UNIVERSITY OF CAPE COAST

PROGRAMME: BACHELOR OF EDUCATION SOCIAL SCIENCE

ECONOMICS AND GEOGRAPHY

COURSE CODE: GEO 213

REGISTRATION NUMBER: EH/BSS/21/0011

QUESTION 1: explain the following types of surveying:

1. Photogrammetric surveying
2. Cadaster surveying
3. Mining Surveying
4. Hydrographic surveying
5. Aerial surveying
6. Engineering Surveying
7. Topographic surveying

QUESTION 2: what are the basic principles of surveying

1. Photogrammetric surveying or photogrammetry is the branch of surveying in which
maps are prepared from photographs taken from ground or air stations. With the
advancement of photogrammetric techniques, photographs are also being used for the
interpretation of geology, classification of soils and crops, etc. It is the science of
making measurements from photographs. The output of photogrammetry is typically a
map, diagram measurement, or a 3D model of some real-world object or scene. Is the
science of making measurements from photographs, especially for recovering the
exact positions of surface points. Photogrammetry is traditionally used to create
topographic maps from aerial and spatial imagery. Close-range photogrammetry is
also used at the School of Surveying to obtain accurate measurements of animals in
wildlife research or to create virtual models of historical buildings.
2. Cadastral surveying is the means of initially demarcating physically on the ground
the limits of a subdivision of land. Either existing natural features, such as water courses,
are adopted to such ‘curvilinear ‘boundaries. Where no such features exist, then artificial
boundaries are created by inserting beacons at corners locating a straight line ‘rectilinear’
boundary on the ground. Thereafter Cadastral surveying is the means of framing a
diagram by a registered Professional Land Surveyor. Diagrams are examined by a
provincial Surveyor-General together with the supporting survey records comprising a
field book, calculations, and working plan. The Surveyor-General retains all the records
in safekeeping.
3. Mine surveying is the practice of determining the relative positions of points on or
beneath the surface of the earth by direct or indirect measurements of distance,
direction & elevation. Mine Surveying is an essential component of Mineral Resource
Management that provides technical support in terms of measurement, reporting,
positional accuracy, and direction to the mining process. For example, mine surveyors
are involved in the accurate measurement and recording of mine workings. They are
critical to the design, planning, and safety of the surface and underground mining
activities, which must be accurately represented on mine plans.
4. Topographical surveying is the branch of surveying that determines the position of
natural or artificial features of a locality, both in-plane and elevation to represent them
by means of the conventional sign on a map known as topography. Topographic
Surveying is determining the relative locations of points (places) on the earth's surface
by measuring horizontal distances, differences in elevation, and directions. Topos
(Greek): place; topographic maps give the locations of places (observable features);
they serve as base maps. Topographic surveys include elevations both natural and
man-made, as well as other notable features found on the land. Examples include:
trees, lakes, fences, wells, retaining walls, gas lines, buildings, and utility poles.
5. Hydrography is the science that measures and describes the physical features of the
navigable portion of the Earth's surface and adjoining coastal areas. Hydrographic
surveyors study these bodies of water to see what the "floor" looks like. It is the
science of measuring all factors beneath the water that affect all marine activities like
dredging, marine constructions, offshore drilling, etc. Hydrographic surveying is
mainly conducted under authority concerns. It is mainly carried out by means of
sensors, sounding, or electronic sensor systems for shallow water. The information
obtained from hydrographic surveying is required to bring up nautical charts which
involve, available depths, improved channels, breakwaters, piers, and the aids to
navigation harbour facility.
6. Aerial survey is a method of collecting geomatics or other imagery by using airplanes,
helicopters, UAVs, balloons, or other aerial methods. Typical types of data collected
include aerial photography, Lidar, remote sensing, and also geophysical data. Planes
are commonly used for aerial surveys, but it is also possible to use helicopters and hot
air balloons. At the start of the aerial survey, people identify the objective, including
the area to be covered, and they confirm that weather conditions are favourable. The
weather usually needs to be clear, with low wind, so that visibility is good and the
aerial survey route does not need to be altered to accommodate bad weather.
7. Engineering surveying is defined as those activities involved in the planning and
execution of surveys for the location, design, construction, operation, and
maintenance of civil and other engineered projects. Engineering surveying involves
determining the position of natural and man-made features on or beneath the Earth’s
surface and utilizing these features in the planning, design and construction of works.
It is a critical part of any engineering project. Examples of construction projects that
require professional services of engineering surveyors include projects in which
buildings, highways, railways, tunnels for transport systems and utility systems,
bridges and harbours are constructed.
2. The following are basic principles of surveying
(i) To work from whole to part.
(ii) To locate a new station by taking at least two reference measurements (linear
or angular) from the fixed reference points.
(iii) Apply independent checks
(iv) Keep accuracy in mind
REFRENCES:
https://www.bossi.nsw.gov.au/candidates/disciplines_of_surveying
https://www.baselineequipment.com/land-surveying-types
https://knowledge4civil.wordpress.com/2016/12/24/types-of-surveying/