BIOETHICS AND RESEARCH 2.

Experimental results should results

HISTORY OF HUMAN RESEARCH in good for society.
PROTECTION 3. Anticipated results should justify the
1. Prior to the mid-twentieth century, experiment
little attention was paid to 4. Avoid all unnecessary physical and
protecting human research subjects. mental suffering
Physicians often relied on personal 5. No experiment if there is a chance of
experience or anecdotal reports to death/disability
justify the selection of 6. Minimize risk of subjects
unconventional therapies. 7. Proper preparations and facilities to
2. Experimentation was considered protect subjects
part of progressive medical care, 8. Experiments conducted only by
and patients rarely questioned the qualified persons.
recommendations of their 9. Subjects can withdraw at anytime
physicians. 10. Terminate experiment if results are
known or with best judgement.
NUREMBERG CODE
- American military tribunal was WHAT IS DECLARATION OF HELSINKI?
convened in Nuremberg to hear - Set of ethical principles
charges against 23 German - Developed by WMA for medical
physicians and administrators. community – human
- In the course of the Doctor’s trial, as experimentation
it was known witnesses described - Followed Nuremberg Code (1947)
horrific medical experiments using - Regarded as cornerstone document
involuntary subjects, most of whom of human research ethics.
were imprisoned Jews, Poles, - Included within clinical trial
Russians, and Roma. protocols.
- The verdict (19 August 1947) - The World Medical Association
included a section entitled Recommendations Guiding
“Permissible Medical Experiments,” Physicians in Biomedical Research
now called the “Nuremberg Code,” involving human subjects were
that addressed fundamental issues adopted at the 18th world medical
on the use of human subjects in assembly in Helsinki, Finland in June
medical research. 1964.
- The recommendations, commonly
PRINCIPLES OF ETHICS IN RESEARCH known as the “Declaration of
NUREMBERG CODE Helsinki” have been revised several
- Is a set of research ethics principles times, most recently in 1996.
for human experimentation set as a 1. Conform to accepted scientific
results of the Subsequent principles
Nuremberg Trials at the end of the 2. Design formulated in experimental
Second World War. protocol, reviewed by IEC.
1. Voluntary human consent is 3. Conducted by qualified and trained
essential persons
 4. Importance in proportion to
inherent risk
5. Assessment of risks vs. benefits
6. Safeguard subject’s integrity
(privacy)
7. Abstain unless hazards are
predictable
8. Preserve accuracy when publishing
9. Adequately inform or right to
withdraw.
10. Obtain true informed consent in
writing
11. Reliance on legal guardian
12. State compliance with declaration
MOST IMPORTANT AND CONTROVERSIAL
PRINCIPLE
- Declaration of Helsinki relating to
medical research combined with
professional care (clinical research)
- Every patient, including those of a
control group, if any, should be
assured of the best proven
diagnostic and therapeutic method.
BELMONT REPORT
3 ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN BELMONT
REPORT
BENEFICENCE
 Researcher should
- Minimize harm and maximize
benefits.
RESPECT FOR HUMAN DIGNITY
 Includes
- Right to self determination
- Right to full disclosure
JUSTICE
- The principle of justice is
synonymous with fairness and
equity and researchers are obliged
to treat participants fairly and
equitably before, during and after
the research study.
BENEFICENCE
- Researcher has a duty to avoid,
prevent or minimize harm to
participants
- Should not be subjected to
unnecessary risks of harm or
discomfort.
- Participation must be essential to
achieving scientifically and societally
important aims
- Harm can be – physical, emotional,
social, or financial.
RESPECT FOR HUMAN DIGNITY
 Right to self determination
- Right to voluntarily decide on
participation – without prejudiced
treatment.
- Right to ask questions
- Freedom from coercion – explicit
and implicit threats of penalty from
failing to participate or excessive
rewards as a benefit to participate.
 Right to full disclosure
- Full disclosure is required for
participants to make informed
voluntary decisions.
- Researcher should describe the
nature of the study, fully, persons
right to refused the risks and
benefits.
- Full disclosure may create bias
- Deception
 Full disclosure may cause bias
- Bias: Affect accuracy
- Bias: Affect recruitment of
participants
 Researchers may use
- Concealment
- Deception
JUSTICE
- The principle of justice is
synonymous with fairness and
 equity and researchers are obliged SUMMARY: HUMAN EXPERIMENTATION
to treat participants fairly and POLICIES
equitably before, during, and after
the research study. a. 1947 Nuremberg Code
b. 1961 Draft code of ethics on
PROTECTION OF STUDY PARTICIPANTS experimentation
PRINCIPLE APPLICATION c. 1964 Helsinki Declaration
RESPECT FOR OBTAIN INFORMED d. 1964 Civil rights act, privacy and
PERSONS CONSENT confidentiality act
1. Treated 1. Give participants e. 1971 DHEW published policy on
as the opportunity protection of human subjects
autonom to choose what f. 1974 Formal establishment of IRB’S
ous will happen to g. 1978 Belmont report
agents them. Include: h. 1981 Final regulations issued by
2. Vulnerab a. Information DHHS
le b. Voluntariness i. 1993 Ethics and research on human
persons c. Comprehensi subjects, international guidelines
should on j. 2001 International ethical guidelines
be for research involving human
protecte subjects
d
BENEFICENCE CONDUCT RISK/BENEFIT ETHICAL ISSUES IN EVIDENCE BASED
1. Participa ASSESSMENTS PRACTICE
nts 1. Should be done CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES IN
should in a systematic HEALTHCARE
not be manner. Review - Nursing shortage
harmed of the study by - Patient satisfaction
2. Benefits Ethics - Transcultural nursing
should Committee. - National patient safety initiatives
be - Evidence-based practice
maximiz - Genetics
ed and - Globalization of health
harms - Aging population
minimize - Legal and ethical issues
d to - Terrorism/bioterrorism/disaster
participa nursing
nts.
JUSTICE SELECTION OF EVIDENCE-BASED NURSING (EBN)
1. Benefits PARTICIPANTS - Approach to making quality
and risks 1. Establish fair decisions and providing nursing care
must be procedures for based upon personal clinical
distribut the selection of expertise in combination with the
ed fairly. participants. most current, relevant research
available on the topic.
 - This approach is using evidence-
based practice (EBP) as a foundation
EVIDENCE-BASED CLINICAL PRACTICE
- Is an approach to decision-making in
which the clinician uses he best
evidence available. In consultation
with the patient, to decide upon the
option which suits the patients best.
THE EBM TRIAD
- Individual clinical expertise
- Best external evidence
- Patient values and expectations
THE 5 STEP EBP PROCESS
1. ASK
- Formulate an answerable clinical
question
2. ACCESS
- Track down the best evidence
3. APPRAISE
- Appraise the evidence for its validity
and usefulness
4. APPLY
- Integrate the results with your
clinical expertise and your patient
values/local conditions
5. ASSESS
- Evaluate the effectiveness of the
process.
ETHICAL ISSUES IN NURSING RESEARCH
- Issues of ethical behavior are the
central to health professions.
- In conducting clinical trials and
research projects ethical issues
should be taken into consideration.
- It is unethical for an investigator not
to give patients the best possible
treatment.
- Other way, it is unethical not to
discover whether a new treatment is
an improvement, since this would
deny future patients the possibility
of a cure.
SPECIFIC ETHICAL ISSUES RELATED TO THE
PROFESSION OF NURSING
1. COMMITMENT TO THE PATIENT
2. COMMITMENT TO YOUR
EMPLOYER
- Responsible work ethics
- Responsible use of supplies
3. Commitment to your colleagues
4. Commitment to personal excellence
5. Commitment to nursing profession
- Formal evaluation
- Informal evaluation
- Addressing substandard care
GUIDELINES AND PROTOCOL IN
DOCUMENTATION AND HEALTH CARE
RECORDS
SYSTEM OF MEDICAL RECORS
DEFINITION
- Medical record of the patient stores
the knowledge concerning the
patient and his care. It contains
sufficient data written in sequence
of occurrence of events to justify the
diagnosis, treatment and outcome.
- In the modern age, medical record
has its utility and usefulness and is a
very broad based indicator of
patients care
1. IMPORTANCE OF MEDICAL
RECORDS
- Past medical history and present
condition
- Communication tool for healthcare
learn
- Legal documentation
- Patient and staff education
 - Quality control and research 3. Direct willing and unwilling
- Documentation for billing and subordinates.
coding  Direction of a group of people ->
organizational goals/objectives.
2. LEGAL GUIDELINES FOR PATIENT  Utilizes -> Physical resources and
RECORDS technology
- Support a malpractice claim
- Support the defense for a WHAT’S REALLY LEADERSHIP?
malpractice claim - Involves the leader and a follower.
- Back up financial records. - Reciprocal relationship
 Documentation - Nurses are leaders
- Medical care, evaluation, and - Influencing the actions of a
instructions person/group to attain desired
- Noncompliant patient objectives.
- Process of persuasion -> by example
3. NURSES RESPONSIBILITY FOR - A social transaction -> One
RECORD KEEPING AND REPORTING influences other.
- Keep under safe custody of nurses - Involves 3 dimensions:
- No individual sheet should be 1. Leader
separated 2. Follower
- Not accessible to patients and 3. Situation
visitors
- Strangers is not permitted to read DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LEADERSHIP AND
records MANAGEMENT
- Records are not handed over to the LEADERSHIP
legal advisors without written - Leaders are people who do to the
permission of the administration RIGHT thing.
- Handed carefully, not destroyed. - Leadership is about creating change.

SESSION 2 MANAGEMENT
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION IN LEADERSHIP - MANAGERS are people who do
AND MANAGEMENT things RIGHT.
- Management is about controlling
MANAGEMENT complexity in an effort to bring
- Process of coordinating actions and order and consistency.
allocating resources to achieve
organizational goals. MORAL DECISION
- Without breaks - Ability to produce a reasonable and
- On the go defensible answer to an ethical
- Art of getting things done through question.
PEOPLE. - Choice made based on a person’s
1. Have an assigned position (in an ethics, manners, character and what
organization). they believe is proper behavior.
2. Have legitimate source of power
DECISIONS
- Tend to not only affect one’s well-
being, but also the well-being of
others.
JAMES REST (REST AND NARVAEZ 1994)
MORAL SENSITIVITY
- The ability to interpret a situation in
moral and ethical terms.
MORAL JUDGMENT
- The ability to determine a course of
action in the context of what is just.
MORAL MOTIVATION
- The ability to select an appropriate
course of action among multiple
good alternatives.
MORAL CHARACTER
- The courage and skills to follow a
course of action in response to a
situation.
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG (1984)
- Sense of a universal moral or ethical
perspective that would keep people
from harming one another.
1. AUTHORITY STAGE
- What is moral is defined by the
authority figure, who is to be strictly
obeyed by the follower.
2. RECIPROCITY STAGE
- What is moral is defined by the
authority figure, but the follower
seeks to bargain with the authority
figure: “I will do something for you if
you will do something for me.”
3. GOOD GIRL/NICE BOY STAGE
- What is moral is defined by the peer
group. Followers seek to remain in
good standing with their peers by
following the rules determined by
the group. This leads to competition
for power and influence among peer
groups.
4. LAW AND ORDER STAGES
- What is moral is defined by the laws
that the majority makes (which
essentially control the competing
interests of the peer groups). There
is little recognition that the rights of
any minority can be overlooked by
the majority.
5. SOCIAL JUSTICE STAGE
- What is moral is defined with
consideration for what is right and
just for minority groups as well as
the majority.
6. PRINCIPLED REASONING STAGE
- What is moral is undergirded by
principles of goodness and justice.
SESSION 3
PRINCIPLES OF MORAL DISCERNMENT
VARIOUS NOTIONS OF CONSIENCE
- Feeling of guilt, worry,
dissatisfaction, restlessness or a
feeling of “hiya” when they do
something wrong.
- Sincerity: to be “true to one’s self”:
“I can do anythings as long as it does
not hurt anybody.”
- What “authorities” tell them to do:
the laws of the government, the
church, the parents, the “barkada.”
PRINCIPLES OF WELL-FORMED
CONSCIENCE
- “Moral principles do not depend on
a majority vote.
 - Wrong is wrong, even if everybody is
wrong.
- Right is right, even if nobody is right.
STRATEGIES OF MORAL DECISION MAKING
PROCESS
THE MORAL DECISION – MAKING MODEL
(CRISHAM 1985)
M – Massage the dilemma
- Collect the data about the ethical
problem.
O – Outline options
- Identify and analyze alternatives and
consequences of each.
R – Review criteria and resolve
- Weigh the option’s effect in the
decision.
A – Affirm position and act
- Develop implementation strategy.
L – Look back
- Evaluate the decision making
1. Establish the relevant clinical facts
about the case.
2. Assess the wishes of the patient and
those important to them.
3. Consider the legal perspective.
4. Consider the ethical perspective
5. Be aware of the processes needed
to support the decision making.
MAKING ETHICAL DECISIONS
- It should be based on ethical
principles and codes rather than
emotions, intuition or precedent.
 GOOD DECISION
- The one that is in the client’s best
interest and at the same time
preserve the integrity of all involved.
 Establish support system; use of
counseling professionals.
 Collaboration, communication,
and compromise (important
skills)
 Determine existence of moral
situation (important first step)
MAKING ETHICAL DECISIONS
- Ethical decision making process =
provides a method for nurses to
answer key questions about ethical
dilemmas and to organize their
thinking in a more logical and
sequential manner.
 CHIEF GOAL
- Determining right from wrong in
situations where clear demarcation
do not exist or are not apparent.
MEANING AND SERVICE VALUE OF
MEDICAL CARE
ALLOCATION OF HEALTH RESOURCES
1. What is resource allocation?
a. Distribution of resources
- Usually financial among competing
groups of people or programs.
b. 3 district levels of decision-
making
- Level 1: Allocating resources to
healthcare versus other social
needs.
- Level 2: Allocating resources within
the healthcare sector.
- Level 3: Allocating resources among
individual patients.
WHY RESOURCE ALLOCATION A BIG
CONCERN?
- Resource scarcity is commonly
recognized in healthcare sector,
especially in the low income
countries.
 While identifying new sources of
funding is a major political
decision and usually a long-term
 plan of the government, many
countries concentrate on
effective utilization of available
resources instead.
 Effective budget (resource)
utilization in an area or hospital
means the way of using limited
resources for providing quality
healthcare services to maximum
number of patients/people.
BARRIERS TO ACCESSING HEALTHCARE
1. Unmet health needs.
2. Delays in receiving appropriate care
3. Inability to get preventive services
4. Financial burdens
5. Preventable hospitalizations
SESSION 4
ETHICS IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
ETHICS
- Derived from the Greek word
“Ethos”, which means “custom”,
“habit”, and “way of living”
- The discipline and practice of
applying value to human behavior,
resulting in meaningful conduct.
COMPUTER ETHICS
- Application of classical ethical
principles to the use of computer
technology.
- Ethical problems related to
computer
 Privacy
 Computers create a false sense
of security
 People do not realize how
vulnerable information stored
on computers are property.
- Property
 Physical property
 Intellectual property
 Data as property
OTHER ETHICAL PROBLEMS RELATED TO
COMPUTERS
1. ACCESS
- Access to computing technology
- Access to data
2. ACCURACY
- Accuracy of information stored
3. HACKING, CRACKING AND VIRUS
CREATION
4. SOFTWARE POLICY
THE TEN COMMANDMENTS OF
COMPUTER ETHICS HAVE BEEN
DEFINED BY THE COMPUTER ETHICS
INSTITUTE
1. THOU SHALT NOT USE A COMPUTER
TO HARM OTHER PEOPLE
- Not only limited to physical harm
- Includes harming, manipulating or
corrupting other users’ data or files
- Sending virus 3333332in order to
hack personal information and
exposing to others.
2. THOU SHALT NOT INTERFERE WITH
OTHER PEOPLE’S COMPUTER WORK
- Computer software, such as viruses,
can be used in ways that disturb
others users or disrupt their work.
- It may cause the computer to
malfunction.
3. THOU SHALT NOT SNOOP AROUND
IN OTHER PEOPLE’S COMPUTER
FILES
- Do not spy on another person’s
computer data.
- It is wrong to read someone else’s
email messages or files
- Obtaining data from another
person’s private files is nothing less
than breaking into someone’s room.
4. THOU SHALT NOT USE A COMPUTER
TO STEAL
- Do not use computer technology to
steal information
- Stealing sensitive information or
leaking confidential information is as
good as robbery
- With the use of technology, stealing
of information is much easier since
computers can be used to store
stolen information.
5. THOU SHALT NOT USE COMPUTER
TO BEAR FALSE WITNESS
- Do not contribute to the spread of
misinformation using computer
technology
- Spread of information has become
viral today, because of the internet.
- This also means that false news or
rumors can spread speedily through
social networking sites or emails.
Being involved in the circulation of
incorrect information is unethical.
6. THOU SHALT NOT COPY OR USE
PROPRIETARY SOFTWARE FOR
WHICH YOU HAVE NOT PAID
- Refrain from copying software or
buying pirated copies. Pay for
software unless it is free.
- Like any other artistic or literary
work, software is copyrighted.
7. THOU SHALT NOT USE OTHER
PEOPLE’S COMPUTER RESOURCES
WITHOUT AUTHORIZATION OR
PROPER COMPENSATION
- Do not use someone else’s
computer resources unless
authorized to
- Multi-user systems have user
specific passwords. Breaking into
some other user’s password, thus
intruding his private space is
unethical
8. THOU SHALT NOT APPROPRIATE
OTHER PEOPLE’S INTELLECTUAL
OUTPUT
- It is wrong to claim ownership on a
work which is the output of
someone else’s intellect.
- Establishing ownership on a work
which is not your is ethically wrong.
9. THOU SHALT THINK ABOUT THE
SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE
PROGRAM YOU WRITE OR THE
SYSTEM YOU DESIGN
- Before developing a software, think
about the social impact it can have.
- It is the programmers’ responsibility
to understand his target
audience/user and the effect it may
have on them.
10. THOU SHALT USE A COMPUTER IN
WAYS THAT SHOW
CONSIDERATIONA AND RESPECT
- In using computers for
communication, be respectful and
courteous with the fellow members.
- The communication etiquette we
follow in the real world applies to
communication.
WHAT IS COMPUTER VIRUS?
- Small software program that are
designed to spread from one
computer to another and to
interfere with computer operation.

SPREAD OF VIRUS
- Viruses are most easily spread
through
 E-mail attachments
 Instant messaging messages
 Funny images
 Audio and videos files
 Downloading files from internet
 Greeting cards
STEPS TO HELP AVOID VIRUSES
- Use an internet firewall
- Subscribe to industry standard
antivirus software
- Never open an e-mail attachment
from someone you don’t know
- Scan each and every attachment
- Rules to be followed, while surfing
net
COMPUTER CRIME
- IT infrastructure
- Illegal access
- Illegal interruption
- Data interference
- System interference
- Misuse of devices
- Electronic fraud
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CYBER CRIME
1. HACKING
- An act committed by an intruder by
accessing your computer system
without your permission.
- Hacking involves the partial or
complete acquisition of certain
functions within a system, network,
or website. It also aims to access to
important data and information
breaching privacy.
2. INFORMATION THEFT
- It is a specific form of fraud in which
cybercriminals steal personal data,
including passwords, data about the
bank accounts, credit cards, debit
cards, social security, and other
sensitive information.
- Through information theft, criminals
can steal money.
3. E-MAIL BOMBING
- Also known as “spamming.”
- It uses electronic messaging
systems, most commonly emails in
sending messages that hos malware,
fake links of websites and other
malicious programs.
- Unsolicited bulk messages from
unfamiliar organizations, companies,
and groups are sent to large
numbers of users.
- It offers deals, promos, and other
attractive components to deceive
others.
4. PHISHING
- A technique of extracting
confidential information such as
credit card numbers and username
password combos by masquerading
as a legitimate enterprise.
- They use “email spoofing” to extract
confidential information such as
credit card numbers, social security
number, passwords, etc.
5. REQUEST RANSOM / VIRUS
DISSEMINATION
- Ransomware is one of the most
destructive malware-based attacks
- Viruses are computer programs that
attach themselves to or infect a
system or files, and have a tendency
to circulate to other computers on a
network.
OTHER COMMON CYBER CRIMES
1. Child pornography
2. Cyberbullying
3. Software piracy
TYPES OF COMPUTER CRIMINALS
1. INSIDERS
 Trusted employees accidentally
misplacing information
 Careless employees remiss of
policies and procedures
 Disgruntled employees or ex-
employees intent on damaging
your business.
 Malicious insiders with
legitimate access to critical
systems and information.
2. OUTSIDERS
 Organized criminals or criminal
groups.
 Professional hackers – whether
malicious or not.
 Amateur hackers – sometimes
known as “script kiddies.”
REASONS FOR COMPUTER CRIME
1. FINANCIAL GAIN
- The primary motivation for the
majority of attacks.
2. CORPORATE INFORMATION
- To see how much information they
can get, which they could then use
against the company or in another
type of attack.
3. EGOTISTICAL
- The attacker is not seeking financial
gain but recognition, acknowledging
that they have the skills and
knowledge to defeat the security.
SECURITY IN THE DIGITAL WORLD
- Keep your information secure.
- Put the necessary controls on your
home network to protect your
family from cybercrime.
- Prevent identity theft when
shopping online or using contactless
payment
- Keep your children safe when using
the internet.
ETHICAL DILEMMAS
1. Privacy
2. Information accuracy
3. Access to information
4. Intellectual property rights
5. Plagiarism
6. Netiquette
SESSION 5
CONTINUING EDUCATION PROGRAMS ON
ETHICOMORAL PRACTICE IN NURSING
- From the moment a newly
graduated nurse enters the clinical
environment, he or she must be
ready to deliver quality patient care
while navigating complex
relationships with patients, families,
physicians, nurses, and other
members of the healthcare team.
4 SITUATIONS NURSES FACE ALMOST
EVERYDAY
1. OBTAIN INFORMED CONSENT
- Unless the patient is unconscious,
the nurse has a responsibility to
obtain a patient’s consent prior to
any treatment or procedure.
Sometimes the patient will refuse
treatment.
2. MAINTAIN PATIENT
CONFIDENTIALITY
 - While not everyone on the staff
needs to know about the patient’s
history or situation, nurses must
decide who needs to know without
violating confidentiality.
3. TELL THE TRUTH
- Most patients trust nurses, which is
one of the reasons the profession
has the highest rating for ethics and
honesty. Nurses must remain
truthful even when reporting news
the patient does not want to hear.
4. DEAL WITH BELIEFS THAT CONFLICT
WITH EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE
- Patients and their families may
refuse standard treatment that has
been proven effective.
- EX: Some religions forbid blood
transfusions. Should the nurse
explain the benefits of the
recommended treatment? Or should
the nurse respect the patient’s
decision?
THE LACK OF ETHICS PREPARATION AT
BOTH THE UNDERGRADUATE AND
GRADUATE
- Hampers nurses’ ability to work
collaboratively with other team
members.
- Hampers nurses to share their
voices when ethical issues confront
clinicians and their patients and
families.
CONTINUING EDUCATION PROGRAMS ON
ETHICOMORAL PRACTICE IN NURSING
- Despite growth or nursing
scholarship and pressing societal,
research, and clinical ethical
concerns.
- Little consensus about the
importance of ethics education in
nursing.
- The role of ethics education in the
nursing curricula, and outcomes that
can be achieved from ethics
education.
WITH A GROWING WORKFORCE AT RISK
FOR MORAL DISTRESS
A. Highlight the critical need to
evaluate current curricula content
systematically and to develop
impactful, high quality ethics
education.
B. Established gaps in knowledge
transmission from the classroom to
clinical practice
C. Members of the nursing profession
must reflect inward and create
moral spaces to teach and to care
for one another.
D. By recommitting to ethics education
as a vital priority, the nursing
profession demonstrates an
investment in the well-being of both
nurses and patients.
ETHICAL VALUES ARE ESSENTIAL FOR ALL
HEALTHCARE WORKERS BECAUSE…
- Ethical practice is a foundation for
nurses, who deal with ethical issues
daily.
- Ethical dilemmas arise as nurses
care for patients.
- These dilemmas may, at times,
conflict with the Code of Ethics or
with the nurse’s ethical values.
- Nurses are advocates for patients
and must find a balance while
delivering patient care.
AND SINCE…. ETHICS ARE FUNDAMENTAL
TO NURSING
 - All nurses should respect their
patients, maintain patients’ dignity
and protect patients’ right.
- Nurses must create an environment
of mutual trust and respect
between patients and healthcare
professionals.
- All patients’ entrust their dignity to
nurses, so nurses must guard their
privacy, listen to their concerns and
consider their wishes concerning
the care they want to receive.
NURSES NEED SHOTS TOO
CONTINUING EDUCATION PROGRAMS
NURSING ETHICS
CONTINUING EDUCATION PROGRAMS AND
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
NURSES CODE OF ETHICS
- Provision seven requires the nurse
to advance the profession by
contributing to practice, policy,
education, administration and
knowledge development. This
requires serving in leadership or
mentorship roles, participation in
civic activities or involvement in
government initiatives. The nurse
should also involve herself in
scholarly inquiries to enhance her
body of knowledge.
- GROW, LEARN, AND EXPLORE
GAP
- Seminars and workshops
 The importance of professional
values from clinical nurses’
perspective in hospitals of a
medical university in Iran.
- Although the total score related to
the clinical nurses’ perspectives on
professional values was high, the
importance of certain values was at
a lower level. Owning to the
emerging ethical challenges, it is
indispensable to design educational
programs in order to improve
nurses’ awareness and
understanding of the comprehensive
importance of professional values.
Furthermore, it is recommended
that mixed methods studies should
be conducted in order to design an
instrument to evaluate the use of
values in nursing practice.
 Challenges in nursing continuing
education: a qualitative study
- The study showed that the present
approach of nurses’ continuing
education needs modification so as
to meet nurses needs. Therefore,
management and planning of
education should be based on a new
approach concentrating on nurses’
needs. Special attention should also
be paid to teachers related
problems. The goal can be better
achieved by formation of an
educational committee in hospitals ,
as well as in planning and evaluation
terms. An educational courses
logbook should be prepared in
which nurses’ already passed
courses can be recorded so that
according to that, planning can be
made for the individuals. It is
suggested to design further studies
in the context of management and
educational planning to achieve the
goal of nursing continuing education
modification.
 Ethics education in nursing:
Instruction for future
generations of nurses.
- The lack of ethics preparation at
both the undergraduate and
 graduate level hampers nurses’ - Nursing MBA/MSN
ability to work collaboratively with - Adult/Geriatric Nurse Practitioner
other team members and share - Family Nurse Practitioner
their voices when ethical issues - Master of Science in Nursing –
confront clinicians and their patients Advanced Practice Concentration
and families. - Master of Science in Nursing with a
Major in nursing anesthesia.
ADVOCATING FOR ETHICAL ISSUES
- Need for continuing education
- Search
- Nursing is a thriving profession
whose importance continues to
grow in a complex healthcare
system. Opportunities for continuing
education abound and with online
resources, such as webinars, at their
fingertips, nurses have access to the
education options they need. While
the availability of so many resources
may feel overwhelming, it can be
good to remember that you can
tailor your continuing education to
fit your particular professional
needs. You can learn more about
continuing education required for
nurses by speaking with your
professional mentors and contacting
your state board of nursing.

ORGANIZATIONS
1. Philippine Nurses Association, INC.
2. National Association of Neonatal
Nurses
3. Psychiatric Mental Health Nurses
Association of the Philippines, INC.
4. Philippine Red Cross
5. Occupational Health Nurses
Association of the Philippines

TYPES OF DEGREES AWARDED

- Master of Science in Nursing (MSN)
- Master of Science in Nursing – Nurse
Administrator
- RN to MS nursing informatics