Part 1: Definitions

1. Define the term “Surveying”.

The process of surveying involves using direct or indirect measurements to
ascertain the relative positions of various features on, above, or below the earth's surface,
and then putting that information on a piece of paper known as a plan or map. The
process of defining points using predefined linear and angular measurements is also
included in surveying. It is possible to determine the size and volume of a specific piece
of land using the plans, sections, and maps created by surveying. Instead of showing the
real area, a map shows the horizontal projection of the measured region. However,
sketching sections allows for a more accurate representation of the vertical distance. In
order to perform their duties effectively and precisely, surveyors employ a variety of
tools, including digital levels, dumpy levels, prisms, 3D scanners, radio communicators,
total stations, GPS receivers, and surveying software.
2. What is geomatics?
In geomatics, sophisticated measurement technologies including aerial
photogrammetry, laser scanning, and satellite-based positioning systems are used to
collect spatial data. After that, the data is sorted, analyzed, and combined with non-spatial
characteristics to create precise digital depictions of the Earth's surface and its features.
Understanding the spatial relationships between things, environments, and events
on the surface of the Earth can be done holistically with the help of geomatics. It entails
analyzing the land's three-dimensional attributes, such as its natural resources,
topography, and elevation. Through a thorough understanding of the spatial
characteristics of Earth, civil engineers may make well-informed decisions at every stage
of the project.
3. What is topographic survey?
A topographic survey, sometimes called a land, terrain, or topo survey, is a kind
of survey used to map a site's characteristics, boundaries, and elevations. Prior to
beginning thorough design work, topographic surveys are an essential part of the site's
design process. Topographic surveys are used not just by experts like architects, civil
engineers, and planners to help them with project management and design decisions, but
they are also legally employed as a means of delineating property borders.
Part 2: Compare and Contrast
1. Distinguish between plane and geodetic surveys
The difference between plane and geodetic are as follows:

Plane Surveys Geodetic Surveys

2.
1. Earth’s surface is assumed to be straight. Earth’s surface is taken as spherical.
2. The degree of accuracy is comparatively The degree of accuracy is high.
low.
3. The level line is considered straight. The level line is considered spherical.
4. All plumb lines are considered to be Plumb lines are not parallel.
parallel.
5. Done relatively for small area <250 sq.km Carried out for large area > 250 sq. km
and for less precise work. and for precise work.
6. It is economical. It is costly.
7. Knowledge on simple instruments, plane Knowledge of spherical trigonometry is
trigonometry is enough. essential.
8. Instruments like tape, chain, theodolite, Precise instruments and modern
etc are used. technology like GPS are used.
9. Carried out by private organizations and Carried out by state departments and
firms. government.
10. The triangle formed by joining 3 points The triangle formed by joining 3 points
is assumed to be plain. is assumed to be spherical.
11. Its objective is to prepare plans, collects Its objective is to find out the precise
details (topographic feature ), etc. position of a feature or point on Earth’s
surface.

Distinguish between hydrographic and marine surveys.

The process of surveying underwater physical characteristics is known as
hydrographic surveying. It is the science of quantifying every element below the surface
that influences every maritime activity, including offshore drilling, marine construction,
and dredging. Authority issues are the primary reason for conducting hydrographic
surveys. For shallow water, the primary methods used are sensors, sounding systems, or
 electronic sensor systems. These surveys also participate in the essential data collecting
related to the development and construction of port infrastructure, including the building
of piers This aids in determining the capacity loss brought on by silt and several
unknowns. A maritime survey, on the other hand, is an examination of a vessel carried
out by a qualified marine surveyor. From bow to stern, the surveyor inspects the boat,
searching for any possible defects or faults that can compromise its worth, safety, or
functionality. The structural integrity, equipment, electrical, mechanical, and
plumbing/pumping systems of the vessel will all be assessed by the surveyor, who will
also produce a thorough report outlining their findings.
3. Distinguish between horizontal and vertical control surveys.
Control surveys come in two varieties: vertical control surveys and horizontal
control surveys. Point positions in the horizontal plane are measured using a horizontal
control survey. The surveyor will measure each point in the x and y directions and note
its coordinates. Engineering and mapping surveys frequently employ this kind of survey.
Horizontal control surveys are commonly employed to determine a point's horizontal
location within a survey network, as well as to measure angles and distances between
points and determine a point's relative position inside a plane. Accurate mapping requires
the use of horizontal control surveys, which are used to generate coordinate systems like
State Plane Coordinates. Nonetheless, the height of the points inside the survey region is
determined using a vertical control survey. The surveyor will measure each point's
coordinates in the z-direction and note them. For topographic surveys and civil
engineering projects, like determining a building's elevation or a mountain's height, this
kind of survey is employed. For mapping tasks like topographic mapping, vertical control
surveys are crucial since they help determine the vertical datum of a coordinate system.
For precise mapping tasks, control surveys that are both horizontal and vertical
are necessary. The two kinds of surveys are necessary for the creation of coordinate
systems and serve as the foundation for other surveys, including topographic surveys.
Accurately mapping the features of the earth's surface would be difficult without the use
of control surveys.
Part 3: Application
 Conduct a search of surveying or geomatics-related employment opportunities in
your area. Summarize your findings.
For example, consider a property survey in our neighborhood of Kinalaglagan,
Mataasnakahoy, Batangas. In terms of cost, this form of survey will be less expensive
than the other. It will also be more valuable if you wish to buy a pretty normal property
that is less than 30 years old, because a homebuyer's report will help you uncover
structural concerns that may have a significant impact on the property's worth. To
construct accurate boundary lines, take on-site measurements with surveying equipment
such as total stations, GPS, or traditional instruments. Install physical markers or
monuments at important spots along the property line to clearly designate the boundaries.

Upon completing the property survey, the following key findings and outcomes
were determined the accurate boundary lines, based on legal descriptions and on-site
measurements, the survey successfully generated precise boundary lines for the
residential property. It is important to note that the specific conclusions and details may
differ depending on the location, size, and local rules of the property. A professional
surveyor assures the survey's accuracy and compliance with legal requirements.
References:
Aransiola, O. J. (2023, February 24). What is a control survey? types, importance + process.
Formplus. https://www.formpl.us/blog/what-is-a-control-survey-types-importance-process
Brooks, A. (2023, November 19). What is geomatics in civil engineering. Storables.
https://storables.com/diy/planning-engineering/what-is-geomatics-in-civil-engineering/
Difference Between Plane and Geodetic Surveying. Dream Civil International : Civil
Engineering &amp; Construction Informations. (2021, September 3).
https://dreamcivil.com/difference-between-plane-and-geodetic-surveying/
Hinds, E. (2023, June 13). Topographic surveys – everything you need to know. Landform
Surveys. https://www.landform-surveys.co.uk/news/thoughts/topographic-surveys-everything-
you-need-to-know/
Hydrographic surveying - methods, applications and uses. The Constructor. (2021, June 12).
https://theconstructor.org/surveying/hydrographic-surveying-methods-uses/13838/
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