81

INTRODUCTION TO
TRIGONOMETRY
SECTION - I

GIST OF THE LESSON

The word ‘trigonometry’ is derived from the Greek words ‘tri’ (meaning three), ‘gon’
(meaning sides) and ‘metron’ (meaning measure). In fact, trigonometry is the study
of relationships between the sides and angles of a triangle.
 Trigonometric ratios
Trigonometric ratios of an acute angle in a right triangle express the relationship
between the angle and the length of its sides.
C
The trigonometric ratios of the angle A

side opposite
in right triangle ABC are defined as follows :

to angle A
se
sine of A side opposite to angle A BC

u
= =

en
(sin A) Hypotenuse AC

ot
yp
H
cosine of A side adjacent to angle A AB
= Hypotenuse = A
(cos A) AC B
side adjacent
to angle A
tangent of A side opposite to angle A BC
=
(tan A) side adjacent to angle A = AB

cosecant of A 1 Hypotenuse AC
= sine of A = side opposite to A =
(cosec A) BC

secant of A 1 Hypotenuse AC
= cosine of A = =
(sec A) side adjacent to angle A AB

cotangent A 1 side adjacent to angle A AB

= tangent of A = side opposite to angle A =
(cot A) BC

Note : The symbol sin A is used as an abbreviation for ‘the sine of the angle
A’. sin A is not the product of ‘sin’ and A. ‘sin’ separated from A has no
meaning. Similarly, cos A is not the product of ‘cos’ and A. Similar
interpretations follows for other trigonometric ratios also.

CBSE X 1
MATHEMATICS  MT EDUCARE LTD.

 Trigonometric ratios of some specific angles

A 00 30 0 450 600 90 0
1 1 3
sin A 0 1
2 2 2

3 1 1
cos A 1 0
2 2 2

1
tan A 0 1 3 Not defined
3
2
cosec A Not defined 2 2 1
3

2
sec A 1 2 2 Not defined
3
1
cot A Not defined 3 1 0
3

 Trigonometric ratios of complementary angles

Two angles are said to be complementary, if their sum is 90 0.
Consider OMP right angled at M in which MOP =  and OPM = 90 0 –
Now, when trigonometric ratios of (90 0 – ) are considered, opp. side = OM,
Hypt = OP, Adj. side = PM
P
OM
sin (90 – ) = = cos 
OP
90
[  for angle , OM = Adj. side, PM = opp. side]
–
1) sin (90 – ) = cos  
Similarly,
2) cos (90 – ) = sin 
3) tan (90 – ) = cot  
4) cot (90 – ) = tan  M O
5) cosec (90 – ) = sec 
6) sec (90 – ) = cosec 
e.g. 18 0 and 72 0 are complementary angles
 sin 18 0 = cos 72 0, sec 18 0 = cosec 72 0, tan 72 0 = cot 18 0

 Trigonometric Identities

Trigonometric Identity : An equation involving trigonometric ratios of an angle  is

said to be trigonometric identity if it is satisfied by all values of  for which the given
trigonometric ratios are defined.

2 CBSE X
 MT EDUCARE LTD. MATHEMATICS

sin θ
e.g. tan θ = , cot θ + tan θ = sec θ cosec θ , etc
cos θ

Fundamental Trigonometric identities :

(1) sin²+ cos² = 1

(2) 1 + tan²  = sec²
(3) 1 + cot²  = cosec²

Proof : In ABC, B = 900, C = 

 By Pythagoras theorem
AB2 + BC2 = AC2 (1)
A
(I) To Prove : sin² θ + cos² θ =1
From the figure,

AB BC
sinθ = , cos θ =
AC AC
2 2
 AB   BC 
sin²  + cos²  =   +   
AC  AC 
B C
AB 2
BC 2

= +
AC 2 AC 2

AB2 + BC2
=
AC2

AC2
= ...... [From (1) ]
AC2

 sin² θ + cos² θ = 1

(II) To Prove : 1 + tan² θ = sec² θ A

From the figure,

AB AC
tanθ = , secθ = ...... (2)
BC BC
2
 AB
 1 + tan θ2
= 1+ 
 BC

AB2
= 1+ B C
BC 2

BC2 + AB2
=
BC2

AC2
= ....... [From (1)]
BC2
CBSE X 3
MATHEMATICS  MT EDUCARE LTD.

2
 AC 
=  BC 
 
= sec 2 θ ...... [From (2)]

 1 + tan² θ = sec² θ

(III) To Prove : 1 + cot2θ = cosec 2θ

A
From the figure,
BC AC
cot θ = , cosec θ = ...... (3)
AB AB
2
 BC 
 1 + cot 2 θ = 1 + 
 AB 
BC2 
= 1+
AB2
B C
BC2
= 1+
AB2
AB2 + BC 2
=
AB2
AC2
= ............. [From (1)]
AB2
2
 AC 
=  AB 
 
= cosec 2 θ ............ [From (3)]

 1 + cot2θ = cosec 2θ

NOTE :
(i) sin² + cos² = 1  1 – sin²  = cos²   1 – cos²  = sin² 
(ii) 1 + tan²  = sec² sec²  – 1 = tan²   sec² – tan² = 1
(iii) 1 + cot² = cosec²  cosec² – 1 = cot²   cosec²  – cot²= 1

SECTION - II
IMPORTANT FORMULAE
A
1. In ABC, B = 90 0

side opposite to A BC
sin A = Hypotenuse =
AC

side adjacent to A AB
cos A = Hypotenuse =
AC
C
B

4 CBSE X
 MT EDUCARE LTD. MATHEMATICS

side opposite to A BC
tan A = side adjacent to A = AB

1 1
2. (i) sin A × cosec A = 1  sin A =  cosec A =
cosec A sin A
1 1
(ii) cos A × sec A = 1  cos A =  sec A =
sec A cos A
1 1
(iii) tan A × cot A = 1  tan A =  cot A =
cot A tan A
sin A cos A
3. tan A = cos A and cot A = sin A

4. Trigonometric ratios of complementary angles

(i) sin  = cos (90 – ) ; cos  = sin (90 – )
(ii) sec  = cosec (90 – ) ; cosec  = sec (90 – )
(iii) tan  = cot (90 – ) ; cot  = tan (90 – )
(iv) tan × tan (90 – ) = 1.
(v) cot × cot (90 – ) = 1.
5. Trigonometric Identities
(i) sin² + cos²  = 1 ; sin² = 1 – cos²  ; cos²  = 1 – sin² 
(ii) 1 + tan²  = sec²  ; tan²  = sec²  – 1 ; sec²  – tan²  = 1.
(iii) 1 + cot²  = cosec²  ; cot² = cosec² – 1 ; cosec²  – cot²  = 1.

6. Trigonometric ratios of 00, 300, 450, 600, 900

A 00 30 0 450 600 90 0
0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 1 3 4
= =1
4 4 4 2 4 4
0 1 1 3
4 4 2 4 1

1 1 3
sin A 0 1
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos A 1 0
2 2 2
sin A 1
tan A = 0 1 3 Not defined
cos A 3

1 2
cosec A = Not defined 2 2 1
sinA 3
1 2
sec A = 1 2 2 Not defined
cos A 3
cos A 1
cot A = Not defined 3 1 0
sin A 3

CBSE X 5
MATHEMATICS  MT EDUCARE LTD.

7. From the table we have

sin 00 = cos 900 = 0
sin 900 = cos 00 = 1
1 1
sin 300 = cos 600 = sin 450 = cos 450 =
2 2
3
sin 600 = cos 300 =
2

8. (i) sin 00 = 0, cos 00 = 1

(ii) sin 900 = 1 , cos 900 = 0
(iii) The values of sin  and cos  never exceed 1.
(iv) The value of sin  increases as  increases.
(v) The value of cos  decreases as  increases.
(vi) The value of sec  and cosec are always greater than or equal to 1.

 SECTION - III 
NCERT TEXTUAL EXERCISES AND ASSIGNMENTS

EXERCISE - 8.1

1. In ABC, right-angled at B, AB = 24cm, BC = 7cm. Determine

(i) sin A, cos A, (ii) sin C, cos C. A
Soln. In ABC, we have
 (AC) 2 = (AB) 2 + (BC) 2 [Pythagoras theorem]
24cm
 (AC) 2 = (24) 2 + (7) 2
 (AC) 2 = 576 + 49
 AC = 625 B 7cm C
 AC = 25 cm
Now,
BC 7
(i) sin A = =
AC 25
AB 24
cos A = =
AC 25
AB 24
(ii) sin C = =
AC 25
BC 7
cos C = =
AC 25

2. In the given figure, find tan P - cot R P

Soln. In PQR, using Pythagoras theorem,
(PR)2 = (PQ) 2 + (QR) 2 13cm
 (13) 2
= (12) + (QR)
2 2 12cm

 169 – 144 = QR2

 QR = 25 Q R
 QR = 5 cm

6 CBSE X
 MT EDUCARE LTD. MATHEMATICS

QR 5
Now, tan P = =
PQ 12

QR 5
cot R = =
PQ 12
5 5
 tan P – cot R = 
12 12
 tan P – cot R = 0

3
3. If sin A = , calculate cos A and tan A.
4 A
3
Soln. sin A = .....(i) ... [Given]
4
4 k
BC
sin A = ....(ii) ... [Trigonometric ratios]
AC
BC 3
 = ... [From (i) and (ii)] B C
AC 4 3 k
 Let BC = 3k, AC = 4k ... [Where k is a positive number]
In right ABC, we have
 AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 ... (Pythagoras theorem)
 (4k) = AB + (3k)
2 2 2

 16k – 9k2 = AB2

2

 7k2 = AB2
 AB = 7k .....(i)

AB 7k
Now, cos A = =
AC 4k

7
 cos A =
4

BC 3k
tan A = =
AB 7k

3
 tan A =
7

4. Given 15 cot A = 8, find sin A and sec A

Soln. 15 cot A = 8 (Given) A

8
 cot A = .....(i)
15
8k
AB
cot A = .....(ii)
BC
B 15k C

CBSE X 7
MATHEMATICS  MT EDUCARE LTD.

8 AB
 = .....(iii) ... [From (i) and (ii)]
15 BC
Let AB = 8k, BC = 15k ... [where k is positive number]
In right ABC, using Pythagoras theorem,
(AC) 2 = (AB) 2 + (BC) 2
 (AC) 2 = (8k) 2 + (15k) 2
 (AC) 2 = 64k 2 + 225k 2
 AC 2 = 289k²
 AC = 17k

BC 15 k
sin A = =
AC 17 k

15
 sin A =
17
AC 17k
sec A = =
AB 8k
17
 sec A =
8

13
5. sec θ = , calculate all other trigonometric ratios.
12

13
Soln. sec  = .....(i) ... [Given]
12
AC
sec  = .....(ii)
AB
AC 13
= ... [From (i) and (ii)]
AB 12
 Let AC = 13k, AB = 12k ... [Where k is a positive number]
Now,
In right ABC, A
Using Pythagoras theorem,

(AC) 2 = (AB) 2 + (BC) 2
13 k
 (13k)2 = (12k)2 + (BC) 2 12 k

169k2 = 144k 2 + BC 2
 169k2 – 144k 2 = BC2 C
B
 BC² = 25k²
 BC = 25k 2
BC = 5k

8 CBSE X
 MT EDUCARE LTD. MATHEMATICS

Now,
BC 5k AC 13k
sin  = =  cosec  = =
AC 13k BC 5k
5 13
 sin  =  cosec  =
13 5

AB 12k AB 12k 12
cos  = = cot  = = =
AC 13k BC 5k 5
12 12
 cos  =  cot  =
13 5

BC 5k
tan  = =
AB 12k
5
 tan  
12

6. If A and B are acute angles such that cos A = cos B, then prove that A = B.
Soln. Consider two right triangles AMN and BPQ in which A and B are acute
and cos A = cos B B

AM
Now, cos A = A
AN
BP
cos B =
BQ

BP AN N M Q P
AM AM
 =  =
AN BQ BP BQ

AM AN
Let = = k (say) .... (1)
BP BQ
 AM = kBP, AN = kBQ
 In right AMN, In right BPQ,
AN² = AM² + MN² .... (Pythagoras theorem) BQ² = BP² + PQ²
 (kBQ)² = (kBP)² + MN² .... (Pythagoras theorem)
 MN² = k²BQ² – k²BP²  PQ² = BQ² – BP²
 MN² = k² (BQ² – BP²)

MN² k²  BQ² – BP² 

Now, =
PQ²  BQ² – BP² 
MN² MN
 = k²  = k ..... (2)
PQ² PQ
From (1) and (2), we get
AM AN MN
= =
BP BQ PQ
 AMN ~ BPQ ..... (SSS criterion of similarity)
 A = B ..... (corresponding angles of similar triangles)

CBSE X 9
MATHEMATICS  MT EDUCARE LTD.

A
7
7. If cot θ = . Evaluate.
8 

(1 + sin θ) (1 – sin θ) 7k
i) ii) cot 2 θ
(1 + cos θ) (1 – cos θ)

7 AB B 8k
C
Soln. cot  = =
8 BC
Let AB = 7k, BC = 8k (Where k is a positive number)
In right  ABC, using Pythagoras theorem
(AC) 2 = (AB) 2 + (BC) 2
(AC) 2 = (7k) 2 + (8k) 2
(AC) 2 = 49k 2 + 64k 2
(AC) 2 = 113k2

AC = 113 k 2
AC = 113 k
BC
sin  =
AC

8k
=
113k

8
=
113

AB
cos  =
AC

7k
=
113k

7
=
113

(1+ sin θ)(1 – sin θ) 1 – sin2 θ

i) =
(1+ cos θ)(1 – cos θ) 1 – cos 2 θ

  8   
2
 7  
2

= 1 –    ÷ 1 –   
  113     113  


 64   49 
= 1 – 113  ÷ 1 – 113 
   

10 CBSE X
 MT EDUCARE LTD. MATHEMATICS

 113 – 64   113 – 49 
=  113  ÷  113 
   

49 113
= ×
113 64
(1 + sin θ) (1 – sin θ) 49
(1 + cos θ) (1 – cos θ) =
64

2
7
ii) cot 2  = 8
 
49
 cot 2 θ =
64

1 – tan2 A
8. If 3 cot A = 4, check whether = cos 2A – sin 2A or not.
1 + tan2 A
Soln. 3 cot A = 4
4 AB
cot A = = A
3 BC
Let AB = 4k, BC = 3k (Where k is positive number)
In right ABC, using Pythagoras theorem, 4k
(AC) 2 = (AB) 2 + (BC) 2
(AC) 2 = (4k) 2 + (3k) 2
= 16k 2 + 9k 2 C
B
= 25k2 3k

AC = 25k 2
= 5k
BC 3k 3
sin A = = =
AC 5k 5

AB 4k 4
cos A = = =
AC 5k 5

BC 3k 3
tan A = = =
AB 4k 4
1 – tan2 A
L.H.S. =
1 + tan2 A

 3  
2
3 
2

=  1 – 4  ÷ 1 + 4 
       

 9   9 
= 1 –  ÷ 1 + 16 
 16   

CBSE X 11
MATHEMATICS  MT EDUCARE LTD.

 16 –9   16  9 
=    
 16   16 
7 25
= ÷
16 16
7 16
= ×
16 25
7
=
25
R.H.S. = cos 2 A – sin 2 A
2 2
4 3
=   –  
5 5
16 9
= –
25 25
7
=
25
L.H.S. = R.H.S
1 – tan2 A
 = cos 2A – sin 2A
1 + tan2 A

1
9. In triangle ABC, right angled at B, if tan A = . Find the value of
3
i) sin A cos C + cos A sin C
A
ii) cos A cos C – sin A sin C
Soln. In ABC,

1 BC 3k
tan A = =
3 AB
Let BC = 1k, AB = 3k
B C
1k
(where k is a positive number)
In right ABC, using Pythagoras theorem
(AC) 2 = (AB) 2 + (BC) 2

(AC) 2 = ( 3k )2 + (1k) 2
= 3k 2 + k 2
(AC) = 4k2
2

AC = 4k 2
= 2k
BC 1k 1
sin A = = 2k =
AC 2

AB 3k 3
cos A = = =
AC 2k 2
12 CBSE X
 MT EDUCARE LTD. MATHEMATICS

AB 3k 3
sin C = = =
AC 2k 2

BC 1k 1
cos C = = 2k =
AC 2

 1 1  3 3
 ×  +  ×
i) sin A cos C + cos A sin C = 2 2  2 2 

1 3
= +
4 4
1+3
=
4
4
=
4
 sin A cos C + cos A sin C = 1

 3 1 1 3
ii) cos A cos C – sin A sin C =  ×  – × 
  2 
 2 2 2

3 3
= –
4 4

3– 3
=
4
0
=
4
 cos A cos C – sin A sin C = 0

10. In PQR, right angled at Q, PR + QR = 25, PQ = 5cm. Determine the value of

sin P, cos P and tan P.
Soln. In PQR,
PR + QR = 25 [Given]
P
Let QR = x
 x + PR = 25
 PR = (25 – x) cm 25 – x
5
In right PQR, using Pythagoras theorem
(PR)2 = (PQ) 2 + (QR) 2
 (25 –x) 2 = (5) 2 + (x) 2 Q R
x
 625 – 50x + x 2
= 25 + x 2

 – 50x = 25 – 625

– 600
 x = = 12
– 50
 QR = 12cm, PR = 25 – x = 25 – 12 = 13cm

CBSE X 13
MATHEMATICS  MT EDUCARE LTD.

QR
sin P =
PR
12
 sin P =
13
PQ
cos P =
PR
5
 cos P =
13
QR
tan P =
PQ

12
 tan P =
5

11. State whether the following are true or false. Justify your answer.
(i) The value of tan A is always less than 1.
Soln. FALSE. Since tan 600 = 3>1

12
(ii) sec A = for some value of angle A .
5
Soln. TRUE. Since Sec A is always  1

(iii) cos A is the abbreviation used for cosecant of angle A.

Soln. FALSE, cos A is abbreviation used for cosine A.

(iv) cot A is the product of Cot and A.

Soln. FALSE, cot is meaningless without an angle A
side adjacent to A
Here, cot A =
side opposite to A

4
(v) sin  =for some angle θ 
3
Soln. FALSE, sin  is never greater than 1.

TEST YOURSELF - TRG 1

4
1. Given that tan A = . Find the other trigonometric ratios of angle A.
3
3
2. Given that sin A = . Find the other trigonometric ratios of angle A.
5

3. Consider ACB, right angled at C, in which AB = 29 units, BC = 21 units,

ABC = Determine the value of.
(i) cos 2  + sin 2 
(ii) cos2  – sin 2 .

14 CBSE X
 MT EDUCARE LTD. MATHEMATICS

4. In a right triangle ABC, right angled at B. If tan A = 1 then verify that

2sinA.cosA = 1.

5. In OPQ, right angled at P, OP = 7cm and OQ – PQ = 1 cm. Determine the value

of sin Q and cos Q.

6. If B and Q are acute angles such that sin B = sin Q, then prove that B = Q.

2 sinθ – 3 cos θ
7. If 3 cot   2 , find the value of 2 sin θ + 3 cos θ .

3
8. If sin = find the value of (tan  + sec ).
5
9. If tan  + cot = 2, find the value of tan² θ + cot² θ .
4sin2 A – 2cos 2 A
10. If 4 tan A = 3, find + 1.
4sin2 A + 3cos 2 A

EXERCISE - 8.2

1. Evaluate the following :

(i) sin 60 0 cos 30 0 + sin 30 0 cos 60 0
3 3 1 1
Soln. sin 60 0 cos 30 0 + sin 30 0 cos 60 0 = × + ×
2 2 2 2
3 1
= +
4 4
3 +1
=
4
4
=
4
= 1
 sin 60 0 cos 30 0 + sin 30 0 cos 60 0 = 1

(ii) 2 tan 2 45 0 + cos 2 30 0 – sin 2 60 0

2 2
 3  3
Soln. 2 tan 2 45 0 + cos 2 30 0 – sin 2 60 0 = 2 × (1) 2 +   –  
 2   2 
3 3
= 2 + –
4 4
= 2
 2 tan 45 + cos 30 – sin 60 = 2
2 0 2 0 0 2

cos 450
(iii)
sec 300 + cosec 300

cos 450  1   2 
Soln. =   ÷  + 2
sec 300 + cosec 300  2  3 

CBSE X 15
MATHEMATICS  MT EDUCARE LTD.

 1   2 2
=  2    3  1 

 1  2 2 3
=  2    
3 


 1 2 2 2 3 3
=      
 2 2  3 3

(Rationalising the denominator)

2 2 3 +6
= 
2 3

2 3
= 
2 2 3 + 6

3 2
=
4 3  12

3 2 12  4 3
= × (Rationalising the denominator)
12 + 4 3 12  4 3
3 2 (12 – 4 3)
=
 
2
(12)² – 4 3

36 2 – 12 6
=
144 – 48

12 (3 2 – 6)
=
96

3 2 – 6
=
8

cos 450 3 2 – 6
 =
sec 300 + cosec 300 8

sin 300 + tan 450 – cosec 600

(iv)
sec 300 + cos 600 + cot 450

sin 300 + tan 450 – cosec 600 1 1 2   2 1 1

Soln. =  + –  ÷  + + 
sec 300 + cos 600 + cot 450 2 1 3   3 2 1
1 1 2 3  2 3 1 1
=  + –   ÷   +  
2 1 3 3  3 3 2 1 
1 1 2 3  2 3 1 1
=  + –  ÷  + + 
2 1 3   3 2 1 

16 CBSE X
 MT EDUCARE LTD. MATHEMATICS

3 + 6 – 4 3  4 3+ 3 + 6
=   ÷  
 6   6 
9–4 3 6
= ×
6 4 3+ 9

9–4 3
=
9+4 3
9–4 3 9–4 3
= × [Rationalising the denominator]
9+4 3 9–4 3
(9 – 4 3 )2
=
(9)2 – (4 3 )2
(9)2 – 2 × 9 × 4 3 +(4 3 )2
=
81 – (16 × 3)

81 – 72 3 + 48
=
81 – 48
129 – 72 3
=
33
3 (43 – 24 3 )
=
33
43 – 24 3
=
11
sin 300 + tan 450 – cosec 600 43 – 24 3
 =
sec 300 + cos 600 + cot 450 11

5cos2 600 + 4sec2 300 – tan2 450

(v)
sin2 300 + cos2 300
 2 2
  1 2  3 2 
5cos2 600 + 4sec2 300 – tan2 450 1  2   
5 ×   + 4×   –(1)  ÷  2  +  2  
2
Soln. =  
sin2 300 + cos2 300  2  3     
 1 4  1 3
=  5 × 4 + 4 × 3 – 1 ÷  4 + 4 
   
 5 16 1  1 + 3 
=  4 + 3 – 1 ÷  4 
   
15 + 64 – 12  4 
= ÷  
12 4
79 – 12
= × 1
12
67
=
12
5cos2 600 + 4sec2 300 – tan2 450 67
 =
sin2 300 + cos2 300 12

CBSE X 17
MATHEMATICS  MT EDUCARE LTD.

2. Choose the correct option and justify your choice :

2tan 300
(i) = (A) sin 60 0 (B) cos 60 0 (C) tan 60 0 (D) sin 30 0
1 + tan2 300
2tan 300
Soln. L.H.S. =
1 + tan2 300

 1    1  
2

= 2 ×  ÷  1 +   
 3   3  
2  1
= ÷ 1 + 
3  3
2  3 + 1
= ÷  
3  3 
2 4
= ÷
3 3
2 3
= ×
3 4
3
=
3 ×2
3 3
= × .... (rationalising the denominator)
2 3 3
3 3 3
= =
3×2 2
R.H.S. = sin 60 0
3
=
2
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
0
2tan 30
= sin 60 0  Option (A) is correct.
1 + tan2 300

1 – tan2 450
(ii) = (A) tan 90 0 (B) 1 (C) sin 45 0 (D) 0
1 + tan2 450
1 – tan2 450
Soln. L.H.S. =
1 + tan2 450
1 – (1)2
=
1 + (1)2
1–1
= 1+1

0
=
2
= 0
2 0
1 – tan 45
= 0  Option (D) is correct.
1 + tan2 450

18 CBSE X
 MT EDUCARE LTD. MATHEMATICS

(iii) sin 2A = 2 sin A is true when A = (A) 0 0 (B) 30 0 (C) 45 0 (D) 60 0

Soln. Put A = 0 0
L.H.S. = sin 2A
= sin 2 × 0 0
= sin 0 0
= 0
R.H.S. = 2sin A
= 2 × sin 0 0 [  sin0 0 = 0)
= 2 × 0
= 0
sin 2A = 2 sin A is true when A = 0 0  Option (A) is correct.

2tan 300
(iv) = (A) cos 60 0 (B) sin 60 0 (C) tan 60 0 (D) sin 30 0
1 – tan2 300

2tan 300
Soln. L.H.S. =
1 – tan2 300

  1  
2
 1   
=  2   ÷ 1 –  
 3   3  

2  1
= ÷ 1 – 
3  3
2  3 – 1
= ÷  
3  3 
2 2
= ÷
3 3
2 3
= ×
3 2
3
=
3
3 3
= × ..... (rationalising the denominator)
3 3

3 3
= = 3
3
= tan 60 0 ..... [  tan 60 0 = 3)
2 tan 300
= tan 60 0  Option (C) is correct.
1 – tan2 300

1
3. If tan (A + B) = 3 and tan (A – B) = , 0 0 A + B 90 0, A > B. Find A and B.
3
Soln. tan (A + B) = 3 .... (i) [given]

tan 60 0 = 3 .... (ii)

tan (A + B) = tan 60
 A + B = 600 .... (iii) [From (i) and (ii)]
CBSE X 19
MATHEMATICS  MT EDUCARE LTD.

1
tan (A – B) = .... (iv) [given]
3
1
 tan 30 0 = .... (v)
3
tan (A – B) = tan 30
 A – B = 30 0 .... (vi) [From equation (iv) and (v)]
Adding equation (iii) and (vi)
A + B = 60 0
A – B = 30 0
2A = 90 0
90
 A =
2
 A = 450
Substituting A = 45 0 in equation (iii)
45 0 + B = 60 0
 B = 60 0 – 45 0
 B = 150

4. State whether the following are true or false. Justify your answer.
(i) sin (A + B) = sin A + Sin B
Soln. FALSE
If A = 600, B = 300, then
LHS = sin (60 + 30) RHS = sin A + sin B
= sin 90 = sin 60 + sin 30

3 1 1 + 3
=1 = + =  1
2 2 2
 LHS  RHS

(ii) The value of sin θ increases as θ increases.

Soln. TRUE
1 1 2 1.41
sin 00 = 0, sin 300 = = 0.5, sin 450 = = = = 0.7 (approx.)
2 2 2 2

3 1.73
sin 600 = = = 0.87 (approx.), sin 900 = 1
2 2
i.e. Value of sin θ increases as θ increases from 00 to 900

(iii) The value of cos θ increases as θ increases.

Soln. FALSE

0 0 3 1.73
When cos 0 = 1, cos 30 = = = 0.87 (approx)
2 2
1 1
cos 450 = = 0.7 (approx.), cos 600 = = 0.5, cos 900 = 1
2 2
i.e. Value of cos θ decreases as θ increases from 00 to 900
20 CBSE X
 MT EDUCARE LTD. MATHEMATICS

(iv) sin θ = cos θ for all values of θ .

Soln. FALSE
1 3
If = 300  sin 300 = , cos 300 =
2 2
i.e. sin 300  cos 300
1
Only sin 450 = cos 450 =
2

(v) cot A is not defined for A = 0º.

Soln. TRUE
cos 00 1
cot 00 = 0
= = meaningless
sin 0 0
 cot 00 is not defined.

TEST YOURSELF TRG - 2

1. In ABC, right angled at B, AB = 5cm, ACB = 30º Determine the length of the sides
BC and AC.

2. In PQR right angled at Q, PQ = 3cm, PR = 6cm Determine QPR and PRQ.

1 1
3. If sin (A – B) = , cos (A + B) = , 00 < A + B < 900, A > B, find A and B.
2 2
1
4. Evaluate cos² 300 cos² 450 + 4 sec² 600 + cos² 900 – 2 tan² 600.
2
2 tan A
5. If A = 300, verify that sin 2A =
1 + tan 2 A
6. If A = B = 45º verify that, sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B.

sin 30 0 + 2 cos² 45 0 + tan² 60 0

7. Evaluate
1
cot 45 0 + cos² 30 0 + tan² 45 0
2

1 1 1 2
8. Evaluate tan² 300 – cos² 600 + sec² 450 – sin² 600.
3 3 2 3
1 A A
9. If A = 60 0 , Verify that sin A = sin . cos
2 2 2
1 1
10. If tan A = and tan B = , find (A + B) by using the following formula
2 3
tan A + tan B
tan (A + B) = 1 – tan A.tan B

CBSE X 21
MATHEMATICS  MT EDUCARE LTD.

EXERCISE - 8.3

1. Evaluate :
sin 180
(i)
cos 720
sin 180 cos (90º – 18º )
Soln. = ...... [  sin = cos (90º –)]
cos 720 cos 720
cos 720
=
cos 720
= 1
0
sin 18
 = 1
cos 720

tan 260
(ii)
cot 64 0
tan 260 cot (90º – 26º )
Soln. = ...... [  tan  = cot (90º –)]
cot 640 cot 640
cot 640
=
cot 640
= 1
0
tan 26
 = 1
cot 64 0

iii) cos 48 0 – sin 42 0

Soln. cos 48 0 – sin 42 0 = sin (90º – 48º) – sin 42 ...... [  cos = sin (90º –)]
= sin 42 – sin 42
= 0
 cos 48 0 – sin 42 0 = 0

(iv) cosec 31 0 – sec 59 0

Soln. cosec 31 0 – sec 59 0
 cosec 31 – sec 59 = 0
0 0
= sec (90º – 31º) – sec 59 0 ...... [  cosec = sec (90º –)]
= sec 59 0 – sec 59 0
= 0

2. Show that :
(i) tan 48 0 tan 23 0 tan 42 0 tan 67 0 = 1
Soln. L.H.S. = tan 48 0 tan 23 0 tan 42 0 tan 67 0
= cot (90º – 48º) cot (90º – 23º) . tan 42 0 tan 67 0
...... [  tan = cot (90º –)]
= cot 42 0 cot 67 0 tan 42 0 tan 67 0
1 1  1 
= . . tan 420 . tan 670 ......  cot θ 
tan 420 tan 670  tan θ 
= 1
= R.H.S.
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
 tan 48 0 tan 23 0 tan 42 0 tan 67 0 = 1
22 CBSE X
 MT EDUCARE LTD. MATHEMATICS

(ii) cos 38 0 cos 52 0 – sin 38 0 sin 52 0 = 0

Soln. L.H.S. = cos 38 0 cos 52 0 – sin 38 0 . sin 52 0
= sin (90 – 38)º . cos 52 0 – cos (90 – 38)º. sin 52 0
 sin θ = cos (90 – θ) 
..........  
and cos θ = sin (90 – θ)
= sin 52 0. cos 52 0 – cos 52 0 . sin 52 0
= 0
= R.H.S.
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
 cos 38 cos 52 0 – sin 38 0 sin 52 0 = 0
0

3. If tan 2A = cot (A – 18 0), where 2A is an acute angle, find the value of A.

Sol. tan 2A = cot (A – 18 0)
 cot (90 – 2A)º = cot (A – 18)º ........ [  tan = cot(90 –)]
 90 – 2A = A – 18
0 0

 –2A – A = – 18 0 – 90 0
 –3A = – 108 0
108º
 A =
3
 A = 360

4. If tan A = cot B, prove that, A + B = 90 0

Soln. tan A = cot B
 cot (90 – A) = cot B .......... [tan  = cot (90 –)]
 90 – A = B
 90 = A + B
 A + B = 90 0

5. If sec 4A = cosec (A – 20 0), where 4A is an acute angle. Find the value of A.

Soln. sec 4A = cosec (A – 20 0)
 cosec (90 – 4A) = cosec (A – 20 0) .......... [  sec = cosec(90 –)]
 90 – 4A = A – 20
 – 4A – A = – 20 – 90
 – 5A = – 110
110
 A =
5
 A = 22 0
B + C A
6. If A, B, C are the interior angles of a triangle ABC, show that sin   = cos .
 2  2
Soln. A + B + C = 1800
A+B+C 1800
 = .......... [Dividing both sides by 2]
2 2
A+B+C
 = 90 0
2
CBSE X 23
MATHEMATICS  MT EDUCARE LTD.

B+C A
 = 90 0 –
2 2
0
B + C  A
 sin   = sin  90 – 
 2   2

B + C A   0 A  A
 sin   = cos ....  sin  90 – 2  = cos 2 
 2  2    

7. Express sin 67 0 + cos 75 0 in terms of trigonometric ratios of angles between

00 and 45 0.

 sin θ = cos (90 – θ) 

Soln. sin 67 0 + cos 75 0 = cos (90 – 67)º + sin (90 – 75)º .... and cos θ = sin (90 – θ) 
 
= cos 23 + sin 15
0 0

TEST YOURSELF TRG - 3

1. Without using trigonometric tables, evaluate:

sin 490 tan 590
(i) (ii)
cos 410 cot 310

sec 350
(iii) (iv) cos 700 – sin 200
cosec 550
2 2 2 2
 sin 490   cos 410   sin 270   cos 630 
(v)  0 
+ 0  (vi)  0 
– 0 
 cos 41   sin 49   cos 63   sin 27 

cos 400 1  cos 350  sin 20º 1  tan 20º 

(vii) sin 500 – 2  sin 550  (viii) +
  cos 70º 2  cot 70º 

tan 180 sec 70 cos2 200 + cos 2 700

(ix) 0
– (x)
cot 72 cosec 830 sin2 590 + sin2 310

cos 700
(xi) + cos 690 cosec 210
sin 200

2. Without trigonometric tables, prove that

(i) sin 630 cos 270 + cos 630 sin 270 = 1

(ii) sin 480 sec 420 + cos 480 cosec 420 = 2

sec 370 sin 420

(iii) + =2
cosec 530 cos 480
(iv) tan 50 tan 100 tan 150 tan 750 tan 800 tan 850 = 1

24 CBSE X
 MT EDUCARE LTD. MATHEMATICS

sin 100 sin 200 sin 300

(v) =1
cos 800 cos 700 cos 600

cos 800 cos 590

(vi) + =2
sin 100 sin 310

(vii) sin2 350 + sin2 550 = 1

(viii) sec 500 sin 400 + cos 400 cosec 500 = 2

(ix) cosec2 740 – tan2 160 = 1

(x) sec2 120 – cot2 780 = 12

cot 540 tan 200

(xi) + –2 =0
tan 360 cot 700

cos 700 cos 590

(xii) + – 8 sin2 300 = 0
sin 200 sin 310

2 2
 sin 470   cos 430 
(xiii)  0 
+ 0 
– 4 cos2 450 = 0
 cos 43   sin 47 

(xiv) sec 700 sin 200 – cos 200 cosec 700 = 0

(xv) sin2 200 + sin2 700 – tan2 450 = 0.

3. Express each one of the following in terms of trigonometric ratios of angles lying
between 00 and 450.

(i) cos 780 + tan 780 (ii) sin 840 + sec 840 (iii) cos 560 + cot 560

(iv) sin 850 + cosec 850 (v) cosec 690 + cot 690.

4. Express cos 750 + cot 750 in term of angles between 00 and 300.

5. Prove that :
sinθ cosθ cos (90 0 – θ) sinθ cosθ sin (90 0 – θ)
(i) + =1
sin (900 – θ) cos (90 0 – θ)
(ii) sin (900 – A) cos A + cos (900 – A) sin A = 1
tan α
(iii) sin (900 – ) cos (900 – ) = 1 + tan2 α

cos θ sin θ
(iv) 0
+ =2
sin(90 – θ) cos (90 0 – θ)
(v) sin  sin (900 – ) – cos cos (900 – ) = 0

(vi) cos sin (900 – ) + sin  cos (900 – ) = 1

CBSE X 25
MATHEMATICS  MT EDUCARE LTD.

EXERCISE - 8.4

1. Express the trigonometric ratios sin A, sec A and tan A in terms of cot A.
Soln. 1 + cot2 A = cosec2 A
 cosec A = 1 + cot2 A (Taking square roots on both sides)
Now,
1 1
sin A = =
cosec A 1 + cot 2 A

1
 sin A =
1 + cot2 A
sin2 A + cos2 A = 1
 cos2 A = 1 – sin2 A
2
 1 
= 1 –  2


 1 + cot A 

1
 cos2 A = 1–
1 + cot 2 A

1 + cot 2 A – 1
=
1 + cot 2 A

cot 2 A
=
1 + cot 2 A

cot A
 cos A =
1  cot 2 A

1 1
Now, sec A = cos A =  
cot A
 2

 1  cot A 

1+ cot 2 A
 sec A = 1×
cot A

1+ cot2 A
 sec A =
cot A

1
Also , tan A =
cot A

2. Write all the other trigonometric ratios of A in terms of sec A.

Soln. 1 + tan2 A = sec2 A
 tan2 A = sec2 A – 1

 tan A = sec2 A – 1

26 CBSE X
 MT EDUCARE LTD. MATHEMATICS

1
Now, cos A =
sec A

sin A
tan A =
cos A
 sin A = tan A × cos A

1
 sin A = sec2 A – 1 ×
sec A

sec2 A – 1
 sin A =
sec A
1
cosec A =
sin A

1
 cosec A =
 sec 2 A – 1 
 
 sec A 
 

sec A
cosec A = 1 ×
sec2 A – 1

sec A
 cosec A =
sec2 A – 1

1
cot A =
tan A

1
 cot A = 2
sec A – 1

3. Evaluate
sin² 630 + sin² 27 0
(i)
cos² 17 0 + cos² 73 0

sin2 630 + sin2 270
Soln.
cos2 170 + cos2 730
cos2 (90º – 63º) + sin2 27º  sin  cos (90º – ) 
= 0 ....  
and cos   sin (90º – ) 
2 2
sin (90º – 17º) + cos 73

cos2 270 + sin2 270

= .... [  sin 2 + cos 2  = 1]
sin2 730 + cos 2 730
1
=
1
= 1
sin² 630 + sin² 27 0
 = 1
cos² 17 0 + cos² 73 0

CBSE X 27
MATHEMATICS  MT EDUCARE LTD.

(ii) sin25 0 cos 65 0 + cos 25 0 sin 65 0

Soln. sin 25 0 cos 65 0 + cos 25 0 sin 65 0
 cos θ = sin (90º – θ) 
= cos(90º – 25º).cos 65º + sin (90º – 25º) sin 65º ....  
and sin θ = cos (90º – θ) 
= cos 65º.cos 65º + sin 65º.sin 65º
= cos2 65 0 + sin 2 65 0
= 1 .... [  sin 2  + cos 2  = 1]
 sin25 0 cos 65 0 + cos 25 0 sin 65 0 = 1

4. Choose the correct option. Justify your choice.

(i) 9sec2 A – 9 tan2 A
(A) 1 (B) 9 (C) 8 (d) 0
Soln. 9 sec A – 9 tan A
2 2

= 9 (sec2 A – tan2 A)
....  sec A – tan A = 1
2 2
= 9 (1)
= 9
 Option (B) is correct

(ii) (1 + tan θ + sec θ ) (1 + cot θ – cosec θ )

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 0
Soln. (1 + tan  + sec ) (1 + cot  – cosec )
 sin θ 1  cos θ 1 
= 1 + +  1 + – 
 cos θ cos θ   sin θ sin θ 
 cos θ + sin θ + 1   sin θ + cos θ – 1 
=   
 cos θ  sin θ 
(sin θ + cos θ)2 – 1
=
sin θ . cos θ
sin2 θ + cos 2 θ + 2 sin θ . cos θ – 1
=
sin θ . cos θ
1 + 2 sin θ . cos θ – 1
= .... [ sin2  + cos2  = 1]
sin θ . cos θ
2 sin θ . cos θ
=
sin θ . cos θ
= 2
 Option (C) is correct

(iii) (sec A + tan A) (1 – sin A)

(A) sec A (B) sin A (C) cosec A (D) cos A
Soln. (sec A + tan A) (1 – sin A)
 1 sin A 
=  +  (1 – sin A)
 cos A cos A 

28 CBSE X
 MT EDUCARE LTD. MATHEMATICS

(1 + sin A)
= (1 – sin A)
cos A

1 – sin2 A
=
cos A

cos 2 A
= .... [ 1 – sin2 A = cos2 A]
cos A

cos A × cos A
= cos A
= cos A
 Option (D) is correct

1 + tan 2 A
(iv)
1 + cot2 A
(A) sec2 A (B) – 1 (C) cot2 A (D) tan2 A
1  tan2 A
Soln. ALTERNATE METHOD :
1  cot 2 A

sec 2 A  1 + tan² A = sec² A  1  tan2 A

= ....  1 + cot² = cosec² A 
cos ec 2 A   1  cot 2 A

1 1 1 + tan²A
=  =
cos 2 A sin2 A 1 1 
 1 + tan²A 
 

1 sin2 A 1 + tan²A
= × =
cos 2 A 1  tan²A + 1 
 tan²A 
 
sin2 A  sin2 A  tan² A
=
2
....  cos 2 A = tan A  = 1 + tan² A  ×
cos 2 A   1 + tan² A 
= tan2 A = tan² A
 Option (D) is correct

5. Prove the following identities where the angles involved are acute angles for which
the expressions are defined.
1 – cos θ
(i) (cosec θ – cot θ) 2 =
1 + cos θ
Proof. L.H.S. = (cosec  – cot )²
2
 1 cos θ 
=  – 
 sin θ sin θ 
2
 1 – cos θ 
=  
 sin θ 
CBSE X 29
MATHEMATICS  MT EDUCARE LTD.

(1 – cos θ)2
=
sin2 θ

(1 – cos θ)2
=
1 – cos 2 θ

(1 – cosθ) (1 – cos θ)
= (1 – cosθ) (1 + cos θ)
1 – cos θ
= 1 + cos θ

= R.H.S.
 L.H.S. = R.H.S.

1 – cos θ
 (cosec θ – cot θ) 2 =
1 + cos θ

cos A 1 + sin A
(ii) +
1 + sin A cos A = 2 sec A
cos A 1 + sin A
Proof. L.H.S. = +
1+ sin A cos A
cos 2 A + (1 + sin A)2
=
(1 + sin A).cos A

cos 2 A +1 + 2 sin A +sin2 A

=
(1 + sin A).cos A

(sin2 A + cos 2 A) + 1 + 2sin A

=
(1 + sin A).cos A

1 + 1 + 2sin A
= (1 + sin A).cos A .... ( sin² A + cos² A = 1)

2 + 2sin A
= (1 + sin A).cos A
2(1 + sin A)
= (1 + sin A).cos A

 1 
= 2 
 cos A 
= 2 sec A
= R.H.S.
 L.H.S. = R.H.S.
cos A 1 + sin A
+
 1 + sin A cos A = 2 sec A

30 CBSE X
 MT EDUCARE LTD. MATHEMATICS

tan θ cot θ
(iii) 1 – cot θ + 1 – tan θ = 1 + sec θ . cosec θ .

tan θ cot θ
Proof. L.H.S. = +
1 – cotθ 1 – tan θ

sin θ/cos θ  cos θ / sin θ

= +
 1 cos θ   1 sin θ 
 –   1 – cosθ 
 1 sin θ   

sin θ / cos θ cos θ / sin θ

= +
 sinθ - cos θ   cos θ  sin θ 
   cos θ 
 sin θ   

sin θ sin θ cos θ cos θ

= cos θ × sin θ  cos θ  sin θ  [ (sin θ  cos θ)]

sin² θ cos² θ
= cos θ (sin θ – cos θ) – sin θ (sin θ – cos θ)

sin ³ θ – cos³ θ
= cos θ.sin θ (sin θ – cos θ)

(sinθ - cosθ) (sin² θ + sinθ.cosθ + cos²θ)

= ... [ a³ – b³ = (a – b) (a² + ab + b²)]
cosθ.sinθ (sinθ - cosθ)

1 + sinθ.cosθ
= ... [sin²  + cos²  = 1]
cos θ.sinθ
1 sinθ.cosθ
= +
cosθ.sinθ cosθ.sinθ
1 1
= . +1
cosθ sinθ
= sec  . cosec  + 1
= R.H.S.
 L.H.S. = R.H.S

tan θ cot θ
+
 1 – cot θ 1 – tan θ = 1 + sec θ . cosec θ .

1+ sec A sin2 A
(iv) =
sec A 1 – cos A
1 + sec A
Proof. L.H.S. =
sec A

 1   1 
= 1 + cos A  ÷  cos A 
   

CBSE X 31
MATHEMATICS  MT EDUCARE LTD.

1+ cos A cos A
= ×
cos A 1
= 1 + cos A
(1 – cos A)
= (1 + cos A) × (1 – cos A) ......[Rationalising the numerator by (1 – cos A)]

1 – cos 2 A
=
1 – cos A

sin2 A
=
1 – cos A
= R.H.S.
 L.H.S. = R.H.S.
1+ sec A sin2 A
 =
sec A 1 – cos A

cos A – sin A +1
(v) cos A + sin A –1 = cosec A + cot A using the identity cosec² A = 1 + cot² A.

cos A – sin A +1
Proof. L.H.S. = cos A +sin A –1
Dividing Numerator & Denominator by Sin A
cot A – 1 + cosecA
= cot A + 1 – cosecA

(cot A + cosec A) – (cosec 2 A – cot 2 A)

= .... ( cosec² A – cot² A = 1)
(1 + cot A – cosec A)

(cot A + cosec A) – (cosec A + cot A) (cosec A – cot A)

= (1+cot A – cosec A)

(cot A+ cosec A) (1-cosec A+ cot A)

= (1+cot A - cosec A)
= cot A + cosec A
= R.H.S.
 L.H.S. = R.H.S.
cos A – sin A +1
 cos A + sin A –1 = cosec A + cot A using the identity cosec² A = 1 + cot² A.

1 + sin A
(vi) 1 – sin A = sec A + tan A

1 + sin A
Proof. L.H.S. = 1 – sin A

1 + sin A 1 + sin A
= ×
1 – sin A 1 + sin A
32 CBSE X
 MT EDUCARE LTD. MATHEMATICS

(1 + sin A)2
=
1 – sin2 A

(1 + sin A)2
=
cos 2 A
1 + sin A
= cos A
1 sin A
= +
cos A cos A
= sec A + tan A
= R.H.S.
 L.H.S. = R.H.S.

1 + sin A
 1 – sin A = sec A + tan A

sinθ – 2 sin 3 θ
(vii) = tan θ
2 cos3 θ – cos θ

sinθ – 2sin 3 θ
Proof. L.H.S. =
2 cos 3 θ – cos θ

sin θ (1 – 2sin 2 θ)
=
cos θ (2 cos 2 θ – 1)
sin θ (1 – 2sin 2 θ)
= cos θ 2(1 – sin2 θ) – 1

sin θ (1 – 2sin2 θ)
=
cosθ (2 – 2sin² θ –1)
sin θ 1 – 2sin² θ 
sinθ
= =
cos θ 1 – 2sin² θ  cosθ
= tan θ = R.H.S.
 L.H.S. = R.H.S.

sinθ – 2 sin 3 θ
 = tan θ
2 cos3 θ – cos θ

(viii) (sin A + cosec A)2 + (cos A + sec A)2 = 7 + tan2 A + cot2 A

Proof L.H.S = (sin A + cosec A)2 + (cos A + sec A)2
= sin2A + 2sinA cosecA + cosec2A + cos2A + 2cosA secA + sec2A
= (sin2A + cos2A) + (cosec2A )+ (sec2A) + 2sinA cosecA + 2 cosA secA

 1   1 
= 1+ (1+ cot2A) + (1 + tan2A) + 2 sinA  sin A  + 2 cos A  cos A 
   
.... [ sin² A + cos² A = 1, cosec² A = 1 + cot² A, sec² A = 1 + tan² A]
= 1 + 1 + cot² A + 1 + tan² A + 2 + 2
CBSE X 33
MATHEMATICS  MT EDUCARE LTD.

= 7 + tan2A + cot2A
= R.H.S.
 L.H.S. = R.H.S.
 (sin A + cosec A)2 + (cos A + sec A)2 = 7 + tan2 A + cot2 A

1
(ix) (cosec A – sin A) (sec A – cos A) = tan A + cot A

Proof. L.H.S = (cosec A – sin A) (sec A – cos A)

 1  1 
=  – sin A   – cos A 
 sin A  cos A 
 1 – sin2 A   1 – cos 2 A 
=   
 sin A   cos A 
cos 2 A sin2 A
= × ( cos²A = 1 – sin A, sin²A = 1 – cos² A)
sin A cos A
= cos A . sin A .......... (1)
1
R.H.S. = tan A + cot A

1
=
 sin A cos A 
 + 
 cos A sin A 

1
=  sin A + cos2 A 
2

 
 cos A × sin A 

cos A.sin A
=
sin2 A + cos 2 A
= cos A.sinA ......... (2) .... ( sin2 A  cos 2 A  1)
From (1) and (2 ),
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
 L.H.S. = R.H.S.

1
 (cosec A – sin A) (sec A – cos A) = tan A + cot A

2
1 + tan2 A  1 – tan A  2
(x) =  = tan A
1 + cot2 A  1 – cot A 

1 + tan2 A sec 2 A
Proof. Consider, =
1 + cot 2 A cosec 2 A

 1   1 
=  2  ÷ 2 
 cos A   sin A 

34 CBSE X
 MT EDUCARE LTD. MATHEMATICS

1 sin 2 A
= 2
×
cos A 1

1 + tan 2 A
 = tan²A .......... (I)
1 + cot2 A

2 2 2
 1 – tan A   sin A   cos A 
Consider,   = 1 –  ÷ 1 – 
 1 – cot A   cos A   sin A 

2 2
 cos A – sin A   sin A – cos A 
=   ÷ 
 cos A   sin A 
2 2
 (sin A – cos A)   sin A 
= –  × 
 cos A   sin A – cos A 

(sin A – cos A)2 sin2 A

= ×
cos 2 A (sin A – cos A)2

sin2 A
=
cos 2 A
2
 1 – tan A 
  = tan²A .......... (II)
 1 – cot A 
From (I) & (II),
2
1 + tan 2 A  1 – tan A  2
=  = tan A
1 + cot2 A  1 – cot A 

TEST YOURSELF TRG - 4

Prove the following identities :

1. sec A (1 – sin A) (sec A + tan A) = 1

cot A – cos A cosec A – 1

2. =
cot A + cos A cosec A + 1

sinθ – cos θ+1 1

3. =
sec θ – tanθ using the identity sec θ = 1 + tan θ .
2 2
sinθ+cos θ –1

cos2 θ + tan2 θ – 1
4. = tan2θ
sin θ
2

5. tan4A + tan2A = sec4A – sec2A

tan2θ cosec 2θ 1
6. + =
tan θ – 1
2
sec θ – cosec 2θ
2
sin 2 θ – cos 2θ

CBSE X 35
MATHEMATICS  MT EDUCARE LTD.

cosec A cosec A
7. + = 2sec 2 A
cosec A –1 cosec A +1

sinθ + cos θ sin θ – cos θ 2 2

8. + = =
sin θ – cos θ sin θ + cos θ 1 – 2 cos θ
2
2sin 2θ – 1

9. (cosec A – sin A) (sec A – cos A) (tan A + cot A) =1

10. tan 2  + cot 2 +2 = sec 2 cosec 2

11. tan²  – sin²  = tan²  . sin² .

12. sin6  + cos6  = 1 – 3 sin²  cos² 

13. (1 + cot A – cosec A)(1+ tan A + sec A)= 2

1 – cos A sin A
14. =
1+ cos A 1+ cos A

15. 2 sec² – sec4 – 2 cosec² + cosec4 = cot4  – tan4

SECTION - IV
CHALLENGING QUESTIONS

3 cos 55º 4 cos 70º . cosec 20º

1. Find –
7 sin 35º 7 (tan 5º . tan 25º . tan 45º . tan 65º . tan 85º )

3 cos 55º 4 cos 70º . cosec 20º

Soln. –
7 sin 35º 7 (tan 5º . tan 25º . tan 45º . tan 65º . tan 85º )

3 cos 55º 4 cos 70º . sec (90º – 20º )

= –
7 cos (90º – 35º ) 7 (tan 5º . tan 85º . tan 25º . tan 65º . tan 45º )

3 cos 55º 4 cos 70º . sec 70º

= –
7 cos 55º 7 tan 5º . cot(90º – 85º ) tan 25º × cot (90º – 65º ) × 1

3 4
= –
7 7 × tan 5º × cot 5º × tan 25º × cot 25º × 1
3 4
= –
7 7 ×1 × 1× 1
3 4
= –
7 7
3 cos 55º 4 cos 70º . cosec 20º –1
 – =
7 sin 35º 7 (tan 5º . tan 25º . tan 45º . tan 65º . tan 85º ) 7
36 CBSE X
 MT EDUCARE LTD. MATHEMATICS

2. If  is a positive acute angle such that sec  = cosec 60º. Find the value of
2 cos2–1
Soln. sec  = cosec 60º

1 2
=
cos  3

3
cos  =
2
3
cos2  =
4
3
2 cos2  = 2 ×
4
3
2 cos2  =
2
3
2 cos2  – 1 = –1
2
3–2
2 cos2  – 1 =
2
1
 2 cos2  – 1 =
2

x y x y x2 y 2
3. If cos  + sin  = 1 and sin  – cos  = 1. Prove that  =2
a b a b a2 b2
x y
Soln. cos  + sin  = 1
a b
Squaring both the sides, we get
2
x y 
 cos   sin   = 1
a b 
x2 y2 xy
2 cos  + 2 sin  + 2 sin  cos  = 1 ...(i)
2 2
a b ab

x y 
 sin  – cos   = 1
a b 
Squaring both the sides, we get
x2 y2 xy
sin 2
 + 2 cos  – 2
2
sin  cos  = 1 ...(ii)
a 2
b ab
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
x2 x2 y2 y2 2xy 2xy
cos2
 + sin2
 + sin2
 + 2 cos 
2
sin  cos  – sin  cos  = 2
a 2
a 2
b 2
b ab ab

x2 y2
2 (sin  + cos ) + (sin2  + cos2 ) = 2
2 2
a b2

x2 y 2
  =2
a2 b2
CBSE X 37
MATHEMATICS  MT EDUCARE LTD.

4. If cosec  – sin  = a3, sec  – cos  = b3. Prove that a2b2 (a2 + b2) = 1
Soln. cosec  – sin  = a3
1
– sin  = a3
sin 

1 – sin2 
= a3
sin 

cos2 
= a3 ...(i)
sin 
sec  – cos  = b3
1
– cos  = b3
cos 

1 – cos2 
= b3
cos 

sin2 
= b3 ...(ii)
cos 
Multiplying (i) and (ii), we get
cos2  sin2 
a3 × b3 = ×
sin  cos 
Dividing (i) and (ii), we get
a3 × b3 = sin  × cos  ...(iii)
a3 cos2  sin2 
= 
b3 sin  cos 
a3 cos3 
=
b3 sin3 
a cos 
=
b sin 
L.H.S. = a2 b2 (a2 +b2)

= a b × ab
2 2
a 2
+ b2 
ab
a b2 
2
3 
= a × b  ab ab 
3
 
a b 
= a3 b3   
b a 
 cos  sin  
= sin  cos    
 sin  cos  

= sin  × cos 
 cos 2
+ sin2  
sin cos
= cos2  + sin2 
= 1
 L.H.S. = R.H.S.
 a b (a + b2) = 1
2 2 2

38 CBSE X
 MT EDUCARE LTD. MATHEMATICS

5. If a cos3  + 3a cos  sin2  = m, a sin3  + 3a cos2  sin  = n.

Prove that (m+n)2/3 + (m–n)2/3 = 2a2/3
Soln. a cos3  + 3a cos  sin2  = m ...(i)
a sin3  + 3a cos2  sin  = n ...(ii)
adding (i) and (ii)
a cos3  + 3a cos  sin2  + a sin3  + 3a cos2  sin  = m+n
a (cos3  + 3cos  sin2  + sin3  + 3cos2  sin  = m+n
a (cos  + sin )3 = m+n
m+n
(cos  + sin )3 =
a
Taking cube roots on both sides, we get
1
m+n 3
cos  + sin  =  
 a 
Squaring both the sides, we get
2
m+n 3
(cos  + sin  =  
 a 
2
m+n 3
cos  + sin  + 2 sin  cos  = 
2 2

 a 
2
m+n 3
1 + 2 sin  cos  =   ...(iii)
 a 
Subtracting (ii) from (i)
a cos2  + 3a cos  sin2  – a sin3  – 3a sin  cos2  = m – n
a (cos2  + 3cos  sin2  – sin3  – 3sin  cos2  = m – n
a (cos  – sin )3 = m – n
m–n
(cos  – sin  =
a
Taking cube roots on both the sides, we get
1
m – n 3
cos  – sin  =  
 a 
2
m – n 3
(cos  – sin  
=  
 a 
2
m – n 3
cos  + sin  – 2 sin  cos  = 
2 2

 a 
2
m – n 3
1– 2 sin  cos  =   ...(iv)
 a 
Adding (iii) and (iv)
2 2
m+n 3 m – n 3
1 + 2sin  cos  + 1 – 2 sin  cos  =   +  
 a   a 
2 2
(m n) 3
(m– n) 3
2 = 2
 2
a 3
a 3

2 2 2
 2a 3 = (m+n) 3 + (m–n) 3

CBSE X 39
MATHEMATICS  MT EDUCARE LTD.

6. Given that : (1 + cos ) (1 + cos ) (1 + cos ) = (1 – cos ) (1 – cos ) (1 – cos ). Show
that one of the value of each member of this equality is sin  sin  sin .
Soln. (1 + cos ) (1 + cos ) (1 + cos ) = (1 – cos ) (1 – cos ) (1 – cos )
Multiply (1 + cos ) (1 + cos ) (1 + cos ) to both the sides, we get
(1 + cos ) (1 + cos ) (1 + cos ) (1 + cos ) (1 + cos ) (1 + cos ) =
(1 – cos ) (1 + cos ) (1 + cos ) (1 – cos ) (1 + cos ) (1 – cos )
(1 + cos )2 (1 + cos )2 (1 + cos )2 = (1 – cos2 ) (1 – cos2 ) (1 – cos2 )
(1 + cos )2 (1 + cos )2 (1 + cos )2 = sin2  sin2  sin2 
Taking square roots on both the sides, we get
(1 + cos ) (1 + cos ) (1 + cos ) = sin  sin  sin .
Similarly by multiplying (1 – cos ) (1 – cos ) (1 + cos ) on both the sides, we get
(1 – cos ) (1 – cos ) (1 – cos ) = sin  sin  sin .

7. x = a sec  cos 
y = b sec  sin 
z = c tan 
x2 y 2 z2
Prove that 2  2  2 = 1
a b c
Soln. x = a sec  cos 
x
= sec  cos 
a

x2
= sec2  cos2  ...(i)
a2
y2
Simillarly = sec2  sin2  ...(ii)
b2
z2
and = tan2  ...(iii)
c2
From (i), (ii) and (iii)
x 2 y2 z 2
 – = sec2  cos2  + sec2  sin2  – tan2 
a 2 b2 c 2

x 2 y2 z 2
  = sec2  (sin2  + cos2  – tan2 
a 2 b2 c 2

x 2 y2 z 2
 – = sec2  – tan2 
a 2 b2 c 2
x2 y 2 z2
   =1
a2 b2 c2

8. Tn = sinn  + cosn 
T3 – T5 T5 – T7
Prove that 
T1 T3
Soln. T1 = sin  + cos 
T3 = sin3  + cos3 
T5 = sin5  + cos5 
T7 = sin7  + cos7 

40 CBSE X
 MT EDUCARE LTD. MATHEMATICS

T3 – T5
L.H.S. = T1

sin3  + cos 3  – sin5  – cos 5 

=
sin  + cos 

sin3  – sin5  + cos 3  – cos 5 

=
sin  + cos 

sin3  (1 – sin2  + cos 3  (1 – cos 2 

=
sin  + cos 

sin3  cos 2  + cos 3  sin2 

=
sin  + cos 

sin2  cos 2  (sin cos 

=
sin  + cos 
L.H.S. = s i n
2
 cos2  ...(i)

T5 – T7
R.H.S. = T3

sin5  + cos 5  – sin7  – cos 7 

=
sin3  + cos 3 

sin5  – sin7  + cos 5  – cos 7 

=
sin3  + cos 3 

sin5  (1 – sin2  + cos 5  (1 – cos 2 

=
sin3  + cos 3 

sin5  cos 2  + cos 5  sin2 

=
sin3  + cos 3 

sin2  cos 2  (sin3 cos 3 

=
sin3  + cos 3 
R.H.S. = sin  cos2  2
...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
T3 – T5 T5 – T7
 
T1 T3

1
9. If ( +  – ), ( +  – ) and ( +  – ) be acute angles such that sin ( +  – ) = ,
2
1
cos ( +  – ) = and tan ( +  – ) = 1 find the value of ,  and .
2
1
Soln. sin ( +  – ) =
2
sin ( +  – ) = sin 30º
CBSE X 41
MATHEMATICS  MT EDUCARE LTD.

 +  –  = 30º ...(i)
1
cos ( +  – ) =
2
cos ( +  – ) = cos 60º
 +  –  = 60 ...(ii)
tan ( +  – ) = 1
tan ( +  – ) = tan 45º
 +  –  = 45 ...(iii)
adding (i) and (ii), we get
2  = 90
 = 45
adding (ii) and (iii), we get
2  = 105
105
 =
2
 = 52.5
adding (i) and (iii), we get
2 = 75
75
 =
2
 = 37.5

cos2 B – cos 2 A sin2 A – sin 2 B

10. tan2 A – tan2 B = 
cos2 B cos 2 A cos 2 A cos 2 B
Soln. L.H.S. = tan2 A – tan2 B
= sec2 A – 1 – sec2 B + 1
= sec2 A – sec2 B
1 1
= 2 –
cos A cos 2 B
cos2 B – cos2 A
L.H.S. = ...(i)
cos2 A cos2 B

cos 2 B – cos 2 A
R.H.S. =
cos 2 A cos 2 B

1 – sin2 B – 1 + sin2 A
=
cos2 A cos2 B

sin2 A – sin 2 B
R.H.S. = ...(ii)
cos 2 A cos 2 B
From (i) and (ii), we get
cos2 B – cos2 A sin2 A – sin2 B
 tan2 A – tan2 B = =
cos2 B cos2 A cos2 A cos2 B
42 CBSE X
 MT EDUCARE LTD. MATHEMATICS

11. sin8  – cos8  = (sin2 – cos2 ) (1 – 2 sin2  cos2 )

Soln. L.H.S. = sin8  – cos8 
= (sin4  – (cos4 
= (sin4 – cos4  (sin4 + cos4 
= [(sin2 – (cos2  [(sin2 + (cos2 
= (sin2 + cos2  (sin2 – cos2 [(sin2 + (cos2 
= 1 . (sin2 – cos2 [(sin2 + (cos2 2 +2 sin2 cos2 – 2 sin2  cos2 
= (sin2 – cos2 [(sin2 + cos2 2 –2 sin2 cos2 
= (sin2 – cos2 (1 – 2 sin2 cos2 
 L.H.S. = R.H.S.
 sin8  – cos8  = (sin2 – cos2 ) (1 – 2 sin2  cos2 )

12. x sin3  + y cos3  = sin  cos  and x sin  = y cos  Prove that x2 + y2 = 1.
Soln. x sin sin2 + y cos cos2  = sin cos 
x sin sin2 + x sin cos2  = sin cos 
x sin (sin2 + cos2  = sin cos 
x sin  = sin cos 
x = cos 
x sin  = y cos 
x sin  = y x
y = sin 
x + y2 = sin2 + cos2 
2

 x2 + y2 = 1

4 – 3 (x 2 – 1)2
13. If sin  + cos  = x Prove that sin6 + cos6  =
4
Soln. sin + cos = x
(sin + cos x
sin2 + cos2  + 2 sin cos = x2
x2 – 1
1 + 2 sin cos = x2 sin cos =
2
L.H.S. = sin6  – cos6 
= (sin2  + (cos2 
= (sin2 + cos2  (sin4 + cos4 – sin2 cos2 
= 1(sin4 + cos4 – sin2 cos2 
= (sin2 + (cos2  + 2 sin2 cos2 – 2 sin2 cos2 – sin2 cos2 
= (sin2 + cos2 – 3 sin2 cos2 
= 1 – 3 sin2 cos2 
= 1 – 3 (sin cos 
2
 x2 – 1
=1–3  
 2 
3(x 2 – 1)2
=1–
4
4 – 3(x 2 – 1)2
=
4
= R.H.S.
4 – 3 (x 2 – 1)2
 sin6 + cos6  =
4
CBSE X 43
MATHEMATICS  MT EDUCARE LTD.

1 1
14. =x+
. Prove that sec + tan = 2x or
4x 2x
s e c

1
Soln. sec  = x +
4x
sec2  = 1 + tan2 
tan2  = sec2  – 1
2
 1 
= x   –1
 4 x
1 1
= x2 + 2 + –1
16 x 2
1 1
= x2 + 2 –
16 x 2
2
 1  1
= (x)2 +   –2×x×
 4x  4x
2
 1 
tan2  =  x – 
 4x 
 1 
tan  =   x – 
 4x 
1 1 1
When tan  = x – , sec  + tan  = x + +x– = 2x
4x 4x 4x
 1  1 1 1
When tan  = –  x –  , sec  + tan  = x + – x =
 4x  4x 4x 2x
1
 sec + tan = 2x or
2x
2 2 5
15. cosec2 58º – cot 58º . tan 32º – tan 13º tan 37º tan 45º tan 53º tan 77º.
3 3 3
2 2 5
Soln. cosec2 58º – cot 58º tan 32º – tan 13º tan 37º tan 53º tan 77º tan 45º
3 3 3
2 2 5
= cosec2 58º – cot 58º cot (90º – 32º) – tan 13º cot (90º – 37º) tan 53º
3 3 3
cot (90º – 77º) ×1
2 2 5
= cosec2 58º – cot 58º cot 58º – tan 13º cot 53º tan 53º cot 13º
3 3 3
2 5
= (cosec2 58º – cot2 58º) – tan 13º cot 13º tan 53º cot 53º
3 3
2 5
= – 1×1
3 3

2–5
=
3

–3
=
3
2 2 5
 cosec2 58º – cot 58º tan 32º – tan 13º tan 37º tan 45º tan 53º tan 77º = – 1
3 3 3
44 CBSE X
 MT EDUCARE LTD. MATHEMATICS

ASSIGNMENT
1. If 3 sin  + 5 cos = 5, prove that 5 sin  – 3 cos  = ± 3.
2. If cosec  + cot = m and cosec  – cot  = n, prove that m n = 1.
3. Prove that (cosec  – sec (cot  – tan  = (cosec  + sec (sec  cosec  – 

 1 1  1 – sin 2  cos 2 
4. Prove that  2 2
 2 2  sin 2
 cos2
 =
 sec  – cos  cosec  – sin   2 + sin 2  cos 2 

5. Prove that :

sec A cosec A
(1 + cot A + tan A(sin A – cos A = 2 – = sin A tan A – cot A cos A
cosec A sec 2 A
2
sec – 1  sin θ 
6. Prove that =  
sec + 1  1 + cos θ 

1 – cos A
7. Prove that = cosec A – cot A
1 + cos A

8. If sin  + sin2  + sin3  = 1, prove that cos6  – 4 cos4  + 8 cos2  = 4.

x x z
9. If = sin A cos C, = sin A sin C and = cos A, r 0, A and C being acute angles,
r r r

prove that r = x 2  y2  z 2

B+C A
10. If A, B, C are the interior angles of a ABC, show that : sin = cos .
2 2

SECTION - V

 ANSWERS

TEST YOURSELF TRG - 1

4 3 3 5 5
1. sin A = , cos A = , cot A = , cosec A = , sec A =
5 5 4 4 4
5 4 3 5 4
2. cosec A = , cos A = , tan A = , sec A = , sec A =
3 5 4 4 3
41
3. (i) cos 2  + sin 2  = 1 (ii) cos 2  – sin 2  =
841
7 24
5. (ii) sin  = , cos  =
25 25

7. 0 8. 4 9. 2 10. 22/21

CBSE X 45
MATHEMATICS  MT EDUCARE LTD.

TEST YOURSELF TRG - 2

1. AC = 10cm, BC = 5 3 cm 2. PRQ = 300, QPR = 600

3. A = 450, B = 150 4. 83/8

7. 2 8. 19/36

10. 450

TEST YOURSELF TRG - 3

(i) 1 (ii) 1 (iii) 1 (iv) 0

3
(v) 2 (vi) 0 (vii) 1 (viii)
2

(ix) 0 (x) 1 (xi) 2

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

a a sin   b cos 
1. If tan  = , then is equal to
b a sin  – b cos 
a ²  b² a ² – b² a b a –b
(a) (b) (c) (d)
a ² – b² a ²  b² a –b a b
sin x – cos x
2. If 16 cot x = 12, then equals
sin x  cos x
1 3 1
(a) (b) (c) 0 (d)
7 7 6
3
3. If tan  = , then cos²– sin²=
4
7 –7 4
(a) (b) 1 (c) (d)
25 25 25
4 1  sin 
4. If tan = , 0º 90º then value of
3 1  sin 
9 1 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 9 7 3

5. The value of cos²17º – sin²73º is

1
(a) 1 (b) (c) 0 (d) –1
3

46 CBSE X
 MT EDUCARE LTD. MATHEMATICS

6. If A and B are complementary angles, then

(a) sin A = sin B (b) cos A = cos B (c) tan A = tan B (d) sec A = cosec B

7. If x tan 45ºcos60º = sin60ºcot60º, then x is equal to

1 1
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) (d)
2 2

8. If angle A, B, C of a ABC form an increasing AP, then sin B =

1 3 1
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d)
2 2 2

9. The value of tan 10º tan 15º tan 75º tan 80º is
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) None of these

cos  90º –   sec  90º –   tan  tan  90º –  

10. The value of cosec 90º –  sin 90º –  cot 90º –  + is
      cot 
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 2 (d) –2

2 tan 30º
11. is equal to
1  tan ²30º
(a) sin 60º (b) cos 60º (c) tan 60º (d) sin 30º

1 – tan ²45º
12. is equal to
1  tan ²45º
(a) tan 90º (b) 1 (c) sin 45º (d) sin 0º

B + C
13. If A, B and C are interior angles of a triangle ABC, then sin   =
 2 
A A A A
(a) sin (b) cos (c) –sin (d) –cos
2 2 2 2

14. tan 5º × tan 30º × 4 tan 85º is equal to

4
(a) (b) 4 3 (c) 1 (d) 4
3

A
15. In the figure, AD = 4 cm BD = 3 cm and CB = 12 cm, find cot .
12 5
(a) (b)
5 12
13 12 D
(c) (d)
12 13


C
B

CBSE X 47
MATHEMATICS  MT EDUCARE LTD.

Answers :
a ²  b² 1
1. (a) 2. (a)
a ² – b² 7
7 1
3. (a) 4. (b)
25 9
5. (c) 0 6. (d) sec A = cosec B
3
7. (a) 1 8. (b)
2
9. (c) 1 10. (c) 2
11. (a) sin 60º 12. (d) sin 0º
A 4
13. (b) cos 14. (a)
2 3
12
15. (a)
5


48 CBSE X