning practices that have had an unequal impact on specific areas and
actively collaborating with affected residents to develop better communities for all.

5.5 Spontaneous VS Planned Developments

The spontaneous and planned development have a number of social repercussions.
It naturally brings up the issue of violence and crime, and much has been written about
urban violence and crime in general. Accordingly, most of the isolated pieces of land
hoarded in the suburbs are subjected to conventional design into layout that may seek
planning approval even when such parcels of land are not linked to others for
accessibility concerns. It also reveals the government's incapacity to efficiently develop
compulsorily seized tracts of property in several cities. This is based on the government's
unwillingness to compensate owners for untapped riches in the acquired land. As a result,
the land's refusal to rent to individuals continues to grow, without recourse to the
planning authorities to seek planning authorization. Spontaneous Development also
brings the ineffectiveness of the planning authorities' tool or strategy for preventing
sprawl, which is hampered by a lack of political will to implement development control
measures, a lack of planning staff to carry out effective monitoring, and a lack of
equipment such as development control monitoring vehicles. Planned Development has a
significant negative impact on the nutritional health of poor people. The urban poor lack
nutritious meals due to low financial means and higher food costs in cities, which leads to
disease, which adds to loss of appetite and poor nutritional absorption among those
afflicted. Overnutrition and obesity, an increasing global public health problem, affect
city dwellers as well. Obesity and other lifestyle factors lead to the development of
chronic diseases.

5.6 Tourism
When it comes to physical repercussions, the general design development of the
city is the most influenced. Some sectors will take longer to adapt to the changes,
resulting in differing design approaches. The best example is the areas with cultural
heritage, which must be preserved in their original form. This is just one of the many
roadblocks to urban growth that tourism creates.

5.7 Transport and Mobility Issues

Since transportation and mobility are the primary tools for connecting all sectors,
they have a significant impact on the city's entire growth. It slows down the entire
process, creating delays in some areas' growth. It may appear unnoticeable at first, but in
the long run and in the broader picture, it could be one of the causes of the city's delayed
urbanization. Having transportation and mobility challenges within the city is also having
a significant influence on the environment. Too much pollution is concentrated in one
region, perhaps causing health problems for the residents. Furthermore, it may result in a
slew of issues such as unlawful parking, accident-prone areas, disorganized
transportation, no space for accessibility for pwds and a slew of others that, over time,
will wreak havoc on urban development.

Part II: Discussion of the issues in relation to the specific city/town 

1. Overview of the city/town setting
Lipa is Batangas' most populous city and the province's economic and religious
hub. It is bordered on the north by Malvar, the east by San Pablo and Alaminos (in
Laguna), and the west by Cuenca, Mataasnakahoy, and Taal Lake. Lipa City is quickly
becoming a major administrative, medical, commercial, financial, agro-industrial, and
residential hub in the country. It has been hailed as one of the "next wave cities" for the
Business Processing Outsourcing sector by the Department of Science and Technology-
Information and Communications Technology Office (DOST-ICTO) and the Information
Technology and Business Process Association of the Philippines (IBPAP). 
In terms of transportation, Jeepneys and tricycles, or three-wheeled cabs, provide
public transportation to and from the school and other locations in Lipa. Commuters
visiting nearby cities and towns can take the Manila-Batangas City and Manila-Lemery
routes. Many commercial lodging facilities are located near the school and offer bedspace
rooms and apartments to students at cheap prices. Also, Lipa has been dubbed the "Little
Rome of the Philippines" because of its religious and historical attractions. It is a
pilgrim's and tourist's paradise, with several stunning sites and landmarks.

2. In which particular areas within the city/town have these issues manifested over
time?
The following figures and tables showcase the issues in different districts of the city:

Figure 2.1 Map of the market district locating where the issues mostly occur.
Photo courtesy: Google Earth

Table 2.1 Market District

District Issues   Description 

Market Transport and Unorganized terminal space, no adequate drop-off

District  Mobility  designation, and illegal parking’s contribute to
district traffic congestion.
Developments and The major issue of side walk to pedestrian ratio is
Street Activities  proportionalities further leads to the minimal amount
of sidewalk space for pedestrians and making the
district concentrated.
 Cultural Heritage  Profit is solely the main purpose of the establishment
owners and not its preservation and maintenance.

Spontaneous vs. Inadequate identification of street vendors and small

Planned business carts, which results in soaking up sidewalks
Development  and reducing space for pedestrians
Equity Repair and developments are not evenly distributed
to specific areas which then leads to
unproportionally district development.
  

Figure 2.2 Map of the historical and cultural district locating where the issues mostly occur.
Photo courtesy: Google Earth

Table 2.2 Historical District

District Issues   Description 

Historical Cultural Many individuals appear to have forgotten about
and Cultural Heritage  culture prior to the Spanish period. Some historians
District have questioned the identity and history of Lipa,
which is regarded as the province's Little Rome.
 

Developments Streets in this zone are classed as commercial streets

 and Street since vendors do not have allocated places, causing
Activities  waste to spread across the area.
Due to the numerous street vendors in San Sebastian
Church, sidewalk spaces are soaked up which leads
to less pedestrian spaces and congestion of people in
the area. 

Tourism In terms of tourism, Lipa has many tourist sites,

however many people are unaware of its presence
owing to a lack of lipa heritage signage that
demonstrates the importance of it.

Equity There are numerous history sites in the Lipa, but

others are not given priority, such as Casa Segunda
and San Sebastian Church, whose legacy has
become the core of Lipa preservation, while other
heritage sites, such as the Luz- Bautista ancestral
house and many others, are not given attention.

Transport and The absence of vehicular drop off and ramps which
Mobility  makes inaccessibility an issue.  

Figure 2.3 Map of Business district locating where the issues mostly occur.
Photo courtesy: Google Earth
Table 2.3 Business District

District Issues   Description 

Business Developments This district lacks a variety of urban planning features

District  and Street that make it a walking neighborhood. It is devoid of
Activities  greenery, resulting in a heated ambiance in the area.
Finally, there are some street vendors in the area that do
not have an authorized place.
Tourism Tourism in the area lacks signage, making the area
appear uninteresting and giving people no notion that
certain areas exist. Furthermore, Lipa Metropolis is a
rapidly developing city in an urban setting, which
causes some issues in the tourist industry, such as
heritage sites in the vicinity that are not always prone to
change due to urbanization.

Transport and Business district has significant issues. First, there is no

Mobility  designated public transportation drop-off location,
which is inconvenient when there is a large road
nearby. Second, the area's signage is already fading,
and some of it is difficult to recognize. Finally, the
district lacks a walkable characteristic that would make
it livelier and attract more people.

Figure 2.4 Map of Transport district locating where the issues mostly occur.
Table 2.4 Transport District
District Issues   Description 

Transport Transport and Lack of effective public transportation signage in a

District   Mobility  national road causes traffic jams for commuters
which sometimes result in car accidents in the area.
Having said that, this issue poses a threat and danger
to civilians crossing the roadway.
Developments Due to the lack of defined spaces for street vendors to
and Street operate, they are occupying pedestrian pathways
Activities  which results in congestion in a particular area. In
line with that the homeless families who have taken
up residence on the footbridge and sidewalk poses
danger to themselves.
Spontaneous vs The city's population grew as a result of the
Planned spontaneous settlement of informal settlers. As such,
Development It contributed to the worsening water and air
pollution caused by poor sanitation and waste
disposal.

3. What public and private sector initiatives led to these settings? 

Lipa's issue is that the existing land use plan does not correspond to the intended
land use plan. There is zoning that discourages mixed-use development, overbuilt road
infrastructure, and a lack of small-scale retail and commercial development — is still
leading to new communities that are largely car-dependent and create future economic
and environmental liabilities, elected officials and developers — are failing to achieve
Lipa's continuous improvement by not providing strict policy and regulations to the
public and private sectors. Identifying and acknowledging these issues is a necessary first
step toward generating solutions.
Interactive planning and decision-making processes are needed to support private
sector participation in urban governance and to coordinate this participation with
municipalities. Pieterse comments that municipalities can strengthen urban governance in
cooperation with the private sector by fostering partnerships and local economic
development strategies that combine local skills, resources, and ideas to stimulate the
local economy, enabling it to respond innovatively to national and global economic
changes. 
The private sector is individuals, groups, or business entities that own, control and
manage private sector organizations and they’re one of the sectors that develop and
maintain infrastructure and services, promote and expand existing businesses, and
encourage community development by promoting community business and co-
operatives, local exchange systems and informal credit. This means that they are also
responsible for the development of the city. But it doesn’t mean that they are the sole
factor in urban development since the private sector uses its own funds. This may result
in conflict regarding the areas that are not funded by the private sector and solely rely on
government support, in short, resulting in unequal development in the city. In addition,
some areas are being bought by the private sector for their own means without
considering other areas just to earn money. This may result in issues with transport and
mobility, some access is being removed which may seem not a big concern but
considering the changes that might happen in the area. Also, the private sector doesn’t
fund unnecessary expenses like sun shading features such as trees and other walkable
features, old signages, and other beautification features for the area owned by the private
sector.
The public sectors are the government or other state-run bodies that own, control
and administer public sector organizations. Today's Philippine cities face a slew of issues
related to urbanization and the growth of agglomeration economies. Congestion, a lack of
housing, and insufficient essential amenities such as potable water, health, garbage
collection, and management are only a few examples, Porio (2019), This can be
associated with the case in Lipa City, Batangas. There are occurrences of issues in terms
of the public transport system, informal street activities, and spontaneous development,
which the public sectors in Lipa City are responsible for. The local government unit
could be held accountable with regard to these occurrences. The city Government in Lipa
City might be lacking proper ordinance for its citizens especially in those urbanized
areas, resulting in congestion in terms of traffic flow and problems in mobility for
civilians. In line with this, those migrants from other localities which the city can’t
provide opportunities for them, resulting in spontaneous or improper settlement which
added to the population growth of the city. Having said that, their way of living might be
harmful to the environment of the city because it is possible that they’re having poor
sanitation systems which may result in pollution. 
On the surface, both the public and private sector of the City of Lipa have led the
occurrences of the aforementioned settings. The development that they have proposed
may be planned, however there are aspects that have been neglected.

4.  From the different standpoints of business/private sector, government/public

sector, community, design professionals (planners/architects), and direct users,
answer the following questions: 
What are the physical ramifications of these issues?
Table 4.1 The table discuss the impact of the occurrence of different issues in the
development of a particular town or city. These issues are viewed in different
perspectives.
Standpoints Physical Ramifications
Business/Private Private sectors just have minimal concern about these settings
Sector because they focus on internal development of their sectors.
However, the occurrence of problems with transportation and
mobility, development and street activities, tourism,
spontaneous development, and economic and equity issues
pose threats to their businesses and new business development.
These threats include difficulty in creating and proposing new
businesses because the population is continuously growing,
and developments will occur regardless of whether they are
planned or unplanned, making it harder for the new private
sectors to create new development. In line with this, those
issues may threaten their business's viability, because as the
development continues to expand, it may cause congestion,
resulting in inaccessibility, rendering their business
uninteresting.

Government/Public The presence of challenges related to transportation and

Sector mobility, tourism, development and street activities, economic
and equity, and spontaneous development may make the
urbanization process more complex. New development
projects of the local government unit may be more difficult to
come by than in the past, because the aforementioned
challenges, such as traffic congestion, informal settlements,
pollution, employment, and unemployment rates, must be
solved first for improved development of specific locations or
the whole city.

Community The physical consequences of the aforementioned problem in a

community are that it exacerbates the problem of water and air
pollution. As a result, it endangers the health of every
community member. Aside from that, the existence of those
concerns will jeopardize the growth of a community.
Design Professionals Design professionals may find it difficult to plan and build for
the city when issues arise in various districts of the town or
metropolis. These concerns will be the most difficult for them
to address in a progressive plan and development that benefits
the entire community.

Direct Users When challenges in transportation and mobility, tourism,

economic and fairness, spontaneous development, and street
activities arise, it is always the civilians or ordinary users who
suffer the most. They are at risk due to these concerns.
Unemployment-related spontaneous settlement might result in
 violence in a given location. This type of settlement also
contributed to the rising pollution problem due to their
inadequate sanitary system, which jeopardized the health of
other adjacent users. Aside from that, traffic congestion and a
lack of city ordinances such as sufficient transit signage and
providing space for street vendors to operate pose a physical
threat to users who frequently cross the highways.

What are the social implications?

Table 4.2 The table discuss the social impact of different issues in a particular town or
city. These issues are viewed in different perspectives.

Standpoints
Business/Private They provide jobs and generate commodities and services that
Sector impoverished people rely on. Some private sector development
can be used to help reduce poverty and promote long-term,
equitable, and inclusive economic growth.
Government/Public  They provide spaces for public use and for the
Sector development of the specific city or town. 
 They are responsible for the resolution of poverty issues
in Lipa City.
 They created jobs for lipenos because governments
provide goods and services produced directly by public
employees.
 No platforms for the issue of sustainable environment of
Lipa. 
 Facilities for public health sectors aren’t enough to
accommodate the majority of the population of Lipa
City. 
 No strict public policy which results in congestion and
overcrowding in Lipa. 
 Community  Community conflict has the positive effect of
disseminating knowledge regarding suggestions for
community development and general education people
about alternate development strategies
 They are responsible for the peace and chaos of the city. 
 Due to public-sector programs, new skills for a livelihood
have been developed in the community.

Design Lipa's designers and planners offer the legislative framework for
Professionals planning and evaluation, promoting the social and economic
well-being of the area. This provided the benefits of a full
picture of social needs, policies, and actions in council, as well
as the chance for the social planner to influence policy,
procedure, and operations. 

Direct Users Direct users of these issues can cause conflict in Lipa, which
may cause people to migrate to other cities/towns as a result of
issues and conflict, such as failed policy implementation in Lipa,
accessibility issues, and other issues in districts/zones that
cannot be resolved, may encourage some residents to move in to
other areas.

What short- and long-term effects can arise from these issues?
Table 4.3 The table discusses the short-term and long-term effects of the occurrence of
different settings.

Standpoints Short-term Effects Long-term Effects

Business/Private The large volume of waste The worth of the area will be
Sector can lead to the extensive determined by future development.
amount of heat dissipation If the development is successful, the
and which indefinitely area's value will rise, resulting in
cause traffic to a certain increased costs. Furthermore, even
place at a given time if the private sector did not consider
frame. the comprehensive land use plan
while owning the land, it would
have a significant impact on the

Government/Public Imminent chaos in a
Sector certain location may arise
temporarily due to
inorganized planning and
development of the city.
nearby and adjacent areas.
If the comprehensive land use plan
(CLUP) is not followed, it will
result in spontaneous development,
which may cause a variety of issues,
including transportation and
mobility issues, cultural heritage
preservation as a result of
negligence, and economic
development issues, since private
sector decisions must also be
considered.

Community The distribution of One of the long-term consequences

information may not be
very efficient in some
cases, which will lead to
some areas of the
community to acquire less
information than the rest
of the community.
of these challenges is the
spontaneous emergence of disunity
among different sectors, particularly
the public area used by direct users
because it was not always funded by
the public sector.

Design In the process of Due to many factors that will

Professionals construction of new overlap in the future, varied design
establishments, features, spontaneous development,
communities will be able and an unwalkable community will
to experience some ensue.
discomfort and issues like,
dust in the wind, road
blockage and
displacement.
Direct Users Short-term displacement The challenges that may arise in the
of individuals is city when it comes to urban
unavoidable as a result of development have the greatest
the urbanization process; impact on direct users. Not all users
this may produce will be able to quickly adapt to the
confusion and lead people changes that may occur, particularly
to distrust the those who rely solely on
government's role. government assistance.
Furthermore, the users' living
expenses are dependent on how the
 city develops; either the
development will provide more
opportunities for the community or
it will have a negative impact on
them.

Part III: Conclusion and recommendations 

1. What possible solutions or compromises can you lobby? (Physical and or/
policy-oriented)
The following figures and tables show the identified issues in different districts and its
proposed solutions and recommendations:

Table 1.1: Market District 

District Issues   Solution

Market Transport and Mobility   Providing designated terminal per
District  district and visible signages for
commuters and motorists to avoid
congestion and traffic jams. 
 Providing drop-offs to avoid
unnecessary unloading and loading of
both private and public vehicles for
efficient mobility of commuters. 
 Strict implementation of policy on
illegal parking.
Developments and Street  Organize allotted spaces for street
Activities and vendors in the commercial street.
Spontaneous vs. Planned  Strict implementation of street policies
Development  for street vendors.
Cultural Heritage   Providing programs for the
appreciation of cultural heritages.
 Proposed local ordinance for the
preservation of cultural heritage in the
market district.

Equity  Repairs and developments should be

evenly distributed to the district.
 Figure 1.21: A photo of the market district of Lipa City Batangas
Photo courtesy: Google Earth

Figure 1.2: The proposed solution and recommendation on the issue in a market district of
Lipa City Batangas
Table 1.2: Historical and Tourism District 
District Issues   Solution

Historical and Cultural Heritage  Promoting the cultural heritage of the city
Cultural and Tourism by implementing programs and activities
District that will help in recognizing the heritage
of Lipa City.
 Providing visual aids for the community
and tourists to easily understand and
appreciate.
 

Developments and  Organize allotted spaces for street

Street Activities  vendors in the commercial street.
 Strict implementation of street policies
for street vendors.

Equity  Strict implementation of policies and

programs that will help the local heritage
to receive an equal spotlight.
Transport and  Providing drop-offs to avoid unnecessary
Mobility  unloading and loading of both private and
public vehicles for efficient mobility of
commuters.
 Providing proper accessibility features in
accordance with the National Building
Code.
Figure 1.3: A picture of Casa de Segunda as cultural heritage in historical and tourism district
of Lipa City Batangas
Photo courtesy: Google Earth

Figure 1.4: Proposed solution of Casa de Segunda on the issue of cultural heritage in the historical
and tourism district of Lipa City, Batangas
Table 1.3: Transport District 

District Issues   Solution

 Transport Transport and  Providing visible signages and road safety
District   Mobility  technology that will gradually improve the
safety of the road especially at night time.
 Providing proper accessibility features in
accordance with the National Building
Code.

Developments and  Organize allotted spaces for street vendors

Street Activities  in the commercial street.
 Strict implementation of street policies for
street vendors.

Spontaneous vs  Relocation of informal settlers through the

Planned help of local programs of the city.
Development

Figure A picture
1.5:1.6:
Figure of the solution
The proposed transportanddistrict of Lipa City
recommendation forBatangas where
the problem street
in Lipa, vendors
Batangas'
transportation
and informal settlers district
are located.
Photo courtesy: Google Earth
Table 1.4 Business District

District Issues   Solution

Business Developments and  Planned a walkable community in the district
District  Street Activities  to attract more users.
 Organize allotted spaces for street vendors in
the commercial street.
 Strict implementation of street policies for
street vendors.
Tourism  Providing visual aids for the community and
tourists to easily understand and appreciate.
 Propose public park for extracurricular
activities to the users.
Transport and  Providing drop-offs to avoid unnecessary
Mobility  unloading and loading of both private and
public vehicles for efficient mobility of
commuters.
 Providing proper accessibility features in
accordance to the National Building Code.

Figure 1.7: Foot bridge Proposal

 Comprehensive Land Use Plan of Lipa City, Batangas
Source: Lipa City official Website

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