Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Table 3:
Definitions of GRHRM
What is the role of employees in GHRM?
An important key aspect mentioned in almost every definition of GHRM is the role of
employees in GHRM. Especially in the simplified general reflections study of Opatha and
Arulrajah (2014) the role of employees in GHRM is stressed. They provide a reflective,
descriptive and prescriptive comprehension of green HRM. They state that it is impossible to
make an organization green without making its people green and that in order to become a
green employee, four roles (preservationist, conservationist, non-polluter and maker) should
be present in the employee. GHRM has four requirements concerning employees to achieve
greening (Opatha & Arulrajah, 2014), which will be discussed next.
Green competencies
Green competencies are necessary because if employees do not have sufficient knowledge
and skills (competencies) about greening, it will not be possible to become a green employee
(Opatha & Arulrajah, 2014). In conformity with Opatha and Arulrajah (2014), the
contemporary literature review of Renwick, Jabbour, Muller-Camen, Redman and Wilkinson
(2016) found that acquired green competencies are positively associated with individual green
behaviour. In their study they discuss seven empirically based papers from micro-level to
macro-level analysis. A tool which enables employees to learn and adopt new skills and
therefore can help gain possible green competencies, is providing training and education
(Ramus, 2002). By offering training employees will learn new skills concerning greening
which will increase the engagement in environmental activities. In his empirical study with
353 respondents from 12 different (mostly western) countries, he concludes that
environmental competence building has an important impact on employees’ environmental
actions.
Green attitude
Employees need to have the right attitude (appropriate beliefs, feelings and intention)
concerning greening (Opatha & Arulrajah, 2014). Opatha and Arulrajah (2014) believe the
right attitude with respect to greening can be subdivided into cognitive, affective and
behavioural attitude. A good cognitive attitude is if the employees belief in greening, think
greening is very important and think they will be able to live a happy life by greening. A good
affective attitude is if employees feel positive about greening, like to work with greening and
feel happy when they are busy with greening. A right behavioural attitude is about the
employees intend to really contribute to greening (Opatha & Arulrajah, 2014).
Moreover, Cordano and Friezze (2000) confirmed in their quantitative study that there
is a positive relationship between the attitudes of managers about pollution prevention and the
implementation of waste reduction activities. Their sample consisted of 295 environmental
managers at manufacturing facilities in the United States from 230 different companies. From
the 295 environmental managers 53,5% were working in large companies with over 500
employees. In accordance with this, Bamberg and Möser (2007) found in their meta-analysis
study on psycho-social determinants of pro-environmental behavioural intention, based on 57
samples, that attitude, behavioural control and personal norm are predictors of pro-
environmental behavioural intention. Both studies acknowledge a relationship between green
attitudes and pro-environmental behaviour (intention), but do differ in the extent that Cordano
and Friezze (2000) focus specifically on the green attitudes of managers and specific waste
reduction activities, whereas Bamberg and Möser (2007) focus on green attitudes in general
and the general intention of pro-environmental behaviour.
Green behaviour
There must be a change in behaviour of employees because green behaviour is necessary to
make the organization environmentally sustainable. The following dimensions of green
behaviour are identified by Opatha & Arulrajah (2014):
1. Organizational citizenship behaviour, which can be explained as to what extent the
employees engage in voluntary green actions that help the organization achieve
greening. An example of this could be when an employee re-uses as many items at the
office as possible.
2. Green interpersonal citizenship behaviour, which can be explained as employees’
engagement in helping co-workers to do their work in a green manner. An example of
this could be to teach co-workers how to act green.
3. Green official behaviour, which can be explained as the official involuntary green
tasks and duties assigned and imposed by the superior of the employee. An example of
this could be mandatory separation of waste, as is described in the company policy.
Green results
Green results are about the extent to which employees produced green outcomes and
innovations (Opatha & Arulrajah, 2014). Green competencies and green attitudes can be
defined as employees’ green inputs. Green behaviour and Green results can be seen as
employees’ outputs, which leads to environmental performance.
After evaluating different conceptualizations of GHRM and defining the role of
employees in making the organization ‘green’, the following section will discuss which
practices can be used to make the organization ‘green’ and the importance of those practices
for GHRM to succeed.
METHODOLOGY
A literature review was conducted to answer the research question. This section will provide
an overview of the search method used to find relevant articles. To make a selection of
articles the search machines Google Scholar were used. Keywords used for searching
literature were: ‘GHRM’, ‘green human resource management’, ‘green’, ‘sustainability’,
‘employee outcomes’, ‘green pay and rewards’, ‘strategic human resource management’,
‘green HRM’, ‘green practices’, ‘green recruitment’, ‘environmental performance’, ‘costs’
and ‘green’. Some concepts have been used in combination with other concepts and ‘AND’ to
search more specific articles. Even though many hits appeared when the concept ‘green
human resource management’ was searched, many articles were not relevant for this study
because they did not focus specifically on GHRM.
Table 1:
Search terms and selected articles from Google Scholar
Table 2:
To ensure relevant articles were selected some criteria have been taken into account.
First, articles had to be written in the Dutch or English language so the articles could be
interpreted in the right manner. Second, the articles had to be scientific and peer-reviewed
because the data needed to be of high quality. Third, the articles had to be written between
2008 and 2019 to ensure this study was based on recent data. The year 2008 was chosen as the
bottom year since GHRM is a relatively new concept and there are very few articles about
GHRM written before that. An exception has been made for the article of Wright and
Mcmahan (1992) for this article discusses strategic human resource management and
definitions of that concept existed already before 2008. Last, after reading the titles, keywords
and abstracts the relevance of the articles for this study was determined by reading the full
paper.
Furthermore, articles were found via the reference lists of other articles (snowballing
method). A disadvantage of this method is that it presents relatively old articles (Beauchemin
& Gonzàlez-Ferrer, 2011). The criteria taken into consideration for articles found by
snowballing were: only selecting articles from 2000 on and they had to be written in the
English or Dutch language. An exception has been made for Wehrmeyer (1996) because he
discusses insights about greening people that were still perceived relevant for this study. In
Figure 1 the articles found by the use of snowballing are shown. An overview of all articles
used in this study are presented in the data table in appendix .
Figure 1:
Snowballin
g
DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
CONCLUSION/DISCUSSION
Interpretation of the results
To answer the research question ‘’what is GHRM and which implications does it entail for an
organization?’’ this study discussed four sub-questions of which the results will be interpreted
in the following section.
The first sub-question was: How can GHRM be defined? The answer to this question
provided a comprehensive understanding of what the concept of GHRM entails. In the
definition given by Renwick et al. (2013) GHRM has a strong link with environmental
management. It can be concluded that even though the role of environmental management in
the definition of GHRM declines and GHRM is seen more as a separate movement, the link
with environmental management is still made in some definitions (Sharma & Gupta, 2015;
Masri & Jaaron, 2017). The definition of Opatha and Arulrajah (2014) focusses mostly on the
role of the employees in GHRM. On the other hand, the definition of Ahmad (2015) stands
out for its broader interpretation that GHRM should also include social and economic well-
being. In contrast with this, Ren et al. (2017) state that GHRM should only be involved with
the ecological aspect, for sustainable HRM and strategic HRM already engage in issues like
profits and social justice. After identifying the key concepts in all definitions discussed,
GHRM can be defined as: ‘The use of HRM policies, practices and systems to promote
sustainable use of resources, increase employees’ awareness and commitment to the issues of
environmental sustainability and importance of environmental management to benefit the
individual, society, business and natural environment.’
The second sub-question was: What is the role of employees in GHRM? Based on the
study of Opatha and Arulrajah (2014) the four requirements for employees for GHRM to
succeed were discussed.
Cordano and Friezze (2000) and Bamberg and Möser (2007) confirm the effect of green
attitudes on green behaviour. They both used different methods, Cordano and Friezze (2000)
conducted a quantitative study with a sample of 295 environmental managers and Bamberg
and Möser (2007) conducted a meta-analysis based on 57 samples, but still came to the same
conclusion which makes the conclusion more generalizable. Moreover, Cordano and Friezze
(2000) distinguish themselves by focussing specifically on the green attitudes of managers.
Furthermore, Opatha and Arulrajah (2014) discuss in their literature review what the right
green attitude is.
Opatha and Arulrajah (2014) identified three dimensions of green behaviour: organizational
citizenship behaviour, green interpersonal citizenship behaviour and green official behaviour.
Opatha and Arulrajah (2014) distinguish green results in green outcomes and green
innovations. It can be concluded that employees play an important role in GHRM, because
when they do not have the right competencies, attitudes and behaviour, the green results will
be difficult to obtain.
The third sub-question was: Which practices can be used to make the organization
‘green’? After shortly identifying which HR practices were mostly used in GHRM, each
practice was individually discussed.
Green recruitment and selection for SME
The importance of green recruitment and selection for GHRM is stressed by Masri & Jaaron
(2017) in their empirical study about the impact of GHRM on environmental performance in
Palestinian manufacturing firms. Furthermore, Tang et al. (2018) conceptualized green
recruitment and selection in the following three aspects: a candidate’s green awareness,
employer branding and green criteria to attract candidates. Moreover, Grolleau (2012) and
Guerci et al. (2015) agree that environmental related standards have an impact on the
recruitment and selection of a firm. Guerci et al. (2015) focussed in their study more on the
influence of the green reputation on the attraction of applicants, whereas Grolleau (2012)
focusses more on recruitment generally. For the study of Grolleau (2012) consisted of a much
bigger sample (N=13.790) than that of Guerci et al. (2015) (N=174), it can be argued that the
study of Grolleau (2012) was more comprehensive. Even though both studies were conducted
in different countries, Grolleau (2012) in France and Guerci et al. (2015) in Italy, and with a
different target group, Grolleau (2012) focussed on private firms and Guerci et al. (2015) on
graduate students, they agreed on the impact of a green reputation on the recruitment and
selection processes. Therefore, it could be argued that the results are generalizable across
countries. Furthermore, Masri and Jaaron (2017) confirmed in their study that green
recruitment and selection is seen as the most influential practice of GHRM on environmental
performance. As all discussed literature agrees on the importance of green recruitment and
selection for GHRM it can be argued that green recruitment and selection is an important tool
for GHRM.
Conceptualizations of green training and development have been given by Ahmad (2015) and
Renwick et al. (2008). Furthermore Daily et al. (2012), Jabbour (2013) and Teixeira et al.
(2012) agree that green training and development is a relevant method for GHRM to
accomplish its environmental goals. Noteworthy is that these three studies came to the same
conclusion with different types of studies, Daily et al. (2012) with a quantitative study,
Jabbour (2013) with a literature study and Teixeira et al. (2012) with a qualitative multiple
case review. Concerning the sample, both the study of Daily et al. (2012) and Teixeira et al.
(2012) used data from south-American countries (respectively: Mexican, Brazilian). It can be
argued that to make a more generalizable conclusion these studies should be replicated in
Western or Asian countries as well. In contrast with the aforementioned, Masri and Jaaron
(2017) conclude that in comparison with other green HR practices, green training and
Development was seen as the least influential practice of GHRM. This study was conducted
in Palestine, therefore it could be argued that whether green training and development is seen
as a positive or negative feature could differ per country due to financial constraints, for the
studies of Daily et al. (2012) and Teixeira et al. (2012) gave positive conclusions based on
south-American countries. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has had significant effects for asset
prices in Palestine, which influenced the finance of Palestinian organizations (Zussman,
Zussman & Ørregaard, 2008). However, it should be taken into account that the study of
Masri and Jaaron (2017) compared different green HR practices with each other, and out of
the practices compared in that study, green training and development was concluded least
important. This does not necessarily mean that it has no added value for GHRM. Tang et al.
(2018) conceptualized green training and development as the following three aspects:
awareness enhancement, knowledge management and climate building. Based on the
discussed literature it can be argued that green training and development is an important tool
for GHRM but that the importance might depend on the country or culture.
Gupta (2018) and Masri and Jaaron (2017) both conclude that green performance
management is not seen as the most important green HR practice. Both used multiple but
different methods to come to this conclusion. Gupta (2018) used a literature review, best
worst method and fuzzy TOPSIS (N=5) and Masri and Jaaron (2017) came to this conclusion
by means of a literature review, interviews with HR managers (N=17) and a survey (N=90).
Even though green performance management and appraisal is seen as the least important
attribute in the study of Gupta (2018), it might still have a positive effect on environmental
performance, because in the study practices were compared to each other. This is in line with
the findings in the study of Masri and Jaaron (2017), who state performance management and
appraisal positively affects environmental performance, but that green recruitment and
selection and green management of organizational culture affect it more. As the methods used
were very different and came to more or less the same conclusion, it can be argued that the
conclusion is more reliable. Furthermore, Tang et al. (2018) identified four aspects of green
performance management activities and Opatha and Arulrajah (2014) mention some specific
practices. Based on the discussed literature it can be concluded that green performance and
appraisal can be an effective tool for GHRM, but that it is not the most important tool.
Green pay and reward systems
Literature showed that green pay and reward systems are not often used in manufacturing
firms (Masri & Jaaron, 2017), which might explain why it is the least known GHRM practice
(Renwick et al., 2013). Therefore, it could be suggested more research is needed before strong
statements can be made on the influence of green pay and reward. However, when used, this
practice showed to have a positive effect one environmental performance (Masri & Jaaron,
2017). Ahmad (2015) and Jackson et al. (2011) both conclude in their literature reviews that
green pay and reward is the most powerful HR practice to link the interests of the organization
and the employee together. This is because giving monetary or non-monetary rewards for
acting green motivates the employees to behave in line with the organizational green goals.
Additionally, Gupta (2015) found in his study that green pay and rewards systems were the
third most important attribute in comparison with other practices. Even though more research
is needed to make strong statements, based on the discussed literature it can be argued that
when green pay and reward is implemented it has relevance for GHRM.
Rothenberg (2003) and Gupta (2015) both agree that involvement of employees plays an
important role in GHRM. Rothenberg (2003) conducted a case study and stated that when
employees are more involved, their ability to solve environmental issues will be better
because of their tacit knowledge. Furthermore, Gupta (2015) concludes that involvement of
employees is the third most important attribute of GHRM. Masri and Jaaron (2017) add to
this, that involvement of employees has a positive influence on environmental performance,
but the positive influence was less than that of green performance management, green
management of the organizational culture and green recruitment and selection. Based on the
study of Gupta (2015) and Masri and Jaaron (2017) it can be suggested that employee
involvement is a moderately important GHRM practice. Tang et al. (2018) identify in their
exploratory and confirmatory analysis five aspects that could measure green involvement,
including the ‘green’ culture, which is also seen as an important feature in the literature
studies from Ahmad (2015) and Renwick et al. (2013). Based on the discussed literature it can
be concluded that employee involvement is a good tool for GHRM. However, it is not the
most important tool for GHRM.
It can be concluded that green selection and recruitment, green training and
development, green performance management and appraisal, green pay and rewards and green
employee involvement are useful tools to implement GHRM. However, it can be argued that
green recruitment and selection and green training and development are more important tools
for GHRM, for there is more proof of the importance for the organization for these two
practices.
Last, the financial implications of GHRM for organizations were discussed based on
the fourth sub-question: What important financial implications does GHRM entail for the
organization?
Ambec and Lanoie (2008), Jacobs et al. (2010) and Bansal & Roth (2000) all agree
that better financial performance could be gained from environmental performance. Ambec
and Lanoie (2008) seek in their systematic overview for specific organizational circumstances
under which it is more likely for firms to gain financial performance and environmental
performance. These circumstances are displayed in appendix 1 (Ambec & Lanoie, 2008).
Moreover, Jacobs et al. (2010) conclude in a quantitative study that environmental
performance can sometimes lead to better market reactions. The focus of both studies differ
because Jacobs et al. (2010) focus more on financial benefits that can be gained out of the
green reputation of a firm, whereas Ambec and Lanoie (2008) do not specifically focus on the
green reputation of the firm, but also on other ways financial benefits can be gained, such as
waste reduction. It can be stated that Ambec & Lanoie (2008) and Jacobs et al. (2010)
concluded with use of different methods and a different focus of their study that it is possible
financial performance can be gained by environmental performance, but it depends on certain
circumstances or certain types of environmental performance whether it increases financial
performance. Furthermore Bansal & Roth (2000) confirm it is easier for ‘green’ companies to
hire high-quality employees, which might result in better performance and therefore also
financial performance. According to Shen et al. (2016) perceived GHRM has a positive effect
on task performance and organizational citizenship behaviour, and a negative effect on
intention to quit, all mediated by organizational identification. Better task performance might
lead to better financial performance of the company. Based on the discussed literature it can
be argued that GHRM does not necessarily has a negative effect on the financial performance
of firms, and in certain circumstances even generates better financial performance.
By means of answering the four sub-questions the research question can be answered
in the following way: GHRM is the use of HRM policies, practices and systems to promote
sustainable use of resources, increase employee awareness and commitment to the issues of
environmental sustainability and importance of environmental management to benefit the
individual, society, business and natural environment. Furthermore, employees play an
important role in the succeeding of GHRM, because when they do not have the right
Competencies, attitudes and behavior, the green results will be difficult to obtain. It can be
concluded that green recruitment and selection and green training and development seem to
be more important practices for GHRM to succeed than green performance management and
appraisal, green performance and appraisal and employee involvement. Concerning financial
implications for firms, it can be concluded that GHRM under certain circumstances can
generate better financial performance for firms.
Also, the limitations of this study must be discussed. GHRM is a relatively new concept in
HR literature, therefore a limited amount of literature was found on some subjects in this
paper. This was for instance the case with green pay and reward systems in which Masri &
Jaaron (2017) and Renwick et al. (2013) agreed on the limited knowledge available. It is
therefore recommended for future research to focus on specific green HR practices that have
not been researched a lot.
Furthermore, it can be recommended to conduct future research in Asian countries, for
these countries have upcoming economies in which organisations play a major role. In these
organizations the implementation of GHRM could be an important tool to make sure these
organisations do not pollute the world as much as Europe does at this moment. Of all studies
discussed only the studies of Tang et al. (2018) and Bansal and Roth (2000) were conducted
in Asian countries. Gupta, Hanges and Dorfman (2002) argued that cultural values and beliefs
may differ per cluster of countries, this indicates that outcomes may be different in other
continents. Therefore, it is recommended to replicate or conduct studies in other continents.
Also, the samples of most studies discussed existed of manufacturing firms (Cordano
& Friezze, 2000; Masri & Jaaron, 2017; Daily et al., 2012; Gupta, 2018; Shen et al., 2016).
For future research it can be recommended to conduct research in different sectors. For
example, in the service industry, for the implementation and effects of GHRM as an
innovative way of implementing environmental awareness in the organization might be
different there because of the different innovation processes in service firms (Ettlie &
Rosenthal, 2011).
Even though in this research the financial implications of GHRM for the organization
are discussed, the outcomes of GHRM for the employee were not discussed because not
enough relevant research on this topic was found. Therefore, future research could focus on
the outcomes of GHRM for the employee. Furthermore, it was remarkable that in some
Studies discussed it seemed the English language was not fully mastered, this might lead to
different interpretations.
This literature review has theoretical and practical implications. It has theoretical implications
because this study adds to the limited literature available about GHRM, this might make
GHRM a more known concept in literature. By giving an overview of GHRM, this study
contributes theoretically by making the existing literature more structured. Furthermore, this
study is theoretically relevant because gaps in the literature have been identified and
recommendations for future research have been made.
This study also has practical implications for this study can help managers and
organisations decide whether they want to implement GHRM or not, and if they decide to
implement it this study can help to decide which specific green practices are most important.
Moreover, HR managers that are not familiar with GHRM might get new ideas because of this
study, which might result in more GHRM in organizations, which in turn will be beneficial
for the environment. In this study it was concluded that green recruitment and selection and
green training and development are the most important tools for GHRM to succeed, this has
practical relevance because managers might then favor those practices over practices that
seemed less important when implementing GHRM, such as green pay and rewards and green
performance and appraisal.
To better link theory with practice one HR manager of a private medical clinic and one
employee of the tourist company Wilderness Scotland have been interviewed (appendix 2). At
the private medical Centre, it seemed few of the GHRM practices were implemented, this
might be explained by the sector, because health care is understaffed and this might lead to
insufficient time for things as sustainability (Murray, 2002). They do have an environmental
and sustainability declaration and there is an environment advisor with an environment group
who makes policies concerning sustainability, which corresponds with a small form of
employee involvement. However, except for the environment group, which is small and not
very active, employees are not really engaged in acting green. This organization might benefit
from implementing more GHRM practices, especially because the main problem seems to be
that the employees are not aware and committed to environmental goals, which is one of the
main goals of GHRM. On the other hand, in the second interview with an employee of the
tourist company Wilderness Scotland, it seemed almost all GHRM practices discussed in this
study were used. In this company all employees are involved with greening and sustainability.
Most comprehensively used are green recruitment and selection, green training and
development and green employee involvement. New employees for example need to do the
‘leave no trace’ training and all employees get multiple training opportunities concerning
sustainability or greening. A lot of different initiatives are implemented in the organization.
The HR manager from the private health clinic thought green performance
management was most important because the clear and obvious evaluation criteria would lead
to more people acting green. On the other hand, the employee from Wilderness Scotland
thought green performance management was actually the least important and green
recruitment and training was most important. She explains this by stating that she thinks
employees should not be acting green because they are evaluated but because they genuinely
think it is the best way to work. She thinks this can be realized by green recruitment and green
training. The difference in the two answers might be explained by the different organizational
sizes. Meander medical Centre is a big organization and Scotland wilderness only has around
35 employees. In case of the medical Centre green performance management systems might
help to make clear goals that are understood by all employees, whereas at a small company
this is not necessary because it is easier to notice if someone is not acting green and to
informally address this. From the interviews can be concluded that there are great differences
in the extent to which GHRM is implemented in organizations.
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Appendix: literature table
Autor/year Key concepts Study kind Sample Main findings Journal
characteristics
Ahmad, S. (2015) Green Human resource Literature Review - Discusses GHRM practices, Cogent Business &
management; states that HR has a significant management
Environment opportunity to contribute to the
management; green organization’s green
initiatives; Paperless movement.
office; Conservation;
Recycling.
Ambec, S., & Lanoie, Environmental Systematic - Discusses different potential The Academy of
P. (2008) performance; Financial overview of revenue increases and potential Management
performance; Potential empirical cost reductions and the Perspectives
revenue increase; evidence. circumstances under which
Potential cost reduction; better environmental
Circumstances performance and better
financial performance both can
be gained.
Bamberg, S., & Meta-analysis; Meta-analysis 57 samples, the The influence of eight psycho- Journal of
Möser, G. (2007) Meta-analytic SEM studies needed to social determinants on pro- environmental
(MASEM); be peer-reviewed environmental behaviour is psychology
Pro-environmental and the bottom tested. It is concluded that
behavior; year 1995 was attitude, behavioural control
TPB; chosen. The and personal norm predict pro-
Norm-activation model studies needed to environmental behavioural
apply a NAM or intention.
TPB model.
Bansal, P., & Roth, K. Ecological Qualitative study N=53 Japanese It was concluded that there are Academy of
(2000) responsiveness; Green; and United three motivations for corporate Management Journal
Motivations Kingdom firms. ecological responses:
legitimation, ecological
responsibility and
competitiveness. Also
conditions that increased
Corporate ecological
responsiveness were identified.
Cordano, M., & Environmental managers; Quantitative study N=295 It was found that attitudes of Academy of
Frieze, I. H. (2000) pollution prevention Environmental managers about pollution Management Journal
attitudes; environmental managers of prevention, perception of
regulation; source manufacturing norms concerning regulation
reduction facilities in the and the waste reduction
United States. activity of the facility in the
53,5% of the past positively predicted
companies had source reduction activity.
over 500
Employees.
Daily, B. F., Bishop, J. Environmental Quantitative N= 220 Mexican A model that links human International Journal
W., & Massoud, J. A. management; Human study, self-report manufacturing resource factors to of Operations &
(2012) resource management; survey organizations. environmental performance as Production
Environmental perceived by managers is Management.
performance; Mexico proposed. It was concluded
that environmental training
and environmental
empowerment are perceived
most important by managers.
However environmental
training had a stronger
Relationship.
Deshwal, P. (2015) Green HRM; Sustainable Literature review - In this study different specific International Journal
Development; Employee ideas of GHRM applied by of Applied Sciences
Retention; Green organizations are mentioned
Management Practices and the impact of it on
organizational outcomes is
discussed. It is concluded
GHRM has 2 elements: HR
practices for environmentally
friendly behaviour and the
preservation of the knowledge.
Firdaus, M., & Udin, Green management; Literature study - In this paper a few important 4th International
Z. M. (2014) Green human resource studies on green management Conference on
management; small are highlighted, with a focus Technology and
medium enterprises on small medium enterprises. Operations
(SMEs), Environmental management
Guerci, M., Applicant attraction; Quantitative study N= 7 Italian This study discusses the The international
Montanari, F., Corporate reputation; companies. They effects of green recruitment on journal of human
Scapolan, A., & Environmental must have been at applicant attraction. It resource management
Epifanio, A. (2015) management; Green least once in the compares the applicants that
HRM; Web-based ‘Great place to are attracted by the green
recruitment work’ ranking for reputation of the organization
Italy between and the applicants that are
2002 and 2012. attracted by the info that is
N=174 Students provided on the website of the
of three different company about the green
Universities in practices of the organization.
north Italy, who It was found green reputation
evaluated the did have an impact on the
websites of the attraction of applicants.
seven companies. However, the info about the
green practices did not have an
Impact.
Gupta, H. (2018) GHRM; BWM; Fuzzy Literature review, 5 HR experts Identifies thirty-nine attributes Journal of
TOPSIS; Manufacturing Best Worst from 5 different of GHRM. Ranks environment
organizations. methodology, organizations manufacturing organizations management
Fuzzy TOPSIS on the basis of their
performance on identified
GRHM practices using Fuzzy
TOPSIS. Green training and
development is ranked as the
most important practice.
Grolleau, G., Environmental-related Meta-analysis Data from the In this study with means of Resource and Energy
Mzoughi, N., & standards; Recruitment French three databases the effect of Economics
Pekovic, S. (2012) Organizational environmental standards of
Changes and organizations on the
Computerization’s recruitment of employees is
(COI) survey Researched. It is showed by
2006, Annual means of a bivariate probity
statement of model that the recruitment of
Social Data (non) professional employees
(DADS) and improves by having
Annual Enterprise environmental-related
Survey (EAE). In standards
total, N=10.840
French firms.
Jabbour, C. J. C. Environmental training; Literature review - It shows a systematic literature Resources,
(2013) Green management; review about environmental Conservation and
Literature review; training, it can be concluded Recycling
Sustainability; Green that environmental training is
human resource an important practice. Also
management recommendations for future
Research are given.
Jackson, S. E., Green HRM; Literature review - In this study an introduction to German Journal of
Renwick, D. W., Environmental Green HRM is given and Human Resource
Jabbour, C. J., & sustainability; Sustainable different GHRM practices are Management
Muller-Camen, M. HRM; Environmental Discussed.
(2011) management; Strategic
HRM
Jacobs, B. W., Market value; Quantitative N=780 In this study stock market Journal of Operations
Singhal, V. R., & Environmental announcements reactions to announcements of Management
Subramanian, R. performance; ‘corporate environmental
(2010) Environmental initiatives; initiatives and announcements
awards; certifications; of ‘environmental awards and
stock market reaction Certifications’ are researched.
It was concluded that the
following announcements had
a positive market reaction:
philanthropic gifts for good
environmental behavior,
voluntary emission reductions
and ISO 14001 certifications.
Mandip, G. (2012) Corporate social Literature review - In this study an overview of Research Journal of
responsibility; HR processes that are involved Recent Sciences.
Environmental with GHRM is given, different
management; GHRM practices and a short
Sustainability case study is discussed.
Masri, H. A. & Jaaron, Green human resource Qualitative and Interviews with A model in which insights are Journal of cleaner
A. A. M. (2017) management; GHRM quantitative study 17 HR managers. offered on how organizations production
practices; Environmental After that a should link their HR functions
performance; survey was to support their environmental
Environmental distributed to performance for competitive
management; food, chemical advantage is showed. Also an
Manufacturing sector; and assessment and measurement
Palestine pharmaceutical of the impact of GHRM
Manufacturin Practices in manufacturing
g firms. organizations is given.
(N=90)
Opatha, H. H. D. N. Sri Lanka; Greening; General reflection - A general overview of GHRM International business
P., & Arulrajah A.A. Human resource of is given. Especially the role of research
(2014) management; GHRM/literature employees in GHRM is
Environmental review discussed.
management
Rahim, R., Siahaan, Decision Support System; Quantitative study - The method Fuzzy TOPSIS is International journal of
A. P. U., Wijaya, R. DSS; TOPSIS; Employee explained in a case of bonuses engineering &
F., Hantono, H., bonus for employees. technology
Aswan, N., Thamrin,
S., ... & Sujito, S.
(2018)
Ramus, C. A. (2002) Employees; Employee Literature review N=353 employees This study discusses results Journal of World
survey; Environmental and Quantitative from large concerning employee Business
policies; Sustainable study headquartered participation in green and
development; Managers; European sustainable development
Employee participation companies of activities.
which all
implemented most
Of the
environmental
policies.
Ren S., Tang, G., & Green human resource Literature review - An integrated model of all Asia Pacific Journal of
Jackson, S. E. (2018) management; antecedents, contingencies and Management
Environmental consequences of GHRM is
management; discussed.
Antecedents;
Consequences;
Contingencies;
Measurement
Renwick, D. W., Environment; Green; Literature review - In this study seven articles The International
Jabbour, C. J., Muller- Human resources; about GHRM are discussed Journal of Human
Camen, M., Redman, Organizations; and future recommendations Resource Management
T., & Wilkinson, A. sustainability are made. Different GHRM
(2016) practices, environmental
performance and contextual
issues are discussed.
Renwick, D., Redman, Environmental Literature review - Gives an overview of different University of Sheffield
T., & Maguire, S. management; human GHRM practices Management School
(2008) resource management; Discussion Paper
sustainability; corporate
governance.
Renwick, D.W.S., & GHRM; AMO-theory; Literature review - In this study different GHRM International Journal
Redman, T., & Human resource practices are discussed by of management
Maguire, S. (2013) management; discussing the AMO-model. reviews
environmental Recruitment and selection,
management Employee training in EM,
environmental knowledge,
green leadership, management
development and leadership
are discussed as abilities.
Performance management and
appraisal and pay and reward
systems are discussed as
motivation. Employee
involvement, tacit knowledge
and supportive cultures for EM
are discussed as green
opportunities.
Rimanoczy, I. & Leadership development; Literature review - In this study the role of HR in Industrial and
Pearson, T. (2010) Human resource the sustainability program of a Commercial Training
management; Corporate firm is assessed. Furthermore
social responsibility it is concluded that a change in
the organizational culture is
required.
Rothenberg, S. (2003) Employee participation; Qualitative study 55 employees It is researched how and with Journal of
Environmental were interviewed what motivation employees management studies
improvements; and 47 projects of participate in environmental
Environmental organizations developments in an
management were analysed. organization. It is concluded
that different combinations of
knowledge types are important
for participation in
environmental developments.
Sharma, S. & Gupta, Environmental issues; Qualitative case One company: A process model of green The Twelfth AIMS
N. (2015) Green HRM; HRM; study HCL HRM is given International
sustainability Technologies Conference on
Management
Shen, J., Dumont, J. & Corporate social Quantitative study Respondents of an It is concluded that non green Group & Organization
Deng, X. (2018) responsibility; Intention Australian-owned work outcomes, such as task Management
to quit; Organizational food-grade paper- performance, organizational
citizenship behaviour packaging citizenship behaviour and
toward the organization; manufacturer. intention to quit are influenced
Organizational (N=388) by perceived green HRM
identification; Perceived through motivational, social
green human resource and psychological processes.
management; Perceived Furthermore, perceived
organizational support; organizational support
Task performance. moderates the effect of perceived
green HRM on organizational
identification and the indirect
effect of perceived green HRM
on the three employee workplace
outcomes, via the mediation of
organizational identification
Tang, G., Chen, Y., Validated instrument to Quantitative study Most from service In this study five dimensions of Asia Pacific Journal of
Jiang, Y., Paillé, P., measure GHRM, 5 industry, most from GHRM were distinguished, after Human Resources
Jia, J. (2018) dimensions GHRM. companies with which they developed a
more than validated instrument to measure
1000 employees. GHRM.
(N=74)
Teixeira, A. A., Jabbour, Environmental training; Qualitative case Nine case studies. In this study the relationship International Journal
C. J. C., & de Sousa Green management; Huan study The companies between green training and of Production
Jabbour, A. B. L. (2012) resources; Brazil needed to be large environmental management is Economics
and ISO 14001 discussed. It is concluded that
certified. All nine there is a significant positive
companies were relationship between the level of
Brazilian. environmental training and
green management
Wright, P. M. & Strategic human resource Literature study - Strategic human resource Journal of
McMahan G. C. management; Human management is discussed by management
(1992) resource management; discussing six theoretical
triple bottom line models.