1.

Meaning of x -+ a
We denote it by x---, a (xis not equal to a)
,e1Sara1 5. Existence of Limit
lfR.H.L. = L.H.L. = Finite quantity
lfx approaches to a from right side
(then we denote it by x---, a+)
If x approaches to a from left side
ILimit I i.e. both limits exist, equal and finite.
⇒ Limf(x) = Limf(x) = Finite quantity
x --+a+ x➔ a-
1
I

(then we denote it by x---, a - ) 3. Right Hand Limit (R.H.L.) I

I
I

When x ➔ a from the values of x > a or from :

I
'II
2. Limit right side of a, then corresponding limit is
Left!
I
I
I
l Right
: :
• •
called R.H.L. & is written as
❖ Leta function f(x), at any value ofx a, is
Limf(x) or Lim f (a + h) a-h x=a
t
a+h
X
either not defined or is indeterminate x➔a + h➔O

❖ But is defined and finite at left and/or right f(a + 0) or f(a+) I

I 6. Fundamental Theorems of Limits
I
I I
neighbourhood points very-very close to x = a 1. Constant Multiple Rule : Lim K. f (x) = KL
I
: : Right X➔ C
❖ Then the value of the function at the Left:I : h ➔ O: + g(x)) = L+M

• I I 2. Sum Rule : Lim (f(x)

X➔ C
neighbourhood points is called Limiting value • • ,x
of function .
a-h x=a a+h 3. Difference Rule : Lim (f(x) - g(x)) = L - M
X➔ C

❖ Or the function tends to approach its limit as x 4. Left Hand Limit (L.H.L.) 4. Product Rule : Lim ( f(x) . g(x)) = L . M
tends to a. X➔ C

When x ➔ a from the values of x < a or from

f(x) = ~
2
x -a
2
i s indeterminate at x = a (0)0 left side of a, then corresponding limit is
called L.H.L. & is written as
f(x) L
5. Quotient Rule : Lim - - = - & M ct O
x➔c g(x) M

Limf(x) or Lim f(a - h) Note

Then, limiting value is : x -+a - h -+ 0
1. Lim(logf(x) )= fog (Lim f(x)) = fog(L)
x2 -a2 f(a - 0) or f(a-) X➔ a x --+a
Lim f(x) =Lim--= l provided L > 0
X-ta X-t3 X - 3
~~-?~,:
l is called limit of f(x) when x ---, a (x tends to a or
I : Right Z. Limv'f(~ Lim f(x) = 1/L
Left :, I
n
x-+a x--tO
h ➔ O:I
x approaches a)
a-h • I

•
x=a a+h
• ,x 3. Limf(x) where, f(x) = C
x -+a
⇒ Limf(x) = C
x~ a
6. Fundamental Theorems of Limits
Note 4. Limlf(x)I = ILimf(x) I = ILi
--~ Sarai 10. Limits of Trigonometric Functions
sinx . sin(x - a)
ILimit I
x➔ a x➔ a

Llmg(x) 1. Lim - - = 1 2. Lim ( ) = 1

x-+O X x-+O X - a
5. Lim(f(x))S(x)= ( Limf(x) ) x➔a = LM
x➔ a x➔ a

J. Lim tan(x-a) =1 sin- 1 x

6. Lim f(g(x)) = f (Limg(x)) = f(M) 4. L i m - - = 1
X➔ a x➔ a
(ii) Rationalization Method : x -+O ( x-a) x-+O X

if f is continuous at g(x) = M This is particularly used when either the numerator

or the denominator or both involve expression tan- 1 x 1- cosx 1
7. Indeterminate Forms consists ofsqunres roots and on substituting the
5. L i m - - = 1
x-+O X
6. Lim
x-+O X2
- z
0 00 0
1. 0 z. ~ 3. 00 - 00 value of x the rational expression takes the form Note:
0
Let[ . ] denotes greatest integer function
Algebraic Jimit Using Some Standard limits:
4. 0 X oo 5. 1 00 7. 00°
sinx] sinx]
n(n - 1) n (n - 1)(n - 2) Lim [- - = 0 [Lim--= 1
(1 + x) 0 = 1 + nx + x2 + X
3
•·· x-+0 X x-+O X
8. Methods to Evaluate Limit 21 31
(i) Fractorization Method : where lx l < 1
Lim [tanx] =1 Lim [sin-lx] = 1
f (x) x -+0 X x-+O X
Consider lim - () 9. Sandwich/ Squeeze Play Theorem
X➔ a g X
f(x) Let f(x), g(x) & h(x) be 3 functions such that : sin- 1 x]
If by substituting x = a,--) reduces to the form [Lim--
x-+0 X
=1
g(x f(x) :5 g(x) :5 h(x)
0
For all values of x in some neighborhood of x = c
0 then (x-11) is II factor of both f(x) and g(x). Then, Lim f(x) :5 Lim g(x) :5 Lim h(x) Y
So, we first factorize f(x) and g(x) and then cancel X➔ C X ➔C X➔ C

h(x)
out the common factor to evaluate the limit. And if, Limf(x) = Limh(x) = L
X-+C X-+ C

Standardization Then,
y = g(x
x0 - a0
Lim - - - = n a 0 - 1 Limg(x ) = L
Result x➔a x- a X-+C x=c

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11. Limit of Exponential/ Logarithmic
Functions
,(#Sarai
ex -1
1. Lim--= 1
x-+O
ax -1
X

2. Lim--= ina (a> 0)

ILimit I
x-+O X 13. Limit Using Series Expansion
in(1 + x) x x2 x3
1 . ex= 1 + l! +
3.Lim---=1
x-+O X 21 31 + . ..... .
+
x x2 x3
12. o0 & oo°Forms
e-x = 1--1,. +2!- - -3!+ .... .. .
n(n - 1)
Limits of the form Lim{f(x)}g(x): 2 . ax = exlog 0 a = exl na 10. (1 + x)"= 1 + nx + x 2 +
2
, + ··· n E Q
X-+a
Let L = lim(f(x))g(x) 2 2 3 3
xina x in a x i n a 14. L'Hospital Rule
X-+a
ax = 1 + 1 ! + - - , - + - -,-+. . . a > 0
2 3
=> logcL = loge [lim(f(x))g(x)] If Lim f(x) =utO(oo)
x-+a
& Lim g(x) ,cl1{oo)
x-+a
X-+a xZ x3 x4
3. fn(1 + X) = X - Z + J - + ...... .
= limg(x)logc[f(x)] 4 W here, f(x) & g(x) both are differ entiable
x-,a for - 1 <x ~ 1 functions a t x ➔ a.
13. (1) 00 Form xZ x3 x4
in(1-x) = - x - - - - - - + ..... . . Then, Lim f((x)) are of (~)or(~) Forms
2 3 4
Result 1. Lim(1 + x) 11x = e X-+a g X O 00
X -+0
x3 xs x7 can be solved by differentiating both N• & D•

2. (1 !)x
Lim +X =e
4. sinx = x - - , + -, - , + .. .. .. .
3. 5. 7 . separately.
X➔ OO

Generalized Formula for (l)oo

x2 x4 x6
5. cosx = 1 - -, + - - - + . .... . .
·m gf((xx))
Thus, Lx1....
3
= (~o) or (~) Forms
00
2 . 4! 6!
Lim{f(x)}g(x) = e ~~g(x)[f(x)-1] x3
2
xs . f'(x) . f"(x)
x-1a 6. tanx = x + + + .. .... . = Lx~ma g'(x) = ~~1!1 g"(x) = . · · · ·
3 15
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