CHAPTER ONE

1.0. INTRODUCTION
1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
According to Surveyors Council of Nigeria (CAP 425) (SURCON)
‘Surveying’ means the art or science of measuring, determining, depicting or representing the
dimensions, extent, features or relative position of the earth’s surface.
Paul R. Wolf and Charles D. Ghilani (2006), defines Surveying as “the science, art
and technology of determining the relative position of points above, on, or beneath the earth
surface, or of establishing such points and plotting of these measurement to some suitable
scale to form a map, plan or chart.
According to Bannister and Raymond (1992), Surveying was defined as the art of
making measurements of the relative positions of natural and artificial features on the earth’s
surface and presentation of this information either graphically or numerically. It can also be
justifiable to say that surveying is a branch of mathematics as stated by Malcoln (1976).
Topographical survey is performed to determine the relative positions (horizontal and
vertical) of existing natural and constructed features on a parcel of land. Such features
include ground elevations, bodies of water, vegetation, rock outcrops, roads, buildings, and so
on.
Topographical survey provides information about the configuration of the land, Hills,
valleys, ridges, and the general slope of the ground can be depicted graphically. The data
obtained from a topographic survey are plotted and drawn as a suitably scaled map, called
topographical map, or topo map. The shape of the ground is show with contours, or lines of
equal elevation.
Topographical survey is defined as the measurement of dimensional relationships
among points, lines and physical features on or near the earth’s surface. Basically, surveying
determines horizontal distance, elevation differences, directions, and angles. These basic

1
determinations are applied further to the computation of Areas and Volumes and to the
establishment of Locations with respect to some coordinate systems. (Ben Bucker, Ph.D,
1990)
Topographical survey is defined as a written, or drawn description that supply a
general image of the earth’s surface; roads, rivers, buildings, often the nature of the
vegetation, the relief and the names of the various mapped object. Topographical survey is
most essential in engineering project because it shows the curvature and configuration of the
terrain. Configuration of any terrain projects its natural and cultural property of that very
portion of the land. (M. J. Kraak and F. Ormeling, 1996)
Topographical survey is defined as a survey that measures the elevation of points on a
particular piece of land and presents them as contour lines on a plot. These are carried out to
depict the topography of the mountainous terrain, rivers, water bodies and other cultural
details such as roads, railways, township, etc. It is used for general public purpose which is of
valuable use to Civil Engineers, Builders, Architects, and other allied professionals.
(Anderson, 1998)
Topographical survey enhances adequate planning of infrastructural development. It
is as well assist in location of these infrastructures as it also helps in effective land usage. It is
also an essential tool for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) because a project like this
cannot be planned in isolation without putting into considerations its impact on the immediate
community and the society at large. Tremendous developments in space technology in 21st
century has provided number of satellites platform to study the complex physical processes of
the earth-atmosphere system and one of the best basic characteristics of remote sensing is the
extensive use of qualitative and quantitative algorithms for estimating earth’s surface
variables (Liang, 2004).
Topographic Correction
Scientific studies using remote sensing data in the past were primarily focused on land
use classification and long term temporal changes in terrestrial land cover, assuming flat

2
terrain in order to avoid complexities due to topography (Sand Meier et al. 1995). The strong
variations in topographical parameters (mainly slope, aspect and altitude) in rugged
mountainous terrain significantly influence the qualitative and quantitative analysis of snow
physical parameters. The relief effect due to topography is neither eliminated during system
correction nor during the normal geometric correction and has great significance in
mountainous regions (Mishra et al. 2010). The methods for correcting the topographic effect
can be grouped into three categories:
(i) Band-ratio method (ii) Hyper spherical Direction Cosine Transformation (HSDC) and (iii)
Digital elevation models (DEM).
Band-ratio method: This method was one of the earliest and simplest topographic correction
method reported by Crane (1971) by using the ratio of two bands in satellite data. It does not
require any additional input data and much of information is lost using this method. A major
disadvantage of this method is that it becomes invalid when different land use/land cover
(LULC) classes have similar reflectance as reported by Sabins 1997; Colby et al. 1998
because of the decreased radiometric resolution of the ratio image. Previous research
(Metternich et al. 2003; Cheng et al. 2004) also shows that the band ratio could partly remove
the topographic effects from an image.
Hyper spherical Direction Cosine Transformation (HSDC): HSDC projects,
measurement vectors on to hypersphere (Chen et al. 2005). Chen’s research (2005) showed
that although the HSDC transformation can remove the topographic effects dramatically but
it is less suitable for multispectral classification of rock types. It only improved classification
accuracy of a few rock units, probably because some information was lost in the
transformation.

3
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

As it has been known that Ilori grammar school does not have a topographical map
which entails the perimeter survey plan, contour plan, spot heighten plan which can be used
as updated map for any project work by the engineers, so this survey operation is carried out
during the course of this project in order to produce updated map or plan for future

1.3 ORDER OF THE JOB

In order to obtain adequate precision and satisfy the described accuracy as regarding a
third order job.

1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

1.4.1. AIM

The aim of the project is to produce an accurate topographical survey plan will show
the shape, configuration, relief, and physical features of the school which could be used for
further development of the school.

1.4.2. OBJCTIVES
The following are the objectives to be achieved

i. To carry out the perimeter traversing of the study area.

ii. To carry out the spot heighting of the study area and,
iii. To carry out the detailing of the study area.
iv. To produce a topographical plan of perimeter, detailing, and spot heighten.

4
1.5 SCOPE OF THE PRACTICAL
The project scope entails:

i. Reconnaissance
ii. Beaconing (Monumentation).
iii. Perimeter traverses (using Total station)
iv. Spot height determination
v. Detailing
vi. Data downloading, processing/computation and analysis.
vii. AutoCAD drafting and presentation
viii. Report writing.

1.6 PROJECT SPECIFICATION

These are the specification given by the supervisor, expected for carrying out the
topographical survey operation of part of Ilori Grammar School, ogberin road, logun area,
Ede, Osun state.

i. Demarcation of the boundary.

a) The property beacons were ensured to be of dimension (18×18×75cm).
b) The beacons were buried at every change of direction and on straight long lines at
interval of not more than 400meter.
c) Every adjacent boundary beacons were proved intervisible.
d) The linear accuracy should be better than 1:5000
e) Angular misclosure allowable limit is determined by the formula 30” √N, where N is
the number of stations traversed.
f) The ground interval to be used for the contouring is 20cm by 20cm.
ii. Detailing of the existing artificial and natural features.
iii. Provision of adequate spot heights to show the terrain configuration of the area.

5
 iv. Production of contour plan and topographical plan.

1.7 PERSONNEL
The following students participated actively during the execution of this project.

ABDULAZEEZ ABDULMALIK OLAJIDE SG201701571DPT

KEHINDE AKINOLA JOB SG201700996DPT
ADESINA TAWAKALITU WURAOLA SG201703181DPT
DARE BUSAYO TIMILEYIN SG201703417DPT
OLATUNJI BASIT ADEKUNLE SG201701890DPT
ADETUNJI OPEYEMI HASIAT SG201703509DPT
ADEYEYE ADEPEJU JANET SG201703647DPT
ADEPOJU RUKAYAT ARIKE SG201701930DPT

1.8 PROJECT LOCATION

The project site was located at Ilori grammar school, ogberin road, alonglogun road
Ede South local government area. The project site was located on Latitude 7˚42’55.84” N to
Latitude 7˚42’56.72” N and Longitude 4˚25’27.53” E to Longitude 4˚25’48.21” E, the total
area of the project covered was 2.112 hectares.

6
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 PROJECT PLANNING AND PREPARATION

The project work was achieved successfully using the following method:

i. Reconnaissance, location of controls, and selection of stations.

ii. Test of instrument and Control check.
iii. Data acquisition involving the use of total station for perimeter traversing and
detailing using radiation from the total stations e ton a coordinated station around the
project sight.
iv. Data processing which include forward, backward and area computation to determine
the heights and bearings of each survey line of the boundary as well as the total size
covered
v. Plotting of the topography (Contouring) to depict the 3D impression of the project site
with the aid of SUFFER 13 and AutoCAD 2017.

2.1 RECONNAISSANCE

Reconnaissance is defined as the preliminary investigation of the area to be surveyed.

Reconnaissance is the background or guild for any survey job to be executed. It is well
known as the preparatory stage of the project execution which can be described as
indispensable or unavoidable process in any survey operations. The overall picture of the
area to be surveyed is first taken upon arrival at the site of the commencement of the
practical work. This method of survey is first considered and the most suitable positions
for the traverse stations are decided on. The end product of every Reconnaissance is the
recce diagram which guides the proper execution of the project.
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 During the recce, the following was noted:

i. Overall view/picture of the area was obtained

ii. Controls are located in the specified area
iii. Positions of stations are determined
iv. Method of survey is considered
v. Intervisibility was tested for
vi. Suitability for linear measurement

High level of patience is much needed at this stage in order to have well planned
strategy in the sense that it gives the facts about the accessibility of the T-site. This operation
was done in two stages namely

The exercise is sub-divided into two main types known as

i. Office reconnaissance
ii. Field reconnaissance.

2.1.1 OFFICE RECONNAISSANCE

This is the preview stage where crucial information about the project was obtained
and it was based majorly on controls to be used around the vicinity of the site. This was done
to help in determine the expected accuracy, necessary instrument to be use, choice of scale
and personnel.

Also, the financial implications of the project were also considered before the
commencement of the project so as to facilitate its proper execution. Prior to the information
gathered, the coordinates of the controls listed below were considered best for connection to
the main practical work which was provided by the Department of Surveying and Geo-
informatics, Federal Polytechnic Ede, Ede, Osun State.

8
Table 1.0 The existing coordinates

STATIONS NORTHING(m) EASTING(m)

FPE/ ILG 04 853136.7484 657101.4843
FPE/ ILG05 853109.2772 657080.7780
FPE/ ILG 06 853074.5087 657126.7853

More also, the instrument needed for the project was also collected from the store
unit, Federal Polytechnic Ede, Osun State.

2.1.2 FIELD RECONNAISSANCE

This aspect of reconnaissance involves visiting the site to have the general
view of the site; it also involves the actual visit to the route to ascertain the
information gathered during office planning.
Also, the controls to be used was located during this exercise to ascertained
whether the control pillars are still on their position, the selection of points and
pegging of suitable station for subsidiary traverse were also done during the exercise.
We also ensured that all this points were intervisible to each other and safety of the
selected station.
Finally, to have a meaningful field reconnaissance exercise, a reconnaissance
diagram (Recce) of the area was drawn so as to assist in our future observations

9
 2.1.3 MONUMENTATION

Monumentation is the process of demarcating the station with stone or

concrete pillar (beacon) or pegs. In this type of project, the station were demarcated
by concrete pillars of dimension 18×18×75cm and pegs nailed at the center this is due
to the fact that the area to be surveyed is not yet demarcated by government so as to
avoid confusion in the future.

18cm

18cm

Ground level

Fig2.0: Atypical beacon

2.1.4 PROJECT SCHEDULING

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 The table 2.1 below contains the group activities towards the success of the
project and the number of days used to carry out each of the activities;

Table 2.0: Project Schedule

ACTIVITY Number of Days

Reconnaissance One

Establishment of control One

Total station perimeter traversing(Field work) One

Gridding and taking of spot heightening two

Detailing two

Data processing Four

Report writing three

CHAPTER THREE

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3.0 METHODOLOGY

Basically the project was executed by adoption of the following method:

i. Traversing of boundary with Total Station.

ii. Detailing and spot heightening with Total Station
iii. Others includes;project planning, reconnaissance, location of controls, control check,
selection of stations, test of instrument, data acquisition and, data processing.

3.1 DATAACQUISITION

The data was acquired with regards to the scope, rules, and regulation guiding the
execution of this project. The observation procedure was properly followed in other to
acquired accurate data. The observation involves measurement of selected point from
the proposed aim of producing topographical map or plan is achieved with respect to
appropriate scale.

3.1.1 EQUIPMENT USED

These consist of equipment used in the execution of this project. It equally included
both hardware and software used. However, they were categorized into two and given as
follows:

i. DATAACQUISITIONEQUIPMENTS
a) Total station MODEL: NTS352RNUMBER: S57481VERSION: 2009:05:21
ENGRAVE NUMBER: FPE/SG/11/01
b) 1 Reflector
c) 1 Tripod stand
d) 4 Ranging pole
e) 100m steel tape
f) Pegs
12
 g) 2 Cutlass
h) Plumb bob
ii. DATAPROCESSINGEQUIPMENTS

a) AutoCAD development 2017

b) Surfer 13.0

3.1.2 TEST OF INSTRUMENT

The necessary test is carried out on the instrument to ensure its proper functioning
before proceeding in any project work for its proper delivery of the task. The instrument was
set on station (FPE/ ILG 5)and the primary adjustment was carried out on the instrument,
then the instrument was bisected on both face to the target i.e. prism been placed on (FPE/
ILG 4)then difference in both face is calculated and recorded. The table below shows the
analysis of the obtained result;
The table below shows the analysis of the obtained result;
Table 3.0
FROM STATION FACE H.C.R. TO STATION

FPE/ ILG 5 Left 359º58ˈ45̎ FPE/ ILG 4

Right 180º00ˈ10̎

Face Left Observation (L)-Face Right Observation(R)

=359º58ˈ45̎-180º00ˈ10̎
=179º59ˈ46˝
Comment; with the above result obtained it proved that the instrument is in good
working condition and should be used in carrying out our project as directed by our
supervisor
3.1.3 CONTROL CHECKS

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 Control check is a very important step to be taken before any survey operation
can be done. Control check is done to check whether the control pillars are still intact,
these control pillars are used to connect the job done and which need to be confirm in
order to ascertain the proper positioning of the pillars. The controls used are FPE/ ILG
4, FPE/ ILG 5 and FPE/ ILG 6, these controls were also used as the closing control
for the project. The step involved in carrying out this control check involves the
following;
Procedure:
i. The Total Station was set on the pillar at the middle (GPS 5), the temporary
adjustments (centering, leveling and focusing) was carried out on the
instrument, then the existing coordinate (x, y, z) of the pillar is entered into
the instrument for the occupied station as required by the instrument. The
height of the instrument is measured from the top of the pillar to the Centre of
the instrument the value obtained in meter is input into the instrument and
save as regard of the instrument command.
ii. After completing the above mentioned task, the coordinate of the back sight
pillar (ILG 4) is input into the appropriate quarter in the instrument and the (x,
y, z) coordinate are save as regard the command of the instrument. After that
a prism mounted on a tracking rod is placed on the center of the pillar by a
staff man in order to make a reference observation to pillar to compare and
contrast the discrepancy in the inputted coordinate and that of the observed
one. The observation is the saved as back sight on the instrument due to a
very slight difference in the coordinate obtained and that of the inputted one.
iii. The last observation is the called the fore sight, during this fore sight
procedure there is no need for input of any coordinate as for the previous
observation. The command FS/SS is followed on the instrument command

14
 and the coordinate of the fore sight pillar named (ILG 6) is generated and
compare to the existing coordinate

Table 3.1.4 Computed data

FRM BEARINGS DIST ∆N ∆E N E TO STN
STN
853136.748 657101.484 FPE ILG
4
FPE/ ILG 6
FPE ILG 217º0’24.5” 34.400 -27.471 -20.706 853109.277 657080.778 FPE ILG
4 5
FPE ILG 127 º4’46.34” 57.667 -34.769 46.007 853074.508 657126.785 FPE ILG
5 6

Table 3.1.4.1 Observed data

FRM.STN BEARING DIST ∆N ∆E N E TO STN
FPE ILG
4
FPE ILG 4 00º00’00” FPE ILG
5
FPE ILG 5 00º00’00” FPE ILG
6

FPE/ ILG 4 Discrepancy in Northing = 0.050m Easting = 0.006m

FPE/ ILG 5 Discrepancy in Northing = 0.062m Easting = 0.004m
FPE/ ILG 6 Discrepancy in Northing = 0.039m Easting = 0.009m

15
 Comment; with the above result obtained, it proved that the control
pillars used for connecting our project work was at insitu and was used as
directed by our supervisor.

3.1.4.3 PERIMETER TRAVERSING WITH SOUTH TOTAL STATION

Perimeter traversing in surveying is the process of establishing the position of

points on the ground by measuring angle and distance, from set of known points to
unknown points. This process involves the establishing successive points resulting in
series of connected lines of the bearing and distances are known. A traverse could be
an open traverse or a close traverse, since the area of the parcel of land will be
obtained a close traverse is necessary. The principle of working from whole to part
was strictly adhered to during the field operation of this project. Total Station being
digital equipment is capable of producing the result of measurement in bearing and
distance format or rectangular format.

Traversing is a method in the field of surveying to establish control networks.

Traverse networks involve placing survey stations along a line path of travel, and then
using the previously surveyed points as a base for observing the next point. It entails
determining of bearing and distance of a connected straight line or traverse line from
known coordinated point to another known coordinated point so as to obtain the
coordinates of the intermediate station. Perimeter traversing can also be defined as the
establishment of a boundary line across the established pillar. During this process
Northing, Easting and Height of the observed point is generateddirectly with the aid
of Total Station Instrument. It gives the coordinates value for the observed point.

16
3.1.4.4 PROCEDURE
The following procedure was followed in other to achieve the establishment of
perimeter boundary of the project site. The procedure was followed using Total
Station NTS-352R (S57481):
i. The instrument was set on known pillar FPE/ ILG 5
ii. All primary adjustment was carried out on the instrument i.e. centering,
leveling, and focusing
iii. The instrument was switch ON by long pressing the power key
iv. The MENU bottom was pressed, then GOTO data collection and the project
file was created and named
v. The bottom F1 key was pressed which indicate the OCCUPY POINT where
all the parameter like Northing, Easting, and Height were to be entered
correctly together with the HEIGHT OF INSTRUMENT which was measured
with a portable steel tape, all were entered and save by pressing the OK
bottom.
vi. After completion of the above mentioned task, the bottom F2 was pressed
which indicate the back sight where all parameter like Northing, Easting, and
Height of the back sight pillar were entered together with the height of the
reflector. After bisecting the back station FPE/ ILG 4 and another coordinate
is generated which is the compared to the existing coordinate of the pillar and,
there were a very minimal discrepancy in the last 3 decimal digit of the
coordinate.
vii. After compare of the obtained coordinate the option YES/NO is displayed on
the instrument screen and option YES is selected. Followed by REWRITE
and option NO is selected. The task is complete for the back sight.
viii. The next page is displayed on the instrument screen which shows F1, F2, F3.
Where the key F3 was selected to precede the fore sight observation. After

17
 bisecting the prism mounted on the tracking rod which was hold by a staff
man placing on the fore station named (FPE/ ILG 1) the key F4 was pressed
which indicate MEASURE ALL on the screen. It takes few seconds for the
instrument to send a signal with lasser beam light to the reflector in other to
generate the distance and the coordinate of that point with the aid of onboard
software present in the instrument. After that the coordinate is cross check to
their differences.
ix. After that, the instrument station was changed due to the intervisibility of the
station. All the back sight was recorded in the field book for cross checking of
the newly observed one.
x. The same procedure was repeated in the subsequent station until the last
station for the boundary establishment was acquired

DATA AQUIRED FOR TRAVERSING

POINT 01 X=657099.941 Y=853143.140

POINT 02 X=657129.607 Y=853116.708

POINT 03 X=657115.760 Y=853101.354

POINT 04 X=657143.829 Y=853081.251

POINT 05 X=657146.548 Y=853079.210

POINT 06 X=657164.021 Y=853066.094

POINT 07 X=657193.910 Y=853042.842

POINT 08 X=657198.860 Y=853039.321

18
POINT 09 X=657203.930 Y=853035.898

POINT 10 X=657189.653 Y=853012.307

POINT 11 X=657176.457 Y=853018.751

POINT 12 X=657152.255 Y=852984.942

POINT 13 X=657167.461 Y=852972.461

POINT 14 X=657120.513 Y=852930.071

POINT 15 X=657069.471 Y=852970.165

POINT 16 X=657071.533 Y=852973.513

POINT 17 X=656998.891 Y=853016.657

POINT 18 X=657012.004 Y=853041.270

POINT 19 X=657012.761 Y=853042.113

POINT 20 X=657079.914 Y=853120.123

POINT 21 X=657082.634 Y=853123.331

POINT 22 X=657083.001 Y=853123.684

POINT 23 X=657083.670 Y=853124.337

19
3.1.4.5 DETAILING

This was carried out in order to fix and to determine the true position of the
natural and artificial features existing along and within the land. The details was
taking along the boundary line by holding the reflector at the edge of detail and turn
the telescope of the instrument to bisected the prism of the reflector. After observation
has been taken, the coordinate display on the instrument screen is stored in the
instrument memory. And adequate Recce diagram was drawn to aid the proper
plotting of the detailing. At least three points were picking in detail like buildings.
The procedure was repeated at every detail within the enclosed land and around the
boundary. The features fixed include the uncompleted buildings, the road, tree
plantation within the site, stream, well and completed building, station was used to
acquire the location data (x,y,z) of the features.

3.1.4.6 SPOT HEIGHTING

After the completion of perimeter survey by Total Station, entire site was
gridded at an interval of 20m by 20m as the specification given by the project
supervisor. The land is subdivided into several cube of meter grid with the aid of
arrow pin for demarcation. The coordinates of the beginning and end points of each
grid line derived during subsidiary traverse were uploaded into the Total Station. The
longest line (FPE/ ILG 03 and PG6) within the boundary lines was used as the base
line for the grid lines set out.

20
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 DATA DOWNLOAD

Data download is a very crucial aspect of the obtaining the acquired data on field.
Data download can be referring to as a medium at which the obtained data stored on
the instrument used is transfer through a connected cable to any available computer
system for adequate transformation of that data to information. The data download is
the only aspect in which other relies on for the completion of the task given.

4.1 DOWNLOADING PROCESS

The acquired data stored in the memory of the instrument was downloaded into
the computer system. Before the commencement of the data transfer South software is
installed into the computer system. This enable the process of transferring the
captured data stored in the memory of the instrument to the computer via the
equipment port and a connected cable via the communication port (com) to the
computer. The data captured with the Total Station were downloaded into the
computer via cable through South software. The following procedures were followed
during the downloading process.

Connect the downloading cable from the instrument to the computer; launch the south
software on the computer.

- Go to communication (com) under communication (com) click on parameter

- Setup the information on parameter

- After setting up everything then, click OK on the instrument

- Press menu on the instrument and go to memory manager.

21
 - From memory manager, go to data transfer which comprises of NTS300 and
NTS660 and select on NTS300

- Go to the next page which comprises of send data, com parameter then clicked on
com parameter

- Under com parameter, there are bond rate, protocol and char/parity. First click on
band rate then click on protocol and later click on char/parity.

- Set up all the parameter to conform to the parameter on the computer system

- After setting up the parameter then click OK and then press escape (esc) to back to
previous page then click send data which comprises of measured data, co-ordinate,
data and PCODE lib. Click on the instrument before click on the computer system.

- Click download 300 load on system. After that click on the instrument before click
on the computer system.

- Go to transform on the computer system which comprises of CASS co-ordinate 300

and CASS co-ordinate 660, then click CASS co-ordinate 300.

- Goto transform again, there are DXF format and TEXT format. Firstly, click on the
DXF format, name the file and save it (see appendix for raw data downloaded).

Table 4.0 Downloading process Dialogue Box

Parameter

Protocol 1800
Time out Ack/Nak Interline delay
None

22
PORT
COM 1 COM 2 COM 3 COM 4
COM 5 COM 6

BAND
1200 2400 9600 4800
19200

DATA BIT STOPBITPARITY

7 1 NONE
8 2 ODD
EVEN

4.2 SAVING RAW DATA (DOWNLOADED DATA))

The raw data obtained from the total station is saved on the computer system. The
saved data is used in two different formats for the execution of this project. The data obtained
are saved for both AutoCAD and Surfer application. (See appendix III)

4.3 DATA PROCESSING

This aspect deal with the conversion of raw data acquired from the field into useable
format, it entails the computation of data into various numerical value that could be presented
as result either in numerical or graphical format. It involves the reduction manipulation and
mathematical computation of the field data as a result which later processed into information
in form of plan. This is always done in the office and it is called office computation.
4.3.1 TRAVERSE COMPUTATION
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 Traverse computation is defined as a process of refinement of the raw data acquired
on field into finished information necessary for the production of plans and map (see
appendix v).

4.3.2 BACK COMPUTATION

The procedure in back computation is the reverse of forward computation. The
bearing and distance were derived from delta Northing and delta Easting which was in turn
obtained from coordinates of the stations. Back computation yielded the final bearing and
distance used for horizontal alignment and traverse plotting.
The following formulae were used:
Change in Northing (∆N) = N₂ - N₁ (N₁--initial Northing and N₂--Next Northing) N₃ - N₂
--------------------
Change in Easting (∆E) = E₂ - E₁ (E₁ ---initial Easting and E₂ ---Next Easting) E₃ - E₂
Bearing = tan⁻1 (∆E/∆N)
Length/distance = √ (∆N) 2+ (∆E) 2 or ∆N/cosine bearing or ∆E/sine bearing
L=∆N/cosine bearing, L=∆E/sine bearing, Where L=distance
∆N=change in Northing
∆E=change in Easting
θ = Bearing

Table 4.3.2.1

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 BEARING DIST. ∆N ∆E NORTHING EASTING STN
853074.509 657126.785 FPE/ ILG 06
200º32’50.5” 67.185 62.239 -25.302 853136.748 657101.484 FPE/ ILG 04
217º00’24.5” 34.400 -27.471 -20.706 853109.277 657080.778 FPE/ ILG05
29o18’38.85” 39.144 34.133 19.163 853143.140 657099.941 PL 01
131o42’2.16” 39.733 -26.432 29.666 853116.708 657129.607 PL 02
222o2’44.56” 20.676 -15.354 -13.847 853101.354 657115.760 PL 03
125o36’36.7” 34.525 -20.103 28.069 853081.251 657143.829 PL 04
126o53’36.5” 3.400 -2.041 2.719 853079.210 657146.548 PL 05
126o53’36.6” 21.848 -13.116 17.473 853066.094 657164.021 PL 06
127o52’51.4” 37.868 -23.252 29.889 853042.842 657193.910 PL 07
125o25’29” 6.075 -3.521 4.950 853039.321 657198.860 PL 08
124o1’30.62” 6.117 -3.423 5.070 853035.898 657203.930 PL 09
211o10’54.6” 27.575 -23.591 -14.277 853012.307 657189.653 PL 10
296o1’39.49” 14.685 6.444 -13.196 853018.751 657176.457 PL 11
215o35’48.4” 41.579 -33.809 -24.202 852984.942 657152.255 PL12

129o22’44.2” 19.672 -12.481 15.206 852972.461 657167.461 PL 13

227o55’14.4” 63.254 -42.390 -46.948 852930.071 657120.513 PL 14
308o8’59.96” 64.906 40.094 -51.042 852970.165 657069.471 PL 15
31o37’42.61” 3.932 3.348 2.062 852973.513 657071.533 PL 16
300o42’25.9” 84.473 43.144 -72.642 853016.657 656998.891 PL 17
28o02’50.02” 27.888 24.613 13.113 853041.270 657012.004 PL 18
41o55’23.92” 1.133 0.843 0.757 853042.113 657012.761 PL 19
40o43’21.76” 102.932 78.010 67.153 853120.123 657079.914 PL 20

25
40o17’38.24” 4.206 3.208 2.720 853123.331 657082.634 PL 21
46o52’58.87” 0.516 0.353 0.377 853123.684 657083.001 PL 22

45o28’29.77” 0.938 0.658 0.669 853124.337 657083.670 PL 23

190o52’13” 15.335 -15.060 -2.892 853109.277 657080.778 FPE/ ILG 05

4.3.3 FORWARD COMPUTATION

The forward computation is a computation that was carried out with the observed
angle and true horizontal length in other to compute for the corrected bearing and the
corrected coordinate of the observed point. This was done with the application of the
appropriate survey formulae for its computation. (See appendix VI)

4.3.4 AREA COMPUTATION

The entire area of the project site was calculated using double latitude and the total
area was 2.112 hectares (see appendix VIII)

4.3.5 FINAL CORRECTED COORDINATES

The final corrected coordinates are listed in the table below after taking the
necessary correction and adjustment on it.

Table 4.3.5.2 Corrected final coordinate

26
 NORTHING EASTING STN
853074.509 657126.785 FPE/ ILG 06
853136.748 657101.484 FPE/ ILG 04
853109.277 657080.778 FPE/ ILG 05
853143.140 657099.941 PL 01

853116.708 657129.607 PL 02
853101.354 657115.760 PL 03

853081.251 657143.829 PL 04
853079.210 657146.548 PL 05

853066.094 657164.021 PL 06
853042.842 657193.910 PL 07

853039.321 657198.860 PL 08

853035.898 657203.930 PL 09
853012.307 657189.653 PL 10

853018.751 657176.457 PL 11
852984.942 657152.255 PL12

852972.461 657167.461 PL 13

852930.071 657120.513 PL 14
852970.165 657069.471 PL 15

852973.513 657071.533 PL 16
853016.657 656998.891 PL 17

853041.270 657012.004 PL 18

853042.113 657012.761 PL 19
27
853120.123 657079.914 PL 20

853123.331 657082.634 PL 21
853123.684 657083.001 PL 22

853124.337 657083.670 PL 23
853109.277 657080.778 FPE/ ILG 05
4.3.6 ANGULAR MISCLOSURE

The angular accuracy of the project is calculated for by using the adequate formula
for its correction. The formula for calculating the angular accuracy is 0˚0’30”√n where n =
total number of stations.
The angular accuracy is as follow:
0˚0’30√ n where n = Total number of observed stations
0˚0’30√ 23 =0˚2’23.87”

ELEVATION
± 24mm√k
k = 676.111
1000
= 0.676111km
= ± 24mm√0.676111
= 24mm x 0.822259691
= 0.024 x 0.822259691
= ± 0.019734232
= ± 0.0197

4.3.7 BEARING MISCLOSURE DISTRIBUTION

Bearing misclosure distribution is the error or discrepancy in observed bearing in

comparing to computed bearing. The error calculated was distributed in accordance with
applicable formula to all observed stations. The total error calculated during the observation
was -0˚0'5.2" for all (17) traverse station. The error was distributed as thus;

(-0˚ 0' 5.2"÷17) × The number at which the station is i.e.

28
4.3.8 LINEAR ACCURACY
The linear accuracy is also calculated for using the adequate formula.
1
√ ∆ N 2 + ∆ E2 =
TotalDistance
1
√¿¿¿
¿
=
1
√ 0.002809+ 0.006561
1575.636
=
1
√ 0.00937
1575.636
=
1
0.09679876
1575.636

= 1:16,000

4.4 ABSTRACTION OF RESULT

Abstraction of the result is all about the analysis of how the acquired data is been
refined. The data acquired start from the downloading of the observed data on field with the
aid of a connected cable to the computer system. The data acquired on field is then available
in digital and soft copy format for adequate processing to take place. The data is now
29
transform into hard copy format for manual computation to take place, starting from back
computation, forward computation, angular misclosure, bearing misclosure distribution,
linear accuracy, angular accuracy, and leveling accuracy which are computed for in hard
copy format. The final result obtained after all this necessary adjustment has been taken care
of is now used for the production of plan and maps of the survey area which was presented
for approval.

The calculated angular misclosure = 0˚2’23.87”

Calculated linear accuracy= 1:6000

Calculated leveling accuracy= 0.197m

The total area covered for the project = 2.112 hectares

The printing map scale = 1:2000

4.5 ANALYSIS OF RESULT

30
 This aspect consists of the expected accuracy and obtained accuracy
Table 4.5.1 Presentation of Result
Operation Accuracy Obtained value Remark

1. Traversing Within
Linear Accuracy allowable limit
1 : 5000 1: 6000

2. Leveling misclosure 0.038 `0.0197 Within

3. (± 24mm√k) where k = allowable limit
total distance in Kilometer

4.6 PRESENTATION OF RESULT

Presentation of result is the final production of the topographic plan which is the
main aim of this project. Plotting of the perimeter traversing which consist of
boundary lines, fixed details, stream, roads, tap water outlet etc. was drawn by
AutoCAD software. Also plotting of the topography plan which defines the terrain of
the land was done by Surfer application. The obtained result is attached at the
appendixes of this project.

CHAPTER FIVE
31
5.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
5.1 SUMMARY
The aim of this project was to produce an up to date topographical map or plan of
Ilori Grammar School Ede. The importance of the study, the scope and personnel that
carried out the project was shown in this project report and also the study area was
also shown.
The project area covered 2.112 hectares. The project cut across reconnaissance,
perimeter traversing, spot heightening and detailing. South total station was used for
perimeter traversing, spot heighten, and detailing. South total station downloading was used
for downloading and processing of total station acquired data. The data acquisition, data
process and analysis of the result were also presented in this project report and as well as the
methodology of the work were also resented vividly in this report.
The final adjusted coordinates were used for the perimeter plan and topographical
plan using AutoCAD land development 2017 and Surfer 13 respectively. The plan was drawn
at a scale 1: 2000.

5.2 PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED

These are challenges being faced or encountered on the field during the course of
executing this project.
i. Disturbance from the students playing football within the school premises
during the course of executing the project.
ii. There was delay in taking observations due to the large presence of the
features such as building obstruction and some features to be acquired within
the project area.
iii. Disagreement among members

32
5.3 CONCLUSION
The primary aim of this project was achieved at the end of exercise whereby a
topographical plan of Ilori Grammar School was produced on a scale 1: 2000. Four
plans were produced whereby one showing perimeter and the detailing, and the
second one showing spot heights, the third showing contour lines and fourth showing
combination of the contour lines and spot heights. These plans will now be useful as
source of information for information for the planning management of the school
purposely for the designing and extension of the school for future construction.

5.4 RECOMMENDATION
Since this project field work was carried out properly under proper supervision of
my supervisor and departmental instruction and that the data obtained are processed
following the survey rules and procedures to achieve the main aim of the project i.e.
topographic map which will be enough for any construction project within the school
area I hereby recommend that this project report should be adopted for upcoming
student of this great institution and Department Of Surveying And Geo-informatcs
and beyond.

33
 REFERENCES

Surveyors Council of Nigeria (SURCON): Surveying (CAP 425)

Arthur Bannister & Raymond Baker, 1992, Surveying, First edition

Malcolm & Ben Bucker, Ph.D. (1976-90): Surveying, seventh edition,

Anderson and Mikhail (1998): Topographic surveying

M.J Kraak & F. Ormeling (1996): Topographical survey

Sabins & Crane (1971-97): Topographical correction

Sandmeier et al., (1995); Topographical correction

Mishra et al. (2010): Topographical correction

Chen et al: (2005): Hyper spherhical cosine transformation (HSDC)

Colby et al (1998): Baic ratio method.

34
 APPENDIX
Appendix II Downloaded Coordinate and Height from GPS
Appendix III Downloaded data from Total Station
Appendix IV Grid Report
Appendix V Traverse Computation Sheet
Appendix VI Forward computation
Appendix VII Area computation sheet
Appendix VIII Area Computation
Appendix IX Plan shewing perimeter survey
Appendix X Plan shewing topographic plan(contour)
Appendix XII Plan shewing spot heighten

35
Appendix I

Builder:Surv Kolapo

Supervisor: MR. ISMAIL ABDULLAHI .A

Supervisor: 2019:07:13 2019:07:13

File Name Obervation Begin End ID Ant Hight Ant Hight No.

47P01942.STH 2019:07:13 06:50 08:21 47P0 1.2687 1.2550 H1366118360

RF101942.STH 2019:07:13 07:17 10:52 RF10 1.5642 1.5500 H1366416784

RF201942.STH 2019:07:13 08:44 09:03 RF20 1.5051 1.4910 H1366118360

RF301942.STH 2019:07:13 09:09 09:31 RF30 1.5642 1.5500 H1366118360

RF401942.STH 2019:07:13 09:37 09:58 RF40 1.4971 1.4830 H1366118360

RF501942.STH 2019:07:13 10:03 10:23 RF50 1.5612 1.5470 H1366118360

RF601942.STH 2019:07:13 10:30 10:49 RF60 1.6382 1.6240 H1366118360

RF101942-47P01942 Obs L1 64 Min Epoch interval:30 Mask Angle:15.0

Trip 0.008 0.007 0.004 -123.849 5582.713 -2139.711 5979.999 1/760325

Double 0.011 0.009 0.006 -123.837 5582.744 -2139.697 5980.023 1/547637

Fix 24.59 0.012 0.004 0.012 -123.859 5582.750 -2139.720 5980.036 1/484292

RF101942-RF201942 Obs L1 19 Min Epoch interval:30 Mask Angle:15.0

Trip 0.009 0.008 0.004 -2.061 33.288 12.481 35.610 1/4158

36
Double 0.011 0.009 0.005 -2.098 33.148 12.480 35.481 1/3339

Fix 8.14 0.011 0.005 0.010 -2.062 33.095 12.498 35.437 1/3125

RF101942-RF301942 Obs L1 21 Min Epoch interval:30 Mask Angle:15.0

Trip 0.008 0.007 0.005 -7.543 49.136 55.710 74.665 1/8789

Double 0.008 0.006 0.004 -7.572 49.080 55.706 74.628 1/9863

Fix 24.27 0.008 0.004 0.007 -7.527 49.149 55.714 74.675 1/8898

RF101942-RF401942 Obs L1 21 Min Epoch interval:30 Mask Angle:15.0

Trip 0.008 0.007 0.005 -0.954 36.006 4.206 36.263 1/4445

Double 0.009 0.007 0.005 -0.961 36.003 4.202 36.261 1/4075

Fix 70.48 0.009 0.004 0.008 -0.930 36.059 4.211 36.316 1/4032

RF101942-RF501942 Obs L1 20 Min Epoch interval:20 Mask Angle:35.0

Trip 0.005 0.005 0.001 3.499 16.202 -23.066 28.404 1/5355

Double 0.008 0.008 0.001 3.376 15.530 -23.079 28.021 1/3496

Fix Error 0.020 0.006 0.019 3.326 15.545 -23.041 27.993 1/1420

RF101942-RF601942 Obs L1 19 Min Epoch interval:30 Mask Angle:15.0

Trip 0.007 0.006 0.003 8.479 61.797 -57.140 84.592 1/12618

Double 0.008 0.007 0.003 8.440 61.933 -57.181 84.714 1/10779

Fix 8.83 0.009 0.004 0.008 8.412 61.954 -57.159 84.713 1/9334

Maximum Nodes of Close Loop: 3

37
 Total Close Loop: 0

Total Synchronized Loops: 0

Total Asynchronized Loops: 0

Form To QA Std. X Y Z Length Std. Dwx(mm)

Dwc(mm)

Forbid :

Auto Forbid:

Typical Free Grid Adjustment Result of WGS84-coordinate System

Balanced Error of 3D Free Grid Adjustment Unit: 0.000000(m)

Baselines and Its Correction

Baseline Name X Y Z X Cor.(mm) Y Cor.(mm) Z Cor.(mm)

Relative Error

RF101942--47P01942 -123.8594 5582.7496 -2139.7198 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

1:484292 5980.0364 0.0123

RF101942--RF201942 -2.0625 33.0954 12.4982 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

1:3125 35.4367 0.0113

RF101942--RF301942 -7.5271 49.1492 55.7142 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

1:8898 74.6751 0.0084

38
RF101942--RF401942 -0.9302 36.0595 4.2108 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1:4032 36.3164 0.0090

RF101942--RF501942 3.3761 15.5296 -23.0786 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

1:3496 28.0212 0.0080

RF101942--RF601942 8.4124 61.9545 -57.1591 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

1:9334 84.7130 0.0091

Accuracy of Wgs84coordinate & Point after Adjustment

ID Status X Y Z X Cor. Y Cor. Z Cor. Name

RF10 Fix 6302243.0957 487518.6415 850794.8512 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

RF10

47P0 6302119.2363 493101.3911 848655.1314 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 47P0

RF20 6302241.0333 487551.7368 850807.3493 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

RF20

RF30 6302235.5686 487567.7907 850850.5654 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

RF30

RF40 6302242.1656 487554.7009 850799.0620 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

RF40

RF50 6302246.4719 487534.1710 850771.7726 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

RF50

RF60 6302251.5081 487580.5960 850737.6920 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

RF60

39
ID Status B L H B Cor. L Cor. H Cor.(mm) Name

RF10 Fix 7.71678870N 4.42338430E 316.770 0.00000 0.00000 0.000

RF10

47P0 7.69724164N 4.47392114E 336.565 0.00000 0.00000 0.000 47P0

RF20 7.71690008N 4.42368483E 318.940 0.00000 0.00000 0.000 RF20

RF30 7.71729239N 4.42383374E 320.571 0.00000 0.00000 0.000 RF30

RF40 7.71682418N 4.42371083E 319.172 0.00000 0.00000 0.000 RF40

RF50 7.71657638N 4.42352228E 318.194 0.00000 0.00000 0.000 RF50

RF60 7.71626059N 4.42393832E 322.142 0.00000 0.00000 0.000 RF60

Current Coordinate System: Nigeria1880

Semi major axis of ellipsoid: 6378249.145000 Flattening of Ellipsoid:1/293.465

Control Net Grade£º E-2009

M0: 0.999600 H=£º0.000(Projection Height)

B0: 0.000000000N L0=£º 3.000000000E (Center Meridian) 3.000000000E

N0: 0.000000(Northward Plus) E0=£º500000.000(Eastward Plus)

Conversion with Grid Allocation

Baseline Name X Correction (mm) Y Correction (mm) Relative Error Distance

RF10--47P0 5979.1602

40
 RF10--RF20 35.3649

RF10--RF30 74.5671

RF10--RF40 36.2314

RF10--RF50 27.9808

RF10--RF60 84.5298

Mean square error weight 0.000000 (m)

Accuracy of Coordinate & Point after Adjustment

ID X coordinate Y coordinate Dx (Std) Dy(Std) Std(mm) Point name

RF10 853132.7052 657065.4792 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 RF10

47P0 850990.0020 662647.5200 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 47P0

RF20 853145.1321 657098.5888 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 RF20

RF30 853188.5700 657114.8692 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 RF30

RF40 853136.7484 657101.4843 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 RF40

RF50 853109.2772 657080.7780 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 RF50

RF60 853074.5087 657126.7853 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 RF60

1 Reference Altitude Calculation

17.066667

Balanced Error of Inside Accord Accuracy 0.000 (mm)

41
Remaining Altitude Error After Calculation

Point Name Altitude Elevation Calculation Error Value Rms(mm)

47P0 317.5170 300.4503 317.5170 0.0000 0.0000

Altitude Calculation

ID Normal Height(Altitude) Altitude Calculation Accuracy mm Point Name

RF10 297.7292 280.6625 0.0000 RF10

RF20 299.8992 282.8325 0.0000 RF20

RF30 301.5304 284.4637 0.0000 RF30

RF40 300.1316 283.0649 0.0000 RF40

RF50 299.1528 282.0861 0.0000 RF50

RF60 303.1008 286.0342 0.0000 RF60

42
ID coordinate X coordinate Y Altitude x y h point name

RF10 853132.7052 657065.4792 297.7292 RF10

47P0 850990.0020 662647.5200 317.5170 * * * 47P0

RF20 853145.1321 657098.5888 299.8992 RF20

RF30 853188.5700 657114.8692 301.5304 RF30

RF40 853136.7484 657101.4843 300.1316 RF40

RF50 853109.2772 657080.7780 299.1528 RF50

RF60 853074.5087 657126.7853 303.1008 RF60

43
APPENDIX II

44
 EASTING
EASTING HIEGTH
NORTHING
NORTHING
COORDINATE COORDINATES
Nm DETAILS Em Zm STN
(M) (M)
853074.509 657126.785 303.101 GPS 06
Staff office 657130.478 853090.813
853136.748 657101.484 300.132 GPS 04
657125.116 853083.538
853109.277 657080.778 299.153 GPS 05
657137.015 853073.913
853143.140 657099.941 300.050 PL 01
657143.600 853081.415
853116.709 657129.616 302.683 PL 02

853101.356 657115.774 302.207 PL 03

Garage 657147.519 853078.481
853081.257 657143.852 303.197 PL 04
657141.221 853070.312
853079.217 657146.571 303.190 PL 05
657154.303 853060.022
853066.101 657164.046 302.850 PL 06
657161.212 853068.202
853042.851 657193.942 300.954 PL 07

853039.330 657198.895 300.303 PL 08

Girls hostel 657164.023 853066.093
853035.908 657203.968 299.988 PL 09
657161.186 853061.832
853012.318 657189.692 299.653 PL 10
657160.136 85059.758
853018.762 657176.497 300.236 PL 11
657172.037 853023.213
852984.955 657152.303 298.558 PL12
657147.383 853046.518
852972.464 657167.513 296.438 PL 13
657158.690 853035.631
852930.085 657120.567 292.830 PL 14
657157.696 853034.476
852970.183 657069.534 298.103 PL 15
657160.263 853031.959
852973.533 657071.700 293.570 PL 16
45
657161.357 853033.033
853016.680 656998.971 291.985 PL 17
657172.037 853023.213
853041.296 657012.092 293.068 PL 18
657184.965 853036.578
853042.113 657012.857 293.085 PL 19

853120.157 657080.011 298.724 PL 20

Toilet 657098.164 853141.081
853123.373 657082.792 298.765 PL 21
657099.566 853139.566
853123.733 657083.100 298.733 PL 22
657101.415 853141.827
SPOTHEGTHING EASTING NORTHING HEIGHT

xph1 657129.437 853116.520 302.653

xph2 657119.561 853105.569 302.010

xph3 657120.404 853098.028 302.616

xph4 657129.795 853091.303 303.342

xph5 657125.116 853083.538 302.837

xph6 657113.846 853090.424 300.074

xph7 657123.628 853122.036 301.076

xph8 657112.526 853111.837 301.603

xph9 657104.553 853102.616 301.494

xph10 657093.193 853112.412 300.106

xph11 657101.463 853121.694 300.259

xph12 657111.142 853113.160 301.269

xph13 657089.928 853131.632 299.726

xph14 657086.137 853123.006 298.753

xph15 657075.349 853114.688 298.776

xph16 657070.517 853109.085 297.558

xph17 657076.827 853103.464 298.133

46
xph18 657070.948 853095.984 298.018

xph19 657063.191 853100.590 296.979

xph20 657061.599 853084.090 296.605

xph21 657052.242 853089.053 296.908

xph22 657052.250 853072.197 295.811

xph23 657043.245 853077.545 295.453

xph24 657042.901 853060.303 294.486

xph25 657033.304 853066.003 294.326

xph26 657033.552 853048.409 293.498

xph27 657033.394 853054.443 293.682

xph28 657024.203 853036.516 293.190

xph29 657013.172 853042.626 293.176

xph30 657011.428 853040.188 292.953

xph31 657007.807 853033.392 293.408

xph32 657024.407 853032.650 293.729

xph33 657019.272 853023.011 293.075

xph34 657036.791 853023.993 293.549

xph35 657032.094 853015.177 293.340

47
xph36 657049.185 853015.354 293.950

xph37 657044.651 853006.843 293.837

xph38 657016.571 853006.716 294.493

xph39 657057.417 852998.905 294.392

xph40 657073.972 852998.077 295.508

xph41 657070.184 852990.966 294.960

xph42 657079.718 852987.548 296.539

xph43 657092.92 852989.894 297.206

xph44 657090.404 852997.197 297.939

xph45 657079.064 853003.933 298.134

xph46 657102.059 853007.721 299.125

xph47 657106.793 853011.995 299.162

xph48 657091.622 853022.343 300.597

xph49 657101.828 853052.305 300.607

xph50 657096.242 853029.115 301.266

xph51 657079.314 852973.711 296.801

xph52 657089.496 852982.905 297.107

xph53 657087.628 852967.744 297.526

48
xph54 657095.676 852975.013 297.526

xph55 657097.68 852976.821 296.912

xph56 657083.649 852959.028 297.218

xph57 657094.895 852960.832 297.117

xph58 657103.657 852968.744 297.205

xph59 657105.755 852970.638 296.635

xph60 657096.574 852948.875 295.408

xph61 657104.105 852955.676 295.814

xph62 657104.557 852942.607 294.912

xph63 657112.085 852949.408 294.526

xph64 657119.616 852956.208 293.527

xph65 657112.533 852936.339 293.526

xph66 657120.065 852943.139 293.218

xph67 657127.796 852949.94 293.117

xph68 657127.946 852936.949 293.313

xph69 657135.379 852943.826 293.201

xph70 657142.812 852950.704 293.211

xph71 657119.506 852969.581 298.329

49
xph72 657127.930 852963.714 295.861

xph73 657136.137 852957.651 293.856

xph74 657143.720 852952.049 293.425

xph75 657124.249 852978.001 298.339

xph76 657134.679 852969.808 297.235

xph77 657142.659 852963.540 295.426

xph78 657150.032 852957.748 293.963

xph79 657167.461 852972.461 295.438

xph80 657157.722 852977.140 297.001

xph81 657149.742 852983.409 298.290

xph82 657134.231 852982.877 298.892

xph83 657138.863 852987.479 298.495

xph84 657119.473 852983.024 298.679

xph85 657126.251 852989.145 299.041

xph86 657133.783 852995.945 298.041

xph87 657110.964 852988.815 299.279

xph88 657118.272 852995.413 299.696

xph89 657125.083 853002.213 299.693

50
xph90 657102.760 852994.881 299.647

xph91 657110.292 853001.681 299.645

xph92 657117.823 853008.481 299.770

xph93 657133.344 853009.013 300.671

xph94 657125.295 853015.295 300.836

xph95 657144.581 853006.537 299.904

xph96 657136.716 853012.715 301.287

xph97 657128.850 853018.894 301.324

xph98 657120.985 853023.072 301.033

xph99 657147.593 853010.529 300.497

xph100 657139.609 853016.551 301.239

xph101 657131.862 853022.886 301.506

xph102 657123.878 853023.908 301.923

xph103 657153.447 853018.291 300.874

xph104 657147.750 853024.693 301.679

xph105 657137.885 853030.871 301.919

xph106 657130.020 853037.050 302.031

xph107 657136.197 853004.914 302.351

51
xph108 657144.024 853039.010 301.677

xph109 657150.704 853031.260 301.769

xph110 657155.974 853038.246 301.431

xph111 657159.639 853026.500 301.530

xph112 657163.252 853031.290 301.620

xph113 657155.458 853004.351 299.720

xph114 657168.128 853007.115 300.091

xph115 657162.845 853011.265 301.500

xph116 657160.174 853013.363 301.791

xph117 657167.504 853020.321 301.281

xph118 657170.649 853024.490 301.878

xph119 657175.654 853020.278 301.952

xph120 657172.037 853023.213 301.742

xph121 657177.846 853020.631 302.070

xph122 657175.480 853026.772 302.260

xph123 657179.849 853023.340 302.350

xph124 657178.975 853030.385 302.512

xph125 657182.822 853027.363 302.139

52
xph126 657182.470 853033.998 302.269

xph127 657185.869 853031.485 302.476

xph128 657184.965 853036.578 302.611

xph129 657188.459 853034.989 302.196

xph130 657038.946 853036.232 294.996

xph131 657083.764 853093.589 299.601

xph132 657110.645 853071.744 302.669

xph133 657070.508 853014.822 297.089

xph134 657097.459 853082.460 302.458

xph135 657074.527 853081.767 299.508

xph136 657088.736 853070.220 300.987

xph137 657101.980 853059.457 301.679

xph138 657065.289 853069.946 299.217

xph139 657080.014 853057.980 299.994

xph140 657093.315 853047.171 300.892

xph141 657084.649 853034.884 298.965

xph142 657071.291 853045.740 299.975

xph143 657056.052 853058.124 300.846

53
xph144 657075.984 853022.597 299.879

xph145 657062.568 853033.500 299.092

xph146 657046.815 853046.302 297.658

xph147 657056.185 853024.543 295.634

54
Appendix III

——————————

Gridding Report

——————————

Wed Oct 30 15:32:12 2019

Elapsed time for gridding: 0.12 seconds

Data Source

Source Data File Name: C:\Users\HP\Documents\project\Book1.xlsx (sheet 'Sheet1')

X Column: A

Y Column: B

Z Column: C

Filtered Data Counts

Active Data: 149

Original Data: 149

Excluded Data: 0

Deleted Duplicates: 0

Retained Duplicates: 0

Artificial Data: 0

Superseded Data: 0

Exclusion Filtering

Exclusion Filter String: Not In Use

Duplicate Filtering
55
Duplicate Points to Keep: First

X Duplicate Tolerance: 2.6E-005

Y Duplicate Tolerance: 0.00022

No duplicate data were found.

Break line Filtering

Break line Filtering: Not In Use

Z Data Transform

Transformation method: Linear (use Z values directly)

No untransformable data were found.

Data Counts

Active Data: 149

Univariate Statistics

—————————————————————————————————————
———————

X Y Z

—————————————————————————————————————
———————

Count: 149 149 149

1%-tile: 657011.428 852936.339 293.075

5%-tile: 657032.094 852949.408 293.218

10%-tile: 657043.245 852957.748 293.527

25%-tile: 657079.064 852989.145 295.811

50%-tile: 657111.142 853022.597 299.041

56
75%-tile: 657137.885 853048.409 301.281

90%-tile: 657167.461 853098.028 302.07

95%-tile: 657177.846 853112.412 302.458

99%-tile: 657185.869 853123.006 302.669

Minimum: 657007.807 852120.513 292.953

Maximum: 657230.071 853998.976 303.342

Mean: 657108.43349 853024.109302 298.445845638

Median: 657111.142 853022.597 299.041

Geometric Mean: 657108.431981 853024.101058 298.429870873

Harmonic Mean: 657108.430471 853024.092814 298.413857665

Root Mean Square: 657108.43499 853024.117547 298.461780947

Trim Mean (10%): 657108.404851 853022.226313 298.468597015

Interquartile Mean: 657110.490827 853020.00044 298.849933333

Midrange: 657118.939 853059.7445 298.1475

Winsorized Mean: 657108.626275 853023.087309 298.425966443

TriMean: 657109.80825 853020.687 298.7935

Variance: 1997.07318194 14160.9282471 9.57617734763

Standard Deviation: 44.6886247488 118.999698517 3.09453992503

Interquartile Range: 58.821 59.264 5.47

Range: 222.264 1878.463 10.389

Mean Difference: 50.9554520225 77.6340054417 3.54484817704

Median Abs. Deviation: 31.424 31.846 2.453

57
Average Abs. Deviation: 36.115409396 49.1626107383 2.65225503356

Quartile Dispersion: 4.47574504687e-005 3.47378050741e-005

0.00916106730621

Relative Mean Diff.: 7.75449673532e-005 9.10103297141e-005 0.0118776931522

Standard Error: 3.66103478783 9.74883515572 0.253514588591

Coef. of Variation: 6.8007991484e-005 0.000139503323786 0.0103688490568

Skewness: -0.154332819345 0.76985120995 -0.341815716489

Kurtosis: 2.54226194873 52.6001921089 1.78610460687

Sum: 97909156.59 127100592.286 44468.431

Sum Absolute: 97909156.59 127100592.286 44468.431

Sum Squares: 6.43369328067e+013 1.08419871622e+014 13272835.7682

Mean Square: 431791495347 727650145116 89079.434686

—————————————————————————————————————
———————

Inter-Variable Covariance

————————————————————————————————

X Y Z

————————————————————————————————

X: 1997.0732 -871.79406 74.322797

Y: -871.79406 14160.928 83.683955

Z: 74.322797 83.683955 9.5761773

————————————————————————————————

58
Inter-Variable Correlation

————————————————————————————————

X Y Z

————————————————————————————————

X: 1.000 -0.164 0.537

Y: -0.164 1.000 0.227

Z: 0.537 0.227 1.000

————————————————————————————————

Inter-Variable Rank Correlation

————————————————————————————————

X Y Z

————————————————————————————————

X: 1.000 -0.254 0.542

Y: -0.254 1.000 0.429

Z: 0.542 0.429 1.000

————————————————————————————————

Principal Component Analysis

—————————————————————————————————————
———

PC1 PC2 PC3

—————————————————————————————————————
———

X: 0.996627682061 0.996627682061 -0.0409830990366

59
Y: 0.0708013284969 0.0708013284969 -0.0084308436071

Z: 0.0414781295757 0.0414781295757 -0.0084308436071

Lambda: 14223.5228736 1938.23334849 5.82138427846

—————————————————————————————————————
———

Planar Regression: Z = AX+BY+C

Fitted Parameters

—————————————————————————————————————
———

A B C

—————————————————————————————————————
———

Parameter Value: 0.0408945937098 0.00842710423142 -33762.2596462

Standard Error: 0.00453351104817 0.00170249485126 3521.65380898

—————————————————————————————————————
———

Inter-Parameter Correlations

————————————————————————————

A B C

————————————————————————————

A: 1.000 0.164 -0.914

B: 0.164 1.000 -0.551

60
C: -0.914 -0.551 1.000

————————————————————————————

ANOVA Table

—————————————————————————————————————
———————————————

Source df Sum of Squares Mean Square F

—————————————————————————————————————
———————————————

Regression: 2 554.202871147 277.101435573 46.8753925857

Residual: 146 863.071376303 5.9114477829

Total: 148 1417.27424745

—————————————————————————————————————
———————————————

Coefficient of Multiple Determination (R^2): 0.391034319677

Nearest Neighbor Statistics

—————————————————————————————————

Separation |Delta Z|

—————————————————————————————————

1%-tile: 1.62280282222 0.00300000000004

5%-tile: 2.22024165355 0.048

10%-tile: 3.01136928992 0.09

25%-tile: 5.22222040899 0.209

50%-tile: 9.02143475279 0.505

61
75%-tile: 10.1467216873 1.072

90%-tile: 12.431750641 1.68

95%-tile: 15.0296667961 2.662

99%-tile: 16.5173371341 3.458

Minimum: 1.62280282222 0.00200000000001

Maximum: 870.35823973 6.36

Mean: 19.3811033969 0.811510067114

Median: 9.02143475279 0.505

Geometric Mean: 7.72778257577 0.427758675218

Harmonic Mean: 6.23663161461 0.0974289440441

Root Mean Square: 98.5082666658 1.2417933584

Trim Mean (10%): 8.13347188135 0.681223880597

Interquartile Mean: 8.54075689687 0.529466666667

Midrange: 435.990521276 3.181

Winsorized Mean: 8.09642042786 0.674543624161

TriMean: 8.35295290048 0.57275

Variance: 9391.28015851 0.889471765101

Standard Deviation: 96.9086175658 0.943118107715

Interquartile Range: 4.92450127833 0.863

Range: 868.735436907 6.358

Mean Difference: 26.0491983966 0.883085434428

Median Abs. Deviation: 1.86781972261 0.38

62
Average Abs. Deviation: 13.9001988412 0.592013422819

Quartile Dispersion: 0.320419014365 0.673692427791

Relative Mean Diff.: 1.34405136091 1.08820022106

Standard Error: 7.93906328833 0.077263245866

Coef. of Variation: 5.0001599796 1.16217671959

Skewness: 8.36676354025 2.48828229758

Kurtosis: 71.6111351549 11.5274020671

Sum: 2887.78440614 120.915

Sum Absolute: 2887.78440614 120.915

Sum Squares: 1445877.91162 229.765561

Mean Square: 9703.8786015 1.54205074497

—————————————————————————————————

Complete Spatial Randomness

Lambda: 0.000356873661975

Clark and Evans: 0.7322607276

Skellam: 3242.09688411

Gridding Rules

Gridding Method: Kriging

Kriging Type: Point

Polynomial Drift Order: 0

Kriging std. deviation grid: no

Semi-Variogram Model
63
Component Type: Linear

Anisotropy Angle: 0

Anisotropy Ratio: 1

Variogram Slope: 1

Search Parameters

No Search (use all data): true

Output Grid

Grid File Name: C:\Users\HP\Documents\project\Book1.grd

Grid Size: 100 rows x 13 columns

Total Nodes: 1300

Filled Nodes: 1300

Blanked Nodes: 0

Blank Value: 1.70141E+038

Grid Geometry

X Minimum: 657007.807

X Maximum: 657230.071

X Spacing: 18.521999999997

Y Minimum: 852120.513

Y Maximum: 853998.976

Y Spacing: 18.974373737374

64
Univariate Grid Statistics

——————————————————————————————

——————————————————————————————

Count: 1300

1%-tile: 292.361320967

5%-tile: 292.550886987

10%-tile: 292.722213269

25%-tile: 293.125390975

50%-tile: 297.187928975

75%-tile: 298.399673471

90%-tile: 299.971905056

95%-tile: 301.278247779

99%-tile: 302.726092023

Minimum: 292.29838869

Maximum: 303.430651822

Mean: 296.143752068

Median: 297.189747741

Geometric Mean: 296.128323076

Harmonic Mean: 296.112921915

Root Mean Square: 296.159207901

65
Trim Mean (10%): 296.008617598

Interquartile Mean: 295.909500085

Midrange: 297.864520256

Winsor zed Mean: 296.020211774

TriMean: 296.475230599

Variance: 9.16158299878

Standard Deviation: 3.02681069755

Interquartile Range: 5.27428249656

Range: 11.1322631321

Mean Difference: 3.37383250322

Median Abs. Deviation: 3.40503642774

Average Abs. Deviation: 2.74088517387

Quartile Dispersion: 0.00891641422077

Relative Mean Diff.: 0.011392550002

Standard Error: 0.0839486243933

Coef. of Variation: 0.0102207481212

Skewness: 0.2682433478

Kurtosis: 1.78328134714

Sum: 384986.877689

Sum Absolute: 384986.877689

Sum Squares: 114023359.352

Mean Square: 87710.2764247

66
67
Appendix III Area computation

USING CROSS COORDINATE

NORTING EASTING A B

853124.416 657099.941 22128450.01 22186478.98

853143.140 657129.616 22409381.23 22111477.36

853116.709 657115.774 22177796.87 21925528.45

853101.356 657143.852 22155628.26 21997470.52

853081.257 657146.571 22020421.92 21912108.49

853079.217 657164.046 22059652.23 21799124.54

853066.101 657193.942 22057352.76 21864763.74

853042.851 657198.895 21905164.85 21855182.92

853039.330 657203.968 21895236.06 21700642.48

853035.908 657189.692 21827243.46 21701093.12

853012.318 657176.497 21617891.09 21421520.60

853018.362 657152.303 21588239.59 21262108.88

852984.955 657167.513 21394703.77 21001422.33

852972.764 657120.567 21167765.24 21149387.05

852930.085 657069.534 20714335.53 21021492.64

852970.183 657071.700 21004243.12 21333055.96

68
852973.533 656998.971 20811671.23 21285942.51

853016.680 657012.092 21153237.69 21331576.23

853041.296 657012.857 21328173.94 21881214.86

853042.113 657080.011 21538193.50 22113515.20

853120.157 657082.792 22099423.04 22124751.10

853123.373 657083.100 22123163.30 22130550.97

853123.733 657083.771 22127809.24 22265283.98

853124.416 657099.941 22183169.26

TOTAL SUM 499359897.2 499317663.9

22186478.98

DIFFERENCE = (A - B) =

= 499359897.2 - 499317663.9

= 42233.300

2A = DIFFERENCE =AREA

2A = 42233.300

A=42233.300 / 2

Area (A) = 21116.65 m² = 2.112 hectares

69
70