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Having read the introduction you may feel that you are already familiar with the material covered by this module and that
you do not need to study it. If so, try the Fast track questions given in Subsection 1.2. If not, proceed directly to Ready to
study? in Subsection 1.3.
Question F1
Define sinh1(x), cosh1(x) and tanh1(x) in terms of the exponential function, exp(x) = ex.
Question F2
First define sech1(x) and coth1(x), and then use your answer to the previous question to show that
sech1(x) = sec1(ix)4and4coth1(x) = i1cot1(ix)
Question F4
d
Use the logarithmic expression for arccoth1(x) (see Question F3) to find arccoth1(x).
dx
Alternatively, you may still be sufficiently comfortable with the material covered by the module to proceed directly to the
Closing items.
To begin the study of this module you need to be familiar with the following: the definition of a function and the general
formula for the solution of a quadratic equation; also the exponential function, ex, including its Taylor series expansion about
x = 0 and the main features of its graph (the function ex is often written as exp1(x)), plus the trigonometric functions,
including their graphs, series, identities, reciprocal and inverse functions. You will also need to have some skill at
differentiation (including the quotient rule and chain rule), and have some familiarity with complex numbers (including
multiplication and addition of such numbers, and the use of Euler’s formula ei0 θ = cos1θ1 + i1sin1θ ). It would also be helpful,
though not essential, if you have met odd and even functions, and factorials. If you are unfamiliar with any of these terms,
refer to the Glossary, which will indicate where they are developed in FLAP. The following Ready to study questions will
help you to establish whether you need to review some of the above topics before embarking on this module. ☞
Question R2
Use your calculator to find the values of:
1
(a) arcsin1(1/3) and ,4(b) sin1[sin1(1/3)] and sin2 1(1/3). ☞
sin (1 3)
Question R4
d u(x) d
Express and g( f (x)) in terms of derivatives of u, v, g and f.
dx v(x) dx
e x − e− x
sinh (x) = (3)
2
e x + e− x
cosh (x) = (4)
2
✦ Write down (without using your calculator) the values of sinh1(0) and cosh1(0).
Question T1
Use the basic definitions of cosh1(x) and sinh1(x) in terms of exponentials to show that
(a) sinh1(x) is an odd function while cosh1(x) is an even function ☞
(b) ex = cosh1(x) + sinh1(x)
(c) cosh2 1(x) − sinh2 1(x) = 1 ☞4❏
sinh (x)
tanh (x) = (5)
cosh (x)
3 3
−2 −1 0 1 2 x
2 2 −1
−2 −1 1 2 x −2 −1 0 1 2 x
−1
Figure 34Graph of cosh1(x).
−2
The graphs of these three basic hyperbolic functions are given in Figures 2 to 4.
−3 Notice in Figure 3 that cosh1(x) ≥ 1. In Figures 2 and 3 we see that sinh1(x)
and cosh1(x ) are very close in value when x is large and positive, but
−4 sinh1(x) < cosh1(x) for other values of x. From Figure 4 we see that tanh1(x) is
approximately 1 when x is large and positive, and approximately −1 when x is
Figure 24Graph of sinh1(x). large and negative, and that −1 < tanh1(x) < 1.
y = b1sinh1(s) (7) −a a x
Note The equations for x and y in terms of s are known as parametric equations since
s is a parameter which specifies a point on a curve (in this case, a hyperbola).
Note A more accurate result for this calculation (and also for the calculation of tanh1(1)) could be obtained by retaining as
many decimal places as possible in the intermediate steps. In fact, from Question T1(c) we know that the result for
cosh21(1) − sinh21(1) should be exactly 1.
v2 = Aλ tanh
6.3d
λ
where λ is the wavelength and d is the depth of the water. Find the speed, v when d = 61m, λ = 18.91m and
A = 1.81m1s−2.4❏
∞
x 2n x2 x 4 x6 x8
cosh (x) = ∑ (2n)! = 1 + + + +
2! 4! 6! 8!
+… (13)
n=0
Question T3
Use the series for sinh1(x) and cosh1(x) to show that
d
sinh (x) = cosh (x) (17)
dx
d
cosh (x) = sinh (x) (18) ❏
dx
e i x + e −i x
cos (x) = (20)
2
e i x − e −i x
sin (x) = (21)
2i
Question T4
Use the expressions for the sine and cosine functions in terms of the exponential function to relate (a) sin1(ix) to
sinh1(x), and (b) cos1(ix) to cosh1(x).4❏
to find tanh1(0.4) to three places of decimals. Check the result with your calculator. ☞4❏
e x + e− x
coth (x) = (29)
e x − e− x
1
sech (x) ˇ
x
x 1 −1
x
0
Question T7
Show that coth2 1(x) − cosech21(x) = 1.4❏
✦ Use Figure 2 to find the (approximate) value of x that corresponds to sinh1(x) = 3.6?
To answer such questions more precisely we need to know the inverse hyperbolic functions which ‘undo’ the
effect of the hyperbolic functions. These new functions are known as arcsinh, arctanh and arccosh, and the
first two functions are defined by
arcsinh1[sinh1(x)] = x (30)
arctanh1[tanh1(x)] = x (31)
3 2
2 1
1
−1 0 1 x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 x −1
−1
−2
−2
Figure 104Graph of arctanh1(x).
−3 Graphs of these functions are given in
Figures 9 and 10, respectively. Notice that
Figure 94Graph of arcsinh1(x). the domain of arctanh1(x) is −1 < x < 1.
3
From Figure 3, we see that for any given value of cosh1(x) > 1 there are
t w o corresponding values of x ; in other words, the equation
2
cosh1(x) = a > 1 has two solutions. Consequently, in order for arccosh to
be a function, we must impose a condition which picks out just one value
(i.e. x ≥ 0). 1
−2 −1 0 1 2 x
−2 −1 0 1 2 x
Notice that there is no connection with the positive index notation used to denote powers of the hyperbolic
functions, for example, using sinh2 1(x) to represent [sinh1(x)]2. Also notice that, although this notation might
make it appear otherwise, there is still a clear distinction between the inverse hyperbolic functions and the
reciprocal hyperbolic functions. So
sinh −11[sinh1(x)] = arcsinh1[sinh1(x)] = x
1
but cosech (x) × sinh (x) = × sinh (x) = 1
sinh (x)
arcsech1(x) and arccoth (x). As you might expect, they are defined so that
1
arccosech1[cosech1(x)] = x (33)
arcsech1[sech1(x)] = x (34)
arccoth1[coth1(x)] = x (35)
0 1 x −1 1 x
x
Graphs of these functions are given in Figures 12 to 14, respectively, and the following exercise leads to some
useful identities.
(
arcsinh (x) = log e x + x2 + 1 ) (36)
1+ x
log e
1
arctanh (x) = for −1 < x < 1 (38)
2 1 − x
Y2 = (x − x2 − 1 ) (dotted line)
for x ≥ 1.
Expressing the inverse hyperbolic functions in terms of the logarithmic function can be a useful way of solving
certain algebraic equations. For example, suppose we want the values of x which satisfy
sinh 2 1(x) − 31cosh1(x) + 3 = 0
then we can use the identity
cosh21(x) − sinh2 1(x) = 1
to obtain an equation involving just cosh1(x)
cosh21(x) − 31cosh1(x) + 2 = 0
or x = ±1arccosh1(1) = ±1loge1(1) = 0
(One advantage of this approach is that the logarithmic function is more likely to be available on a calculator.)
Question T10
Solve cosh 2 1(x) + sinh1(x) = 3, in terms of the logarithmic function.4❏
important hyperbolic function identities ☞ are listed below, and it is worth comparing them with their
trigonometric partners which are given elsewhere in FLAP.
All of these identities can be derived from the definitions of sinh1(x) and cosh1(x) in terms of ex as the following
questions demonstrate. ☞
✦ Use the definitions of sinh1(x) and cosh1(x) in terms of ex to show that
In many cases it is more convenient to derive identities from other identities rather than from the basic
definitions. For example, by putting x = y in
sinh1(x + y) = sinh1(x)1cosh1(y) + cosh1(x)1sinh1(y)
As shown in Question T3, the derivatives of the basic hyperbolic functions are given by
d
sinh (x) = cosh (x) (Eqn 17)
dx
d
cosh (x) = sinh (x) (Eqn 18)
dx
These important results can be used to find the derivatives of other hyperbolic functions. Here we consider some
specific examples.
(Notice that the positive square root is taken in this expression because cosh1(y) ≥ 1.)
dy 1 d 1
We can now see that = and therefore arcsinh (x) =
dx 1 + x2 dx x2 + 1
Question T14
d 1
Show that arctanh (x) = by using:
dx 1 − x2
(a) the known derivative of tanh1(x);
(b) the identity for arctanh1(x) in terms of the logarithmic function.4❏
Question T15
d
Find cosech (x) 4❏
dx
Question T16
d
Find cosh 5 (3x)4❏
dx
Solution4 d [sinh (x) tanh (x)] = d sinh (x) tanh (x) + sinh (x) d tanh (x)
dx dx dx
= cosh (x) tanh (x) + sinh (x)sech 2 (x)
= sinh (x)[1 + sech 2 (x)] 4❏
Question T17
d
Find [cosh (x) coth (x)] 4❏
dx
Question T18
d
Find cosh (5x 4 + 1)4❏
dx
Question T19
Find
d
dx
( exp[sinh 2 (x)]) 4❏
Question T20
d
Find log e [sinh (x)]4❏
dx
where T0 is the tension in the cable at x = 0, ρ is the density per unit length of Figure 164A heavy cable
the cable, and g is the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity. suspended between two points
Show that (such as two pylons).
T0 ρgx
y= cosh
ρg T0
is a solution to this equation.
d 2 y ρg ρgx
and = cosh 4which is the left-hand side of the differential equation.
dx 2 T 0 T0
Using the identity4cosh21(x) − sinh2 1(x) = 1
we see that the right-hand side of the differential equation can be written as
ρg 2
ρg ρgx ρg ρgx
1+ =
dy
1 + sinh 2 = cosh
T0 dx T0 T0 T0 T0
T0 ρgx
which verifies that y = cosh is indeed a solution.4❏
ρg T0
y = b1sinh1(s) (Eqn 7)
5 The Taylor expansions of sinh1(x) and cosh1(x) about x = 0 are
∞
x 2n +1 x x3 x5 x7 x9
sinh (x) = ∑ = + + + + +… (Eqn 11)
n = 0 (2n + 1)! 1! 3! 5! 7! 9!
∞
x 2n x2 x 4 x6 x8
cosh (x) = ∑ (2n)! = 1 + + + +
2! 4! 6! 8!
+… (Eqn 13)
n=0
6 The first few terms of the Taylor expansion of tanh1(x) about x = 0 are
x 3 2 x 5 17x 7
tanh (x) = x − + − +… (Eqn 15)
3 15 315
sin1(ix) = i1sinh1(x)
cos1(ix) = cosh1(x)
Question E1
(A2)4Use the definitions of trigonometric and hyperbolic functions in terms of the exponential function to show
that: (a) tanh1(x) = −i1tan1(i0x ), (b) cosech1(x) = i cosec1(i0x).
Question E2
(A4)4Use the double-argument identities to show that
Question E4
(A4)4Suppose that we are given the values of A and B. Use the identities given in Section 4 to find values of C
and y (in terms of A and B) such that
A1sinh1(x) + B1cosh1(x) = C1sinh1(x + y)
Explain any restrictions on the possible values for A and B.
Question E6
(A4)4Starting from the definition of sinh1(x) in terms of the exponential function, show that
arcsinh (x) = log e x +( x2 + 1 )
Question E7
d
(A5)4Use the known derivative of tanh1(x) to express log e [tanh (x)] in terms of hyperbolic functions.
dx
Question E9
(A4 and A6)4Use the series for sinh1(x) and cosh1(x) to find a first estimate for a solution of the equation
sinh1(x) = 0.011cosh1(x)
then use the logarithmic form of tanh1(x) to find a more accurate value for the solution.
If you have completed both the Fast track questions and the Exit test, then you have finished the module and may leave it
here.