Chapter 15 Problem Set Groupt1: Due Tuesday 1/19 A Planes 00 15.10 0015.12 oais.14 0015.15 0015.16 0ats.17 cats casa cais5 Group2: Doe Wesnesdey 1/20 PIS4 —a43cm b)-Sans —-17Sems G)3ts e) Sem PI55 P158 — a)24s_—_b) 417 Hz c) 262 rads 159. P1515 P1519 Group#3: Due Thursday 1/21 P1528 DoitYo Self P1527 P1533 The Bossis back as a bump! P1534 1.0015 P1542 _a)2.09s _b) 4.08%10, A mass-spring system moves with simple harmonic motion along the vaxis between turning points at 20 em and x, = 60 em. For parts (i) through Gli), choose from the same five possibilities. q@) At which position does the particle have the greatest magnitude (of momentum? (a) 20 em (b) 30 em (©) 40.¢m (@) some bother position (¢) The greatest value oceurs at multiple points. (ii) At which position does the particle have igreatest kinetic energy? (ii) At which position daes the particle-spring system have the greatest total energy? 0Q15.10 (i) Answer (c). At 40 cm we have the midpoint between the turning points, so it is the equilibrium position and the point of maximum speed, and therefore, maximum momentum. (ii) Answer (c). The position of maximum speed is also the position of maximum kinetic energy. (iii) Answer (e). The total energy of the system is conserved, so it is the same at every position.[BB Fora simple harmonic oscillator, answer yes oF no tothe falling eietions. Can the quantities penton and selocty have the sume sia? ¢b) Can welocky and feceleation have the same sgn? () Can postion and deceleration have the same sig 0Q15.12 (a) Yes. In simple harmonic motion, one-half of the time, the velocity is in the same direction as the displacement away from equilibrium. (b) Yes. Velocity and acceleration are in the same direction half the time. (©) No. The spring force and, therefore, the acceleration are always opposite to the position vector, and never in the same direction.14. Which of sa miass-spring system (hat moves with simple harmon 1 following statements is not truc regarding ‘motion in the absenee of friction? (a) ‘The total encrgy of the system remains constant, (b) The energy of the system is continually transformed between kinctie and potential energy. (c) The total energy of the system is \ proportional to the square of the amplitude. (@) The potential energy stored in the system is greatest when \ the mass passes through che equilibrium position, (©) The velocity of the oscillating mass has its maxi mim vahic when the mass passes throaigh the equi ium position, 0Q15.14 Answer (d) is the only false statement. At the equilibrium position, x= 0, the elastic potential energy of the system (Pe, minimum and the kinetic energy is a maximum.15. A simple pendulum has a period of 2.5 s. (i) What is its period if its length is made four times larger? (a) 1.258 (by 1.7 (6) 2.5 s (d) 354s (e) 5s Gi) What is its period if the len valle and he mass of the suspended bob is made four times larger? Choose from the same possibilities 0Q15.15 (i) (ii) Answer (e). We have T, = 27. fe and gs L T, = 2m}! = 20 [Ae g g factor of 2, to become 5s. 2T,. The period becomes larger by a Answer (c). Changing the mass has no effect on the period of a simple pendulum.16. A simple pendulum is suspended from the ceiling of a stationary elevator, and the period is determined, G) When the elevator accelerates upward, isthe period (@) greater, (b) smaller, or (e) unchanged? (i) When the elevator has a downward acceleration, is the period (@) greater, (b) small When the clevator moses with constant upward velocity, is the period of the pendulum (a) greater, (b) smaller, or (© unchanged? 0Q15.16 (i) Answer (b). The upward acceleration has the same effect as an increased gravitational acceleration. Answer (a). The downward acceleration has the same effect as a decreased gravitational acceleration. (iii) Answer (c). The absence of acceleration means that the effective gravitational field is the same as that for a stationary elevator.17. A particle on a spring moves in simple harmonic motion along the saxis between wening points at x, = 100 em and x, = 110 em. @) At which of the follow’ positions docs the particle have maximnm speed? \ (@) 100 cm (b) 110 em (@) 120 em (@) at mone of those positions (fi) At which position does it have maximum, acceleration? Choose from the same possibilities as in \ part (i. (i) Ac which position is the greates exerted on the partic bilities as im part (i force nose fiom the same possi 0Q15.17. (i) Answer (c). At 120 cm we have the midpoint between the turning points, so it is the equilibrium position and the point of maximum speed. (ii) Answer (a). In simple harmonic motion the acceleration is maximum when the displacement from equilibrium is maximum. (iii) Answer (a), by the same logic as in part (ii).1. You are looking at a small, leafy tree, You do not notice ny breeze, anid most of the leaves on the tree are motionless. One leaf, howeve 1g back and forth wildly. After a while, that leaf stops moving and you notice a different leaf moving much more than all the others. Explain what could cause che large motion of one particular leaf CQ15.1 An imperceptibly slight breeze blowing over the edge of a leaf can produce fluttering in the same way that a breeze can cause a flag to flap. As a leaf twists in the wind, the fibers in its stem provide a restoring torque. If the frequency of the breeze matches the natural frequency of vibration of one particular leaf as a torsional pendulum, that leaf can be driven into a large-amplitude resonance vibration. Note that it is not the size of the driving force that sets the leaf into resonance, but the frequency of the driving force. If the frequency changes, another leaf will be set into resonant oscillation.4.4 pendulum bob is made from a sphere filled with water, What would happen to the frequency of vibra- tion of this penditun that allowed the wi causa there were a hole in the sphere 10 Teak out slowly? We assume the diameter of the bob is not very small compared to the length of the cord supporting it. As the water leaks out, the center of mass of the bob moves down, increasing the effective length of the pendulum and slightly lowering its frequency. As the last drops of water dribble out, the center of mass of the bob moves back up to the center of the sphere, and the pendulum frequency quickly increases to its original value.5. Figure CQI5.5 shows graphs of the potential energy of four different systems versus the position of a particle v ’ a 5 ‘ t a 5 Figure CO15.5 in each system, Each particle is st into motion with a push at an arbitrarily chosen location. Describe its sub- sequent motion in each case (a), (b), (©), and €Q15.5 (a) _ No force is exerted on the particle. The particle moves with constant velocity. (b) The particle feels a constant force toward the left. It moves with constant acceleration toward the left. If its initial push is toward the right, it will slow down, turn around, and speed up in motion toward the left. If its initial push is toward the left, it will just speed up. (c) Aconstant force toward the right acts on the particle to produce constant acceleration toward the right. (d)_ The particle moves in simple harmonic motion about the lowest point of the potential energy curve.wn engine, a piston oscillates with simple harmonic so that its position varies according to the expression 5.00 eon(2e + = ‘where x isin centimeters and 1s in seconds. At 1= 0, find (a) the pesition of the particle, (b) its velocity, and (© its acceleration. Find (@) ue period and (e) the amplitude of the mation P154 — (a) The equation for the piston’s position is given as x=(5.00 cm) cos/ 2¢+= 6 Atf=0, x=(5.00 cm) cos |) = [4.33 cm 6 (b) Differentiating the equation for position with respect to time gives us the piston’s velocity: Att=0, v=[-5.00 em/s (c) Differentiating again gives its acceleration: do a= =-(20.0 cm/s? cos [21+] dt 6 Att=0, a=| -17.3 cm/s (da) The period of motion is Tat 3.148 o 2 (ec) We read the amplitude directly from the equation for x: A=| 5.00 cm[Eline postion of a particle is given by tne expr {00 com (200101), where xis in mecers imseconds, Determine (the frequency and (6) period ofthe motion, {¢ the amplitude ofthe motion, (d) the phase constant, and (e) the position of the particle at f= 0250 P15.5 x= (4.00 m)cos(3.00z + z); compare this with x= Acos(wt +) to find. (a) @=2nf =3.00z or | f= 1.50 Hz (b) T= _ 0.667 s f () A={ 400m (a) o=|mrad ()x(t=0.250 s)=(4.00 m) cos (1.757) =[2.83 msrmonic oscillator takes 12.0 6 to undergo 4c vibrations. Find (@) the period of its (b) the frequency in her, and () the angular frequency in radians per second. N P15.8 (a) From the information given, Te 12.0 s - 5 11 =i -foai7n 0) IF 399 2 2.40 s (c) @=2x f =2x(0.417)=| 2.62 rad/s[i] 700.45 objectis hung from the bouom end af avert al spring fastened to.an overhead eam, The object i stint wera exetavons having s period of 260 & ind the force constant of the spring P15.9 An object hanging from a vertical spring moves with simple harmonic motion just like an object moving without friction attached to a horizontal spring. We are given the period, which is related to the [kK frequency of motion by T= 1/f. Then, since @=2f =~, in 1 fe T=+=2n, f Solving for k, zm _ 4x*(7.00 kg) Fo eee oN[JA parccte moving along the axis in simple harmonic motion starts from its equilibrium position, the or fin a 1 O apd moves to the right. The amplitude Of its motion is 2.00 em, and the frequency is 1150 Hz spresion for the postion of the patcle he particle and (¢) the ea ‘earliest time ‘eration. (8) Find th ticle between ¢ distance traveled by the par and (= 100s P15.15 The period of the oscillation is T=1/f=1/1.50Hz=1/(3/2s")=2/3s, (@) Att=0,x=0and vis positive (to the right). Therefore, this situation corresponds to x= A sin @t and v= 0, cos wt, Since f= 150 Hz, @=2nf =3.007, and A= 2.00 cm: x= 2.00 cos (3.00£- 90°) = 2.00 sin 3.002¢ where x is in centimenters and f is in seconds. ) = Aw =2.00(3.007) = 6.007 cm/s 18.8 a () The particle has this speed at f = 0 and next after half a period: 1 Ss 2 |3 (A) diggs = A@* = 2.00(3.002) = 18.027 cm/s? =| 178 cm/s* (ec) This positive value of maximum acceleration first occurs when the particle is reversing its direction on the negative x axis, three- quarters of a period after f = 0: at = 0.500 s |. (f) Since T= 2 s and A = 2.00 cm, the particle will travel 8.00 cm in 3 one cycle. Hence, in 1.00 s==T =1¥ cycles, the particle will 2 travel 8.00 cm + 4.00 cm =| 12.0 cm |.‘vith an amplitude of 10.0 em. Calculate the maximum value of its (a) spe al requ P1519 io) (a) a =-(160 cm/s’) sin [(4.00 Hz)(0.161 s)]=] -96.0 em/s? (e) and (b) acceleration, (e) the speed ration when the object is 6,00 em m1 position, and (e) th 7 o= E Dake = 4,00 s7. Assuming the position of the object is at the origin at f = 0, position is given by x= 10.0 sin (4.004), where xis in cm. From this, we find that 7 = 40.0 cos (4.00), where 0 is in m/s, and a =~160 sin (4.004), where a is in em/s*. (a) 24 =@A = (4.00 rad/s)(10.0 em) =| 40.0 cm/s (b) a, = @°A=(4.00 rad/s) (10.0 cm) =| 160 cm/: From our assumed expression for x, we solve for the time f: (sts) 4.00 Hz 10.0 cm. 1 -( .00 em, f=} ——— |si cot (a0 mm) We find then that at that time: 9 =(40.0 cm/s) cos [4.00 Hz)(0.161 s)]=[ 32.0 em/s | and 6.00 em 10.0 cm. When 2 161 s. Using t= (jor) sin“ ( * ) we find that when x = 0, 4.00 Hz 10.0 cm # =0, and when x = 8.00 cm, = 0.232 s. Therefore, At=[0.232 s ].26. The amplitude ofa system moving in simple harmonic motion is doubled. Determine the change in (a) the tual energy, (b) the maximum speed, (0) the maxie ‘mum aeceleration, and (d) the period. “P1526 (a) Baska, soif A’=2A, B= 5 (A'? = 524) 4 Therefore | E increases by factor of 4. (©) opm = [EA s0 if A is doubled, | %,,, is doubled. (©) Oya. 4, soit Aisdoubled, Gna, also doubles. (d) T= an" is independent of A, so | the period is unchanged.A spring with a force an aumnpliay egy and (d) the potential energy when its 3.00 er P15.27 (a) Baska = 5(35.0 N/m)(4.00 10? my’ =[ 28.0 mJ (b) jo = | 220N/m_ [4.00107 my —(1.00% 10? m) 50.010" kg =| 1.02 m/s dwt dea? Lig? 2 2 2 = $(950 N/m)[ (4.00% 107 mJ’ ~(3.00 107 m)'] =| 122 mJ she = BS mo" = 28.0 mJ —12.2 mJ =| 15.8 mJ (K+U);= (Kru)¢ KATH Xt ew" KGLXD = Vhile driving behind a car wave ump jcal bump on its rie ure P15.53. (a) Explain why the bump, from your viewpoint belind the car, exe nomic motion, (b) If s tires are 0.300 m, what is the bump’s Figure P15.33 period of oscillation? ‘The motion is simple harmonic because the lire is rotating with ‘constant angular velocity and you see the projection of the motion lof the bump in a plane perpendicular to the tire. (b) Since the car is moving with speed v = 3.00 m/s, and its radius is 0.300 m, we have 3.00 m/s 10.0 rad/s 0.300 m_ Therefore, the period of the motion is Qn Qn e100 ra 0.628 s34. A “seconcls pendulum” is one that moves through its equilibrium position once each second. (The period of um is precisely 2s.) The length of a seconds is 0.992 7 m at Tokyo, Japan, and 0.994 2 m fall accelerations at these two locations? P1534 The period in Tokyo is T, =2,|"7, and the period in Cambridge is 7 Te=2n fe Sc We know that T; =T%=2.00s, which means that E &r 1.001542, Avery light rigid rod of length 0.500 m fextendls straight out fr ‘a meterstick, The combination pended from a pivot at th fof the rod as shown in Ei The combination is then pulled out by a small angle and released. (a) Deter mine the period of os of the system. (b) By what percentage does the period differ from the period of a simple pencuun 1,00 m long Figure P15.42 P1542 (a)_The parallel-axis theorem gives: 0.500 m Pivot oy + Me? = aMe +Mé? = 7p M(1.00 my? +.1(1.00 m) 10m M(13/12 m*) ANS. FIG. P15.42 Mgd ~~" Mg(1.00 m) 13712 m = 2m | > 9.80 m/s 2.09 s (b) For the simple pendulum, Ta27 {Om ors (5.80 my 2.09 s—2.01 s _ 201s difference = 4.08%