Objectives

At the end of this lesson, the learners should be able to:

➢ Explain how science and technology affected the society and environment
and vice versa;

➢ Identify inventions and discoveries that changed the world over the
course of history; and

➢ Discuss the scientific and technological development in the Philippines.

What is Science?
• Science comes from the Latin word “scientia”, meaning “knowledge”.

• It refers to a systematic and methodological activity of building and

organizing knowledge about how the universe behaves through
observation, experimentation or both.

• According to the famous American science historian, John Heilbron (2003,

p vii), “Modern science is a discovery as well as invention”.

• He considered science as a discovery of regularity in nature, enough for

natural phenomena to be described by principles and laws.
 What is Technology ?
• It is the application of knowledge, laws, and principles to produce services, materials,
tools, and machines aimed at solving real-world problems.

• Greek word “techne”, meaning ‘art, skill, or cunning of hand.’

• Wolpert (2005) made an interesting comparison between science and technology that is
helpful in the study of their interaction with society. In his landmark paper, “The Medawar
Lecture 1998: Is Science Dangerous ?
• Wolpert explained that reliable scientific knowledge has no moral or ethical value. It is
meant simply to explain how nature and the universe work and that the obligation of
scientists, besides studying the nature of the universe, is to explain the possible uses
and application of such scientific knowledge.
 What is Technology ?
• It is the application of knowledge, laws, and
principles to produce services, materials, tools,
and machines aimed at solving real-world
problems.

• Greek word “techne”, meaning ‘art, skill, or

cunning of hand.’

• Wolpert (2005) made an interesting comparison

between science and technology that is helpful in
the study of their interaction with society. In his
landmark paper, “The Medawar Lecture 1998: Is Lewis Wolpert
Science Dangerous ?
 What is Technology ?

• Wolpert explained that reliable scientific knowledge has no

moral or ethical value. It is meant simply to explain how
nature and the universe work and that the obligation of
scientists, besides studying the nature of the universe, is
to explain the possible uses and application of such
scientific knowledge.

Lewis Wolpert
 What is Technology ?
• The introduction of machines tremendously cut the need for human workforce and gave
rise to questions about whether machines will eventually replace humans.
• The inventions of drugs that cured the previously incurable diseases introduced new
strains of bacteria and viruses that are resistant to the very same drugs that one fought
them- take an antibiotic resistant strain of gonorrhea as an example.
• The rise of social media drastically changed the way humans communicate, interact, and
share information; however, this tends to put people’s privacy at risk.
• As problems in science and technology continue to rise and become more observable, the
need to pay attention to their interactions with various aspects of human life, e,g,, social ,
political, and economic, becomes ever more necessary.
 Science, Technology, and Society
• How the different aspects of society shape and influence the progression and further
development of science and technology is the area of concern of a relative new academic
discipline called Science, Technology, and Society.

• Science, Technology, and Society (STS) – is a relatively young filed that combines
previously independent and older disciplines, such as the history of science, philosophy
of science and sociology of science.

• As an academic field, STS, according to Harvard University’s Kennedy School (2018),

traces its roots from the interwar period and the start of the Cold War. It was during this
period when historians and scientists found interest in the interconnections of scientific
knowledge, technological systems, and society.
 Science, Technology, and Society

• The rise of STS as an academic field resulted from the recognition hat man schools
today do not really prepare students to respond critically, reflectively, and proactively to
the challenges posed by science and technology in the contemporary world.

• In general, STS applies methods drawn from history, philosophy, and sociology to study
the nature of science and technology and ultimately judge their value and place in
society.
 What is Technology ?
• While scientists are responsible for the reliable
Thank you
conduct of scientific inquiry and its honest for
interpretation and dissemination, technological
application of science are influenced by other sectors Listening ☺
sch as politics and governance, religions and
business.

• With this distinction, one can surmise the need for

the study of various ways in which science and
technology act and are enacted in society. This is a
particularly timely and relevant concern because of
the advancements in science and technology today.
Historical Antecedents
of
Science and Technology
 Antecedent
• is defines as a precursor to the unfolding or
existence of something. Thus, historical
antecedents in science and technology are factors
that paved the way for the presence of advanced
and sophisticated scientific and technological
innovations today.

• Knowledge of the history of science and

technology is useful in appraising these innovations
today. By understanding how previous generations
influenced and were influenced by developments in
science and technology on the proper application of
science and technology to daily life.
 Ancient Period
The rise of ancient civilizations paved the way for the
advances in science and technology. These advances during the
Ancient period allowed civilizations to flourish by finding
better ways communication, transportation, self -organization,
and of living in general.
Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology
Ancient Wheel
• People from ancient civilizations used animals for
transportation long before the invention of the
wheel.

• No one knows exactly who invented the wheel and

when.

• There is, however, a general agreement that the

ancient wheel grew out of a mechanical device
called the “potter’s wheel”.
Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology
Ancient Wheel
• Potter’s Wheel – a heavy flat disc made of
hardened clay which was spun horizontally on an
axis. It is believed that the Sumerians invented the
potter’s wheel shortly after 3500 BC.
• The invention of the ancient wheel is often credited
to the Sumerians since no other ancient civilization
used a similar device at the time. It could be that a
potter thought of shifting the potter’s wheel to a 90-
degree angle for the purpose. Nonetheless, it would
not be until 1000 to 1500 years later that the wheel
was first used on carts.
Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology
Paper
• Around 3000 BC, ancient Egyptians began writing
on papyrus, a material similar to thick paper.

• Papyrus is made from the pith of the papyrus plant

Cyperus papyrus. It is lightweight, strong, durable,
and most importantly, portable.

• Before the Egyptians invented the papyrus, writing

was done on stone. Because of the difficulty of
writing on stone, writing was reserved only for
very important occasions.
Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology
Shadoof
• Shadoof or Shaduf– was an early tool invented and
used by ancient Egyptians to irrigate land. Among
Egyptians who lived in the Nile river, irrigation
was necessary to water the crops.

• A hand-operated device used for lifting water. Its

invention introduced the idea of lifting things using
counterweighs.

• Because of this inventions, irrigation and farming

became much more efficient.
Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology

Antikythera Mechanism
• The invention of the antecedents of the
modern computer, the Greeks had
already invented the ancient world’s
analog computer orrery.

• Discovered in 1902. And retrieved from

the waters of Antikythera, Greece.
Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology

Antikythera Mechanism
• Antikythera mechanism was used to
predict astronomical positions and
eclipses for calendar and astrological
purposes.

• One of the oldest known antecedents of

modern clockwork, was invented by
Greek scientists between 100-150 BC.
Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology
Aeolipile
• Believed to be ancient precursor of the steam
engine.

• Hero of Alexandria is credited for the

demonstration of the use of the aeolipile during the
1st century AD.

• A steam-powered turbine which spun when the

water container at its center was heated, thus making
it practically the first rudimentary steam engine.
 Middle Ages
Between the collapse of the Roman Empire in 5th century AD
and the colonial expansion of Western Europe in late 15th century
AD, major advances in scientific and technological development
took place.

The Middle Ages was not as stagnant as alternate terms such

as the “Medieval Period” or “Dark ages” suggest.
Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology
Heavy Plough
• Perhaps one of the most important technological
innovations during the middle ages is the invention
of the heavy plough.

• Clay soil, despite being more fertile than lighter type

of soil, was not cultivated because of its heavy
weight. However, through the invention of heavy
plough, it became possible to harness clay soil.

• The heavy plough stirred an agricultural revolution

in Northern Europe marked by higher and healthier
agricultural yields and more efficient agricultural
practices.
Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology
Gunpowder

• Around 850 AD, Chinese alchemists accidentally

invented black powder or gunpowder.

• Multiple accounts suggest that the gunpowder might

have been an unintended by product of attempts
made by the Chinese called it huoyao, roughly
translated as “fire potion.”

• The end of the 13th century, the explosive invention

crept into most parts of Europe and Asia.
Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology
Paper Money

• Not until the 17th century that bank notes began to

be used in Europe, the first known versions of paper
money could be traced back to the Chinese in 17th
century AD as an offshoot of the invention of block
printing, which is similar to stamping.

• Precious metals, such as gold and silver were used

as currency.
Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology

Mechanical Clock

• This development of mechanical clocks paved the

way for accurately keeping track of time.

• The sophistication of clockwork technology of the

mechanical clock drastically changed the way days
were spent and work patterns were established,
particularly in the more advanced Middle Age cities.
Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology

Spinning Wheel

• A machine used for transforming fiber into thread or yarn and

eventually woven into cloth on a loom.

• Regarding in the origin of spinning wheel, it theorized that the

Indians invented the spinning wheel between 6th and 11th century
AD.

• According to White (1974), the invention of spinning wheel speed

up the rate at which fiber could be spun by a factor of 10 to 100
times.
 Modern Ages
As the world population increased, people of the Modern
Ages realized the utmost importance of increasing the efficiency
of transportation, communication, and production.

Industrialization took place with greater risks in human

health, food safety, and environment which had to be addressed
as scientific and technological progress unfolded at an
unimaginable speed.
Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology
Compound Microscope

• Zacharias Janssen is credited for the invention of

the first compound microscope in 1590. Together
with his father Hans, Zacharias began experimenting
with lenses by putting together several lenses on a
tube.

• This led to an amazing discovery that an object,

when placed near the end of the tube, can be
magnified far larger than what a simple magnifying
lens can do.
Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology
Telescope
• One of most important technological invention in
the study of astronomy during the Middle Ages was
the practical telescope invented by Galileo Galilei.

• It was Galileo who first used the telescope skyward

and made important astronomical discoveries, and
identified presence of craters and mountains on the
mood.

• For the first time, it became clear that the universe is

far larger than previously imagined and the Earth far
smaller to the entire universe.
Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology
Jacquard Loom

• Considered as one of the most critical drivers of the

Industrial Revolution.

• Built by French weaver Joseph Marie Jacquard,

the Jacquard loom simplifies textile manufacturing.

• Jacquard loom is also an important antecedent of

modern computer technology as it demonstrated the
use of punched cards to instruct a machine to carry
out complex tasks, i.e, making different textile
patterns.
Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology
Engine-Powered Airplane
• Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright are credited for
designing and successfully operating the first engine-
powered aircraft.

• Wright brothers proved that aircrafts could fly

without airfoil-shaped wings. They demonstrated this
in their original flying machine, showing that slightly-
tilted wings, which they referred to as aeroplanes, were
the key features of a powered aircraft.

• Their pioneering success marked an age of powered

flights. Wright brothers were brilliant scientists who
paved the way for modern aircraft technology.
Engine-Powered Airplane invented by
Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright
Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology
Television

• John Logie Baird, a Scottish engineer credited

for the invention of the modern television.

• He successfully televised objects in outline in

1924, recognizable human faces in 1925, and
moving objects in 1926, and projected colored
image in 1928.

• British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) used

this for its earliest television programming in
1929.
Inventions by
Filipino
Scientists
 Inventions by Filipino Scientists
• The Philippines boasts of, its own history and tradition of
scientific and technological innovations. Filipinos have
long been known for their ingenuity. As with all other
inventions, necessity has always been the mother of
Philippine inventions.

• Throughout Philippine history, Filipinos are responsible

for developing many scientific and technological
innovations focused on navigation, traditional
shipbuilding, textiles, food processing, indigenous arts,
and techniques, and even cultural inventions.
 Inventions by Filipino Scientists
Electronic Jeepney (e-jeepney)

• The national symbol of the Philippines and the

most popular mode of public transportation in
the country.

• Jeepneys were designed and improvised from

scratch out of military jeeps that the Americans
left in the country after World War II.

• As demand for more responsive transportation

technology arose, the e-jeepney was introduced
in Metro Manila and Bacolod City.
Inventions by Filipino Scientists
Electronic Jeepney (e-jeepney)
 Inventions by Filipino Scientists
Erythromycin
• One of the most important medical inventions.

• Ilonggo scientist Abelardo Aguilar invented

this antibiotic out of a strain of bacterium
called Streptomyces erythreus, from which
drug derived its name.

• As with the case of several other local

scientists, however, Aguilar was not credited
for this discovery by Eli Lilli Co., Aguilar’s
US employer, to whom he sent the strain for
separation. The US company eventually owned
the merits for this discovery.
 Inventions by Filipino Scientists
Medical Incubator

• Fe del Mundo, a world-renowned Filipino

pediatrician and national scientist is credited
for the invention the incubator and jaundice
relieving device.

• She was the first woman pediatrician to be

admitted to the prestigious Harvard
University’s School of Medicine.

• Founder of the first pediatric hospital in the

country.
Inventions by Filipino Scientists

Medical Incubator

• Her original improvised incubator consisted of

two native laundry baskets. A baskets of different
sizes that are placed one inside the other.
 Inventions by Filipino Scientists
Mole Remover

• 2000- a local invention that had the

ability to easily remove moles and
warts. On the skin. skin without the
need for any surgical procedure shot to
fame.

• Rolando dela Cruz is credited for this

invention of a local remover that made
use of extracts of cashew nuts.
(Annacardium occidentale), which are
very common in the Philippines.
 Inventions by Filipino Scientists

Mole Remover
• He won a gold medal for his invention
in the International Invention,
Innovation, Industrial design, and
Technology Exhibition in Kuala,
Lumpur, Malaysia in 2000.
 Inventions by Filipino Scientists
Banana Ketchup

• Maria Orosa, a food technologist is credited for the

invention of banana ketchup, a variety of ketchup
different from the commonly known tomato
ketchup.

• Her invention appeals particularly to Filipinos who

love using condiments to go along with their food.

• She invented the banana ketchup at the backdrop of

World War II when there was a huge shortage of
tomatoes.