College of Architecture Unizersity of Santo Tomas Eopona, Mania BU 8 (Acoustics and Lighting and Mumination) ZONAL CAVITY METHOD (also known as LUMEN METHOD) ‘Ac Rffy Cron all, arch This method is used for general lighting design wher the average illuminance on a horizontal work surface is to be estimated. For average maintained footcandle valies, the following equation may be used fe= No, of luminaire’s x No. of temps per luminaire x inital umens per lamp x CU x LUE ‘rea (59, ft) Notations: Footcandle, fc - given in Table A Number of lamps per fixture - Type of fixtures and coefficient of uilization of lamps are given in Tables tand 2. © Coefficient of Utilization (CU) The ratio between the lumen generated ‘tom the luminaire and the lumen reaching the work plane is known as Coefficient of Utilization (CU). CU varies between 0.5 and 0.8 in most cases ‘* Reflectance in the Room Reflectance in rooms may be initially assumed for ceiling, walls and floor, such as. 0% (biack and matie) and 10, 20, 30, 40 50, 60 70, 80 and 90% (white and glossy) Assumed reflectance commonly used, 80% white acoustical te (ceiling); light color use 30%, dark color use 10% (floor); and white color use 70% and other colors use 50% (walls) © Cavity Ratio (CR) Zonal Cavity Method is based on the ‘concept of dividing a room inio three zones, namely: ceiling cavity, room cavity and the floor cavity. They are calculated in terms of heights hence fhe, tie and hie. For rectangular rooms cavity raios can be obtained using the following formula: CCR =5 ec (L*W/ LxW) ROR = 5 Pre (L#W/ LxW) FOR = 5 bie (LW! LxW) where: CCR- Celing cavity ratio RCR- Room cavity ratio FCR- Floor cavity ratio Length ‘W- width For example (by Calculation) A room 25 ft. wide and 45 fi long has cavity depths Of hee = 2 ft, hr=6 ft. and hi=25. Determine the following 2. Ceiling Cavity ratio, CCR . Room Cavity ratio, RR ©. Floor Cavity Ratio, FCR Solution a. CCR 5 fio (L#WILXW)= 5 (2) (45-26) 45x25) = 0.62 b. RORE 5 hie (L¥W/ LxW)= 5 (6) (45+25/ 45x25) = 1.87 ¢. FOR= 5 hic (LeW/ LxW)= 5 (2.5) (A5#25/ 45x25) = 078 Another formula for calculating Room Cavity Ratio is: ORE 5 x (mounting height of luminaire above task) X122 perimeter of room ‘ea ofroom (ft)For circular rooms, the following formula may be used: COR = 5 hee! r RCR=5Shre/r FCR=5he/r where: CCR-Celing cavity ratio RCR- Room cavity ratio FCR. Floor cavity ratio fradius of circular room For example A room has a radius of 20 feet. if the cavity depths are he=2 ft., hic= 6 ft., and hic= 2.6 ft., determine the followin a. Ceiling Cavity ratio, CCR b. Room Cavity ratio, RCR «Floor Cavity Ratio, FCR Solution a, CORE 5 hee/ t= 5 (2/20) = 0.5 b, ROR= 5 hee! r= 5 (6/20)= 15 C.FORE 5 hee/=5 (2.5) 20) = 0.625 ¢ Light Loss Factor (LLF) Light Loss Factor is also known as Maintenance Factor (MF). Light loss is a combination of two namely: (1) Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LID) and (2) Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LDD). © Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD) The initial lumens of luminaries will drop by certain percentage after a period of use This is known as Light Loss Factor (LLF). As a rule of thumb, the following values may be used for easy calculation for Light Loss Factor. Incandescent Lamp = 0.95 Fluorescent Lamp = 0.90 Mercury Lamp = 0.83 Metal Halide Lamp = 0.86 High Pressure Sodium Lamp = 0.94 Tungsten Halogen Lamp = 0.96 ‘* Lamp Lumen Depreviation (LD) When luminaire collects dirt on its surface the light output is reduced to a certain degree. Reflectors as well as diftusers are also affected due to ditt collection. This is known 2s Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LoD) To determine the value of Luminaire Dict Depreciation (LDD), the following steps are outlined: Step 4. Check values under Maintenance Category column on Tables 4+ to 4-7. For ‘each fixture or luminaire a Roman numeral is shown. For instance, for fixture number 25, the maintenance category is II. Step 2. Then look at Table 6 on Luminaire Dirt Depreciation Factors under category Il to determine the value of LDD. Table A Recommended Illumination for Various Types of Buildings Building Types Footcandles (fe) ‘Assembly Art galleries 30-100 Auditorium / assembly places 415-30 ‘Banks [Lobby 50 (ustomar area 70 150 100 20 50. Supplementaryforteadng | 20 ‘Supplementary for examination 100 Recovery room i 20 Laboratory, examination and tteaiment rooms | General ignting 0 Close work and examination 100 tate il ‘General ighting ‘General ighing 100 [Supplementary fighting Surgery | [General ightieg 200| Senay Ge TH Supplementary ighting on table | Hotels and Motels ‘Bedroom 30 Provide a cross sectional diagram of the room or space indicating the following: += Work plane level eee = 8 = Location of fixtures. Tibraries | Reacing room and cares 70 ‘Stacks 0. Catalogs, card files 70 Offices seas mR Designing, deta drafing 200 |" Aecsnt, Celie Hane 780 |__ machine operation [Regular office work Post Offices Lobby on tables ‘Sorting, malig | Restaurants (Ctining areas = Diag. 1 Diagrara for Cavity Ratio Calculation [- Cashier 50 [2 Ubitendroment ans 10.90 ase + Step2 ae a i Find the footcandle value for the given type of —— ‘occupancy or space by using Table A. a Drafing rooms + Step 3 Laboratories Find the Cavity Ratios (CR), verify formulas and Manual as steps in computing for cavity ratios | "Sening rooms gases -step4 ae — | Choose lamp fixture type using the lighting crenlton areas ——sy manufacturer's catalog. Fixtures types may be Morchandsing areas = obtained using Tables 4-1 fo 4-7 as reference. Lamp Service sires 00 characteristics and properties may vary depending SalFsorvice stores 200 on the manufacturer's specification and technical ‘Showcases and wal cases Eg information provided. From these tables, obtain the tees 35 size of fixture, number of lamps, maintenance roe ‘emission 10 category and spacing requirements. Also, choose Ena 1b) 3 the type of lamp and obtain lumen per lamp from Exteriors Tables 1 and 2 | Building security [Parking + Step § Set-patin = Determine the “assumed reflectance using the Foc pee ns following information: ceiling, walls and floor is 0% L_ Bulletins and poster panels CALCULATION AND DESIGN PROCEDURES, FOR GENERAL LIGHTING USING ZONAL CAVITY METHOD * Step 1 (black and matte) and 10, 20, 30, 40 50, 60 70, 80 and 90% (white and glossy). Assumed reflectance commonly used, 80% for white acoustical tile (ceiling); light color use 30% (floor), dark color use 10% (fcor) and 70% for white color (walls) + Stop 6Find the actual reflectance, use the assumed ceiling, wall and floor reflectances found in Step 5 and use the cavity ratio found in Step 3. Use the CCR value to obtain the actual celing reflectance and the FCR value to obtain the actual floor reflectance. The assumed wall reflectance does not change by movement of ight, up or down, + Step7 Find the Coefficient of Utilization (CU) by using Tables 4-1 to 4-7. Coefficient of utilization depends on the values given in the manufacturer's catalog. + Step 8 Calculate the Light Loss Factor (LF). The procedure is provided in the previous discussion + Step 9 Find the total illumination in square feet that one fixture will provide on a work plane. A (fe) = No. of lamps! fixture x Im/lamp x CU x LLF fe where A- Area in squave feet Number of lamps per fixture (see Step 4) Lumen! iamp (see Step 4) Coefficient of Utiization, CU (soe Step 7) ght Loss Factor (see Stop 8) Footcandi, fc (ee Step 2) + Step 10 Determine the number of fixtures required in the room or space. No. of fxtures= area each fixture illuminates Total area of room or space + Step 11 Draw the reflected ceiling plan and locate fixtures and luminaires, ‘Sample Problem A classroom having dimensions of 20 ft. 6 in, 30 f. 4 in, and has @ floor to ceiling height of 12 ft. in, The work plane is 2 ft.6 in. above the finished floor and ‘he centerline of \ixtures is 3 ft. fom the finished ceiiing. Design the general lighting system for this classroom using Zonal Cavity Method. Solution + Step 1 Provide a cross sectional drawing of the room ‘showing the dimensions and clearances. All linear dimensions shall be converted to feet. + Step2 Determine the footcandle requirement of the said occupancy using Table A. In this case, the required ilumination is 70 fe. + Step3 Find the Cavity Ratio (CR) CCR 5 (3) (20.5+ 30.3/ 20.5 x 30.3) = 1.2 RR= 5 (7) (20.5+30.3/ 20.5x 30.3) = 2.8 FCR=5 (2.5) (20.5+30.3/ 20.5+30.3) + Stop4 Choose a fixture type and check its corresponding lumen! lamp value. From Tables 4-1 to 4-7, using fixture number 29, is a 4 ft. fixture, with two lamps. Its maintenance category is Il, Using Tables 1 and 2, Instant Start Lamp type T 8 Inv lamp is 3725- 3798 is obtained = Step 5 Determined the assumed reflectance Ceiling reflectance = 80% Wall refleciance = 50% Floor reflectance = 10% + Step 6 Find the actual reflectance Ceiling reflectance using assumed reflectance of ‘80% and wall reflectance 50%, CCR= 1.2, hence, actual ceiling reflectance is 64% Wall reflectance never changes with a value of 50% Floor reflectance using assumed floor reflectance is 10% and wall reflectance 50% at FCR= 1, hence, actual floor reflectance is 12%. + Step7Find the Coefficient of Utilization (CU) using Tables 4-1 to 4-7. Lamp type number 29, RCR=2.9 Actual ceiling reflectance = 64% Wall reflectance = 50% Coefficient of Utilization (CU) = 0.464 + Step 8 Find the Light Loss Factor (LLF) From Table 2 for lamp type T8 in Step 4. value for LLD is not given. Use LLD = 0.90. From Table 6, using category II, medium clean, 16 months: LoD = 0.87 LF =LLD x LOD LLF = 0.90 x 0.87 = 0.783 + Stop 9 Determine the area in square feet a fixture will illuminate (70 fc) on the work plane. A(t = No. oflamos! future x im famp x CU x ULF Fc A (fe) = 2lamos x 3725 im x 0.464 x 0.783 = 38.41 2 70 Each fixture wil luminate 38.41 f.2of working plane with 70 fc + Step 10 Determine how many fixtures are needed in this classroom, 20.5 x 30.3 = 621.15 ft? 621.15/ 38.41 = 16.17 fixtures hence, use a minimum of 16 and a maximum of 18 fixtures,UGHTING EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS Historical background In about 40, 000 BC, at the end of Palecithic potiod, stones F shells of suitable shape were used for buming arma ol for lighting. in about 4,000 BC, pottery lamps were used by the Egyptians using vegetable or animal oil and a wick. ‘About 600 EC, torches were then sed by the Grooks with pottery and metal lamps. During that ime candlasticks of the Hebrews wore used as a support fora group of floalin- wick lamps. During the mid: 18" centuy, flat wicks wore Introduced tothe market. Aime Argand,e French, intoduoed 2 ular wick wih an open conse and a ss lamp chimney. Whale il was used in these lamps, i produced less smoke. Coal gas was used for lighting during the late 18° century. Gas lighting was introduced in London in the Yyoar 1802. Gas igntng was used in Bdtirore and New York in the years 1817 and 1823, respectively. Sic Humphrey Davy developed the eoctic arc lamp in 1801. In 1852, Sir George G. Stokes dscovered that Fuorescence an be induced in certain substances by stimulation with Ulvavolt light. A. E. Becquerel contructed a fuorescont lamp similar to those made nowadays. In 1872, Thomas ‘Alva Edson, an American inventor developed the fret ‘Practical incandesoont lap. Peter Cooper Het nvenied the mercury vapor electric lamp in 1803, Ande Claude ‘vented the noon lamp in 1911. And in 1957, Genoral Electie Corporation produced tungsten- halogen laps, also known as quartz lamps. Electric Light Sources 1. Incandescent Lamp (rvented by Thomas Alva Edison) Employs the principie of converting electrical energy info heat at a temperature that causes the filament to be incandescent (red or white hot). 2 Fluorescent Lamp (invented by Andre Claude, aso the inventor of neon lame) Contains ‘mercury vapor, an electio are is Produced between the opposing electrodes generating some visible ight. 3. Hightntansity Discharge (HID) Lamp Produces high intensity light within an arc tube ‘contained in an outer bulb, The metallic gas within the arc tube may be mercury, sodium or a Combination of other metalic vapors, Classification of HID 4, Miscelianeous Lamps 4.1. Short- are Lamps or Compact Arc lamps ‘Of the xenon famly of lamps, produce light in @ small {ube and are the closest thing to a true point source ‘of high luminance, Used for search Fights, projectors ‘oF optical instruments, S, 4.2 Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) Lamps Monochromatic lamps in the yellow region of the spectrum. 3 Typical applications ae along highways and in storage yards 4.3 Electroluminescent Lamps «Emit light by direct excitation of “ Phosphor from an altemating é ‘current. They can be made in any. ae shape, size and form.Gaseous Lamps excited by means of, ‘electromagnetic or microwave energy without the use of electrodes, Factors to consider in the selection of light sources 41. Light Output 1.4 Initial Lumens- the initial rated light power output. 1.2 Avarage Lumen- the average of the intial lumens output at the end of the rated life of the lamp. 1.3. Mean Lumens- the lumens output at 40% of the rated life of the lamp. 1.4 Beam Lumens- the initia lumens output within the central beam. 2. Intensity Light intensity is expressed in candelas at various angles from the lamp or fixture, 3. Luminous Efficacy Luminous efficacy or, simply, efficacy is defined as the light output per unit of electrical power (wats) input or lumery watt (im). 4. Luminaire Efficiency ‘A measure of the tota light power output in lumens Versus the total light power input of all lamps in the luminaire, 5. Rated lamp Life The time elapsed when 50% of a group of lamps remain buming 8. Lumen Depreciation The loss of ight, ight output depreciates with time. 7. Brightness Physically, small light souroes of high intensity such as incandescent lamp are excellent-for light control but can ‘be too bright for visual comfort. Incandescent Light Sources A lamp in which light is produced by the heating of a Snall flament inside of a glass. Incandescent glow JMeteases relative to waltage of input. The flameni ‘Produces a very smal, luminous point source of radiation. Parts of an incandescent ‘Lamp 1 Filament (Tungsten coil) ‘The filament used is tungsten, it may be straight coil o a coiled col, 2. Bulb Soft glass is generally used. Hard glass is used in ‘some lamps to withstand higher bulb temperature and ‘o protect against weather. Bulbs are made in various shapes and fishes. 3, Leadin Wires Made from base to ster press and nickel from press to filament; carries current to filament. 4, Support Wires Molybdemun wires support the flament 5. Button Glass This is heated during manufacturing and support wires: ‘stuck into it 6. Button Rod ‘Glass rod support button 7. Gas Usually a mixture of nitrogen and argon is used in most amps of 40 or higher to retard evaporate of fiament. Characteristics of Incandescent Lamps ‘Types of Incandesceni lamp Bulbs 1, Standard (A) 4, Flame (F)ea sa 6. Globe Tubular (67) 7. Pear (P) ¥ 8. PAR (Parabolic Arc Reflector) 9, Pear, Straight neck (PS) Y 10. Elliptical (ER) ~% 412, Straight Inside (S) a, 13 Tubular (7) & 14, Minireflector (MR) Common Types of Incandescent Lamp Base 1. Candelabra 2. Medium e 3. Mogul 4, Admedium ‘5. Mogul Prefocus = 6. Bayonet 7. Mogul Bipost el 7. Medium Bipost3 | 3 we Size Designation U8" increments ¢.9. P-25 (Pear shaped 3 VE" i), TB (Tubular shaped 1°}, A-19 (Standard, 2 3/8 0) Major Types of Incandescent Lamps 41. General Servico Type For general use in buildings They are designed to have telalively good efficacy (15- 25 Im! w), a moderate Fated life (750- 1000 hrs) and good color- rendering characteristics. 2. Rough and Vibration Services. These lamps ae used in location subject such as on machinery or in mechanical equipment; ussd with heavy filaments and supports. They are designed with heavy tungsten filament and supports, Efficacy is between 10 and 19 Inv w. 3. Extended Life Service These lamps ae cesigned wilh heavy BJ flamens to operato at consideraby lower than 3800 degrees F and a raled life j_ ranging fom 2,500 to 10,000 hours 4, Dichroic Reflector Lamps These lamps transmit oolor solectvely through @ molecular layer of chemical coating, allowing only the desired wavelength of color to pass through. £ They are used to reduoe the infrared wavelength, which causes heat Typical application “of those lamps is in rotal ‘morchandising display or on art paintings, where heat inthe light beam is substantially reduced. Lb 5. Krypton Lamps és ‘These lamps are filed with krypton gas and are designed for long life and good color rendition, 6 Tungsten- Halogen Lamps This type of lamp makes use of the halogen egenerative cycle to reduce blackening by depositing at the evaporated tungsten atoms se «on the filament. The bulb of a halogen lamp must be compact in size and thus is normally made with quartz to withstand extremely high temperatures. 7. Miniature Reflector (MR) lamps == These lamps are a recent development. \, They are basically compact halogen Oi, lamps, such as the popular 50- 100 watt * MR-16 (2 inch- dia) lamp.Miniature reflector (MR) lamps ae high in efiiency, easy to contol and have high color quality They are popular in interior and accent ig application, ee Fluorescent Light Sources Fluorescent Lamp was developed in France in the eatly 1990's by Andre Claude, the inventor of the neon lamp. A fluorescent lamp contains electrodes at both ends of a ‘ube that i fled with morcury vapor. When an electic current is impressed between the electrodes, ultraviolet energy is generated and converted to visible ight by the phosphor coating on the inside of the bub. The ‘hosphor coating on the inside ofa fuorescent lamp is a mixture of many chemicals that emits visible light when excited by the ulraviolet energy generated by the meroury vapor. Different phosphors emit different colors. ‘The commonly used isthe white. phosphor composed of calcium halophasphale. Parts of » Fluorescent Lamp 1. Tube- usualy straight glass tubo, may also be circular or Ushape 2, Baso- Sovera diferent types used to connect the lamp to the electric circuit and to suppor the lamp inthe lamp holder 3. Cathode- Hot cathode at each end ofthe lamp 4. Leadin wires 5. Stem press 6, Exhaust tube 7. Gas- Usually argon gas or a mixture of inert gases at low pressure, Krypton is sometimes used,: 8 Phosphor- Coating inside the tube transforms ultraviolet radiation into visible light color of light produced depends on the composition of phosphor. 8. Mercury- A minute quantity ofiquid mercury is placed in the tube to furnish meroury vapor, ‘Shapes 4, Tubular (1) 4.1 Single Pin Slimline (T-8) & 1.2 Medium Bipin (T-8) 41.3 Medium Bipin (T-10) = 1.4 Medium Bipin (7-12) 1.6 Recessed Double Contact (T-12) . - al 3. Circline (T-9) Sizes and Designation WEF increment - 1-12 (1 8) Examples F20, T:2 WW : Fluorescent Lamp, 20 watts, Tubular shaped, 12/8 in. Wann white color F48, T12/CWVHO : Fluorescent Lamp, 12 in. long, Tubular, 12/8 in 1, Cool White, Very High OutputF72, T12 CWIHO Fluoresoent tamp, 12 in, Jong, Tubular, 12/8 in I, Cool white, High Output 42, T6 CW Slimline Fluorescent Lamp, 42 in. long, Tubular, 68 in i Coot White instant Start Fluorescent Lamp Base Types 3. Miniature Bipin 4, Recessed Double Contact Single Pin 5. Slimline ) a | ‘Types of Fluorescent Lamps 1. Preheat lamp Manual or automatic starter switch is required for this type of lamp. These are limited to smal wattages. Lamps 30 watts or higher are not ‘normaly used in building systems. 2. Instant Start Lamps These lamps operate without starters. The ballast Provides a high enough voltage at about680 vats {o stike the arc instantly, Instant-start lamps are «also called “Siimine Lamps’. They are availablo in 21 t0 75 watt rating. 3. Rapid-Start lamps Ballasts for rapid-stat lamps have separate windings to provide continuous heating voltage for the lamp electrodes. The lamp starts in les than ‘one second, nearly instantaneously 3.4 Straight Tube Rapid Start (RS) ‘3.2 U-Tubo Rapid Start (URS) 3.3 Cireline Rapid Start (TICIRS) 34 High Output Rapid Start (HOIRS) 35 Very High Cutput Rapid Start (VHOIRS) 4, Compact Lamps 41 PL Lamps. PL lamps ae single- wad’ ended “fluorescent lamps. They are # available from a few Watts up to 18 watts, Due to their compact ize, they are popular for illuminating general spaces that previously were it by incandescent lamps, PL lamps may last as long as 60,000 hours, compared with less than 2000 hours for incandescent lamps, and have efficacy up to 50 In’ w compared with 18- 20 im w for incandescent lamps. Thus, they are 300 percent more eneray efficient. 42SL Lamps SL lamps are specially designed to fit directly in_ an incandesoent lamp fixture. The ‘ ii lamp has a builtin ballast 5. Specialty Lamps 5.1 Black lamps produce energy in the near ultra violet range52 UV Lamp produces ultraviolet energy for germicidal use. = 53 Plant Growth Lamps are designed to stimulate thesis Yo Vos ae, 54 Cold Cathode Lamps aro phosphor-coated lamps. filed with mercury vapor and argon gas. that ‘operate al a voltage of 700 to 1000 vals. Ith diferent as fils, they can also produce different colors. Cold cathode lamps are used for decorative lighting, such as for curved coves and in locations where replacing a lamp is dificut. Cold cathode lamps are often used in lieu of neon lights in the intariors of buildings. 5.5 Neon lamps are non-coated cold- cathode lamps operating at extremely high voltages (exceeding 500 volts). The lamp tube is small in diameter and can easily bo bont into any shape. Different gas fils, generate different colors, e.g, ‘neon emits red, and argon and mercury together emit blue and, combined with a blue- ebsorbing dass tube will emit groon. Neon lights ae used Primarily for signs and decorative applications, 56 Subminiature Lamps constitute a family of tiny fluorescent lamps with a 7mm dia. (T 2 % in), 1-3 watts, They are used principally for backtight of LCD oF for lightning instruments 5,7 Reflector Lamps have an interna refleclor to Cover up a portion ofthe bulb; thus, they raflect the light to the open aperture of the lamp at a higher intensity than the genera-service type lamps. They are useful for cisplay or cove lightning applications, ‘Types of Ballast 41, Magnetic Type This is the conventional electromagnetic core and coil type of ballast operating at 60 hz with secondary voltage between 200 and 700 volts. 2. Hybrid Magnetic Type It has a builtin electronio switching devioe to save energy by disengaging the cathode current after the lamp or lamps ara started, 3. Hybrid Electronic Type This is a combination of electronic and electromagnet type of ballast that consists of an input electromagnetic interference (emi) filter, a rectifier to convert standard frequency (50- 60 hz) into DC, an inverter to convert DC to high frequency AC (20-30 khz). 4, Electronic Type This is the newest type ot ballast, with al- electronic components. High Intensity Discharge (HID) Light Source High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps are a family of lamps that incorporate a high pressure ac tube within the lamp envelope, It is filed with metalic gases, such as ‘meroury, argon, sodium, ete Parts of a High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp 1. Base 2. Support enti Lead.in wires ‘3. Heat Deflector 6 Inside Phosphor coating 7 Starting resistor 7. Starting electrode 8. Arc Tube 9, Outer bulb ‘Types of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps.41, Mercury lamps Mercury lamps contain mercury vapor and produces bluish white lighl. These type of lamps are generaly Used for industiial and ‘outdocr application, 2. Motal Halide (MH) Lamps ; Metal halide lamps contain mercury vapor and. other halides to improve both their ‘efficacy and ther color rendering characteristics. Typical halides used are ‘scandium, sodium oxides, dysprosium, indium oxide and other rare earth iodides. These lamps ae mostly applicable to indoor use, 3. High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamps High pressure sodium lamps ‘oontain xenon a stating gas and an amalgam cf sodium and meroury that iss partially vaporized when the lamp attains its operating temperature, HPS lamps are ‘constructed with two envelopes: an inner envelope (arc tube) made with material that has electrical resistance to sodium and an outer envelope designed to protect the ac tube, Miscellaneous Light Sources 4, Short Arc Lamps or Compact Arc Lamps ‘Short arc lamps produce high intensity light from a ‘small bul, thus closely resembling a point source, which is important for critical light beam controls, These devices are HID lamps containing primarily xenon gas with meroury or argon as starter. These lamps are available from 100 watts to 30,000 watts. Xenon lamps are used primarily ae spotigh, in projectors, and as searchlights 2. Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) Low pressure sodium lamps produce a Monochromatic yellow- wavelength light at 589 ‘im, The lamp is filed with sodium vapor and smal ‘amounts of gon, xenon or halum as starting gas. LPS is rot suitable for interior lighting applicetions in buildings. The principal applications of LPS lamps are highway exchanges, storage yards, etc. 13, ‘and wherever color- rendition is unimportant or a strong dominant color (yellow) is desired. 3. Electrodeless Lamp Blectrodeless lamps indude several new ‘generation of lamps and promise to be the lamps of the future. They have good color rendition Property, high efficacy, an up to 60,000 or more operating hours. Their tight output will not depreciate, because they have no electrodes, ‘They are ideal for installation in difficult-to- reach areas. There ae two types of electrodeless lamps: 3.1Electromagnetic This type of electodeless lamp uses the principle of electromagnetism to excite the gas fil in the lamp. It consists of a magnatic core- andeooil assembly at the lamp's center, but extemal tothe lamp envelope. 3.2Microwave This type of electodeless lamp utilizes a ‘concentrated microwave generator to direct microwaves to a glass bulb filed with sulfur gas. Depending on the microwavo power, the light ‘generated can be of very high intensity. This lamp is ided with a light tube- a tubular |umineire with light originating from one end. By ‘controling refraction and reflection in the tube, light can bo uniformly emitted throughout the entire length of the tube, which may stretch up to several hundred fost. 4, Electroluminescont Lamps Electroluminescent lamps emit ight by direct ‘excitaion of phosphor from an altemating current. {t can produce diferent colors by the mixing of Phoophors. Although extremely efficient at about 200 lumens per watt, their use is limited to signs and decorative applications, Illumination Methods 1, General Lighting ‘A system designed to give uniform and gonorally, ‘though not necessarily, diffuse lighting throughout the area under consideration 2. Local and Supplementary LightingLocal Lightning- provides a small high level area of lighyfing without contributing to the general lighting 3, Supplementary Lightping Provides a resticted area of high intensity, but supplements the general lghtgkng 4, Combined General and Local Lighting Used in spaces where the general visuel task is low but supplementary lighting is required in a limited area for a particular task Types of Lighting system 4. Indirect Lighting 90% to 100% of the light output of the lumingges is directedto the ceiling and upper walls of the room. 2. Semictndirect Lighting 60% to 90% of the light output is irected upward to the celing and upper walls 3, Directndirect and General Diffuse Lighting Provides approximately equa distribution of light upward and downward 4. Semi-direct Lighting 60% to 90% of the lamp output is directed downward and the remaining component serves to iluminate the celing 5, Direct Lighting Essentially al light output is directed downward, ceiling illumination is entirely due to light reflected from floor and room furishings