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By Matthew Hoffman, MD
Medically Reviewed by Carol DerSarkissian, MD on June 23, 2021
Picture of Human Penis
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The penis is the male sex organ, reaching its full size during puberty. In addition
to its sexual function, the penis acts as a conduit for urine to leave the body.
An erection results from changes in blood flow in the penis. When a man becomes
sexually aroused, nerves cause penis blood vessels to expand. More blood flows in
and less flows out of the penis, hardening the tissue in the corpus cavernosum.
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Penis Conditions
Erectile dysfunction: A man's penis does not achieve sufficient hardness for
satisfying intercourse. Atherosclerosis (damage to the arteries) is the most common
cause of erectile dysfunction.
Priapism: An abnormal erection that does not go away after several hours even
though stimulation has stopped. Serious problems can result from this painful
condition.
Hypospadias: A birth defect in which the opening for urine is on the front (or
underside), rather than the tip of the penis. Surgery can correct this condition.
Phimosis (paraphimosis): The foreskin cannot be retracted or if retracted cannot be
returned to its normal position over the penis head. In adult men, this can occur
after penis infections.
Balanitis: Inflammation of the glans penis, usually due to infection. Pain,
tenderness, and redness of the penis head are symptoms.
Balanoposthitis: Balanitis that also involves the foreskin (in an uncircumcised
man).
Chordee: An abnormal curvature of the end of the penis, present from birth. Severe
cases may require surgical correction.
Peyronie�s Disease: An abnormal curvature of the shaft of the penis may be caused
by injury of the adult penis or other medical conditions.
Urethritis: Inflammation or infection of the urethra, often causing pain with
urination and penis discharge. Gonorrhea and chlamydia are common causes.
Gonorrhea: The bacteria N. gonorrhea infects the penis during sex, causing
urethritis. Most cases of gonorrhea in men cause symptoms of painful urination or
discharge.
Chlamydia: A bacteria that can infect the penis through sex, causing urethritis. Up
to 40% of chlamydia cases in men cause no symptoms.
Syphilis: A bacteria transmitted during sex. The initial symptom of syphilis is
usually a painless ulcer (chancre) on the penis.
Herpes: The viruses HSV-1 and HSV-2 can cause small blisters and ulcers on the
penis that reoccur over time.
Micropenis: An abnormally small penis, present from birth. A hormone imbalance is
involved in many cases of micropenis.
Penis warts: The human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause warts on the penis. HPV warts
are highly contagious and spread during sexual contact.
Cancer of the penis: Penis cancer is very rare in the U.S. Circumcision decreases
the risk of penis cancer.
Penis Tests
Urethral swab: A swab of the inside of the penis is sent for culture. A urethral
swab may diagnose urethritis or other infections.
Urinalysis: A test of various chemicals present in urine. A urinalysis may detect
infection, bleeding, or kidney problems.
Nocturnal penis tumescence testing (erection testing): An elastic device worn on
the penis at night can detect erections during sleep. This test can help identify
the cause of erectile dysfunction.
Urine culture: Culturing the urine in the lab can help diagnose a urinary tract
infection that might affect the penis.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): A urine test that can detect gonorrhea, chlamydia,
or other organisms that affect the penis.
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Penis Treatments
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors: These medicines (such as sildenafil or Viagra)
enhance the flow of blood to the penis, making erections harder.
Antibiotics: Gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, and other bacterial infections of the
penis can be cured with antibiotics.
Antiviral medicines: Taken daily, medicines to suppress HSV can prevent herpes
outbreaks on the penis.
Penis surgery: Surgery can correct hypospadias, and may be necessary for penis
cancer.
Testosterone: Low testosterone by itself rarely causes erectile dysfunction.
Testosterone supplements may improve erectile dysfunction in some men.
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