EAC Trade and Investment Report 2018 WEB

THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY
EAC TRADE AND INVESTMENT REPORT 2018

Accelerating Market-Driven Integration
The East African Community

Secretariat Arusha, Tanzania
www.eac.int
THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY
EAC TRADE AND INVESTMENT REPORT 2018
Maximizing Benefits of Regional Integration
East African Community Secretariat Arusha, Tanzania

CONTENTS
L I S T O F T A B L E S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iiv
L I S T O F F I G U R E S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
A C R O N YM S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
E XE C U T I VE S U M M A R Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
PART I : I N T RO D UC T I O N ............................................................................. 5
1. C H A P T E R 1: B A C KG R O U N D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1. The East African Community .......................................................................... 5
1.2. Macroeconomic Context ................................................................................ 5
1.2.1. Global Economic Outlook ....................................................................................................... 5
1.2.2. Africa Economic Outlook ......................................................................................................... 6
1.2.3. EAC Macro Economic Performance ....................................................................................... 7
1.3. Merchandise Trade Trends .......................................................................... 14

1.3.1. Global Merchandise Trade .................................................................................................... 14
1.3.2. Merchandise Trade in Africa ................................................................................................. 15
1.4. Investment Trends......................................................................................... 16

1.4.1. Global Investment Trends ..................................................................................................... 16
1.4.2. Africa Investment Trends ....................................................................................................... 17
P A R T I I : T R A D E A N D I N VE S T M E N T : T R E N D S A N D P R O S P EC C T S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2. C H A P T E R 2: E A C M E R C H A N D I S E T R A D E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.1. EAC Regional Merchandise Trade .............................................................. 20
2.2. Sectoral Distribution of EAC Trade ............................................................. 20
2.2.1. Total EAC Trade Trends ........................................................................................................ 20
2.2.2. Intra-EAC Merchandise Trade ............................................................................................... 23
2.3. Country Specific Trade Trends .................................................................... 26

2.3.1. Burundi .................................................................................................................................... 26
2.3.2. Kenya ....................................................................................................................................... 31
2.3.3. Rwanda .................................................................................................................................... 36
2.3.4. Republic of South Sudan ....................................................................................................... 42
2.3.5. United Republic of Tanzania ................................................................................................. 46
2.3.6. Uganda .................................................................................................................................... 51
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2.4. Special Category Considerations in the EAC Customs Union .................. 57
2.4.1. EAC Imports of Goods under Exemption and Remission Schemes .................................. 57
2.4.2. EAC Imports of Sensitive Products ....................................................................................... 58
2.4.3. EAC Imports of Excisable Goods .......................................................................................... 59
2.4.4. EAC Imports Categorized by Tariff Bands ........................................................................... 59
2.4.5. Customs Revenue Performance ............................................................................................ 61
2.5. Prospects for Growth of EAC Merchandise Trade ..................................... 62

3. C H A P T E R 3 : I N V E S T M E N T T R E N D S I N T H E E A C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.1. EAC Investment Outlook .............................................................................. 65
3.2. EAC Investment Flows .................................................................................. 65
3.3. Intra-EAC Investment Flows ......................................................................... 67
3.4. Initiatives to Support Investment at Regional Level ................................... 68
3.5. Country Specific Analysis.............................................................................. 68
3.5.1. Burundi .................................................................................................................................... 68
3.5.2. Kenya ....................................................................................................................................... 71
3.5.3. Rwanda .................................................................................................................................. 74
3.5.4. South Sudan ......................................................................................................................... 76
3.5.5. Tanzania ................................................................................................................................ 79
3.5.6. Uganda .................................................................................................................................. 82
4. C H A P T E R 4: C O N C L U S I O N S A N D P R O S P E C T S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.1. Conclusions ................................................................................................. 88
4.2. Prospects for Growth of Trade and Investment Sectors in EAC ............. 88
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LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1: Summary of Global Output Growth 2014-2018 (percentage change) 6
Table 2.1: Global Trade: Exports and Import, 2015-2018 (percentage growth) 21
Table 2.2: EAC-Total Trade Flows, 2014-2018 (US$ million and percentage change) 23
Table 2.3: Total Intra-EAC Trade, 2014-2018 (US$ million and percentage change) 25
Table 2.4: Burundi: Intra-EAC Exports, 2014-2018 (US$ million) 29

Table 2.5: Burundi's Trade with EAC Partner States, 2014-2018, (US$ million) 31
Table 2.6: Kenya Intra-EAC Exports, 2014-2018 (US$ million) 36

Table 2.7: Kenya’s Trade with EAC Partner States, 2014-2018 (US$ million) 36
Table 2.8: Rwanda Intra-EAC Exports, 2014-2018 (US$ million) 41
Table 2.9: Rwanda's Trade with EAC Partner States, 2014-2018, (US$ million) 42
Table 2.10: Rwanda Informal Cross Border Exports 2014-2018 (US$ million) 43
Table 2.11: Rwanda Informal Cross Border Imports 2014-2018 (US$ million) 44
Table 2.12: South Sudan Trade with EAC Partner States, 2015-2018 ( US$ millions) 46
Table 2.13: Tanzania’s Intra-EAC Exports, 2014-2018 (US$ million) 52
Table 2.14: Tanzania’s Trade with EAC Partner States, 2014-2018 (US$ million) 53
Table 2.15: Uganda's Intra-EAC Exports, 2014-2018 (US$ million) 59
Table 2.16: Uganda’s Trade with EAC Partner States, 2014-2018, (US$ million) 60
Table 2.17: Uganda’s Total Informal Exports, 2014-2018, (US$ million) 62

Table 2.18: Uganda’s Total Informal Imports, 2014-2018, (US$ million) 62
Table 2.19: Duty Foregone to Exemptions/Remisisons, 2014-2018 (USD million and % change) 64
Table 2.20: EAC- Imports by Tariff Band, 2014-2018 (US$ million) 68
Table 2.21: EAC- Customs Revenue Performance, 2015-2018 (US$ million and % change) 69
Table 3.1: FDI Flows by Region, 2015-2018 (US billions and percentage) 72
Table 3.2: FDI Inflows into EAC Region, 2014-2018 (US$ million and percentage growth) 75
Table 3.3: Number of Jobs Created through Foreign Direct Investment, 2014-2018 75
Table 3.4: Intra-EAC Investment Flows, 2015-2018 ( US$ millions and No. of Projects) 76
Table 3.5: Domestic and Intra –EAC Investment Flows to Burundi, 2018 (US$ million) 78
Table 3.6: Burundi-FDI In-flows, 2014-2018 (US$ million and percentage change) 79
Table 3.7: Burundi’s Sectoral Distribution of Foreign Investment 2016-2018 79

Table 3.8: Burundi's Major Sources of Investment, 2016-2018 (US$ million) 80
Table 3.9: Employment Creation, 2014-2018 (No. of Jobs ) 80
Table 3.10: Foreign Direct Investment Flows into Kenya, 2014-2018 (US$ million) 83
Table 3.11: Kenya's Sectoral Distribution of Foreign Direct Investments, 2016-2018 84
Table 3.12: Kenya's Major Sources of Foreign Direct Investment, 2016-2018 84

Table 3.13: Number of Jobs Created through Foreign Direct Investment, 2014-2018 85
Table 3.14: Foreign Direct Investment flows in EAC Region, 2014-2018 ( USD million) 86
Table 3.15: Rwanda- Sectoral Distribution of FDI, 2018 ( US$ million and No of Jobs) 87
Table 3.16: Rwanda - Major Sources of FDI , 2016-2018 ( US$ million) 88
Table 3.17: Number of jobs Created by Foreign Direct Investment, 2014-2018 88
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Table 3.18: South Sudan- Foreign Direct Investment Flows, 2018 ( US$ million) 90
Table 3.19: South Sudan Sectoral Distribution of Foreign Investment, 2018 ( US$ Million) 90
Table 3.20: South Sudan- Major Sources of FDI, 2018 ( US$ million) 91
Table 3.21: Tanzania's Foreign Direct Investment Flows, 2017-2018 (US$ Millions ) 94
Table 3.22: Tanzania - Intra - EAC Investment Inflows, 2018 (US$ million) 94
Table 3.23: Tanznaia- Sectoral Distribution FDI, 2017–2018 (US$ Million) 95
Table 3.24: Tanzania: Major Sources of Foreign Direct Investments, 2017-2018 96

Table 3.25: Tanzania - Number of Jobs Created by Foreign Direct Investment 2016-2018 97
Table 3.26: Uganda- Foreign Direct Investment Flows, 2016-2018 ( US$ millions ) 99
Table 3.27: Uganda- Sectoral Distribution of FDI Trends, 2016-2018 (US$ million) 100
Table 3.28: Uganda: Source of Foreign Direct Investment, 2017-2018 (US$ million) 101
Table 3.29: Uganda-Number of Jobs Created by Foreign Direct Investment, 2014-2018 102
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Economic Growth in Selected African Economies, 2014-2018 (percentage) 7

Figure 1.2: EAC- GDP Growth, 2014-2018 (annual percent) 9
Figure 1.3: Global FDI Inflows by Region, 2015-2018 (US$ billion) 20
Figure 1.4: FDI Inflows in Africa Economies 2016- 2018 (US billion) 23
Figure 2.1: Total Intra-EAC Imports, 2014-2018 (US$ million) 29
Figure 2.2: Burundi’s Imports Exports and Trade Balance, 2014-2018 (US$ million) 31
Figure 2.3: Burundi's Imports by Country/ Region of Origin, 2017-2018 32

Figure 2.4: Burundi’s Exports by Country /Region of Destination, 2017-2018 32
Figure 2.5: Burundi's Re-Exports Share of Total Exports 2014-2018 (percent) 33

Figure 2.6: Burundi’s Trade with EAC Partner States, 2014-2018 (US$ million) 35
Figure 2.7: Kenya's total exports, imports and trade balance, 2014-2018 (US$ million) 37
Figure 2.8: Kenya’s imports by country/region of origin, 2017-2018 (percent share) 38

Figure 2.9: Kenya’s domestic exports by destination 2017-2018 (percent share) 38
Figure 2.10: Rwanda- Total Exports, Imports and Trade Balance, 2014-2018 (US$ million) 42
Figure 2.11: Rwanda's Imports by Country/Region of Origin, 2017-2018 (percent shares) 43
Figure 2.12: Rwanda Exports by destination, 2017-2018 (U$ millions) 44

Figure 2.13: Share of Rwanda's Re-Exports to Total Exports, 2014- 2018 Source: NISR, 2018 45
Figure 2.14: Rwanda Trade with EAC Partner States, 2014-2018 (US$ million) 46
Figure 2.15: South Sudan's Total Exports, Imports and Trade Balance, 2015-2018 48
Figure 2.16: South Sudan's Imports by Country/Region of Origin (percentage shares) 49

Figure 2.17: South Sudan's Domestic Exports by Destination (percentage) 50
Figure 2.18: South Sudan's Trade with EAC Partner States, 2015-2018 (US$ million) 52
Figure 2.19: Tanzania’s Exports, Imports and Trade Balance, 2014 – 2018 (US$ million) 52
Figure 2.20: Tanzania’s Imports by Country/Region of Origin, 2017-2018 (percentage share) 53
Figure 2.21: Tanzania’s Domestic Exports by Destination, 2017-2018 (percentage share) 54

Figure 2.22: Share of Tanzania’s Re-exports to Total Exports, 2014 – 2018 (percentage share) 55
Figure 2.23: Tanzania's Trade with EAC Partner States, 2014-2018 (US$ million) 57
Figure 2.24: Uganda's Total Exports, Imports and Trade Balance, 2014-2018 (US$ million) 58
Figure 2.25: Uganda’s Imports by Country /Region of Origin, 2015-2018 (percentage) 60
Figure 2.26: Uganda Domestic Exports by Country/Region of Destination (percentage share) 61
Figure 2.27: Uganda’s Re-exports as Percent of Total Exports (percentage change) 61
Figure 2.28: Uganda’s Trade with EAC Partner States, 2014-2018 (US$ million) 64
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ACRONYMS
AEO Approved Economic Operator

AfCFTA Africa Continental Free Trade Area
AfDB African Development Bank
AGOA African Growth and Opportunities Act
API Burundi Investment Promotion Authority
BOT Bank of Tanzania
BOU Bank of Uganda
CBK Central Bank of Kenya
CET Common External Tariff
COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
CPI Consumer Price Index
EAC East African Community
EALA East African Legislative Assembly
ECOWAS Economic Community for West African States
EPA Economic Partnership Agreement
EU European Union
FDI Foreign Direct Investment
FRW Rwanda Francs
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GNS Gross National Savings
ICT Information and Communication Technology
IMF International Monetary Fund
IPAs Investment Promotion Agencies
Ken Invest Kenya Investment Authority
KNBS Kenya National Bureau of Statistics
KRA Kenya Revenue Authority
NISR National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda
NMC National Monitoring Committees
NTBs Non-Tariff Barriers
RDB Rwanda Development Board
RO Rules of Origin
ROW Rest of the World
RRA Rwanda Revenue Authority
SADC Southern Africa Development Community
SCT Single Customs Territory
SCTIFI Sectoral Council on Trade, Industry, Finance and Investment
TBP Time Bound Programme
TFTA Tripartite Free Trade Area
TIC Tanzania Investment Centre
TIFA Trade and Investment Framework Agreement
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TRA Tanzania Revenue Authority
UBOS Uganda Bureau of Statistics
UIA Uganda Investment Authority
UK United Kingdom
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
URA Uganda Revenue Authority
USA United States of America
VAT Value Added Tax
WTO World Trade Organization
viii EAC Trade and Investment Report 2018 www.eac.int

FOREWORD
The East African Community is the fastest integrating regional bloc on the African continent. This can be witnessed by the big
integration milestones achieved in the shortest period. These include the implementation of the Customs Union and the
Common Market. The implementation of the EAC Monetary Union will commence in 2024 after which the Region will go for
Political Federation. The ultimate objective of the EAC integration agenda is to increase socio-economic integration to lift up the
welfare of EAC citizens.
In conjuction with the EAC Partner States and support from TradeMark East Africa (TMEA), the EAC Secretariat prepares and
publishes Annual EAC Trade and Investment Reports. The Annual Reports are critical tools to facilitate informed decision making
by Partner States and other stakeholders on trade and investment matters in the East African Community. The Reports provide
a comprehensive analysis of trends in Trade and Investment in the Region and with the rest of the world. Specifically, this Report
portrays the dynamics of the intra-EAC trade in 2018. It also highlights the investment climate and trends in the EAC Region and
expressly illustrates the intra-EAC investment flows in 2018.
The EAC Secretariat continued to play its role of coordinating trade negotiations between Partner States and the Third Parties.
Specifically, the EAC will continue to promote Trade and Investment with the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
(COMESA), and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) under the Tripartite COMESA-EAC-SADC Agreement
and the African Continental Free Trade Area. The EAC Trade and Investment Report 2018 was prepared at the time when there
was an accelerated momentum at the continental level to ratify the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA). The
implementation of the AfCFTA will integrate the EAC regional economy into the African continental trade and bring about
sustainable trade and investment opportunities and unleash the Region’s growth potential.
The Republic of South Sudan is a new member of the Community having joined in 2016. The Secretariat drew a clear roadmap
for integration of South Sudan in all EAC projects and programmes.
Partner States have also constructed infrastructure at the borders and ports to improve the amenities and facilitate trade in the
Region. The Partner States and the Secretariat, with support from Development Partners, planned to construct 15 One-Stop
Border Posts in the EAC Region, out of which, 13 have so far been completed and 10 of these are already operational.
I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the support from TMEA who have continued to assist the EAC integration
process by facilitating the preparation, production and printing of the EAC Trade and Investment Reports. The Secretariat
appreciates this invaluable support.
I would also like to express my appreciation of the diligence demonstrated by the Team of Experts from the EAC Partner States
and EAC Secretariat who contributed to the compilation of the EAC Trade and Investment Report 2018.
..………………………………
Amb. Liberat Mfumukeko
Secretary General, EAC
EAC Trade and Investment Report 2018 www.eac.int ix

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The East African Community (EAC), with a population of about 168.2 million and a combined GDP of US$ 155.2 billion is one of
Africa’s fastest growing regional blocs. Growth in the EAC is driven by a progressive manufacturing sector characterised by
agro-processing and industrial production and exports. The Export Sector is dominated by tea, coffee and horticulture. The
Region possesses significant amounts of extractive resources including oil and gas, high value minerals and renewable energy.
This Reportprovides a detailed analysis of the trends for the year and synthesises the prospects for enhancement of trade and
investment in the Region. The aim is to provide a platform for stakeholders, academics and policy makers to review the status of
trade and investment, examine the developments at the regional and global level that have an impact on trade and investment in
the EAC and measures to link the Region to the global economy.
Key developments during the year, with potential to influence future trade and investment outcomes, include the positive
economic growth of the Region that positions the EAC as a trade and investment hub; the growing Global Value Chains that
impact on agricultural production and industrial processes; logistical infrastructural development; and the Africa Continental Free
Trade Area (AfCFTA). The East African Economy expanded at 5.7 percent in 2018, up from 5.6 percent in 2017. This was attributed
to increased infrastructure investment in roads, rail and electricity; increased private consumption as well as recovery of commodity
exports buoyed by improved weather conditions. The construction sector improved in the whole of the EAC. There was also
remarkable expansion of the services sector, particularly information and communication technology as well as manufacturing. All
Partner States with the exception of South Sudan experienced higher growth in 2018. Burundi’s economy grew by 3.8 percent up
from 1.3 percent in 2017. Rwanda’s economy experienced the highest growth in the Region expanding by 8.6 percent in 2018 up
from 6.2 percent in 2017. Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda also grew by 6.3 percent, 6.9 percent and 5.6 percent in 2018 up from 4.9
percent, 6.8 percent and 4.8 percent in 2017, respectively.
Merchandise trade grew by 11.7 percent to US$ 52.4 billion in 2018 from US$ 46.9 billion in 2017 as a result of an increase in the
import bill and a fall in exports during the year. Total EAC exports decreased by 4.7 percent to US$ 14.0 billion in 2018 from US$
14.7 billion in 2017 of which, intra-EAC exports accounted for 22.4 percent. The decline in exports was attributed to low
international prices of mainly agricultural commodities on account of higher production resulting from improved weather
conditions. There was also a decline in the export of primary minerals. This situation was due to a fall in international demand
resulting from the declining economic growth in China and the Far East. As a result of all this, earnings from coffee, tea and
minerals fell by more than 24 percent during the year.
Exports to EAC and SADC amounted to US$ 3.1 billion and US$ 1.9 billion, respectively in 2018. This signified the growing
importance of the EAC and SADC markets. The increase in exports to SADC, excluding Tanzania, was attributed to the increased
benefits arising from the membership to the EAC-COMESA- SADC Tripartite. The main products exported by the Region included
agricultural products especially maize, sugar, rice, coffee and tea as well as manufactured goods. Outside the Africa Continent, the
EU was our biggest trading partner and exports to the EU increased only by 6.5 percent to US$ 2.5 billion in 2018 from US$ 2.3
billion in 2017. This constituted about 17.5 percent of total EAC exports. However, exports to the USA and the rest of the world
fell by 20.6 percent and 12.7 percent, respectively during the year mainly due to falling demand.
Total EAC imports grew by 19.2 percent to US$ 38.3 billion in 2018 from US$ 32.2 billion in 2017. Imports from the EU amounted
to US$ 4.3 billion and accounted for about 11.3 percent, while imports from the rest of the world declined but still constituted 44.3
percent of total imports. The main source of imports from the rest of the world were Asia and the Middle East signifying the
importance of countries like China, India and the UAE as trading partners. The increase in imports was mainly under petroleum
products arising from the higher global crude oil prices to US$ 73 per barrel on average during the year. In 2018 imports of
petroleum products, vegetable edible oil, motors, machinery and medicaments constituted over 60 percent of total imports.
Overall, the Region continued to register a trade deficit with the rest of the world in 2018 partly because of an increase in imports
into the Region. The deficit for the EAC increased by 39.4 percent to US$ 24.3 billion in 2018 from US$ 17.4 billion registered in
2017.
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The composition of EAC trade continued to be dominated by agricultural commodities, namely coffee, tobacco, cotton, rice,
maize and wheat flour. However, manufactured goods such as cement, petroleum, textiles, sugar, confectionery, beer, salt, fats
and oils, steel and steel products, paper, plastics and pharmaceuticals were also traded across the Region.
EAC intra-regional imports grew by 13.9 percent to US$ 2.8 billion from US$ 2.5 billion in 2017 and accounted for 7.4 percent of
total EAC imports. Kenya's imports from the rest of the Parner States continued the growth experienced in the previous year.
Imports into Kenya grew by 14.7 percent to US$ 676.5 million. The increase was, to a large extent, driven by higher imports from
Uganda and Tanzania. Imports from Uganda were mainly milk, dry beans and raw materials for the preparation of animal feeds.
Imports from Tanzania mainly consisted of paper and paperboard, and ceramic products. Uganda’s imports from the Region grew
by 40.8 percent to US$ 796.3 while Rwanda’s imports from within the Region also grew by 14.7 percent to US$ 549.1 million in
2018.
Kenya was Uganda’s main intra-regional trading partner and imports mainly included petroleum products, cement, iron and steel
and pharmaceutical products. Rwanda’s intra-regional imports were dominated by salt, fats, cereals, and soaps, iron and steel,
plastics and paper from Uganda and Kenya. Tanzania’s intra-EAC imports increased by 24.5 percent to US$ 302.7 million in 2018
from US$ 243.2 million in 2017. Tanzania’s key imports from the EAC partners included pharmaceuticals products, soaps, plastic
items and other consumer goods, mainly from Kenya and Uganda. Burundi and South Sudan’s imports from the EAC fell by 11.1
percent and 18.5 percent, respectively in 2018. Burundi main EAC trading partners was Tanzania and imports mainly consisted of
chemical fertilizers, cement and textile articles. South Sudan’s main trading partners were Kenya and Uganda and imports mainly
consisted of maize, sugar and manufactured commodities.
Intra-regional exports grew by 5.6 percent to US$ 3.2 billion in 2018 from US$ 2.9 billion in 2017. Noticeably, exports from all
Partner States grew with the exception of South Sudan during the year. Burundi experienced 44.3 percent growth in exports while
exports from Uganda, Tanzania and Rwanda grew by 11.4 percent, 9.5 percent and 6 percent, respectively during the year.
Exports from Kenya to the other Partner States experienced a modest growth of 0.1 percent in 2018.
Despite the increased total trade, the Region continues to face challenges related to the trade performance. These include:
vulnerability of the agricultural sector to the vagaries of nature; dependence on exports of primary products; and the rising oil
prices. As such, there is need to reduce dependence on imports of fossil fuels, motors, crude palm oil, textiles and capital items.
Initiatives such as fast tracking the production of EAC oil and gas reserves, assembly of motors in the Region and improvement of
agricultural production through irrigation, post-harvest handling and value addition should be explored.
Foreign Direct Investments into East Africa decreased by 15.9 percent to US$ 5.7 billion in 2018 from US$ 6.8 billion in 2017.
Inflows to the United Republic of Tanzania increased by 2.3 percent to US$ 3.1 billion while inflows to Burundi and Rwanda
decreased by 76.8 percent and 11.5 percent to US$ 15.1 million from US$ 65.1 million in 2017 and to US$ 1015.3 million in 2018
from US$ 1147.7 million in 2017, respectively. FDI into Kenya, South Sudan and Uganda fell by 32.4 percent, 11.7 percent and
51.8 percent to US$ 485.5 million, US$ 408.6 million and US$ 630.6 million in 2018, respectively. Overall, FDI inflows to the EAC
were concentrated in manufacturing, construction and services sectors. FDI into manufacturing and construction amounted to US$
2.1 billion and US$ 1 billion in 2018, respectively. China and India continued to be the major sources of FDI into the EAC with
inflows amounting to US$ 1.1 billion and US$ 281.02 million, respectively. Total intra-EAC investments decreased by 20.8 percent
to US$ 152.7 million in 2018 from US$ 192.9 million in in 2017.
The Trade and Investment Report 2018 focuses on market-driven integration as the driver of economic development and growth.
Trade and investment are important drivers of productivity; employment generation; and access to a range of products at low
prices necessary to enhance the standard of living. The Report is aimedat showcasing progress in regional trade and investment.
It shows that EAC has to focus on improvements in critical areas if the Region is to grow. This information should be of strategic
importance to policy makers, scholars and the private sector.
EAC Trade and Investment Report 2018 www.eac.int 2

This Report is structured in three parts covering 4 chapters: Part One includes the background chapter which highlights the
introduction to the EAC, analyses the macroeconomic trends and outlines key initiatives that have the potential to affect trade and
investment in the Region. Part Two deals with the trade and investment outlook in the Region.Chapter 2 reviews trade among the
Partner States as well as with the rest of the world. The chapter also reviews the impact of different trade promotion policies on
customs revenue in the Partner States and concludes with an analysis of the challenges to trade development in the Region.
Chapter 3 analyses Foreign Direct Investment inflows as well as intra-regional investment flows. The chapter concludes with an
analysis of the challenges of attracting investment to the Region. Part Three is the wrap-up section while Chapter 4 draws
conclusions.

PART I: INTRODUCTION
1. CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND
1.1. The East African Community

The Treaty for the establishment of the East African Community (EAC) was signed on 30 November 1999 and entered into force
on 7 July 2000. The Republics of Rwanda and Burundi became full Members of the Community on 1 July 2007. The Republic of
South Sudan acceded to the Treaty on 15 April 2016 and become a full Member on 15 August 2016. The Region is implementing
a Common Market, has put in place the right fiscal architecture to achieve a Monetary Union by 2024 and adopted a Political
Confederation as a transitional model for the East African Political Federation.
The Protocol for the EAC Customs Union came into force in January 2005. The key pillars of the EAC Customs Union are the
Common External Tariff and the EAC Rules of Origin and the Customs Management Act 2005. The EAC Common External Tariff
(CET) is structured under three bands of 25 percent for finished goods, 10 percent for intermediate goods and 0 percent for raw
materials and capital goods. In addition, there is a limited number of products under the sensitive list that attracts rate above the
maximum of 25 percent.
The EAC Single Customs Territory (SCT) came into effect in 2014. Implementation of the SCT was aimed at improving trade
facilitation through the introduction of ‘hard and soft infrastructure’; In 2018, the focus of the EAC Secretariat was on
operationalization of the primary goal of the Single Customs Territory- free circulation of goods. Elimination of non-tariff barriers
based on an online monitoring and tracking system, improved infrastructure like the One-Stop Border Posts (OSBP), introduction
of the Integrated Border Management (IBM) and use of Information, Communication and Technology (ICT) has led to increased
trade and investment in the Region.
1.2. Macroeconomic Context

1.2.1. Global Economic Outlook
The global economy grew at 3.6 percent in 2018, 0.2 percent lower than the growth registered in 2017 (IMF, April 2019). The
slowdown resulted from declining manufacturing output. With the exception of the United States of America, all advanced
economies experienced sluggish growth over the year. The European Union experienced slower growth, averaging 1.8 percent
due to challenges in consumer and business confidence and sluggish vehicles sales as a result of enforcement of more stringent
emission standards as well as lower demand from importers in Asia. The UK growth fell by 0.4 percent to 1.4 percent in 2018 as a
result of the continuing uncertainty over the ‘No Deal Brexit’. Among emerging markets, India experienced strong growth 0.4
percent higher than in 2017. However, China experienced slower growth in 2018 compared to 2017 mainly as a result of tensions
with the US and declining manufacturing output. The extended truce in the US–China trade dispute has provided a welcome
respite in an otherwise turbulent policy backdrop that included Brexit negotiations, discussions over the Italian budget, changes
in Mexican policy direction under the new administration, the US federal government shutdown, and US policy on Iran (IMF April
2019).
Table 1.1: Summary of Global Output Growth 2014-2018 (percentage change)
Region/ Country 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Global 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.8 3.6

Advanced Economies 1.9 1.9 1.7 2.3 2.2
USA 2.4 2.4 1.6 2.3 2.9
Euro Area 0.9 1.7 1.7 2.4 1.8
United Kingdom 3.1 2.2 1.8 1.7 1.4
Japan 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.8 0.8
Emerging Markets and Developing Economies 4.6 4.0 4.1 4.7 4.5
China 7.3 6.9 6.7 6.8 6.6
India 7.2 7.6 6.8 6.7 7.1
Middle East and North Africa 2.7 2.3 3.9 2.5 1.8
Sub -Saharan Africa 5.1 3.3 1.4 2.7 3.0
South Africa 1.6 1.3 0.3 0.9 0.8
Global inflation remained moderate but is projected to rise over the next year in most of the developed economies. Surging
Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook, April 2019

global crude oil prices contributed to additional inflationary pressures in oil-importing countries over the course of 2018, while
currency depreciation against the US dollar put upward pressure on imported prices in many countries. By contrast, some of the
commodity-exporting countries in Africa and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) that experienced sharp currency
depreciations in response to the commodity price shocks of 2014/15 have seen inflation recede in 2018, as the exchange-rate
shock has been absorbed into the price level (IMF 2019).
Urgent and concrete policy action is needed to change the trajectory of the global economy towards a sustainable path and
implement the policy changes needed to deliver the ambitious goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This
includes sound macroeconomic policies, structural and redistributive reforms, and industrial policies, adapted as appropriate to
country-specific circumstances. At the international level, progress relies on a cooperative and long-term strategy for global policy
in key areas such as climate change, sustainable consumption and responsible finance, supported by declines in income and
gender inequality. Despite the growth projections anticipated in 2019, a withdrawal from multilateralism will pose further setbacks
for those already being left behind (IMF, April 2019).
1.2.2. Africa Economic Outlook

Africa’s economic growth continues to strengthen, reaching an estimated 3.5 percent in 2018, about the same as in 2017 and up
1.4 percentage points from the 2.1 percent in 2016. East Africa led with GDP growth estimated at 5.7 percent in 2018, followed
by North Africa at 4.9 percent, West Africa at 3.3 percent, Central Africa at 2.2 percent, and Southern Africa at 1.2 percent.
Southern Africa’s subdued growth is due mainly to South Africa’s weak development, which affects neighboring countries. Growth
in Central Africa is gradually recovering supported by recovering commodity prices and higher agricultural output but remains
below the average for Africa as a whole (AfDB, 2019).
Africa’s average inflation fell from 12.6 percent in 2017 to 10.9 percent in 2018. Double-digit inflation occurred mostly in
conflict-affected countries like South Sudan and countries that are not members of a currency union but remains low in members
of the CFA zone because of its link to the euro. Domestic resource mobilization has improved as a result of tax reforms and higher
commodity prices but revenues still fall short of the continent’s developmental needs (IMF, 2019).
Lessons from countries in the Far East show that reforms to lower the cost of money transfer and strengthen platforms for
crowd-funding has the potential to avail resources for economic development. There is need to reduce the high transfer costs
and limited interbank services in the region to help formalize intra-Africa remittances flow. Widespread illicit financial outflows,
hurting most African countries and limiting potential for further investment in infrastructure, power needs to be tackled. Policy
interventions should be focused on increasing the share of intermediate and capital goods in imports could help countries benefit
from scale and scope economies and exploit knowledge transfers from more advanced economies (AfDB, 2019).
Figure 1.1: Economic Growth in Selected African Economies, 2014-2018 (percentage)
5
Percent growth
0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Africa Central Africa East Africa South Africa SSA Excl. South Africa
Source: AfDB- AEO 2019

1.2.3. EAC Macro Economic Performance
Economic Growth
East Africa maintained its lead in regional growth on the Africa Continent with economic growth of 5.7 percent in 2018, up from
5.6 percent in 2017 but this growth masked variations across the countries. On the supply side, EAC growth was driven by
industrial, infrastructure and agricultural development while on the demand side, the main driver for economic growth across
East Africa was increased consumption.
Burundi’s economy grew at 3.8 percent due to good performance in the primary and secondary sectors. The performance of
primary sector was due to 5 percent growth in the value added in the agricultural sector mainly tea, livestock and fisheries.
However, economic activity decelerated by 4.7 percent in the tertiary sector where the health and social sectors experienced the
highest deceleration of 14 percent in 2018. Kenya’s real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew by 6.3 percent in 2018 compared
to 4.9 percent in 2017 mainly as a result of increased agricultural production and accelerated manufacturing activities.
Rwanda’s economy recorded an average growth of 8.6 percent up from 6.1 percent growth recorded in 2017, as a result of good
performance in industrial, services and agricultural sectors which grew by 10 percent 9 percent and 6 percent, respectively. The
industrial sector was mainly boosted by large construction projects like the Bugesera airport. The services sector was mainly
driven by good performance in transport and trade which grew by 16 percent in 2018. Rwanda’s service sector’s growth also
resulted from good performance in the telecommunication and hotel sectors that grew by 18 percent and 10 percent,
respectively in 2018.
South Sudan’s economy continued to contract in 2018 as a result of the fall in crude oil production due to civil conflict in the
country while Tanzania’s real GDP grew at 6.9 percent up from 6.8 percent in 2017. The growth of Tanzania’s economy was
mainly driven by the Construction sector which accounted for 22.8 percent; Agricultural sector, 19.9 percent; and Transport and
Storage by 12.4 percent. Activities that recorded the highest growth rates were Arts, Entertainment and Recreation (13.5
percent); Construction (12.9 percent) and Transport and Storage (11.8 percent) while Finance and Insurance recorded the lowest
growth rate of negative 0.5 percent in 2018.
Uganda’s economy grew 5.6 percent in 2018 up from 4.8 percent in 2017. This was attributed to robust agricultural production
resulting from improved weather conditions and positive growth in the services, infrastructure and industrial sectors, especially
chemical and pharmaceutical production. Uganda’s macroeconomic policy in 2018 was focused on containing inflationary
pressure, enhancing exchange rate stability and stepping up domestic resource mobilization. In the financial sector, private
sector credit continued to recover gradually in 2018 on account of improvement in asset quality with the decrease in
non-performing loans that lowered the risk averseness of banks, lagged impact of monetary easing and the associated eased
credit conditions.
Figure 1.2: EAC- GDP Growth, 2014-2018 (annual percent)

10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
-2.0
-4.0
-6.0
-8.0
Burundi Kenya Rwanda Tanzania Uganda South Sudan
Source: Compiled from Partner States Central Bank data 2019

'#%+NĝCěKON
The East Africa Community’s average inflation remained relatively stable in 2018. Burundi experienced a deflation of 2.6 percent
in 2018 down from 16.1 percent in 2017. The deflation was caused by sharp drop in food and non-food prices especially bread,
cereal and vegetables in 2018. Prices of Sugar, jams, honey, chocolate and confectionery also experienced a deflation of 6.6
percent in 2018 compared to prices increases of 21 percent in 2017. The country experienced deceleration in non-food inflation
with inflation falling in the beverages and tobacco, clothing furnishing, household equipment, hotels, transport and footwear
sectors.
Kenya’s average inflation rate stood at 4.7 percent in 2018 compared to 8.0 percent in 2017 mainly as a result of considerable
declines in food prices. The low food prices were mainly attributable to favourable weather conditions experienced in 2018.
Rwanda’s inflation dropped to 1.4 percent in 2018 from 4.9 percent in 2017 on average. This was mostly reflected in the decrease
in food inflation to negative 2.6 percent in 2018 from 9.8 percent in 2017, as a result of good agricultural production. Imported
and domestic inflation declined to 4.4 percent and 0.5 percent in 2018 from 6.0 percent and 4.5 percent in 2017, respectively.
The aforementioned decrease in food prices was the main contributor to the downward trends in domestic inflation. The decline
in imported inflation was a result of decreasing prices of some imported foodstuffs such as dry maize and rice, following favorable
weather conditions in the region. As a result of aggregate demand that remained non-inflationary, core inflation stood at 1.6
percent in 2018 from 3.9 percent in 2017.
South Sudan experienced high inflation rates as a result of a number of factors including depreciation of the South Sudan Pound,
contraction in the GDP arising from disruption of crude oil exports, increased monetization of the fiscal deficit as well as over
reliance on imported capital and consumer goods. The year-on-year annual Consumer Price Index (CPI) increased by 93.3percent
in 2018. The spread between the official and the parallel market exchange rates remained wide averaging 44 percent during the
year despite the recent exchange rate appreciation.
Tanzania’s headline inflation remained low and stable, below the medium-term target of 5 percent. Annual inflation was 3.4
percent in 2018, mostly contributed by low domestic food prices resulting from adequate food supply in most parts of the country.
The moderate food prices more than offset the impact of increase in oil prices in the world market and depreciation of the
currency. Inflation is expected to remain low over the medium-term, supported with favourable domestic food conditions and
prudent fiscal and monetary policies. Upside risks remain owing to uncertainty surrounding global oil prices and food supply
situation in the Region. Uganda’s annual Average Headline Inflation for 2018 was recorded at 2.6 percent compared to 5.6
percent recorded during 2017. The Annual Average Core Inflation for 2018 was recorded at 2.4 percent from the 4.4 percent
recorded in 2017. The decline in headline inflation was partly due to the favourable weather conditions resulting in good
agricultural yields leading to negative food crop and related items inflation of -1.5 percent for 2018 up from 13 percent recorded
during the drought-stricken seasons of 2017. The decline in Annual Food Crops and Related Items Inflation was due, particularly
to annual fruits Inflation that decreased to minus 18.4 percent for the year ending 2018. Headline and core inflation initially
increased in May 2018, mainly driven by the shilling depreciation and global oil prices, however this slide was neutralized by the
decline in food price inflation in the second part of 2018.
EAC Exchange Rate

The exchange rate performance of the EAC Partner States’ currencies was mixed in 2018. While some currencies appreciated
against the majority of the convertible currencies, other EAC currencies depreciated during the year. In 2018, the Burundian Franc
(BIF) depreciated against US$ by 3.1 percent to an annual average of BIF 1,782.88 from an average of BIF 1,729.01 to the US$ in
2017. Over the same period, the BIF depreciated by 3.8 percent against the Swiss Franc; by 3.8 percent against the Japanese Yen,
by 6.9 percent against the Pound Sterling, by 5.3 against the SDR and by 7.8 percent against the Euro. Within the EAC Region,
the BIF appreciated by 1.4 percent and by 0.1 percent vis-à-vis the RWF and the UGX while it depreciated by 5.3 percent and 1.3
percent against the KES and the TZS, respectively.

The Kenyan Shilling strengthened against Indian Rupee, the US Dollar, Saudi Riyal and UAE Dirham to exchange at 1.48 per Indian
Rupee, 101.29 per US Dollar, 27.01 per Saudi Riyal and 61.17 per UAE Dirham, respectively in 2018. However, the Kenyan Shilling
weakened against the Euro and Pound Sterling by 2.5 per cent and 1.5 percent, respectively in 2018, to exchange at 119.63 per
Euro and 135.25 per Pound Sterling. In the EAC Region, the Ugandan Shilling and Tanzanian Shilling weakened against the
Kenyan Shilling, to exchange at 36.81 per Kenyan Shilling and 22.48 per Kenyan Shilling, respectively, during the period. Similarly,
Rwandese Francs weakened against Kenyan Shilling to exchange at 100 Rwandese Francs per KSh 8.50, during the same period.
Relative to 2017, the FRW depreciated by 4.0 percent against the US$ in 2018, compared to a depreciation of 3.1 percent
registered in 2017, following the relatively increased demand for dollars to finance imports. Compared to the British pound and
Euro, the FRW appreciated by 2.0 percent and 0.1 percent, respectively while it depreciated by 6.2 percent against the Japanese
Yen. With regard to regional currencies, the FRW depreciated by 5.5 percent, 1.2 percent and 1.8 percent against the Kenyan,
Tanzanian and Ugandan shillings, respectively.
The South Sudan Pound continued to depreciate in formal and parallel markets to SSP155 to the dollar at the Bank of South Sudan
and SSP278 to the dollar at parallel market. In 2018, the value of the Tanzanian shilling against the US dollar remained broadly
stable. The stability of the shilling was consistent with prudent monetary policy, streamlined fiscal measures, enhanced use of gas
in electricity generation instead of oil and substitution of imported goods with local manufactured goods such as ceramic tiles. In
the wholesale market, the exchange rate fluctuated within the range of TZS 2,244.7 to TZS 2,291.8 against US dollar, compared
with the range of TZS 2,226.3 to 2,249.1 per US dollar recorded in 2017.
The Ugandan Shilling continues to be affected by domestic and external forces on account of the open economy. The average
exchange rate for 2018 was recorded as Ugandan shillings 3,727.80 per the US Dollar down from Ugandan Shillings 3,611.36
recorded in 2017. This was a depreciation of 3.2 percent in 2018. The shilling was generally stable for most of the first three
quarters of the financial year, supported by inflows from NGOs and coffee export proceeds and forex bureau being able to offset
outflows from oil, manufacturing and telecom sectors. However, the weakening was largely on account of global strengthening of
the US Dollar and elevated US Dollar demand from oil, manufacturing and telecommunications sectors, as well as offshore
investors, amidst low inflows from export receipts. Speculative activity could have also heightened the pace of depreciation as
economic agents positioned themselves in anticipation for further depreciation.
EAC Balance of Payments

In 2018 Burundi's balance of payments was characterized by a decrease in the current account deficit to negative US$ 362.2
million from negative US$ 373.3 million. In the capital account there was a surplus of US$ 118.4 million in 2018, from US$ 168.1
million in 2017. The balance of payments recorded a slight net lending of US$ 243.9 million in 2018 compared to negative U$
205.2 million in 2017. The decline in the current account deficit was due to the increase of the secondary income surplus of US$
251.5 million in 2018 compared to US$ 241.3 million in 2017. This was partially offset by an increase in the goods and services
account deficit of 0.9 percent to US$ 619.8 million in 2018, from US$ 614.3 million in 2017. The financial account also recorded a
high increase of net lending of negative US$ 233.6 million in 2018 compared to negative US$ 188.6 million in 2017 due to the
increase in foreign liabilities partially offset by a decrease in reserve assets of US$ 30.0 million.
In 2018 Kenya’s balance of payments position improved to a surplus of US$ 1,044 million from a deficit of US$ 164 million in 2017.
Similarly, the current account balance improved to a deficit of US$ 4,362 million in 2018 from a deficit of US$ 4,868 million in 2017
Net financial inflows grew to US$ 6,561 million in 2018 from US$ 5,287 million in 2017, mainly driven by increased inflows of
foreign direct investment.
The current account deficit in Rwanda slightly increased in 2018 compared to 2017, due mainly to growth in the trade deficit. In
2018, the total current account deficit is estimated at US$ 746.9 or 7.9 percent of GDP from US$ 709.5 million in 2017, or 7.8

percent of GDP. The trade deficit in goods and services rose by 8.4 percent amounting US$ 1069.1 million due largely on the
increase of imports of goods and services. The imports increased due to higher oil prices in 2018 compared to 2017. Also the
increase is on account of upswing domestic demand of imports of capital goods caused by a continued rise in investment as well
as intermediary goods for production purposes to support the growing manufacturing sector. In addition, the service deficit
increased, mainly as a result of the rise in debits from transport services on higher imports, weighing on increased travel surplus.
The surplus in travel services is due to a rise of travel credit (1.2 percent) and a fall in travel debit (-6.3 percent).
A small increase in the primary income deficit was associated with an estimated rise in the compensation of employees by 21.4
percent and a slight increase in investment income balance (0.2 percent). By contrast, high growth in the secondary income
surplus (10.2 percent) due to a rise in private transfers from abroad, where remittances rose 22.1 percent, was the strongest factor
fostering a decrease in the current account deficit. Rwanda’s current account deficit was financed by increased financial inflows in
2018 compared to 2017. The financial account is estimated at US$ 838.4 million in 2018, or 8.8 percent of GDP, from US$ 678.8
million, or 7.4 percent in 2017, due to higher inflows from direct investment and other investments. Net inflows from direct
investments increased by 12.3 percent because of a rise in new equity inflows (9.2 percent) as well as debt capital inflows (47.8
percent). The increase in foreign direct investment is partly attributed to improved business environment in Rwanda and the
financing of activities by existing investors, reflecting increased earnings for investment. In addition, the increase in other
investment inflows reflect higher borrowings by both private and public sectors. As a result of the above developments, the
accumulation of reserves assets rose to US$ 133.3 million in 2018 from US$ 92.6 million in 2017. Gross official reserves stand at
US$ 1319.1 million, or 13.9 percent of GDP in 2018 from US$ 1163.3 million, or 12.7 percent of GDP.
South Sudan Current Account Balance is all transactions other than those in financial and capital items. The major classifications
are goods and services, income and current transfers. The focus of the BOP is on transactions (between an economy and the rest
of the world) in goods, services, and income. While considering some of the data challenges facing the country in compiling the
balance of payment, the current account balance amounted to 281.7 million US$ and good and service account stood at 458.4
million USD. The primary and secondary incomes declined considerably at negative rate while the capital account has shown
positive growth at 116.5 US$ million.
During 2018, Tanzania’s overall balance of payments recorded a deficit of US$ 784.0 million from a surplus of US$ 1,669.6 million
recorded in 2017, partly explained by the widening current account deficit. As a result, gross official reserves amounted to US$
5,044.6 million as at the end of December 2018 compared to US$ 5,900.3 million as at the end December 2017. This level of
reserve is sufficient to cover 4.9 months of projected imports of goods and services excluding foreign direct investments related
imports. The import cover remained above the country and EAC benchmarks of 4.0 months and 4.5 months, respectively. During
the period, current account deficit broadened to US$ 2,345.3 million compared with a deficit of US$ 1,880.7 million recorded in
2017. This is attributed largely to the growing imports, particularly transport equipment, and building and construction materials
consistent with the ongoing infrastructural development projects. In the financial account, Tanzania received US$ 1,883.8 million
in terms of equities and non-equity inflows from non-resident institutional units, 12.6 percent lower than US$ 2,154.8 million
reported in 2017. The inflows were mainly in the form of foreign direct investments and other investments particularly drawings.
During the same period, the disbursement of funds for the general Government amounted to US$ 1,211.5 million, slightly lower
compared to US$ 1,238.8 million recorded in 2017.
Uganda’s current account position in 2018 remained relatively weak, widening from US$ 1,272 million in 2017 to US$ 2,465 million
in 2018 largely driven a 40 percent increase in the trade deficit. Annually, the import bill also increased by 17 percent in 2018
supported by private sector imports for investment such as machinery and equipment, gold and base metals reflecting a pickup
in economic activity. In addition, oil imports grew by US$ 215 million, reflecting the increase in oil price in 2018 compared to the
previous year. The impact of the import growth on the current account balance was partly moderated by a 5 percent increase in
export receipts largely driven by a rise in gold exports which increased by 23.2 percent to US$514.9 million. The net exports of
gold were estimated at US$ 52.5 million. The income deficit deteriorated year-on-year by US$ 422 million in 2018 on account of

increased investment income payments by non-residents. However, the current transfer’s surplus improved by US$ 89 million and
the services deficit rose by US$ 168 million over the same period.
Annually, the net Capital inflows through the financial account decreased by 14 percent to US$ 1,162.3 million in 2018 This was
mainly on account of significant outflow of capital through other investment, owing to a US$ 490 million build-up in currency and
deposits assets held abroad by domestic banks and private sector and a US$ 239 million reduction in loan disbursements to the
government sector. This was however moderated by a US$ 311 million increase in FDI inflows coupled with decreased portfolio
net outflows.
The surplus in the financial account in 2018 was insufficient to finance the high current account deficit, leading to an overall deficit
balance of US$ 324 million in 2018, a contraction of US$ 807 million from an overall surplus balance of US$ 483 million in 2017.
The stock of reserves as at the end of December 2018 stood at US$ 3,414.5 million, equivalent to 4.3 months of future imports of
goods and services.
EAC National Savings

Burundi’s Gross National Savings in 2018 increased to US$ 152.9 million from US$ 116.71 million recorded in 2017. This was a
result of high consumption of private and public sectors from US$ 3,341.3 to US$ 3,475.8 in 2018, added the sharp rise of
secondary incomes from US$ 241.0 million in 2017 to US$ 257.6 in 2018. As a share to GDP, Gross National Savings increased to
4.5 percent in 2018 against 3.6 percent reported in 2017. In Kenya, the level of gross savings increased from US$ 8.3 billion in
2017 to US$ 9.0 billion in 2018. As a share of GDP, the gross savings decreased from 10.5 percent to 10.2 percent over the same
period. For Rwanda, the level of gross savings decreased from US$ 1.01 billion in 2017 to US$ 0.89 billion in 2018. As a share of
GDP, the gross savings decreased from 12.6 percent to 10.5 percent over the same period. Tanzania’s gross national savings
remained relatively unchanged at US$ 10.9 billion in 2018. Also, the share of national savings to GDP averaged about 26.8 percent
over the same period as a result of a more inclusive financial sector in the country. Though increasing, Uganda’s level of financial
inclusion remains low to support robust mobilization of savings. As a result, Uganda’s gross national savings as a percent of GDP
fluctuated substantially in recent years, it tended to decrease ending at 20.25 percent of GDP in 2018, an increase from 19.8
percent of GDP recorded in 2017.
EAC External debt

The EAC Partner States experienced increased external indebtedness during 2018. Burundi’s external debt grew up by 2.2
percent, from US$ 469.0 million in 2017 to US$ 479.1 million in 2018. The increase was mainly due to the rise of new drawings on
external loans (US$ 12.5 million in 2018 against US $ 8.2 million in 2017). The new drawings concerned OPEC, BADEA and EXIM
BANK. These funds were directed to the road sector, agricultural and livestock development projects and to the various projects
in the mining and energy sectors. Public external debt mainly financed public facilities accounting for 46.6 percent, miscellaneous
projects accounting for 27.1 percent, productive sectors accounting for 19.3 percent and social sector accounting for 7.0 percent.
The ratio of external debt service to export of goods and services decreased from 5.1 to 3.3 percent.
Kenya’s total public debt increased from US$ 38.3 billion as at the end of June, 2017 to US$ 44.9 billion as at the end of June,
2018. Kenya’s external debt stock increased from US$ 22.1 billion in 2017, which was about 28.0 percent of GDP, to US$ 25.4
billion amounting to 28.9 percent of GDP in 2018. The increase in the external debt stock was largely reflective of an increase in
debt from Bilateral and Multilateral lenders. Bilateral debt increased from US$ 7.0 billion in as at the end of June 2017 to US$ 8.1
billion as at the end of June, 2018, while Multilateral debt increased from US$ 8.1 billion as at the end of June, 2017 to US$ 8.2
billion as at the end of June, 2018.
Rwanda’s external public debt stock increased from US$ 3.0 billion as at the end December 2017 to US$ 3.4 billion as at the end
December 2018. The increase in the external debt stock was largely due to the increase in debt from Bilateral and Multilateral
lenders. Bilateral debt increased from US$ 0.35 billion at the end December 2017 to US$ 0.38 billion as at the end of December

2018, while Multilateral debt increased from US$ 2.25 billion as at the end of December 2017 to US$ 2.68 billion as at the end of
December 2018. Servicing the external debt increased by 36.9 percent from US$ 60 million in 2017 to US$ 82.1 million in 2018.
The external debt stock in Tanzania comprising public and private sector debt, amounted to US$ 21,060.5 million at the end of
December 2018, being an increase of US$ 1,880.3 million from the levels recorded at the end of the previous month and
corresponding period in 2017. The increase was mainly a result of disbursements and exchange rate movements. Central
government debt, which accounted for 75.9 percent of the debt stock, followed by private debt that accounted for 23.3 percent.
Composition of external debt by creditor category continued to show that the debt owed to multilateral institutions accounted for
46.4 percent, while debts to commercial creditors amounted to 33.2 percent of the total debt.
The total public debt stock in Uganda increased by 12.5 percent to US$ 11.52 billion as at the end of December 2018, from US$
10.24 billion as at the end of December 2017 out of which domestic and external debt amounted to US$ 3.86 billion and US$ 7.66
billion and accounted for 33.5 percent and 66.5 percent, respectively. The nominal value of public debt as a percentage of GDP
stood at 41.8 percent as at the end of December 2018. The Present Value of external debt to GDP increased from 30.1 percent
in 2017 to 31.7 percent in 2018.
In 2018, the outstanding portion of the Country’s Debt, including arrears, that is borrowed outside Uganda stood at US$ 7.66
billion representing a growth of 11 percent compared to US$ 6.88 billion at the end of December 2017. The increment in stock is
attributed to disbursements from Exim Bank of China and World Bank loans, as well as foreign exchange rate movements. The
external debt stock rose by US$ 0.8 billion, mainly from China which increased by 25 percent and the World Bank debt rose by 40
percent. Public debt service involves payment of principal, interest and other contractual obligations in relation to government
debt. External and domestic debt service was US$ 353.4 million and US$ 1.9 billion, respectively in 2018. The biggest proportion
of the bilateral creditors stock was from China accounting for about 75 percent while AFD (France), UKEF (UK), Japan and others
accounted for the 25 percent. The high stock of debt from China was associated with financing for Karuma and Isimba Hydro
Power projects, while new loans approved by parliament were aimed at improving water supply and sanitation in the country. As
at the end of December 2018, the stock of multilateral debt amounted to US$ 5.02 billion, accounting for 43.6 percent of the total
public external debt. The share of outstanding external debt stock owed to bilateral sources declined to 22.5 percent of the total
external debt outstanding at the end of December 2018, from 29.6 percent at the end of December 2017 mainly as a result of loan
repayments (debt servicing). The total outstanding stock of government domestic debt at cost increased by 17.7 percent from US$
3.4 b billion in 2017 to US$ 3.8 billion in 2018. Given that the current debt stock is largely from Multilateral Creditors, Uganda’s
external debt stock is denominated mainly in SDR and accounted for 43 percent and US$ accounted for 33 percent. However,
because of the changing trends in the Development Cooperation arena, other currencies such as the EUR, GBP and JPY gained
prominence in the current external debts stock. The share of T-Bills increased from 24 percent to 25 percent while T-Bonds
reduced from 76 percent to 75 percent. However, this is still within the 30:70 T-Bills to T-Bonds ratio set out in the Public Debt
Management Framework (PDMF) 2013. Out of the outstanding domestic debt stock at cost, T-Bills amounted to US$ 963.3 million,
while T-Bonds amounted to US$ 2.9 billion. Domestic interest payments in 2018 will increase by 4 percent to US$ 540.3 million
from US$ 536.1 million in 2018. Increased issuance of Domestic debt led to a rise in yields which impacted the level of interest
payments.
EAC and Global Value Chains

Global value chains have gained prominence as a vehicle for economic development, industrialisation, employment creation and
value addition. They are also a key avenue for entry of developing countries into the global trading system. Already a number of
developing countries such as Morocco and Ethiopia have been mainstreamed into the global trading systems through the value
chains. Development of global value chains is anchored in reduction of fixed trade costs and greater diversification. Also, trade
facilitation needs to be improved because goods in the global value chains have to cross borders multiple times.
Global value chains also depend on harmonization of rules of origin since duties and other customs restrictions depend on the

origin of imports that go into finalizing. A pillar of Africa’s development strategy is to accelerate industrialization by promoting
regional value chains, as countries are often said to get richer by producing the goods that rich countries consume.
African countries have participated little in global trade supply chains except in upstream activities as providers of unprocessed
goods and mineral ores. But experience in textiles and apparel, supermarkets, and automotive show that East African countries are
getting progressively more involved in trade in tasks through regional value chains. Key to this is a reduction in trade costs as
goods cross borders multiple times. To develop cross-border supply chains, improving customs management and adopting simple
and transparent rules of origin are essential.
Integrating EAC into Regional Markets

States sign regional arrangements to increase trade among members. The trade benefits arise from three key channels. First,
through eliminating tariff and others charges of equivalent effect. Second, removing non-tariff barriers and measures and third,
through improved trade facilitation to reduce the costs of trading across countries. Trade facilitation involves improvements in
infrastructure as well as other measures that advance customs management, tracking and institutional border management.
The Six EAC member countries belong to a number of regional blocs. The Partner States, with the exception of the Republic of
South Sudan are members of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Partner States are also members of the EAC, SADC - in the
case of the United Republic of Tanzania, COMESA and are finalizing ratification of the Continental Free Trade Agreement.
Integration of the EAC Partner States has implications for the merchandize trade and investment in the Region. Integrating into the
regional trading systems covers more measures than those covered under the WTO. This includes tariff reductions and other
preferences that go beyond what was bound at the WTO including other provisions like free movement of labour and capital.
African Continental Free Trade Area

Africa is characterized by small fragmented markets necessitating the need for integration of markets, infrastructure and other
factors of production like labour and capital, if Africa is to increase competitiveness and play a bigger role in the global market
economy. Integrating the African continent could encourage industrial and agricultural production along the global value chains,
create larger markets and provide growth opportunities for small and medium firms.
The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) was signed in Kigali, Rwanda in March 2018. The AfCFTA will bring together all
55 member states of the African Union covering a market of more than 1.2 billion people, including a growing middle class, and a
combined gross domestic product (GDP) of more than US$ 3.4 trillion. In terms of numbers of participating countries, the AfCFTA
will be the world’s largest free trade area since the formation of the World Trade Organization.
As in other free trade agreements, the negotiations on Rules of Origin for the CFTA are likely to be dominated by strong industry
lobbying. During the negotiations so far, West and Central Africa have preferred general Rules of Origin, which would probably
resemble those in the East Asia and the Pacific region. On the other side, Egypt, Kenya, and South Africa have pushed for
product-specific Rules of Origin, and South Africa has lobbied for adoption of the SADC Rules of Origin on a sector- or
product-specific basis. If South Africa’s position prevails, the result would be costly Rules of Origin that would likely deny
preferences to the low-income partners (such as Ethiopia, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Zambia). When the more developed
partner has a comparative advantage in the upstream capital-intensive sector, such as weaving in textiles and apparel or engine
building in the automobile sector, Rules of Origin create a captive market in the low-income partner, which has no choice but to
source (at a higher cost) from the more developed partner. Potential benefits from the AfCFTA include elimination of tariff and
non-tariff barriers in goods and services, customs improvements leading to reduction in cost of trading across borders.
The Common Market for East and Southern Africa

The COMESA-EAC SADC Tripartite Free Trade Area, a building block towards the Continental Free Trade Area (CFTA) provides
expanded opportunities for export of agricultural and manufactured products. While Free Trade Areas ordinarily focus on trade
liberalization through the removal of tariff and charges of equivalent effect, the COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite Free Trade Area
has three pillars namely: market integration: cooperation in industrialization and infrastructure development: and the movement

of business persons. The industrial pillar will broaden manufacturing along the value chains in the Region and enhance
intra-tripartite trade infrastructure development. This will improve interconnectivity, reduce the cost of doing business and
increase attractiveness of the Region to domestic and foreign investment.
EAC as a Region has a number of advantages with regard to future growth of trade and investment. The Region is one of the
leading exporters of agricultural commodities in Sub-Saharan Africa particularly tea, coffee, cut flowers fish and tobacco. The
Region is also endowed with significant extractives resources such as oil and gas, high value minerals and abundant renewal
energy power generation potential. The Region has sustained high economic growth levels - one of the highest in Africa. Labour
costs in the Region are still low and EAC's proximity to regional and international markets creates a conducive environment for
future trade and investment growth.
EAC is creating opportunities for investments in infrastructure as well as other sectors such as tourism, energy, manufacturing and
agriculture. Investment prospects could be further boosted by fast tracking the integration process and strengthening the legal
and institutional reforms relating to business registration and resolving disputes. In order to maximize benefits from regional
integration, EAC Partner States need to strengthen the EAC Secretariat so that it could serve the Region better and play a bigger
role in integration; establish a credible central data unit to capture and disseminate all trade statistics in the EAC for use by the
Secretariat and Partner States in planning, management and monitoring of the Single Customs Territory. Given the declining
global and regional economic performance, EAC needs to avoid policy measures that could affect economic performance and
reduce output. Macroeconomic and monetary policy should aim to maintain growth momentum and avoid downturns. At the
national level, monetary and debt policy should remain on sustainable track to achieve the EAC convergence by 2023 and inflation
targets remain anchored. For 2019, if the current slowdown turns out to be more severe and protracted than expected in the
baseline, macroeconomic policies should become more accommodative, particularly where output remains below potential and
financial stability is not at risk. Across all economies, the imperative is to take actions that boost potential output growth, improve
inclusiveness, and strengthen resilience. At the multilateral level, the main priority is for countries to resolve distortionary barriers
that would further destabilize a slowing global economy.
1.3. Merchandise Trade Trends

1.3.1. Global Merchandise Trade
Global trade registered a 3.0 percent growth in 2018 compared to 4.6 percent in 2017. The slowdown reflects the impact of
increased trade tensions on spending on capital goods and a more general slowdown in global activity. Trade growth in 2018 was
weighed down by several factors including new tariffs and retaliatory measures affecting widely-traded goods, weaker global
economic growth, volatility in financial markets and tighter monetary conditions in developed countries, among others (WTO April,
2019).
The slowdown in merchandise trade volume growth in 2018 was broad based, reflecting weaker import demand in both
developed and developing countries, although some regions were more strongly affected than others. There are continuing
challenges to global trade development. These include the effect of Brexit as well as the continuing trade disputes between China
and the United States. A major exception to the trend was North America, where a buoyant US economy contributed to strong
export growth of 4.3 percent in 2018. Other regions including encompassing Africa, the Middle East and Commonwealth of
Independent States saw export growth accelerate to 2.7 percent. South America's trade flows have continued to recover gradually
but have been buffeted by weaker external demand and domestic economic shocks (WTO, 2019).
World merchandise exports totalled US$ 19.48 trillion, up 10 percent from the previous year. The rise was driven partly by higher
oil prices, which increased by about 20 percent in 2018. The value of commercial services trade rose nearly as much, with exports
totalling US$ 5.80 trillion in 2018, up 8 percent from the previous year. The fastest merchandise export growth in nominal terms
was recorded by oil producers, including the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Russian Federation whose exports increased by

34.8percent and 25.6 percent, respectively. On the export side, the slowdown was mostly due to reduced shipments from
developed countries, which contracted year-on-year in three out of the four quarters of 2018.
Merchandise imports registered a 5.4 percent growth in 2018 compared to 4.8 percent in 2017. Merchandise imports into
developed economies grew by only 2.5 percent compared to 3.1 percent in 2017. Despite the slower overall growth, imports into
North America grew by 5.0 percent in 2018 compared to 4.0 percent in 2017. Imports to Asia and Africa grew by 5.0 percent and
0.8 percent in 2018, respectively.
The Dollar value of global merchandise trade was also influenced by rising nominal effective exchange rate of the United States
Dollar against most convertible currencies leading to increased prices for energy, food, raw materials and metals by between 7
percent and 24 percent. This also partly explained why the dollar value of merchandise trade growth was stronger than in volume
terms rising by 10.4 percent to US$ 18.9 trillion, yet exports increased by only 3.6 percent in 2018.
Table 1.2: Global Trade: Exports and Import, 2015-2018 (percentage growth)
Volume of Exports Volume of Imports
Economic Group or region 2015 2016 2017 2018 2015 2016 2017 2018
Global Level 2.6 1.3 4.6 3.0 2.9 1.2 4.8 5.4
Developed Economies 2.7 1.4 3.5 2.1 4.7 2.0 3.1 2.5
North America 0.7 0.5 4.2 4.3 6.7 0.4 4.0 5.0
Europe 3.6 1.4 3.5 1.6 4.3 3.1 2.5 1.1
Developing Economies 2.0 1.3 5.7 3.5 0.5 0.2 6.8 4.1
Africa 4.9 1.2 2.3 2.8 3.2 -4.6 0.9 0.8
Asia 1.1 1.8 6.7 3.8 2.9 2.0 8.3 5.0
Latin America & the Caribbean 2.5 2.0 2.9 0.6 -5.8 -8.7 4.6 5.2
Transition Economies -0.2 -3.0 2.1 2.7 -19.9 7.3 8.2 6.5
Source: : : WTO Secretariat World Statistics Review, 2019
1.3.2. Merchandise Trade in Africa

Merchandise trade in Africa continued to grow despite contractions in global trade in 2018. In volume terms, exports from Africa
grew by 208 percent in 2018, up from 2.3 percent in 2017 partly due to increased oil and commodity prices arising from improved
weather conditions. Crude oil prices increased slightly to US$ 64.9 per barrel but were more stable than the previous period
providing impetus for increased export volumes during the year. Growth in imports fell marginally by 0.8 percent, partly as a result
of higher commodity prices, which reduced the volumes of imports for most import dependent land locked countries. However,
Africa trade still constitutes a small percentage of global merchandise trade. Exports from Africa represented only 2.1 percent of
global merchandise exports while imports represented about 2.4 percent of global merchandise imports (WTO, 2019).

1.4. Investment Trends
1.4.1. Global Investment Trends
Global Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) fell by 13 percent in 2018 to an estimated US$ 1.3 trillion from US$ 1.47 trillion in 2017.
The decline in FDI was concentrated in developed countries where FDI inflows fell by 26 percent to an estimated US$ 556.9 billion
mainly due to large repatriations of accumulated foreign earnings by the United States multinational Enterprises (MNEs) following
tax reforms by the Trump administration. This led to a 72 percent decline in flows to Europe to about US$ 171.9 billion. The United
States experienced an 18 percent decline with FDI inflows declining to US$ 251.8 billion in 2018.
Figure 1.3: Global FDI Inflows by Region, 2015-2018 (US$ billion)

2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Global Level Developed Economies
51.5
489
1.3 trillion
-13%
738.5

Table 1.3: FDI Flows by Region, 2015-2018 (US billion and percentage)
Economic Group or region FDI Inflows FDI Outflows

2015 2016 2017 2018 2015 2016 2017 2018
Global Level 1774 1746 1518 1297 1594 1452 1220 1014
Developed Economies 984 1032 815 556.9 1173 1044 877 558.4
Europe 566 563 384 171.9 666 515 371 418.4
Developing Economies 752 646 678 706.1 389 383 462 417.6
Africa 61 59 41 45.9 18 18 13 9.8
Asia 524 443 493 511.7 339 363 411.8 401.5
Latin America & the Caribbean 165 142 155 146.7 31 1 3 6.5
Oceania 2 2 2 1.5 1 1 3 2
Transition Economies 38 68 47.5 34.2 32 25 38.4 38.2
Percentage Share in Global Flows

Developed Economies 55.5 59.1 53.7 39.8 73.6 71.9 71.9 71.4
Europe 31.9 30.5 25.3 27.5 41.8 35.5 30.4 34.8
North America 22 24.3 22.1 22.4 23.2 25.2 25.1 23.7
Developing Economies 42.4 37 44.7 48.6 24.4 26.4 37.9 26.5
Africa 3.5 3.4 2.7 4.7 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.5
Asia 29.5 25.3 32.5 31.8 21.2 25 33.8 34.7
Latin America & the Caribbean 9.3 8.1 10.2 8.6 2 0.1 0.2 0.3
Oceania 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2
Transition Economies 2.1 3.9 3.1 3 2 1.7 3.1 1.8
Source: UNCTAD, FDI/MNE Data Base, 2019
1.4.2. Africa Investment Trends

Africa has achieved one of the fastest and most sustained growth spurts in the past two decades, yet growth has not created jobs
in higher productivity sectors. Africa’s working-age population is projected to increase from 705 million in 2018 to almost 1.0
billion by 2030. The source and nature of growth also matter. Africa has the highest rate of estimated informality in the world, at
72 percent of non-agriculture employment —and as high as 90 percent in some countries. Thus, without meaningful structural
change, most of the jobs generated are likely to be in the informal sector, where productivity and wages are low and work is
insecure, making the eradication of extreme poverty by 2030 a difficult task.
The challenge is to create dynamism particularly for small firms’ chances of transitioning into medium and large firms. The
implication is that the dominance of small firms drives down aggregate productivity, particularly in the manufacturing sector, and
prevents firms from creating enough high-quality jobs for Africa’s growing labour force. Attracting large investments requires
infrastructure development, reforms to improve business environment, building the regional value chains to help firm growth. This
implies promotion of investment into industrial development to build on countries’ comparative advantage in the manufacturing
sector.
Firm productivity, and thus firm growth, is shaped by four interrelated factors: infrastructure and functioning institutions; markets;
global value chains and clusters; and direct investments. Formation of industrial zones can mitigate infrastructure constraints of
small and medium firms. African firms that engage in exporting, operate in proximity to other firms, and attracting foreign direct
investment tend to be more competitive and therefore to thrive, policy makers should identify frontier products that countries can
diversify into, as well as the capabilities needed. They should also alleviate unnecessary constraints to doing business, especially

those identified by firms as primary obstacles that are within government’s ability to deal with.Policy makers should also develop
industrial strategies in collaboration with stakeholders particularly the private sector, and focus on identifying priority issues and
creating a strong competitive environment. Countries need to clear their own paths to sustainable economic transformation.
Finally, to avoid redundancy and increase synergies between neighboring countries, regional industrial zones could be established
to reap the benefits of externalities and agglomerations and to build a critical mass of skilled labour.
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FDI inflows to Africa increased by 6 percent to US$ 45.9 billion in 2018 from US$ 41.4 billion in 2017 but the growth was
concentrated in a few economies and heavily skewed towards natural resources based FDI. Such investment to Egypt decreased
by 8.2 percent to US$ 6.8 billion in 2018 from US$ 7.4 billion in 2017. The investments were mainly in real estate, food processing
and oil and gas exploration. South Africa registered a strong FDI growth in 2018 with inflows amounting to US$ 5.4 billion up from
US$ 2.1 billion in 2017 mainly driven by FDI in mining, petroleum, food processing and ICT. FDI to oil producers like Nigeria
declined by 36 percent to US$ 2.0 billion while there was a net divestment in Angola of US$ 5.7 billion in 2018. (UNCTAD, 2019)
Despite the fall in inflows to Egypt, Inflows to North Africa rose from US$ 13.4 billion to US$ 14.3 billion in 2018 while Southern
Africa inflows from divestment of US$ 1.0 billion to FDI of US$ 4.2 billion in 2018. Western Africa, Central Africa and Eastern Africa
experienced decline in FDI of 20 percent, 6 percent and 14 percent, respectively. Implementation of the Continental Free Trade
Agreement could potentially spur FDI in greenfield projects targeting manufacturing
Figure 1.4: FDI Inflows in Africa Economies 2016 - 2018 (US billion)
60
50
40
USD billion
30
20
10
0
2016 2017 2018
North Africa West Africa Central Africa East Africa Southern Africa
Source: UNCTAD WIO, 2019
2ROSPGEěSHOR+MPROUGF+NUGSěMGNě(ĚOVSKNěO#HRKEC
While the rising growth in Africa will enhance the attractiveness of the continent to investors, structural reforms would be needed
to boost potential growth given the demographic and investment trends. The regional outlook is subject to risks and is tilted
downside. The United States and Europe with stronger than expected activity in Africa could push regional growth up due to
greater exports and increased mining and infrastructure investment but abrupt slowdown in China could generate adverse
spillovers to the Region through lower than expected commodity prices.
There are prospects for inter and intra-regional investments through the economic partnership agreements. These include the
EPAs, US-Africa investment forum and China-Africa investment forum which have encouraged stronger FDI flows amounting US$
40 billion in 2018 and should continue to grow provided the global policy environment remains supportive (UNCTAD, 2019).

PART II: TRADE AND INVESTMENT:
TRENDS AND PROSPECTS
2. CHAPTER 2: EAC MERCHANDISE TRADE
2.1. EAC Regional Merchandise Trade

A large proportion of trade between East Africa and the rest of the world consists of primary commodities although trade in
finished goods is also increasing. The key exports from the EAC in 2018 included tea, coffee, cocoa and horticultural products
although mineral ore, especially gold and diamond, constituted a sizeable percentage of the exports. The Region has experienced
increased trade with neighbouring blocs reflecting the importance of establishing transport corridors and reducing the cost of
export in order to link the Region into the global value chain trading system.
Formal trade among the EAC partner states constitutes manufactured commodities especially iron and steel as well as textiles and
chemicals. Trade in food commodities is also gaining prominence in the Region. The key food items traded among the partner
states include rice, maize, sorghum and other cereals. East Africa is heavily dependent on imports especially from China, the Far
East and Europe. The key imports include petroleum products, machinery, electronics, motors, iron and steel. Also, importation
of food stuff especially rice and wheat constituted a large proportion of the imports in 2018.
2.2. Sectoral Distribution of EAC Trade

2.2.1. Total EAC Trade Trends
The EAC Merchandise trade grew by 11.7 percent to US$ 52.4 billion in 2018 from US$ 46.9 billion in 2017. The growth in
merchandise trade resulted from the increase in the import bill for the Region while export volumes fell during the year.
Total EAC exports decreased by 4.7 percent to US$ 14.0 billion in 2018 from US$ 14.7 billion in 2017. The decline in exports was
attributed to low international prices of mainly agricultural commodities on account of higher production as a result of improved
weather conditions coupled with a drop in the export of primary minerals as a result of a fall in international demand especially
due to decline in economic growth in China and the Far East. Earnings from coffee, tea and minerals fell by more than 24 percent
during the year.
Exports to the EAC and SADC grew by 5.6 percent and 33.7 percent to US$ 3.1 billion and US$ 1.9 billion during the year,
respectively implying that Partner States exported to the EAC, COMESA and SADC than they exported to the rest of the world.
The increase in exports to COMESA excluding EAC countries could also be attributed to the increased benefits arising from the
membership to the COMESA and SADC FTAs. The main products exported by the Region included agricultural products
especially maize, sugar, rice, coffee and tea as well as manufactured goods. Outside the Africa Continent, the EU was EAC’s major
trading partner with exports to the EU increasing by 6.5 percent to US$ 2.5 billion in 2018 from US$ 2.3 billion in 2017 and
constituted about 17.5 percent of total EAC exports. Exports to the USA and the rest of the world fell by 20.6 percent and 12.7
percent, respectively during the year.
Total EAC imports grew by 19.2 percent to US$ 38.3 billion in 2018 from US$ 32.2 billion in 2017. Imports from the EU amounted
to US$ 4.3 billion and accounted for about 11.3 percent, while intra-EAC imports grew by 13.9 percent to US$ 2.8 billion in 2018
and accounted for 7.4 percent of total EAC imports. This increased growth of intra-EAC trade signified the growing importance
of intra- EAC merchandise trade. Total imports from China, India and EU in 2018 amounted to US$ 7.0 billion, US$ 3.9 billion and
US$ 3.7 billion and constituted 18.1 percent, 10.2 percent and 9.8 percent of total imports, respectively. Imports from the rest of
the world declined but still constituted 44.3 percent of total imports. The main source of imports from the rest of the world, Asia
and the middle East signify the importance of countries like China, India and UAE as trading partners. The statistics reveal that 80
percent of EAC imports are composed of petroleum products, crude palm oil, machinery and medicaments. Other imports
included textiles, wheat and rice.
Overall, the Region continued to register a trade deficit with the rest of the world in 2018 partly due to an increase in imports into
the Region. The deficit for the EAC increased by 39.4 percent to US$ 24.3 billion in 2018 from US$ 17.4 billion registered in 2017.
Given that EAC has commercially viable deposits of fossil fuels, fertile soils with conducive business environment and a budding

motor assembly industry, the EAC needs to enhance domestic production of petroleum products, edible oil, medicaments and
assembly of motor vehicles in order to reduce the trade deficit.
Top Imports as percentage of Total Imports
Petroleum Edible Oil Motors Medicaments Iron & steel

Table 1.2: Global Trade: Exports and Import, 2015-2018 (percentage growth)
Trade Flow Destination/Origin 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2015 2016 2017 2018
Total EAC Exports 19,373.4 16,819.6 16,234.5 14,727.3 14,027.9 (13.2) (3.5) (9.3) (4.7)
Intra-EAC Total Exports 3,290.1 2,823.0 2,681.4 2,977.4 3,145.1 (14.2) (5.0) 11.0 5.6
COMESA 2,669.9 2,335.5 2,416.2 1,976.7 1,548.1 (12.5) 3.5 (18.2) (21.7)
SADC 2,976.9 1,496.5 1,682.9 1,420.2 1,898.4 (49.7) 12.5 (15.6) 33.7
Rest of Africa 862.3 606.0 799.6 328.3 225.4 (29.7) 31.9 (58.9) (31.4)
EU 2,744.6 2,398.8 2,341.3 2,301.1 2,451.4 (12.6) (2.4) (1.7) 6.5
USA 660.5 521.9 667.1 755.7 599.8 (21.0) 27.8 13.3 (20.6)
Total Exports to Rest of the World 6,205.6 6,054.1 5,594.4 5,191.8 4,533.1 (2.4) (7.6) (7.2) (12.7)
Exports Intra-EAC % share to Total Exports 16.79 20.26 16.83 20.22 22.42
COMESA % share to total exports 13.78 13.89 14.88 13.42 11.04
SADC % share to total exports 15.37 8.90 10.37 9.64 13.53
Rest of Africa % share to total exports 4.45 3.60 4.93 2.23 1.61
EU % share to total exports 14.17 14.26 14.42 15.62 17.48
USA % share to total exports 3.41 3.10 4.11 5.13 4.28
Total exports to Rest of the World % 32.03 35.99 34.46 35.25 32.32
share to total exports
Total EAC Imports 35,325.1 36,632.8 26,926.9 32,165.5 38,329.4 (26.5) (26.5) 19.5 19.2
Intra-EAC Total Imports 2,535.3 2,524.4 2,181.0 2,490.6 2,835.9 (0.4) (13.6) 14.2 13.9
COMESA 1,051.4 1,038.3 1,068.9 1,535.5 1,135.9 (11.4) 2.9 43.7 (26.0)
SADC 2,199.7 2,527.8 1,648.0 2,410.3 2,104.7 (24.3) (34.8) 46.3 (12.7)
Rest of Africa 68.9 84.7 103.0 90.2 186.9 2,133.4 21.7 (12.4) 107.1
EU 5,383.3 5,287.8 4,061.1 4,138.0 4,327.6 (28.1) (23.2) 1.9 4.6
USA 2,423.3 1,794.9 868.9 921.6 942.9 (64.9) (51.6) 6.1 2.3
Imports Total Imports to Rest of the World 21,705.2 23,492.2 16,996.0 20,587.6 16,977.6 (26.1) (27.7) 21.1 (17.5)
Intra-EAC% share to Total imports 7.1 6.6 8.1 7.7 7.4
COMESA % share to total imports 3.0 2.8 4.0 4.8 3.0
SADC % share to total imports 6.2 6.9 6.1 7.5 5.5
Rest of Africa % share to total imports 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.5
EU % share to total imports 15.2 14.4 15.1 12.9 11.3
USA % share to total imports 6.9 4.9 3.2 2.9 2.5
Total imports to Rest of World % share 61.4 64.1 63.1 64.0 44.3
to total imports
2015 2016 2017 2018
Total Trade Total intra EAC Trade 5,825.4 5,347.4 4,862.3 5,467.9 5,981.1 (8.2) (9.1) 12.5 9.4
Total Trade 54,698.5 53,452.3 43,161.4 46,892.8 52,357.4 (25.4) (19.3) 8.6 11.7
EAC Trade Balance (15,951.6) (19,813.2) (10,692.4) (17,438.2) (24,301.5) (29.7) (46.0) 63.1 39.4
6RXUFH1DWLRQDO6WDWLVWLFDO2IƓFHVDQG5HYHQXH$XWKRULWLHVRI3DUWQHU6WDWHV
Notes:
(1) COMESA excludes Kenya, Uganda, Burundi and Rwanda
(2) SADC excludes Tanzania

Illustration: EAC Trade Balance 2018
60,000.0
50,000.0
40,000.0
30,000.0
20,000.0
10,000.0
-
2015 2016 2017 2018
(10,000.0)
(20,000.0)
(30,000.0) Total Exports Total Imports
2.2.2. Intra-EAC Merchandise Trade

The composition of EAC trade continued to be dominated by agricultural commodities, namely coffee, tobacco, cotton, rice, maize and
wheat flour. However, manufactured goods such as cement, petroleum, textiles, sugar, confectionery, beer, salt, fats and oils, steel and steel
products, paper, plastics and pharmaceuticals were also traded across the Region.
EAC intra-regional imports grew by 13.9 percent to US$ 2.8 billion from US$ 2.5 billion in 2017. Kenya's imports from the rest of the Region
continued the growth experienced in the past year. Imports into Kenya grew by 14.7 percent to US$ 676.5 million. The increase was, to a
large extent, driven by higher imports from Uganda and Tanzania. Imports from Uganda were mainly milk, dry beans and raw materials for
the preparation of animal feeds. Imports from Tanzania mainly consisted of paper and paperboard, and ceramic products. Uganda’s imports
from the Region grew by 40.8 percent to US$ 796.3 while Rwanda’s imports also grew by 14.7 to US$ 549.1 million in 2018. Kenya was
Uganda’s main intra-regional trading partner and imports mainly included petroleum products, cement, iron and steel and pharmaceutical
products. Rwanda’s intra-regional imports were dominated by imports from Uganda and Kenya mainly composed of salt, fats, cereals, soaps,
iron and steel, plastics and paper. Tanzania’s intra-EAC imports increased by 24.5 percent to US$ 302.7 million in 2018 from US$ 243.2 million
in 2017. Tanzania’s key imports from the EAC partners included pharmaceuticals products, soaps, plastic items and other consumer goods.
Burundi and South Sudan’s imports from the EAC fell by 11.1 percent and 18.5 percent, respectively in 2018. Burundi main EAC trading
partner was Tanzania and imports mainly consisted of chemical fertilizers, cement and textile articles. South Sudan’s main trading partners
were Kenya and Uganda and imports mainly consisted ofmaize, sugar and manufactured commodities.

Illustration: EAC Trade Balance 2018
Intra EAC Imports 2014-2018 USD Mns

900.0
800.0
700.0
600.0
500.0
400.0
300.0
200.0
100.0
-
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Uganda Tanzania Kenya
Intra-regional exports grew by 5.6 percent to US$ 3.2 billion in 2018 from US$ 2.9 billion in 2017. Noticeably, exports from all
Partner States grew with the exception of South Sudan during the year. Burundi experienced the highest growth in exports during
the year. Exports grew by 44.3 percent to US$ 16.6 million in 2018 from US$ 11.5 million in 2017. Exports from Uganda, Tanzania
and Rwanda grew by 11.4 percent, 9.5 percent and 6 percent, respectively during the year. Exports from Kenya to the other
Partner States experienced a modest growth of 0.1 percent in 2018. This could be attributed to declining export of manufactured
commodities as a result of corresponding industrial development in the other Partner States. The growth in intra-regional trade
was attributed to favourable weather conditions over the year. This led to increased production of agricultural commodities hence
higher exports that are traded among the Partner States especially maize, rice and dairy products; Elimination of Non-Tariff Barriers
(NTBs), as well as increased intra-EAC trade in intermediate products like cold rolled iron and clinker.

Table 2.2: Total intra-EAC Trade, 2014-2018 (US$ million and percentage change)
Percentage Change
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2015 2016 2017 2018
Imports Uganda 684.6 630.2 530.0 565.5 796.3 -8.0 -15.9 6.7 40.8
Tanzania 709.8 278.6 298.8 243.2 302.7 -60.7 7.2 -18.6 24.5
Kenya 416.9 407.8 324.4 589.8 676.5 -2.2 -20.5 81.8 14.7
Burundi 169.1 151.1 157.2 151.0 134.3 -10.7 4.0 -3.9 -11.1
Rwanda 511.0 474.1 439.8 478.6 549.1 -7.2 -7.2 8.8 14.7
South Sudan 462.5 377.0 -18.5
Total 2,491.4 1,941.8 1,750.2 2,490.6 2,835.9 -22.1 -9.9 42.3 13.9
Exports Uganda 642.2 771.6 711.0 1,126.3 1254.5 20.1 -7.9 58.4 11.4
Tanzania 779.5 995.2 552.5 464.5 508.6 27.7 -44.5 -15.9 9.5
Kenya 1,430.8 1,285.9 1,199.0 1,272.5 1273.8 -10.1 -6.8 6.1 0.1
Burundi 15.7 14.8 12.3 11.5 16.6 -5.7 -16.9 -6.5 44.3
Rwanda 352.4 118.8 156.6 84.6 89.7 -66.3 31.8 -46.0 6.0
South Sudan 17.9 2.0 -88.8
Total 3,220.7 3,186.3 2,631.4 2,977.4 3,145.2 -1.1 -17.4 13.1 5.6
Total EAC Uganda 1,326.9 1,401.8 1,241.4 1,691.8 2,050.7 5.6 -11.4 36.3 21.2
Trade value Tanzania 1,489.3 1,273.8 851.3 707.7 811.3 -14.5 -33.2 -16.9 14.6
Kenya 1,847.7 1,693.7 1,523.4 1,862.3 1,950.3 -8.3 -10.1 22.3 4.7
Burundi 184.8 165.9 169.5 162.5 150.9 -10.2 2.2 -4.1 -7.1
Rwanda 863.4 593.0 596.4 563.2 638.8 -31.3 0.6 -5.6 13.4
South Sudan 480.4 379.0
Total 5,712.1 5,128.1 4,382.0 5,467.9 5,981.1 -10.2 -14.6 24.8 9.4
6RXUFH3DUWQHU6WDWHV5HYHQXH$XWKRULWLHV&HQWUDO%DQNVDQG1DWLRQDO6WDWLVWLFV2IƓFHV
Figure 2.1: Total Intra-EAC Imports, 2014-2018 (US$ million)
2,500.0
2,000.0
1,500.0
US$ Million
1,000.0
500.0
-
7
4
8
1
1
1
20
20
20
20
20
Uganda Tanzania Kenya
6RXUFH3DUWQHU6WDWHV5HYHQXH$XWKRULWLHV&HQWUDO%DQNVDQG1DWLRQDO6WDWLVLWFV2IƓFHV

Illustration: Intra-EAC Exports 2014-2018
Intra-EAC Exports 2014-2018 USD Mns

1,600.0
1,400.0
1,200.0
1,000.0
800.0
600.0
400.0
200.0
-
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
%OTNěRX5PGEKĂE6RCFG6RGNFS
2.3.1. Burundi
Burundi’s total trade increased by 7.5 percent to US$ 973.7 million in 2018, from US$ 905.5 million recorded in 2017 as a result
of growth in both exports and imports during the year. Exports from Burundi increased by 20.5 percent to US$ 180.2 million in
2018 from US$ 149.5 million in 2017. At the same time, imports increased by 5.0 percent to US$ million 793.5 in 2018 from US$
756.0 million in 2017.
In 2018, Burundi's key trading partners were the EAC, European Union, United Arab Emirates and China. Total trade with the
EAC amounted to US$ 150.9 million in 2018 down from US$ 162.6 million in 2017 and accounted for 15.5 percent of total trade.
Burundi’s imports from the EAC were dominated by maize and cement from Tanzania while exports to EAC were especially
coffee exported to Kenya and Uganda.
Trade with European Union amounted to US$ 143.9 million and accounted for 14.8 percent of total trade while trade with United
Arab Emirates amounted to US$ 131.2 million, about 13.5 percent of total trade over the year 2018. Other notable trade partners
in 2018 included the COMESA Member States. Overall, Burundi’s trade balance remains in deficit. During the period under
review, deficit deteriorated by 1.1 percent to US$ 613.3 million in 2018 from US$ 606.5 in 2017.

Figure 2.2: Burundi’s Imports/ Exports and Trade Balance, 2014-2018 (US$ million)
1,000
800
600
400
US$ million
200
-200
-400
-600
-800
Imports
6RXUFH%XUXQGL1DWLRQDO%XUHDXRI6WDWLVWLFV
Imports
Burundi’s imports in 2018 increased by 5.0 percent, to US$ 793.5million from US$ 756.0 million recorded in 2017. The rise
mainly resulted from the increase in cement imports which increased by 48.6 percent, petroleum oils imports grew by 21.7
percent, while mineral or chemical fertilizers and products of iron or steel grew by 15.0 percent and 5.3 percent, respectively.
In 2018, Burundi’s imports were mainly from EAC, EU, India and China. Imports from EAC amounted to US$ 150.9 million and
accounted for 15.5 percent of total imports, while imports from EU amounted to US$ 143.9 million and accounted for 14.8
percent of total imports. Imports from the United Arab Emirates and China accounted for 13.5 percent and 11.1 percent of
Burundi’s total imports, respectively. Most of the imports originated from EU and consisted especially of medicaments while
imports from EAC mainly included products of iron or non-alloy steel, cement and maize.
Illustration: Burundi Key Imports
Petrolium Medicaments Fertilizer Motors

Figure 2.3: Burundi's Imports by Country/ Region of Origin, 2017-2018
250
200
150
100
50
-
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da
n
fA pa eW
an
st
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Domestic Exports
Overall domestic export earnings increased by 14.5 percent to US$ 165.5 million in 2018 from US$ 144.6 million in 2017. The
increase was mainly attributed to the improvement in the volume of coffee and tea exports which increased by 31.5 percent and
2.9 percent, respectively. The increase in the volume of coffee exports is associated with cyclicity phenomenon while the
improvement in the volume of tea is attributed to weather conditions, among others, the abundance of rains in 2018. During the
year, the UAE was the biggest exports destination for Burundi, accounting for 36.7 percent of total domestic exports. Other
notable export destinations outside the EAC included COMESA and the EU, with exports accounting for 16.4 percent and 16.3
percent, respectively.
Figure 2.4: Burundi’s Exports by Country /Region of Destination, 2017-2018
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
-
ca rld
fri o
da
n
of
A pa W
an
st Ja the
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R

Re-Exports
Burundi’s re-exports in 2018 increased to US$ 14.7 million from US$ 4.9 million in 2017. The share of re-exports to total exports increased to 8.1
percent compared to 3.3 percent in 2017. The goods that were re-exported included mainly petroleum oils re-exported to Democratic Republic of
Congo and kerosene. Note that data on kerosene re-exports have been collected since 2018. Re-exports included also equipment for photographic
and motor cars and other motor vehicles for the transport of persons re-exported respectively to Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Figure 2.5: Burundi's Re-Exports Share of Total Exports 2014-2018 (percent)
9
8 8.1
7
6
5 4.5 3.3
3.9
4
2.1
3
2
1
0
17
14
15
16
18
20
20
20
20
20
% share
Burundi's Intra-Regional Trade

Burundi’s trade with EAC Partner States declined by 7.1 percent to US$ 150.9 million in 2018 from US$ 162.6 million in 2017. The decline in intra-EAC
trade was a result of a fall in the volume of imports mainly with regard to medicaments and petroleum oils.
Intra-Regional Exports
In 2018, Uganda and Rwanda were the main destinations of Burundi’s exports accounting for 36.1 percent and 22.7 percent of total intra-EAC
domestic exports, respectively. The key commodities exported included coffee and soap. Burundi’s exports to Partner States increased by 43.6
percent to US$ 16.6 million in 2018 from US$ 11.5 million in 2017. The rise in exports was largely attributed to the increase in both volume and value
of coffee exported to Uganda.
Table 2.3: Burundi: Intra-EAC Exports, 2014-2018 (US$ million)
Intra-EAC exports flows 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Intra-EAC domestic exports 13.6 13.6 9.9 9.5 10.3
Intra-EAC re-exports 2.0 1.2 2.4 2.1 6.3
Total Intra-EAC exports 15.7 14.8 12.3 11.5 16.6
Percent share of intra-re-exports 12.8 8.1 19.5 18.1 38.1

Intra-Regional Re-Exports
In 2018, Burundi’s re-exports to EAC Partner States increased to US$ 6.3 million in 2018, compared to US$ 2.1 million registered
in 2017. During the period, re-exports accounted for 38.1 percent of Burundi’s total exports to EAC Partner States.
Intra-Regional Imports
Burundi’s imports from EAC Partner States decreased by 11.0 percent to US$ 134.3 million in 2018, from US$ 151.0 million in
2017. This was attributed to the fall in trade with all Partner States by 37.9 percent for Rwanda, 15.2 for Tanzania, 7.8 percent for
Kenya and 3.9 percent for Uganda, respectively. Tanzania remains the main source of intra-EAC imports, accounting for 37.1
percent of total imports. During 2018, the main imports from Tanzania included cement and maize.
Intra-Regional Trade Balance

Burundi’s total trade with other EAC Partner States in 2018 decreased by 11.0 percent to US$ 150.9 million, from US$ 162.6 million
recorded in 2017. Thus, Burundi's trade balance with EAC remained in deficit. The Intra- EAC trade balance deficit reduced to US$
117.8 million in 2018, from US$ 139.5 million in 2017. While exports increased in 2018, the intra-regional trade balance remains in
deficit because the volume of imports is very high compared to export’s volume.
Figure 2.6: Burundi’s Trade with EAC Partner States, 2014-2018 (US$ million)
200
150
100
50
- 50
-100
-150
-200
Imports Exports Trade balance

Table 2.4: Burundi's Trade with EAC Partner States, 2014-2018, (US$ million)
Percentage Change
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
2015 2016 2017 2018
IKenya Imports 54.4 48.0 47.8 42.5 39.2 (11.7) (0.5) (10.9) (7.8)
Exports 1.2 2.4 2.5 3.6 4.2 99.4 2.7 47.2 15.7
Total trade 55.6 50.4 50.2 46.2 43.4 (9.3) (0.3) (8.1) (5.9)
Trade Balance -53.2 -45.6 -45.3 -38.9 -35.0 (14.3) (0.6) (14.1) (10.0)
Rwanda Imports 10.2 7.8 12.6 7.3 4.5 (24.1) 61.8 (41.8) (37.9)
Exports 7.6 5.9 5.2 2.4 5.4 (21.8) (12.8) (52.8) 122.6
Total trade 17.8 13.7 17.8 9.8 10.0 (23.1) 29.5 (45.0) 2.3
Trade Balance -2.7 -1.8 -7.4 -4.9 0.9 (30.8) 302.3 (34.1) (118.3)
Uganda Imports 36.5 41.3 45.3 42.4 40.8 13.3 9.6 (6.4) (3.9)
Exports 3.8 4.2 3.5 4.2 4.4 9.5 (16.1) 19.0 6.1
Total trade 40.3 45.5 48.8 46.6 45.2 13.0 7.2 (4.6) (3.0)
Trade Balance -32.7 -37.2 -41.8 -38.2 -36.3 13.8 12.5 (8.5) (5.0)
Tanzania Imports 67.0 54.0 51.6 58.8 49.8 (19.5) (4.5) 14.0 (15.2)
Exports 3.0 2.3 1.1 1.3 2.5 (24.4) (50.4) 13.8 93.7
Total trade 70.1 56.3 52.7 60.1 52.3 (19.7) (6.4) 14.0 (12.9)
Trade Balance -64.0 -51.7 -50.4 -57.5 -47.3 (19.2) (2.5) 14.0 (17.7)
Iintra-EAC** Imports 168.1 151.1 157.2 151.0 134.3 (10.1) 4.0 (3.9) (11.0)
Exports 15.7 14.8 12.3 11.5 16.6 (5.3) (17.1) (6.0) 43.6
Total trade 183.8 165.9 169.5 162.6 150.9 (9.7) 2.2 (4.1) (7.1)
Trade Balance -152.5 -136.3 -144.9 -139.5 -117.8 (10.6) 6.3 (3.8) (15.6)
2.3.2. Kenya
Kenya’s International Trade
Kenya’s total trade increased by 4.4 percent to US$ 23.4 billion in 2018 from US$ 22.4 billion in 2017. The increase in total trade was attributed
to the increase in both imports and exports during the year. China, EU, India, EAC and COMESA remained Kenya’s leading trading partners,
during the review period. Kenya’s total trade with COMESA during the year decreased by 4.7 percent to US$ 1.2 billion in 2018 from US$ 1.3
billion in 2017. At the same time, trade with EAC increased by 4.7 percent to US$ 1.9 billion in 2018 from US$ 1.8 billion in 2017. This signifies
increasing trade with EAC partners compared to trade with other integration blocs. Kenya’s total import bill rose by 4.1 percent from US$ 16.7
billion in 2017 to US$ 17.4 billion in 2018. Total export earnings rose by 5.3 percent from US$ 5.7 billion in 2017 to 6.1 billion in 2018. The
continued increase in imports relative to total exports resulted to worsening of the trade deficit from US$ 10.9 billion in 2017 to 11.3 billion in
2018.

Figure 2.7: Kenya's Total Exports, Imports and Trade Balance, 2014-2018 (US$ million)
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
-5,000
-10,000
-15,000
6RXUFH.5$.1%6 &%.
Imports
Kenya’s total import bill rose by 4.1 percent to US$ 17.4 billion in 2018, mainly on account of increased value of imports of
petroleum products and industrial machinery. The leading sources of Kenya’s imports were China, European Union, India and the
United Arab Emirates, jointly accounting for 52.4 percent of the total imports in 2018. Imports from Japan constituted 5.7 per cent
total imports in 2018, compared to 4.7 percent in 2017. The increase in the share of imports from Japan was on account of
increased importation of transport machinery and road motor vehicles. Imports from EU grew by 9.0 percent to US$ 2.2 billion in
2018 from US$ 2.0 billion in 2017 while imports from EAC and India also grew by 14.7 percent and 11.0 percent to US$676.5
million and US$ 1.8 billion in 2018, respectively.
Illustration: Kenya Key Imports
Petroleum Palm Oils Sugar Motors Medicaments

Figure 2.8: Kenya’s Imports by Country/Region of Origin, 2017-2018 (percent share)
30.0
25.0
20.0
2017
2018
15.0
10.0
5.0
-
ld a AS a a E n
or EU D
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Domestic Exports
Kenya’s domestic exports increased by 4.2 percent from US$ 5.1 billion in 2017 to US$ 5.3 billion in 2018. The leading exports were tea,
horticulture, articles of apparel and clothing accessories; coffee, titanium ores and concentrates, collectively accounting for 62.0 percent of
the total domestic export earnings. The main export destinations continued to be EAC Partner States, which accounted for 19.5 percent of
the total domestic exports. The European Union accounted for 15.5 percent of the total domestic exports, the USA, accounted for 8.7 percent
of the total domestic exports, and COMESA, accounted for 8.1 percent of the total domestic exports. Kenya’s earnings from domestic exports
to EU, Japan and UAE grew by 7.4 percent, 15.0 percent and 11.5 percent to US$ 826.5 million, US$ 50.1 million and US$ 228.2 million in 2018,
respectively. However, Kenya experienced a fall in exports to South Sudan with exports declining by 18.7 percent to US$ 96.9 million in 2018
from US$119.2 million in 2017, as a result of continued civil strife in the country.
Figure 2.9: Kenya’s Domestic Exports by Destination, 2017-2018 (percent share)
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
-
ld AC EU A a C AS da A UK ni
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di
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or ES ric D
an US za UA nd in un pa
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ft T
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2017 2018
6RXUFH.5$.1%6 &%.

Re-exports
Kenya’s re-exports increased by 14.9 percent to US$ 705.5 million in 2018 from US$ 614.2 million in 2017. Re-exports accounted
for 11.7 percent of the total exports, as presented in 2018. The increase was mainly attributed to re-exports of petroleum products
which grew by 11.2 per cent, and constituted 48.2 percent of total re-exports in 2018.
Figure 2:10 Kenya-Re-export as Percent of Total Exports, 2014-2018 (percentage)
16.0
14.3 14.0
14.0
12.3
VKDUHWRWRWDOH[SRUWV
12.0 11.7
10.7
10.0
8.0
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Kenya's Intra-Regional Trade

Kenya’s total exports to EAC Partner States increased marginally from US$ 1,272.5 million in 2017 to US$ 1,273.8 million in 2018.
Domestic exports to the EAC Partner States increased by 3.8 percent to US$ 1,044.3 million in 2018. During the same period,
domestic exports to Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda and Tanzania respectivelyincreased by 4.2 percent, 5.2 percent, 8.6 percent and
11.7 percent. This amounted to US$ 503.5 million, US$ 49.1 million, US$ 149.3 million and US$ 245.4 million, respectively.
Consequently, domestic exports to the EAC as a share of total exports, increased from 16.6 percent to 17.3 percent over the same
period. In 2018, domestic exports to Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, South Sudan and Burundi accounted for 39.5 percent, 19.3
percent, 11.7 percent, 7.6 percent and 3.9 percent of Kenya’s total intra-EAC exports, respectively. However, domestic exports to
South Sudan declined by 18.7 percent to US$ 96.9 million, during the review period.
Intra-EAC Re-Exports
During the review period, Kenya’s intra-EAC re-exports decreased by 13.8 percent to US$ 229.5 million in 2018 from US$ 226.1
million in 2017. Similarly, the share of re-exports to total exports to the EAC countries decreased to 18.0 percent in 2018 compared
to 20.9 percent in 2017. Re-exports were mainly destined to Uganda and Tanzania, accounting for 46.8 percent and 21.0 percent
of the total intra-EAC re-exports, respectively. The main re-exports to Uganda were palm oil, mineral fuels, sorghum and tractors,
while those to Tanzania were dried leguminous vegetables, tractors and mineral fuel.

Figure 2:10 Kenya-Re-export as Percent of Total Exports, 2014-2018 (percentage)
Intra-EAC Export Flows 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Imports Intra-EAC Domestic Exports 1,143.4 1,070.2 948.5 1,006.4 1,044.3
Intra-EAC Re-exports 287.4 215.7 250.5 266.1 229.5
Total Intra-EAC Exports 1,430.8 1,285.9 1,199.0 1,272.5 1,273.8
Percent Share of Intra-Re-exports 20.1 16.8 20.9 20.9 18.0
6RXUFH.5$.1%6 &%.
Intra-regional imports
In 2018, Kenya’s imports from EAC Partner States increased by 14.7 percent from US$ 589.8 million in 2017 to US$ 676.5 million.
The increase may partly be attributable to 20.1 percent and 5.9 percent increases in imports from Uganda and Tanzania, to US$
488.1 million and US$ 175.9 million, respectively, over the same period. The main imports from Uganda remained as;
unmanufactured tobacco, cane or beet sugar, leguminous vegetables, maize/ corn and milk, while those from Tanzania were
uncoated Kraft paper and paperboard as well as maize and unglazed ceramic flags.
Table 2.6: Kenya’s Trade with EAC Partner States, 2014-2018 (US$ million)
% Change
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
2015 2016 2017 2018
IBurundi Imports 0.3 2.3 0.7 0.6 0.7 577.3 -70.3 -14.6 16.3
Exports 89.3 66.9 71.3 71.4 65.1 -25.1 6.7 0.1 -8.8
Total Trade 89.6 69.2 72.0 72.0 65.8 -22.8 4.1 -0.1 -8.6
Trade Balance 88.9 64.6 70.7 70.8 64.4 -27.3 9.4 0.2 -9.0
Rwanda Imports 8.1 8.0 7.6 16.3 11.7 -1.6 -4.7 113.3 -28.1
Exports 164.2 182.1 172.4 165.6 176.1 10.8 -5.3 -4.0 6.4
Total Trade 172.4 190.1 180.0 181.9 187.9 10.3 -5.3 1.0 3.3
Trade Balance 156.1 174.0 164.8 149.3 164.4 11.5 -5.3 -9.4 10.1
Uganda Imports 199.6 226.0 189.9 406.5 488.1 13.2 -16.0 114.1 20.1
Exports 691.3 695.5 612.4 597.8 610.9 0.6 -11.9 -2.4 2.2
Total Trade 890.9 921.5 802.3 1,004.3 1,098.9 3.4 -12.9 25.2 9.4
Trade Balance 491.7 469.5 422.5 191.2 122.8 -4.5 -10.0 -54.7 -35.8
Tanzania Imports 208.9 171.5 126.2 166.1 175.9 -17.9 -26.4 31.7 5.9
Exports 485.9 341.4 342.8 275.8 293.7 -29.7 0.4 -19.5 6.5
Total Trade 694.8 512.9 469.0 441.9 469.6 -26.2 -8.6 -5.8 6.3
Trade Balance 277.1 170.0 216.6 109.7 117.8 -38.7 27.5 -49.4 7.4
South Sudan Imports 0.2 0.2 -33.9
Exports 162.0 128.0 -21.0
Total Trade 162.2 128.1 -21.0
Trade Balance 161.8 127.8 -21.0
Intra-EAC Imports 416.9 407.8 324.4 589.8 676.5 -2.2 -20.5 81.8 14.7
Exports 1,430.8 1,285.9 1,199.0 1,272.5 1,273.8 -10.1 -6.8 6.1 0.1
Total Trade 1,847.7 1,693.7 1,523.4 1,862.3 1,950.3 -8.3 -10.1 22.3 4.7
Trade Balance 1,013.8 878.1 874.6 682.8 597.3 -13.4 -0.4 -21.9 -12.5
6RXUFH.5$.1%6 &%.

Trade Balance
Kenya’s total trade with EAC Partner States increased by 4.7 percent to US$ 1,950.3 million in 2018 from US$ 1,862.3 million in
2017, mainly on account of increased total trade to Uganda, Tanzania and Rwanda. However, Kenya’s trade surplus with EAC
Partner States declined by 12.5 percent from US$ 682.8 million in 2017 to US$ 597.3 million in 2018.
Figure 2:11 Kenya's Trade with EAC Partner States, 2014-2018 (US$ million)
1,600.0
1,400.0
1,200.0
1,000.0
USD Million
800.0
600.0
400.0
200.0
0.0
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2.3.3. Rwanda
Rwanda's International Trade
Rwanda's Total external trade increased by 2.5 percent to US$ 3.9 billion in 2018 from US$ 3.8 billion in 2017. Total trade with
the EU grew by 6.9 percent to US$ 479.4 million fromUS$ 448.7 million in 2017. Total trade to UAE, USA and Japan declined by
22.7 percent, 14.1 percent and 28.4 percent to US$ 460.6 million, US$ 75.9 million and US$ 67.4 million, respectively in 2018.
Conversely, total trade with the EAC grew by 13.4 percent to US$ 638.7 million in 2018 signifying the growing importance of the
EAC as a major trading partner.
Exports during the year increased by 7.3 percent to US$ 1018.8 million and accounted for 25.5 percent of total trade, while
imports amounted to US$ 3.0 billion, 74.5 percent of total trade in 2018. China, EU, the United Arab Emirates, Uganda and India
were Rwanda's main trading partners. Total trade with China, EU, the United Arab Emirates, Uganda and India amounted to US$
562.4 million, US$ 479.4 million, US$ 460.6 million, US$ 293.7 million and US$ 285.2 million, respectively. In 2018, trade with EU,
Uganda and China increased while trade with the United Arab Emirates and India decreased.
Overall, the trade deficit decreased by 2.1 percent to US$ 1.9 billion in 2018, from US$ 2.0 billion in 2017. This decrease in the
trade deficit was attributed to a slight increase of 0.9 percent in imports and a higher increase in exports of 7.3 percent in 2018.

Figure 2.10: Rwanda-Total Exports, Imports and Trade Balance, 2014-2018 (US$ million)
4,000.0
3,000.0
2,000.0
US$ million
1,000.0
(1,000.0)
(2,000.0)
(3,000.0)
6RXUFH1,65
Imports
Rwanda’s imports increased by 0.9 percent to US$ 3.0 billion in 2018, from US$ 2.9 billion in 2017. Rwanda’s imports in 2018
were dominated by petroleum products, electrical machinery, nuclear reactors, cereals and vehicles. The main sources of
Rwanda’s imports were China, EU, United Arab Emirates, India and Uganda which contributed 44.2 percent of the total imports.
Imports from China, EU and Uganda increased in 2018, while imports from the UAE and India decreased. Imports from China
increased by 7.7 percent to US$ 552.9 million in 2018, from US$ 513.2 in 2017. Similarly, imports from EU and Uganda increased
by 8.3 percent and 15.5 percent, respectively. The key imports into Rwanda in 2018 included petroleum products, motors,
edible oils, electronics and medicaments which amounted to US$ 456.7 million, US# 90.9 million, US$ 92.4 million, US$ 98.3
million and US$ 90.0 million, respectively . The trend of imports highlights the Regions’ increasing dependence on importation
of fossil fuels, motors, medicaments and edible oils.
Illustration
Rwanda
Petrolium Medicaments Cereals Motors

Figure 2.11: Rwanda's Imports by Country/Region of Origin, 2017-2018 (Percent Shares)
0.25
0.20
2017
0.15
2018
0.10
0.05
6RXUFH 1,65
Exports
Rwanda’s exports increased by 1.4 percent to US$ 691.1 million in 2018, from US$ 681.5 million in 2017. The key export
destinations were COMESA, SADC, the United Arab Emirates, EU and EAC that accounted for 34.5 percent, 33.3 percent 15.3
percent, 9.4 percent and 8.8 percent of total exports, respectively. The main exports include coffee, tea, ores, products of the
milling industry and edible vegetables. Coffee and tea exports amounted to US$ 152.0 million while exports of ores, milled
products and animal feed amounted to US$ 124.1 million, US$ 25.8 million and US$ 21.9 million, respectively in 2018.
Figure 2.12: Rwanda Exports by Destination, 2017-2018 (millions US$)
400.0
350.0
300.0
Million USD
250.0
200.0
150.0
100.0
50.0
-
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ia
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AC
AS
DC
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EU
do ed
W
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nz
Re
O
Ug
Bu
ta
CO
Ta
EC
h
w
To
ut
o/
So
2017 2018
6RXUFH 1,65

Re-Exports
The share of Rwanda’s re-exports to total exports increased by 3.9 percentage point in 2018. The value of re-exports went up by
22.2 percent to US$ 327.6 million in 2018, from US$ 268.1 million in 2017. The main re-exports products included mineral fuels,
animal or vegetable fats and cereals.
Figure 2.13: Share of Rwanda's Re-Exports to Total Exports, 2014- 2018
35.00
33.33
32.6
30.00
28.46 28.23
26.27
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
14 15 16 17 18
20 20 20 20 20
6RXUFH1,65
Rwanda's Intra-Regional Trade
Domestic exports to EAC Partner States increased by 17.2 percent to US$ 73.5 million in 2018, from USS 62.7 million in 2017.
Domestic Exports to Uganda increased by 30.4 percent to US$ 41.0 million in 2018 from US$ 36.1 million in 2017. Exports to Kenya
decreased by 41.25 percent to US$ 11.20 million in 2018 from US$ 19.2 million in 2017. Exports to Burundi registered an increase of
133.7 percent to US$ 11.2 million in 2017 from US$ 4.8 million in 2017. Exports to Tanzania decreased at 7.9 percent to US$ 1.9
million in 2018 from US$ 2.0 million in 2017. Exports to South Sudan increased at 252.5 percent to US$ 2.2 million in 2018 from US$
0.6 million in 2017.
Table 2.7: Rwanda Intra-EAC Exports, 2014-2018 (US$ million)
Intra-EAC exports flows 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Intra-EAC domestic exports 95.3 119.4 114.6 62.7 73.5
Intra-EAC re-exports 20.9 19.8 32.9 21.9 16.2
Total Intra-EAC exports 116.1 139.3 147.5 84.6 89.7
Percent share of intra-re-exports 18.0 14.2 22.3 25.9 18.1
6RXUFH55$DQG1,65

Intra EAC Re-Exports
Rwanda’s re-exports to the EAC Partner States decreased by 26.1 percent to US$ 16.2 million in 2018, from US$ 21.9 million in
2017. The main re-exports to the EAC region comprised mineral fuels; vehicles; preparation of cereals flour, starch and milk. Also
nuclear reactors; other made up textile articles; sugarand sugar confectionary; animal or vegetable fats; essential oils and
perfumery; edible preparations and furniture, bedding, and mattresses.
Rwanda’s imports from EAC Partner States increased by 14.7 percent to US$ 549.1 million in 2018, from US$ 478.6 million in 2017.
Rwanda's imports from EAC Partner States were dominated by imports from Uganda with a share of 44.4 percent, followed by
Kenya with 29.9 percent. The main imports from Uganda included cereals, cement, fats, soaps and iron and steel, fish edible
vegetables, milling industry products, iron and steel articles, and beverages.Main imports from Kenya were salt, plastic articles,
iron and steel, fats, soap, footwear, paper, sugars, pharmaceutical products, electrical machinery and fats.
Trade Balance
In 2018, Rwanda’s total trade with EAC increased by 13.4 percent to US$ 638.8 million in 2018, from US$ 563.2 million in 2017.
Uganda was Rwanda’s main trading partner in 2018 with 46.0 percent, followed by Kenya with 27.6 percent, Tanzania with 21.4
percent, Burundi with 4.5 percent and South Sudan with 0.5 percent. The country’s trade balance with the EAC showed a deficit
of US$ 459.4 million in 2018, greater than a deficit of US$ 393.9 million recorded in 2017.
Figure 2.14: Rwanda Trade with EAC Partner States, 2014-2018 (US$ million)
200
150
100
US$ millions
50
- 50
-100
-150
6RXUFH1,65

Table 2.4: Burundi's Trade with EAC Partner States, 2014-2018, (US$ million)
Percentage Change
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
2015 2016 2017 2018
Burundi Imports 6.9 8.8 5.5 3.0 6.5 27.2 -37.3 -46.1 118.3
Exports 19.3 17.2 36.2 22.2 22.5 -10.5 110. -38.6 1.4
Total trade 25.4 26.0 41.7 25.2 29.0 2.4 60.3 -39.6 15.2
Trade Balance 13.1 8.4 30.7 19.3 16.0 -35.5 263.7 -37.3 -16.7
Kenya Imports 191.1 159.4 160.2 158.5 164.3 -16.6 o.5 -1.0 3.6
Exports 103.7
Total trade
Trade Balance
South Imports 10.2 7.8 12.6 7.3 4.5 (24.1) 61.8 (41.8) (37.9)
Sudan Exports 7.6 5.9 5.2 2.4 5.4 (21.8) (12.8) (52.8) 122.6
Total trade 17.8 13.7 17.8 9.8 10.0 (23.1) 29.5 (45.0) 2.3
Trade Balance -2.7 -1.8 -7.4 -4.9 0.9 (30.8) 302.3 (34.1) (118.3)
Tanzania Imports 36.5 41.3 45.3 42.4 40.8 13.3 9.6 (6.4) (3.9)
Exports 3.8 4.2 3.5 4.2 4.4 9.5 (16.1) 19.0 6.1
Total trade 40.3 45.5 48.8 46.6 45.2 13.0 7.2 (4.6) (3.0)
Trade Balance -32.7 -37.2 -41.8 -38.2 -36.3 13.8 12.5 (8.5) (5.0)
Uganda Imports 67.0 54.0 51.6 58.8 49.8 (19.5) (4.5) 14.0 (15.2)
Exports 3.0 2.3 1.1 1.3 2.5 (24.4) (50.4) 13.8 93.7
Total trade 70.1 56.3 52.7 60.1 52.3 (19.7) (6.4) 14.0 (12.9)
Trade Balance -64.0 -51.7 -50.4 -57.5 -47.3 (19.2) (2.5) 14.0 (17.7)
Iintra-EAC Imports 168.1 151.1 157.2 151.0 134.3 (10.1) 4.0 (3.9) (11.0)
Exports 15.7 14.8 12.3 11.5 16.6 (5.3) (17.1) (6.0) 43.6
Total trade 183.8 165.9 169.5 162.6 150.9 (9.7) 2.2 (4.1) (7.1)
Trade Balance -152.5 -136.3 -144.9 -139.5 -117.8 (10.6) 6.3 (3.8) (15.6)
Rwanda's Informal Cross-Border Trade
Total informal cross-border trade in Rwanda increased by 20.2 percent to US$ 145.4 million in 2018 from US$ 121 million in 2017
and amounted to about 3.6 percent of formal trade in 2018, from 3.1 percent in 2017. Informal cross-border imports decreased
by 10 percent to US$ 20.3 million in 2018, down from US$ 22.5 million in 2017.
Table 2.9: Rwanda Informal Cross-Border Exports 2014-2018 (US$ million)
6RXUFH1,65

2.3.4. Republic of South Sudan
South Sudan International Trade
South Sudan total trade increased by over 19.5 percent to US$ 678.4 million in 2018 from US$ 567.7 million in 2017. The main
trading partners were the EAC, EU, UAE and China with total trade amounting to US$ 137.5 million, 43.1 million, US$ 49.2 million
and US$ 18.3 million, respectively in 2018. Overall, the trade deficit increased by 67.7 percent to US$ 672.0 million in 2018 from
US$ 400.8 million in 2017.
Figure 2.15: South Sudan's Total Exports, Imports and Trade Balance, 2015-2018
6RXUFH661%666,$&XVWRPVVHUYLFH
Imports
South Sudan imports in 2018 increased by 3.64 percent to US$ 3,071.70 million, from US$ 2,963.80 million in 2017. The total share
of South Sudan imports originating from the EAC decreased by 18.50 percent to US$ 376.9 million in 2018, from 15.1 percent to
(US$462.5) in 2017. Other imports originated from Kenya, EU,China, Rwanda and USA, the main import partners in 2018, with
imports amounting to US$ 267.7 million, US$ 43.10 million,US$ 40.10 million, US$ 4.3 million and US$ 3.40 million ,respectively.
The bulk of the imports comprised maize, wheat, cement, electronics, machineries and raw materials for the petro-chemical
industry.

Illustration: South Sudan Key Imports: 2018
Figure 2.16 : South Sudan's Imports by Country/Region of Origin (percentage shares)
6RXUFH&RPWUDGHDQG661%6
Exports:
South Sudan’s exports decreased by 96.2 percent to US$ 3.2 million in 2018, from US$ 83.5 million in 2017. The major exports
comprised gum Arabic, teak logs, beams animal products, aluminium waste and cast iron. The EAC and India were South Sudan’s
main export destinations amounting to US$ 2.03 million. and US$ 1.23 million, respectively.

Figure 2.17: South Sudan's Domestic Exports by Destination (percentage)
6RXUFH&RPWUDGHDQG661%6
South Sudan's Intra-Regional Trade
Intra-EAC Exports
South Sudan’s exports to the EAC declined by 88.8 percent to US$ 2.00 million in 2018, from US$ 17.9 million in 2017. The exports
comprised mainly teak logs and beams, animal products, aluminium waste and cast iron.
Intra-EAC Imports:
South Sudan’s imports from the EAC Partner States declined by 18.5 percent to US$ 377 million in 2018 from US$ 462.5 million in
2017. The main imports from Kenya and Uganda consisted of foodstuffs mainly maize, dairy products and wheat. Also imported
into the country were manufactured goods such as cooking oil, iron and steel products, cement and textiles.

Table 2.11: South Sudan Trade with EAC Partner States, 2015-2018 (US$ million)
% Change
2015 2016 2017 2018
2016 2017 2018
Burundi Imports - - - - - - -
Exports - - - - - - -
Total trade - - - - - - -
Trade Balance - - - - - - -
Rwanda Imports 8.5 1.4 0.6 4.3 (83.5) (57.1) 616.7
Exports 12.1 12.1 12.1 - - - -
Total trade 20.6 13.5 12.7 4.3 (34.5) (5.9) (66.1)
Trade Balance 3.6 10.7 11.5 (4.3) 197.2 7.5 (137.4)
Kenya Imports 175.0 169.0 162.0 267.7 (3.4) (4.1) 65.2
Exports 0.1 0.2 0.2 - 100.0 - (100.0)
Total trade 175.1 169.2 162.2 267.7 (3.4) (4.1) 65.0
Trade Balance (174.9) (168.8) (161.8) (267.7) (3.5) (4.1) 65.5
Imports 392.6 239.6 299.9 104.8 (39.0) 25.2 (65.1)
Exports 0.8 2.5 5.6 2.0 212.5 124.0 (64.3)
Uganda Total trade 393.4 242.1 305.5 106.8 (38.5) 26.2 (65.0)
Trade Balance (391.8) (237.1) (294.3) (102.8) (39.5) 24.1 (65.1)
Tanzania Imports 0.1 - - 0.2 (100.0) - -
Exports - - - - - - -
Total trade 0.1 - - 0.2 (100.0) - -
Trade Balance (0.1) - - (0.2) (100.0) - -
Intra-EAC** Imports 576.2 410.0 462.5 377.0 (28.8) 12.8 (18.5)
Exports 13.0 14.8 17.9 2.0 13.8 20.9 (88.8)
Total trade 589.2 424.8 480.4 379.0 (27.9) 13.1 (21.1)
Trade Balance (563.2) (395.2) (444.6) (375.0) (29.8) 12.5 (15.7)
6RXUFH661%6
EAC Trade Balance
South Sudan’s trade deficit with the EAC Region decreased by 15.7 percent to US$ 375 million in 2018, from US$444.6 million in 2017.
Figure 2.18: South Sudan's Trade with EAC Partner States, 2015-2018 (US$ million)
800.0
600.0
400.0
200.0
-
2015 2016 2017
2018
(200.0)
(400.0)
(600.0)
(800.0)
Imports Exports Trade Balance
6RXUFH661%6DQG66,$

2.3.5. United Republic of Tanzania
Tanzania's International Trade
Tanzania’s total trade increased by 2.6 percent to US$ 12.4 billion in 2018, from US$ 12.1 billion in 2017. The increase in total
trade was largely attributed to an increase in merchandise imports by 9.8 percent relative to a decline of 10.2 percent in export of
goods. India, China, South Africa, Kenya and the UAE continued to be the main Tanzania’s trading partners. An overall trade
deficit widening by 34.8 percent to US$ 4.6 billion in 2018 from US$ 3.4 billion recorded in 2017. This development is consistent
with the decline of exports earnings during the period under review.
Figure 2.19: Tanzania’s Exports, Imports and Trade Balance, 2014 – 2018 (US$ million)
6RXUFH1DWLRQDO%XUHDXRI6WDWLVWLFV
Imports
Tanzania’s imports increased by 9.8 percent to US$ 8.5 billion in 2018, from US$ 7.8 billion, with all import categories recording
increases except for food and foodstuff. The increase in import bill was attributed to import of capital goods like transport
equipment, and building materials for the construction of the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR), roads, airports, and ports. Oil
imports continued to account for the largest share of goods import reaching 23 percent in 2018. Importation of food and foodstuff
declined substantially on account of food availability across the country following good harvests in 2017.
China, India and theUnited Arab Emirates remained Tanzania’s main import source countries accounting for 20.7 percent, 14.3
percent and 10.2 percent, respectively. Tanzania’s imports from China included tyres, tractors, motorcycles and flat rolled products
of iron, while those from India were mostly petroleum products, pharmaceuticals and vehicles, and from the UAE was mostly
petroleum products and plastic items. Other equally important sources of imports were SADC and EU regions. The major imports
from these regions were flat rolled products of iron, motor vehicles, mixture of odoriferous substances, semi-finished products of
iron and maize.

Figure 2.20: Tanzania’s Imports by Country/Region of Origin, 2017-2018 (percentage share)
Illustration: Tanzania Key Imports 2018
Exports
Tanzania’s domestic exports declined by 10.2 percent to US$ 3.9 billion in 2018, from US$ 4.3 billion recorded in 2017. The decline
in exports was largely explained by decrease in export values of the traditional exports particularly cashew nuts, tea, and cloves.
The low performance of raw cashew nuts exports is associated to delays in exporting the crop following government intervention
to safeguard farmers from getting lower prices and the decision to add value by processing the crop locally. Meanwhile, the
decline in export values of tea and cloves was on account of low prices in the world market. During the period under review, India,
South Africa, Switzerland, Belgium and Kenya were the leading destinations for Tanzania’s domestic exports. Region-wise, the
majority of exports went to EU, SADC (mostly to South Africa) and COMESA. Major items exported include gold, tobacco, coffee,
cashew nuts, pigeon peas, fish and horticulture products.

Figure 2.21: Tanzania’s Domestic Exports by Destination, 2017-2018 (percentage share)
Re-Exports
Tanzania’s re-exports increased by 44.5 percent to US$ 186.7 million in 2018, from US$ 129.2 million registered in 2017. The share
of re-exports to total exports increased to 4.8 percent recorded in 2018, compared with 2.8 percent in 2017. Most of the re-exports
were destined to Rwanda, Zambia, South Africa and Uganda. The goods re-exported include motor vehicles, fertilizers, machinery
and parts thereof, iron/steel structures, turbo-jets, turbo propellers and other gas turbines and articles and equipment for
gymnastics and athletics.
Figure 2.22: Share of Tanzania’s Re-exports to Total Exports, 2014 – 2018 (percentage share)
8.0
6.0
% Share
4.0
2.0
0.0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
6RXUFH1DWLRQDO%XUHDXRI6WDWLVWLFV Period
Tanzania's Intra-Regional Trade

Total intra-EAC trade increased by 14.6 percent to US$ 811.3 million in 2018 from US$ 707.7 million recorded in 2017. This good
performance is largely explained by increase in both exports and imports to and from the EAC market.
Tanzania’s domestic exports to EAC Partner States increased by 4.2 percent to US$ 448.6 million in 2018, from US$ 430.5 million
recorded in 2017, with much increase registered in exports destined to Uganda. Nonetheless, Kenya remained the major
destination, accounting for 48 percent of Tanzania’s domestic exports to EAC Partner States, followed by Uganda which

accounted for 24 percent of domestic exports. Rwanda accounted for 18 percent of domestic exports. Burundi and South Sudan
accounted for 11 percent and 1.1 percent, respectively.
During the period under review, exports to Uganda increased to US$105.7 million from US$ 27.5 million recorded in 2017, with
significant increase recorded in exports of cosmetics, maize, petroleum oils, paper products and paperboard and rolled iron or
non-alloy steel. Likewise, exports to Rwanda increased by 31.8 percent to US$ 79.7 million in 2018, with substantial increase
recorded in exports of petroleum jelly, cosmetics, cement, bricks, tiles and rice. Conversely, exports to Kenya and Burundi went
down by 26.6 percent and 5.5 percent, respectively.
Intra-EAC Trade flows 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Intra EAC Domestic Exports 779.4 924.8 300.0 430.5 448.6
Intra EAC Re-exports 44.3 32.6 38.3 34.0 60.0
Intra EAC Total Exports 823.7 957.4 338.3 464.5 508.6
Percent Share of Intra-Re-exports 5.4 3.4 11.3 7.3 11.8
Intra EAC Re-Exports

Tanzania’s re-exports to EAC Partner States increased to US$ 60.0 million in 2018, compared to US$ 34.0 million recorded in
2017. During the period, Tanzania’s major re-export destinations were Rwanda which accounted for 40.7 percent followed by
Uganda and Burundi which accounted for 22 percent and 19.6 percent, respectively. Kenya accounted for 17.3 percent of total
re-exports. The major re-exports to EAC Partner States were cosmetics, fertilisers, petroleum products, chemical products, motor
vehicles and mineral fuels.
Tanzania’s imports from EAC Partner States increased by 24.5 percent to US$ 302.7 million in 2018, from US$ 243.2 million
recorded in 2017. The increase was largely attributed by increased in imports from Kenya, which is the leading source of imports
in the Region, while imports from Uganda and Rwanda increased by 45.8 percent and 4 percent, respectively. Major imports from
EAC Partner States include rolled iron and non-alloy steel, pharmaceuticals products, soaps, tractors, plastic items, electrical
accumulators and stoppers, caps and lids for bottles.

Table 2.13:Tanzania’s Trade with EAC Partner States, 2014-2018 (US$ million)
% Change
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
2015 2016 2017 2018
Kenya Imports 657.9 237.3 266.4 203.4 247.5 -63.9 12.3 -23.6 21.7
Exports 602.2 812.0 189.7 308.9 224.5 34.8 -76.6 62.8 -27.3
Total trade 1,260.1 1,049.3 456.1 512.3 472.0 -16.7 -56.5 12.3 -7.9
Trade Balance -55.7 574.7 -76.7 105.5 -23.0 931.8 -113.3 237.6 -121.8
Uganda Imports 48.2 39.2 30.6 36.1 52.7 -18.7 -22.1 18.2 45.8
Exports 100.4 55.9 28.1 33.0 118.9 -44.3 -49.7 17.4 260.3
Total trade 148.6 95.1 58.7 69.1 171.6 -36.0 -38.3 17.8 148.2
Trade Balance 52.2 16.7 -2.5 -3.1 66.2 -68.0 -114.7 26.9 -2229.7
Burundi Imports 0.60 1.00 0.8 0.2 1.0 66.7 -23.0 -68.9 326.8
Exports 64.4 41.3 55.0 53.7 59.8 -35.9 33.2 -2.4 11.4
Total trade 65.0 42.3 55.8 53.9 60.8 -34.9 31.8 -3.3 12.8
Trade Balance 63.8 40.3 54.2 53.5 58.8 -36.8 34.6 -1.4 9.9
Rwanda Imports 3.20 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.4 -65.6 1.5 17.3 4.0
Exports 56.6 48.3 65.6 68.7 104.1 -14.7 35.8 4.7 51.5
Total trade 59.8 49.4 66.7 70.0 105.5 -17.4 35.1 4.9 50.6
Trade Balance 53.4 47.2 64.5 67.4 102.7 -11.6 36.6 4.5 52.5
South Sudan Imports 0 1.1 0 2.1 0.2 - 0.0 0.0 -90.4
Exports 0 - - 0.2 1.3 - 0.0 0.0 664.7
Total trade 0.0 - - 2.3 1.5 - 0.0 0.0 -33.8
Trade Balance 0.0 -1.1 0.0 -1.9 1.1 - 0.0 0.0 -156.9
Intra-EAC** Imports 709.9 279.7 298.8 243.2 302.7 -60.6 6.8 -18.6 24.5
Exports 823.6 957.5 338.4 464.3 508.6 16.3 -64.7 37.2 9.5
Total trade 1,533.5 1,237.2 637.2 707.5 811.3 -19.3 -48.5 11.0 14.7
Trade Balance 113.7 677.8 39.6 221.2 205.9 76.9 -94.2 458.6 -6.9
6RXUFH71%6 75$

Tanzania’s total trade with other EAC Partner States in 2018 increased by 14.6 percent to US$ 811.3 million, from US$ 707.7
million recorded in 2017. However, Tanzania’s trade balance with EAC Partner States remained a surplus amounting to US$ 205.8
million, down from US$ 221.4 million recorded in 2017. The development was mainly driven by increase in imports that
outweighed the impact of the increase in exports. During the period under review, Tanzania recorded a trade surplus with all EAC
Partner States except Kenya.
Figure 2.23: Tanzania's Trade with EAC Partner States, 2014-2018 (US$ million)
Imports Exports Trade Balance
1,000
900
800
700
US$ Million
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Period

2.3.6. Uganda
Uganda's International Trade
Uganda’s trade with the rest of the world increased by 15.3 percent to US$ 9.8 billion in 2018 up from US$ 8.5 billion in 2017.
However, overall, Uganda continued to experience a trade deficit. The trade deficit widened to US$ 3.6 billion in 2018, from US$
2.7 billion registered in 2017. The increase in trade deficit with the rest of the world can be attributed to a 20.3 percent increase
in formal imports, mainly capital and consumer goods, due to high demand in the extractives and private sectors during 2018.
Figure 2.24:Uganda's Total Exports, Imports and Trade Balance, 2014-2018 (US$ million)
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
US$ millions
4,000
2,000
0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
-2,000
-4,000
-6,000
Total Trade Total Imports Total Exports Trade Balance
6RXUFH8JDQGD%XUHDXRI6WDWLVWLFV%DQNRI8JDQGDDQG85$6WDWLVWLFV
Imports
Uganda’s imports grew by 20.3 percent to US$ 6.7 billion in 2018 from US$ 5.6 billion in 2017. The increase in 2018 was much
higher than the previous period signifying growing imports into the country.
The major products imported into the country during 2018 included mineral fuels, vehicles, iron and steel and non-monetary
gold. China, India and the UAE remained Uganda’s key import sources. Imports from China grew by 20 percent to US$ 1,184.4
million from to US$ 986.0 million in 2017. The key imports from China were mainly capital items in form of machinery, iron & steel
and consumer goods (foot wear and textiles). Imports from India increased by 11 percent from US$ 736.3 million in 2017 to US$
817 million in 2018. Key imports from India were mainly pharmaceutical products and petroleum products. Similarly, imports
from the UAE increased by 19 percent from US$ 659.7 million in 2017 to US$ 784.1 million in 2018.
Considering blocs, EAC remains the major source of imports for Uganda. Imports from EAC

Illustration: Uganda Key Imports, 2018
Uganda
Petrolium Medicaments Palm Oil Motors
Figure 2.25: Uganda’s Imports by Country /Region of Origin, 2015-2018 (percentage)
30.0
25.0
20.0
percent
15.0
10.0
5.0
-
Burundi Kenya Rwanda Tanzania South Sudan COMESA SADC EU USA UAE India China Japan Rest of world
2016 2017 2018
Domestic Exports
Uganda’s domestic exports to the rest of the world increased by 6.1 percent to US$ 2,624.4 million in 2018 from US$ 2, 473.5
million in 2017. The increase in exports is mainly due to increased production arising from Uganda’s export-oriented policies over
the last three years. These include policies restricting immature fishing that allowed the lakes to restock and increase fish exports;
value addition in the dairy and dairy products sections that increased export volumes for dairy products; increased industrial
manufacturing due to increased efficiency in power supply thus reducing costs; and revival of key export products especially in
the cotton and apparel sectors. The increase in exports from Uganda is due to growth in agricultural production as a result of
favourable weather conditions over the last two years.

The domestic exports from Uganda were mainly destined to the EAC with the Region accounting for 40.4 percent of Uganda’s
formal domestic exports. Domestic Exports to SADC grew by 9.0 percent to US$ 114.9 million in 2018 from US$ 105.1 million in
2017. The key exports to SADC included cement, crude palm oil and rice and were mainly destined to the Democratic Republic
of Congo (US$ 91.2 million).
However, domestic exports to COMESA (excluding EAC) decreased to US$ 169.3 million in 2018 from US$ 181.2 million in 2017.
Exports to EU decreased by 9.6 percent from US$ 536.6 million in 2017 to US$ 485.4 million in 2018.
The UAE remains Uganda’s key export country. Exports to the country grew by 26.8 percent to US$ 539.2 million in 2018 form
US$ 425.1 million in 2017. However, exports to other key destinations, especially USA fell in 2018. This implies challenges in
taking advantage of the AGOA policy even when opportunities exist.
Figure 2.26: Uganda Domestic Exports by Country/Region of Destination (percentage share)
25.0
20.0
15.0
Percentage
10.0
5.0
-
Burundi Kenya Rwanda Tanzania South Sudan COMESA ECOWAS SADC Other Africa EU USA UAE India China Japan Rest of the
world
2016 2017 2018
Re-Exports
Uganda’s re-exports grew by 8.2 percent to US$ 463.0 million in 2018 from to US$ 427.9 million in 2017. The key products
re-exported from Uganda were mainly fuel, sugar and rice. Major destinations for re-export were South Sudan and D.R Congo.
As a result, the share of re-exports to total exports increased slightly to 15 percent during the year from 14 percent in 2017.
Figure 2.27: Uganda’s Re-exports as Percent of Total Exports (Percentage Change)
25.3
23.1
19.8
14.7 15.0
Percent
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Uganda’s Intra-Regional Trade Trends
Uganda exported more to EAC than any other trading bloc showing the increased importance of the Region for Uganda’s
industrial development. Uganda’s intra-regional exports increased by 11.4 percent to US$ 1,254.5 million in 2018 from
US$1,126.3 million in 2017. Most of the goods were finished manufactured goods reflecting the country’s growing industrial base
in manufactured goods, but agricultural products also contributed a substantial amount to export earnings. The key agricultural
products exports were sugar, bean and maize reflecting a growing agro-processing sector in the country.
Uganda’s export earnings to Kenya amounted to US$ 580.2 million. The key exports to Kenya included tea US$ 77.5 million in
2018, legumes worth US$ 53.0 million, electricity amounted to USD48.3 million in 2018, maize amounted to USD44.8 million, milk
and milk products worth US$ 43.05 million. Exports to Tanzania grew by 33.1 percent to US$ 66.3 million in 2018 from US$ 49.8
million in 2017. The key commodities exported to Tanzania included iron & steel, tobacco and electricity. Exports to Rwanda grew
by 16.5 percent to US$ 211.6 million in 2018 from US$ 181.6 million in 2017. The key commodities exported to Rwanda included
cement, soap and maize.
Exports to South Sudan grew by 18.6 percent to US$ 355.8 million in 2018 from US$ 299.9 million in 2017. The key commodities
exported to South Sudan included sorghum, maize flour and beans. Exports to Burundi dropped by 5.4 percent to US$ 40.7
million in 2018 from US$ 43.0 million in 2017. The key commodities exported to Burundi included iron and steel, plastics and
tobacco.
Intra-EAC Re-Exports
Uganda’s intra-EAC domestic exports increased by 11.7 percent from US$ 949.8 million in 2017 to US$ 1,061.4 million in 2018.
The re-exports from Uganda to EAC Partner States increased by 9.4 percent to US$ 193.1 million in 2018 from US$ 176.5 million
in 2017. The share of re-export to the total formal exports in 2018 declined marginally to 15.4 percent from 15.7 percent in 2017.
The main goods re-exported are sugar, palm oil and motor vehicles.
Table 2.14: Uganda's Intra-EAC Exports, 2014-2018 (US$ million)

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Exports 923 1,037 951 1,126 1,254
Imports 686 631 533 566 796
Trade Balance 236 406 418 561 458
Uganda' total imports 6,074 5,528 4,829 5,596 6,729
EAC imports as a % of total Imports 11.3 11.4 11.0 10.1 11.8
Total Trade 1,609 1,668 1,484 1,692 2,051

Intra-Regional Trade Trends

Uganda’s total imports from the Region increased by 40.8 percent to US$ 796 million in 2018 from US$ 566 million in 2017. The
big rise in imports from the Region was caused mainly by increased imports from Tanzania.
Uganda’s imports from Kenya increased by 12.8 percent to US$ 515.9 million in 2018 from US$ 457.2 million in 2017. The key
products imported included unwrought gold, rolled iron and steel and petroleum oils.
Imports from Tanzania amounted to 258 million in 2018 up from 91.8 million in 2017. Key imports from Tanzania in 2018 included
gold, which amounted to US$ 158 million and rice amounting to US$ 29.0 million. Imports from Burundi also increased to US$ 5.4
million in 2018 from US$ 1.1 million in 2017. Key products imported from Burundi included iron and steel; raw hides and skins; and
ferrous waste.

Uganda’s total trade with EAC Partner States improved by 21.2 percent to US$ 2,050.7 million in 2018 from US$ 1,691.8 million in
2017. Total exports to the Region increased by 11.4 percent to US$ 1,254.5 million in 2018 from US$ 1,126.3 billion in 2017. While
total imports grew by 40.8 percent to US$ 796.3 million in 2018 from US$ 565.5 million in 2017. Consequently, Uganda’s trade
surplus with EAC Partner States fell by 18.3 percent to US$ 458.2 million in 2018 from US$ 560.8 million in 2017.
Kenya was the major trading partner in the EAC regional bloc whose total trade increased over time. In 2018, total trade increased
by 8.6 percent to US$ 1,096.0 from US$ 1,009.2 million from in 2017.
Although Uganda exports to Tanzania increased from US$ 49.8 million in 2017 to US$ 66.3 million, it could not match the increase
registered in imports of 129% from US$ 141.6 million in 2017 to US$ 325.0 million in 2018. Accordingly, this made the trade deficit
with Tanzania to more than triple from US$ 42.0 million to US$192.5 million.
Figure 2.28: Uganda’s Trade with EAC Partner States, 2014-2018 (US$ million)
1,400
1,200
1,000
US$millions
800
600
400
200
-
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Exports Imports Trade Balance
Table 2.15: Uganda’s Trade with EAC Partner States, 2014-2018, (US$ million)
Percentage Change
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Imports 4.1 3.4 1.3 1.1 5.4 809.0 (17.9) (61.8) (18.0) 408.1
Exports 43.5 46.3 45.1 43.0 40.7 (10.8) 6.5 (2.5) (4.7) (5.4)
Burundi
Total trade 47.6 49.7 46.4 44.0 46.0 (3.3) 4.4 (6.6) (5.1) 4.5
Trade Balance 39.3 42.9 43.8 41.9 35.3 (18.5) 9.1 2.1 (4.3) (15.8)
Imports 10.9 9.4 10.1 9.8 13.1 47.1 (13.9) 7.6 (2.5) 33.0
Exports 245.3 237.6 193.3 181.6 211.6 13.4 (3.2) (18.7) (6.0) 16.5
Rwanda
Total trade 256.2 246.9 203.3 191.5 224.7 14.5 (3.6) (17.7) (5.8) 17.4
Trade Balance 234.5 228.2 183.2 171.8 198.5 12.2 (2.7) (19.7) (6.2) 15.6
Imports 593.9 554.5 459.0 457.2 515.9 5.5 (6.6) (17.2) (0.4) 12.8
Exports 297.4 427.0 404.1 552.0 580.2 (5.4) 43.6 (5.4) 36.6 5.1
Kenya
Total trade 891.3 981.5 863.1 1,009.2 1,096.0 1.6 10.1 (12.1) 16.9 8.6
Trade Balance (296.5) (127.5) (54.9) 94.8 64.3 19.4 (57.0) (57.0) (272.6) (32.2)
South Sudan Imports 1.5 0.8 2.5 5.6 3.2 457.6 (43.7) 204.5 120.3 (42.8)
Exports 280.3 265.0 239.6 299.9 355.8 59.8 (5.4) (9.6) 25.2 18.6
Total trade 281.8 265.9 242.1 305.5 359.0 60.4 (5.6) (8.9) 26.2 17.5
Trade Balance 278.8 264.2 237.0 294.3 352.5 59.2 (5.2) (10.3) 24.2 19.8
Imports 75.7 62.9 59.7 91.8 258.8 64.9 (16.9) (5.1) 53.8 181.9
Exports 56.0 60.8 68.9 49.8 66.3 16.8 8.5 13.3 (27.7) 33.1
Tanzania
Total trade 131.7 123.7 128.6 141.6 325.0 40.3 (6.1) 4.0 10.1 129.6
Trade Balance (19.7) (2.1) 9.2 (42.0) (192.5) (1,069.6) (89.2) (531.4) (557.4) 358.3
Imports 686.1 631.0 532.6 565.5 796.3 11.2 (8.0) (15.6) 6.2 40.8
Intra- Exports 922.5 1,036.7 950.9 1,126.3 1,254.5 14.9 12.4 (8.3) 18.4 11.4
EAC** Total trade 1,608.6 1,667.7 1,483.5 1,691.8 2,050.7 13.3 3.7 (11.0) 14.0 21.2
Trade Balance 236.4 405.6 418.3 560.8 458.2 27.1 71.6 3.1 34.1 (18.3)

Uganda's Informal Cross-Border Trade
A survey conducted by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) in collaboration with the Bank of Uganda (BOU) collected
information on cross-border trade between Uganda and her neighbours that are not recorded by the Customs Department of the
Uganda Revenue Authority (URA). Informal exports and imports are grouped into three categories: Industrial, Agricultural and
Other Products depending on the level of processing of the goods transacted.
Informal Cross-Border Exports

Uganda's informal exports fell by 0.4 percent to US$ 546.6 million in 2018 from US$ 549.0 million in 2017. Informal exports to
Kenya increased by 5.8 percent from US$ 141.7 million in 2017 to US$ 150.0 million in 2018. The informal exports to Kenya mainly
comprised maize and maize flour and beans. Informal export to Tanzania fell by 46.8 percent to US$ 26.9 million in 2018 from US$
50.5 million in 2017. The value of informal export to DRC almost remained the same at US$ 270.0 million in 2017 and US$ 269.8
million in 2018. The main products exported informally to DRC were clothes, fish and shoes. Informal exports to Rwanda increased
by 26.9 percent to US$ 49.5 million in 2018 from US$ 39.0 million. The major informal exports to Rwanda were shoes and clothes;
maize flour; and sorghum. The value of informal export to South Sudan increased slightly by 5.4 percent to US$ 50.4 million in 2018
form US$ 47.8 million in 2017. The main products exported informally to South Sudan were clothes, beans and maize flour.
The biggest fall in informal exports was experienced in the exports to Tanzania which fell by 46.7 percent to US$ 26.9 million in
2018 from US$ 50.0 million in 2017. The fall in exports to Tanzania was mainly attributed to strict restrictions on the exportation of
unprocessed agricultural products like maize and beans within the Region.
Table 2.16: Uganda’s Total Informal Exports, 2014-2018, (US$ million)
% Change
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
2018/2017
Burundi 15.0 1.9 - - - -
Democratic Republic of Congo 139.5 181.4 221.3 270.0 269.8 -0.1
Kenya 92.9 96.4 79.1 141.7 150.0 5.8
Rwanda 24.5 21.8 33.5 39.0 49.5 26.9
South sudan 119.5 79.5 41.6 47.8 50.4 5.4
Tanzania 23.3 18.2 43.8 50.5 26.9 -46.7
Total Trade 414.7 399.2 419.3 549.0 546.6 -0.4
6RXUFH8JDQGD%XUHDXRI6WDWLVWLFV
Informal Cross-Border Imports

Uganda's informal imports fell by 25.8 percent to $ 560.0 million in 2018 from US$ 80.9 million in 2017. Kenya was the leading
source of Uganda’s informal imports in 2018, followed by DRC and Rwanda.
Informal imports from Kenya declined by 8.9 percent from US$ 27.4 million in 2017 to US$ 25.0 million in 2018. Similarly, informal
imports form DRC went down by 18.8 percent to US$ 23.3 million in 2018 from US$ 28.3 million in 2017. For Tanzania and South
Sudan, informal imports remained generally low with values estimated at US$ 3.7 and US$ 3.2 million in 2018, respectively. It is
important to note that, informal imports have been low on account of customs interest in collecting taxes on small consignment
entering the country, making most of the goods formally declared.

Table 2.17 Uganda’s Total Informal Imports, 2014-2018, (US$ million)
% Change
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
2018/2017
Burundi - - - - -
Democratic Republic of 21.3 18.3 20.3 28.7 23.3 (18.8)
Kenya 30.8 31.9 26.6 27.4 25.0 (8.9)
Rwanda 2.2 1.2 2.5 3.2 4.8 50.9
South sudan 3.8 2.3 2.5 2.3 3.2 40.3
Tanzania 7.7 10.7 13.0 19.3 3.7 (81.0)
Total Trade 65.8 64.4 64.9 80.9 60.0 -25.8
6RXUFH8JDQGD%XUHDXRI6WDWLVWLFV
2.4. Special Category Considerations in the EAC Customs Union

The EAC Partner States established the Customs Union Protocol to support trade liberalization, among other things. The main
features of the Protocol include: the elimination of internal tariffs on goods traded among the Partner States; the adoption of a
3-band CET; the application of EAC Rules of Origin; the establishment of an exemption and remission regime in order to
promote and facilitate export-orientated investments; production of export-competitive goods; and attracting foreign direct
investments. The implementation of these provisions of the Protocol has implications for customs revenue performance as outlined
in this section.
2.4.1. EAC Imports of Goods under Exemption and Remission Schemes

The total value of exemptions grated to firms in the EAC decreased by 5.8 percent to US$ 6.2 billion in 2018 form US$ 6.5 billion
in 2017. Similarly, the total revenue foregone as a result of implementing the exemptions regime in the EAC decreased by 3.4
percent to US$ 1.5 billion in 2018 from US$ 1.6 billion in 2017. As a percentage of trade taxes, the total revenue foregone
decreased marginally to 16.5 percent in 2018 from 17.0 percent in 2017.
Burundi’s imports subject to exemptions decreased by 7.8 percent from US$ 370.5 million in 2017 to US$ 341.7 million in 2018.
Revenue foregone decreased also by 7.9 percent from US$ 91.3 million in 2017 to US$ 84.1 million in 2018. Trade taxes increased
by 8.2 percent to US$ 199.4 million in 2018 from US$ 184.3 million in 2017. Kenya’s value of goods imported under exemptions
and remissions regime decreased by 2.5 percent from US$ 3.1 billion in 2017 to US$ 3.0 billion in 2018. Similarly, revenue
foregone decreased by 5.5 percent from US$ 777 million in 2017 to US$ 733 million in 2018. Rwanda’s imports subject to
exemptions decreased by 11.9 percent to US$ 624.5 million in 2018, from US$ 558.1 million in 2017, while revenue foregone
increased by 8.0 percent to US$ 179.2 million in 2018, from US$ 166.0 million in 2017. Trade taxes increased by 10.4 percent to
US$ 428.4 million in 2018, from US$ 388.1 million in 2017. The value of goods imported under exemptions and remissions regime
into South Sudan amounted to US$ 533.66 million in 2018, which was 85.45 percent more than US$ 37.03 million in 2017. The
revenue loses as a result of the exemptions declined to US$ 187.7 million in 2018, from US$ 13.7 million in 2017. The revenue loses
as a percentage of customs revenue decreased to 76.15 percent in 2018 from 60.30 percent in 2017. The value of goods imported
under exemptions and remissions regime into Tanzania amounted to US$ 1,826.5 million in 2018, a decrease of 19.0 percent
compared to US$ 2,255.4 million recorded in 2017. Similarly, the revenue foregone as a result of the exemptions went down to
US$ 440.8 million in 2018, from US$ 475.4 million registered in 2017. The revenue foregone as a percentage of customs revenue
decreased to 14.5 percent in 2018 from 15.1 percent recorded in 2017. The value of Uganda’s imports under exemption and
remissions regime increased to US$ 373.8 million in 2018, from US$ 286.8 million in 2017. The corresponding revenue foregone
during 2018 amounted to US$ 88.2 million which was an increase of 24.9 percent compared to the year 2017.

Table 2.18: Duty Foregone Under the Exemptions/Remissions, 2014-2018 (US$ million and % change)
Annual %age change Annual %age change Annual %age change
Partner states Heading 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018
Uganda
Value of Exemptions 295.6 305.9 322.0 286.8 373.8 5.29 -10.93 30.32
Revenue Foregone 53.2 70.1 81.8 70.6 88.2 16.72 -13.71 24.88
Total Trade taxes 1,505.9 1,486.8 1,463.1 1,601.1 1,790.3 -1.59 9.43 11.81
%age Foregone 3.41 0.05 0.06 0.04 4.92%
Tanzania
Value of Exemptions 3,940.80 2,868.14 7,069.29 2,255.44 1,826.52 79.39 -21.36 -19.02
Revenue Foregone 730.88 592.62 444.12 475.42 440.75 -25.06 7.05 -7.29
Total Trade taxes 2,315.31 2,338.34 2,541.95 2,680.72 2,673.78 8.71 5.46 -0.26
%age Foregone 23.99 20.22 14.87 15.06 14.15
Kenya
Value of Exemptions 3,032.79 3,126.48 2,619.33 3,087.09 3,009.14 -16.22 17.86 -2.53
Total Trade taxes 3,885.43 3,838.59 4,804.50 4,453.15 4,174.90 25.16 -7.31 -6.25
%age Foregone 13.78 14.75 11.07 14.86 14.95
Rwanda
Value of Exemptions (+,#$, (,(#)) )!(#(, 558.09 624.5 -10.81 -3.22 11.91
Revenue Foregone 189.42 182.22 157.31 166.04 179.2 -13.67 5.55 7.96
Total Trade taxes 342.70 369.36 382.75 388.06 428.4 3.63 1.39 10.40
%age Foregone 55.27 49.33 41.10 42.79 41.84
Burundi
Value of Exemptions 77.76 340.77 203.90 370.47 341.67 -40.16 81.69 -7.77
Total customs revenue 147.47 143.22 150.57 184.28 199.33 5.13 22.39 8.16
%age Foregone 5.12 56.12 36.06 49.54 42.19
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2.4.2. EAC Imports of Sensitive Products

The total value of sensitive products imported from non-EAC countries increased marginally by 1.4 percent to US$ 4.9 billion in
2018 from US$ 4.8 billion in 2017. At the same time, the total value of sensitive products imported from EAC Partner States
increased by 4.4 percent to US$ 2.4 billion in 2018 from US$ 2.3 billion in 2017. Burundi’s imports of sensitive goods from
non-EAC Partner States decreased by 30.9 percent from US$ 118.8 million in 2017 to US$ 82.1 million in 2018. Key sensitive
products imported included wheat, sugar, rice, maize, motor vehicles for the transport of goods and worn clothing. Burundi’s
imports of sensitive goods from EAC Partner States increased by 15.5 percent to US$ 29.0 million in 2018, from US$ 25.1 million
in 2017. The sensitive products imported by Burundi from EAC Partner States included wheat, cement and maize.
Kenya’s imports of sensitive products from non-EAC countries increased by 21.2 percent to US$ 1,287.8 million in 2018, from US$
1062.5 million in 2017. This was largely driven by increases in imports of wheat and meslin from US$ 410.2 million in 2017 to US$
423.52 million in 2017; wheat or meslin flour from US$ 0.38 million in 2017 to US$ 2.19 million in 2018; tobacco products from
US$ 1.42 million in 2017 from US$ 1.99 million in 2018: worn clothing and other worn articles from US$ 126.02 in 2017 to US$
167.08 million in 2018; primary cell and batteries from US$ 6.19 million in 2017 to US$ 21.46 million in 2018. Imports of sensitive
products from EAC Partner States increased by 69.5 percent to US$ 186.8 million in 2018, from US$ 110.2 million in 2017, mainly
on account of the increase in milk and cream imports which in total rose from US$ 51.6 million in 2017 to US$ 73.50 million in 2018
as well as maize imports which increased from US$ 1.57 million in 2017 to US$ 15.26 in 2018.
In 2018, Rwanda’s imports of sensitive goods from non-EAC Partner States decreased by 25.1 percent to US$ 281.0 million in
2018 from US$ 375.0 million in 2017. Major imports included wheat and meslin and flower thereof; rice; cane or beet sugar;
motor vehicles for the transportation of goods; worn clothing and other worn articles; milk and cream; primary cells and primary
batteries and maize. Rwanda’s imports of sensitive goods from EAC Partner States increased by 27.0 percent to US$ 125.3 million
in 2018, from US$ 98.7 million in 2017. Major sensitive products imported by Rwanda from EAC Partner States included cement

which accounted for 39.4 percent; maize accounted for 22.5 percent; rice accounted for 10.8 percent, cereal flour accounted for
9.3 percent; sacs and bags used for the packing of goods accounted for 3.9 percent and sugar accounted for 3.8 percent.
Total imports of sensitive goods from non-EAC countries into the Tanzania decreased by 14.3 percent, to US$ 566.8 million in
2018, from US$ 588.4 million recorded in 2017. The value of sensitive goods imported from EAC Partner States into Tanzania
decreased by 14.9 percent to US$ 17.8 million in 2018, from US$ 21.0 million in 2017. Sensitive products imported into Tanzania
included wheat, rice, cement, motor vehicles for transport of goods and milk.
In 2018, the total value of sensitive products imported into Uganda amounted to US$ 706.6 million of which 90.5 percent were
imported from non-EAC countries. The major sensitive products imported from non-EAC countries included wheat, vehicles,
cement, worn clothing, sugar and rice. The major sensitive products imported from EAC Partner States included rice, cement and
stoppers, caps and lids.
2.4.3. EAC Imports of Excisable Goods

The value of imports of excisable goods into the EAC increased by 15 percent to US$ 10.0 billion in 2018 from US$ 8.6 billion in
2017 mainly on account of the increase in excisable imports by all Partner States in 2018. The main goods imported by all Partner
States were petroleum products. This further strengthens the need to develop existing oil and gas resources that are readily
available in the EAC Partner States.
The value of excisable goods imported into Burundi increased by 7.4 percent to US$ 244.9 million in 2018, from US$ 228.2 million
in 2017. This was mainly on account of an increase in imports of petroleum products, beverage, spirits and vinegar, which
represented 66.7 percent of the value of imported excisable goods in 2018. The value of imported excisable goods imported into
Kenya increased by 20.0 percent, from US$ 3.3 billion in 2017 to US$ 3.9 billion in 2018. This was mainly on account of the
increase in imports of petroleum products from US$ 2.4 billion in 2017 to US$ 2.9 billion in 2018. In 2018, Rwanda’s value of
imported excisable goods increased by 1.34 percent, to US$ 782 million from US$ 772 million in 2017. The imports of mineral
fuels increased by 11.2 percent, to US$ 552.2 million in 2018 from US$ 496.6 while imports of vehicles decreased by 20.5 percent
to US$ 175.7 million percent from US$ 220.9 million. This was due to the local assemble of vehicles in Rwanda. The value of
excisable goods imported into South Sudan increased by 73.5 percent to US$ 493.6 million in 2018, from US$ 130.6 million in
2017. The increase was as a result of the rise in import of fuel which increased by 45.1 percent, vehicles and other cars which
increased by 14.4 percent. Spirits imports increased by 9.8 percent and malt beers imports rose by 9.4 percent. The value of
excisable goods imported into Tanzania increased by 20.0 percent to US$ 3,137.9 million in 2018, from US$ 2,641.9 million in
2017. The increase was mainly a result of the rise in imports of manufactured tobacco by 85.3 percent,
vehicles/railway/rolling-stock parts and accessories (30 percent), plastics and articles thereof (22.9 percent) and mineral fuels (15.8
percent) of all imported exercisable goods. Uganda’s import value of excisable products decreased by 8.1 percent to US$ 1.44
billion in 2018 from US$ 1.5 billion in 2017 mainly on account of reduced imports of plastics, cement, furniture products,
perfumes and soap detergents. The major excisable products remain petroleum products, sugar, cigarettes and alcohol including
spirits, wines and beers. The new goods added to the list of excisable products during 2018 include cooking oil and selected
vehicles whose values amounted to US$ 97.8 million.
2.4.4. EAC Imports Categorized by Tariff Bands

Total value of goods imported into the EAC region increased by about 19 percent to US$ 38.3 billion in 2018 from US$ 32.2
billion in 2017. Overall, EAC imports under all the tariff bands increased in 2018 relative to 2017. Raw materials and capital goods
under the zero percent tariff band increased by 5.3 percent to US$ 23.7 billion in 2018 from US$ 22.6 billion in 2017. Imports of
intermediate products that attracted 10 percent import tariff increased by 11.9 percent to US$ 4.4 billion in 2018 from US$ 3.9
billion in 2017. Imports of finished products that attract a tariff of 25 percent on importation increased by 10.9 percent while the
highest increase in imports, amounting to 26.5 percent in 2018 occurred in the category of goods that attract import tariff rates
above 25 percent.

Burundi’s imports of goods under zero percent tariff band decreased by 27.9 percent from US$ 582.1 million in 2017 to US$ 420.0
million in 2018. Goods under the zero percent tariff, including exempted goods, accounted for 52.9 percent of the total value of
imports. The value of goods imported under the 10 percent tariff band increased by 84.7 percent to US$ 97.8 million in 2018 from
US$ 52.9 million in 2017 and accounted for 12.3 percent of total imports. Goods imported into Burundi under the 25 percent tariff
increased by 108.0 percent to US$ 220.1 million in 2018 from US$ 105.8 million in 2017 and accounted for 27.7 percent of the
total imports.
Imports into Kenya under zero percent tariff band accounted for 57.2 percent in 2018 from 60.4 percent in 2017. Similarly, the
value of goods imported under the zero percent tariff band decreased from US$ 10.1 billion in 2017 to US$ 9.9 billion in 2018.
The share of goods imported under 10 percent and 25 percent tariff bands accounted for 12.8 percent and 21.2 percent
respectively in 2018, from 11.9 percent and 20.7 percent, respectively in 2017. Meanwhile, the share of goods imported under
the over 25 percent tariff bands increased from 7 percent in 2017 to 8.7 percent in 2018.
Rwanda’s imports of goods under zero percent tariff band including exempt goods increased by 4.9 percent to US$ 1,333.5
million in 2018 from US$ 1,270.7 million in 2017. These accounted for 44.8 percent of the total value of imports. Imports under
the 10 percent tariff band increased by 16.5 percent to US$ 758.9 million in 2018 from US$ 651.5 million in 2017 and accounted
for 25.5 percent of total imports, while imports under the 25 percent tariff band decreased by 8.2 percent, to US$ 848.5 million
in 2018 from US$ 924.5 million in 2017. This accounted for 28.6 percent of the total imports.
In 2018, Tanzania’s merchandise imports under the zero tariff bands increased by 6.9 percent to US$ 5.4 billion from US$ 5.0
billion recorded in 2017. On the other hand, the value of imports under 10 percent tariff band increased to US$ 1.3 billion in
2018, from US$ 1.1 billion recorded in 2017. The value of goods imported under the 25 percent tariff band increased by 16.8
percent to US$ 1.9 billion in 2018, from US$ 1.6 billion recorded in 2017. The value of goods imported under the tariff bands
above 25 percent decreased by 18.0 percent to US$ 64 million in 2018, from US$ 78.04 million registered in 2017.
The value of goods imported into Uganda under the zero percent tariff band in 2018 accounted for 81.3 percent of the total value
of imports and amounted to US$ 5.5 billion in 2018. Goods imported under the 10 percent tariff band decreased marginally by
0.7 percent to US$ 552.1 million in 2018 from US$ 556.2 million in 2017 while finished goods imported under the 25-tariff band
increased by 17 percent to US$ 511.8 million in 2018. Goods imported under tariff rates above 25 percent increased by 20.4
percent to US$ 169.9 million in 2018. Overall, imports into Uganda increased by about 20.3 percent in 2018.

Table 2.19: EAC- Imports by Tariff Band, 2014-2018 (US$ million)
Tariff band % change % change % change
Partner state
status 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 % change 2011 2016 2017 2018
0% 4,258.60 3,992.18 3,323.15 4,437.91 5,471.60 23.2 -16.8 33.5 23.3
2% - - - - - (100.0) - - -
4% 2.49 0.11 0.81 1.50 5.87 (26.5) 625.9 84.3 291.9
6% 38.27 11.52 16.95 21.57 18.09 (6.0) 47.1 27.2 -16.1
Uganda
10% 650.60 561.66 556.40 556.21 552.10 16.0 -0.9 0.0 -0.7
25% 883.71 754.11 712.86 437.57 511.84 17.1 -5.5 -38.6 17.0
>25% 239.86 208.53 219.28 141.14 169.93 (7.9) 5.2 -35.6 20.4
Total 6,073.53 5,528.12 4,829.46 5,595.90 6,729.44 20.7 -12.6 15.9 20.3
0% 11,995.15 9,652.30 8,121.88 10,073.77 9,942.42 26.4 -15.9 24.0 -1.3
10% 2,352.88 2,248.24 2,035.74 1,993.06 2,237.72 13.3 -9.5 -2.1 12.3
Kenya 25% 3,137.52 3,257.21 3,137.07 3,447.43 3,685.75 12.2 -3.7 9.9 6.9
>25% 920.64 842.70 810.32 1,172.78 1,512.16 30.7 -3.8 44.7 28.9
Total 18,406.19 16,000.44 14,105.01 16,687.05 17,378.05 22.5 -11.8 18.3 4.1
0% 7,539.03 5,862.26 4,184.11 5,008.90 5,356.25 62.5 -28.6 19.7 6.9
10% 2,309.82 2,071.97 1,531.87 1,084.92 1,281.31 (19.1) -26.1 -29.2 18.1
Tanzania 25% 2,663.14 2,373.45 1,852.51 1,608.05 1,878.35 61.5 -21.9 -13.2 16.8
>25% 255.26 237.80 267.21 78.04 64.00 47.7 12.4 -70.8 -18.0
Total 12,767.25 10,545.48 7,835.69 7,779.91 8,516.18 38.8 -25.7 -0.7 9.5
0% 2,042.69 2,088.50 2,113.41 2,451.08 2,555.43 80.8 -13.1 57.6 4.3
5% 73.57 - - - - - - -
10% 182.20 195.63 191.05 205.22 188.08 (28.4) -13.3 210.7 -8.4
Rwanda 15% - - - - - - - -
25% 206.16 246.29 264.39 262.61 201.75 (50.0) -5.3 36.0 -23.2
>25% 46.27 44.15 38.43 24.74 9.14 (72.1) -10.4 -100.0 -63.0
Total 1,704.39 1,982.76 1,780.24 2,875.71 2,954.41 17.22 -10.2 61.5 2.7
Burundi 0% 597.78 619.77 468.00 582.11 419.99 38.2 -24.5 24.4 -27.9
5% - - - - - 11,118.2 - - -
10% 57.45 58.12 42.80 52.92 97.76 386.6 -26.4 23.6 84.7
15% - - - - - 94.1 - - -
25% 116.22 102.76 103.80 105.84 220.11 19.5 1.0 2.0 108.0
>25% 10.45 12.20 13.60 15.12 55.62 4.2 11.5 11.2 267.8
Total 781.90 792.85 628.20 755.99 793.47 70.6 -20.8 20.3 5.0
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2.4.5. Customs Revenue Performance

In 2018, Burundi’s total customs revenue increased to US$ 199.3 million, from US$ 184.3 million 2017. The share of total customs
revenue to total tax revenue increased to 42.5 percent in 2018 from 42.3 percent in 2017. Value-Added Tax (VAT) on imports
increased by 6.8 percent in 2018 and accounted for 47.3 percent of the total customs revenue. VAT and import duty collections
were performed at 122.9 percent and 152.5 percent of the target in 2018, respectively compared to 101.9 percent and 115.4
percent of the targets in 2017, respectively. Kenya’s total customs revenue declined to US$ 4.2 billion in 2018 from US$ 4.5 billion
in 2017, resulting into a performance rate of 78 percent of the set target of US$ 5.3 billion. The share of total customs revenue to
the total revenue, decreased to 32.8 percent in 2018 from 32.4 percent in 2017. VAT on imports accounted for 33.3 percent of
the total customs revenue and decreased by 3.5 percent to US$ 1.39 billion in 2017 from US$ 1.44 billion in 2017. VAT and import
duty performance rates decreased from 95.6 percent and 92.3 percent in 2017, to 76.8 percent and 77.8 percent in 2018, respec-
tively. Rwanda’s total tax revenues increased by 8.5 percent, to US$ 1516.3 billion in 2018, or 102.1 percent of the 2018 target.
Customs revenue collections increased by 10.4 percent to US$ 428.4 million in 2018 from US$ 388.1 million in 2017 which was
102.6 percent of the 2018 customs revenue target of US$ 417.5 million. Excise duty and VAT on imports recorded an increase of
8.1 percent and 10.1 percent, respectively. Import duty remained constant and accounted for 28.3 percent of the total customs
revenue. Tanzania’s total revenue collected in 2018 decreased marginally by 0.2 percent to US$ 6,726.9 million, from US$ 6,736.8
million recorded in 2017. Similarly, customs revenue decreased by 1.9 percent to US$ 2,629.2 million in 2018, from US$ 2,680.8
million recorded in 2017. This can be explained by the decrease in excise duty on imports to US$ 133.7 million in 2018, from US$
481.6 million in 2017. The share of customs revenue to total revenue amounted to 39.1 percent in 2018 compared to 39.8
percent in 2017. Import duty and excise duty performed at 99.8 percent and 40.1 percent of the set targets of US$ 519.1 million
and US$ 333.0 million, respectively. In Uganda, International trade remained a major source of revenue with Customs revenue

contributing 41.8 percent to total revenue in 2018. The contribution is within the average of 42.7 percent posted for the last three
years. Import duty which amounted to US$ 351.0 million in 2018 contributed 19.61 percent to total Customs revenue. This is in
line with the average of 19.27 percent posted in the last three years, suggesting that there is no major structural change in imports
attracting import duty in the last four years. The major dutiable items include: worn clothing, used shoes, motor vehicles, wheat,
cement, tyres and cartons and boxes of paper. Excise duty and VAT continued to be the major sources of Customs revenue which
accounted for 31.8 percent and 39.2 percent, respectively in 2018.
Table 2.20: EAC- Customs Revenue Performance, 2015-2018 (US$ million and % change)
Partner state Tax head 2015 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 2018
Target Actual Target Actual Target Actual Target Actual Performance rate % change
Uganda
Import 287.8 282.3 306.7 287.3 330.5 307.4 349.3 351.0 93.66 93.02 100.49 14.2
Excise Duty 455.91 480.35 481.75 504.60 547.44 540.63 599.60 570.35 104.74 98.76 95.12 5.5
VAT Imports 581.64 603.02 623.80 560.93 630.70 610.79 644.15 704.29 89.92 96.84 109.34 15.3
Other 105.94 121.10 160.59 110.31 155.23 142.29 151.93 164.63 68.69 91.67 108.36 15.7
Total Trade taxes 1,431.27 1,486.79 1,572.88 1,463.13 1,663.83 1,601.12 1,745.01 1,790.29 93.02 96.23 102.59 11.8
Total Revenue 3,401.97 3,435.34 3,568.47 3,459.30 3,902.53 3,725.10 4,264.45 4,282.49 96.94 95.45 100.42 15.0
%age of Trade taxes to Total Revenue 43.3 42.3 43.0 41.8
Kenya
Import Duty 827.75 805.71 798.93 885.83 930.89 859.47 1,096.46 853.54 110.88 92.33 77.85 -0.7
Excise Duty 651.52 638.48 746.53 769.19 813.69 803.94 987.63 695.97 103.04 98.80 70.47 -13.4
VAT Imports 1,577.91 1,398.39 1,283.58 1,594.45 1,509.12 1,442.57 1,812.03 1,391.90 124.22 95.59 76.81 -3.5
Other 422.70 539.23 1,141.31 1,555.03 1,315.34 1,347.17 1,391.80 1,233.48 136.25 102.42 88.62 -8.4
Total Trade taxes 4,048.88 3,838.59 3,970.34 4,804.50 4,498.07 4,453.15 5,287.92 4,174.90 121.01 99.00 78.95 -6.2
Total Revenue 12,170.57 11,362.26 12,539.84 13,322.73 14,481.23 13,763.73 16,460.33 12,718.54 106.24 95.05 77.27 -7.6
Tanzania
Import Duty 430.14 398.49 580.05 649.74 547.86 478.89 519.06 517.97 112.01 87.41 99.79 8.2
Excise Duty 476.96 562.44 547.77 628.48 707.01 481.64 333.00 133.65 114.73 68.12 40.14 -72.3
VAT 909.26 801.88 963.36 820.16 1,019.24 893.62 971.33 964.36 85.14 87.68 99.28 7.9
Other 594.56 575.53 587.74 561.69 858.78 826.62 23.73 36.79 95.57 96.26 155.04 -95.5
Total Trade taxes 2,410.93 2,338.34 2,678.92 2,660.07 3,132.88 2,680.77 2,945.46 2,629.20 99.30 85.57 89.26 -1.9
Total Revenue 6,340.3 5,938.6 6,715.6 6,491.5 7,653.30 6,736.77 7,560.41 6,726.85 96.66 88.02 88.97 -0.1
Rwanda
Import 82.05 96.90 86.23 91.46 95.25 97.10 82.0 96.9 106.07 101.94 118.10 -0.2
Excise Duty 93.29 87.04 81.47 87.38 92.91 83.95 93.3 87.0 107.25 90.35 93.30 3.7
VAT Imports 137.00 146.80 144.80 150.31 152.93 149.83 137.0 146.8 103.81 97.97 107.15 -2.0
Other 37.87 38.62 59.29 53.61 57.70 57.18 37.9 38.6 90.42 99.10 102.00 -32.5
Total Trade taxes 350.20 369.36 371.79 382.75 398.79 388.06 350.2 369.4 102.95 97.31 105.47 -4.8
Total Revenue 1,235.04 1,278.79 1,274.13 1,302.15 1,376.25 1,397.70 1,235.0 1,278.8 102.20 101.56 103.54 -8.5
Burundi Import Duty 32.80 28.11 21.34 21.43 21.58 25.76 20.48 31.22 100.42 119.36 152.47 21.2
VAT 97.29 71.74 15.24 21.00 27.06 37.70 76.78 94.37 137.77 139.32 122.91 150.3
Excise Duty 177.46 86.22 81.51 81.28 83.82 88.38 28.83 41.98 99.72 105.44 145.61 -52.5
Other 5.29 4.60 17.31 26.86 36.18 32.44 53.50 31.77 155.12 89.67 59.37 -2.1
Total cutoms revenue 312.84 190.67 135.41 150.57 168.64 184.28 179.59 199.33 111.20 109.28 110.99 8.2
Total Tax Revenue 469.05 375.76 335.01 353.31 416.57 436.14 442.66 469.40 105.46 104.70 106.04 7.6
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2.5. Prospects for Growth of EAC Merchandise Trade

The EAC region still depends on the export of agricultural commodities with minimal value addition and that face price volatility in
international markets. The Region has undertaken efforts to address the challenges that affected trade over the previous year. It is
encouraging that the Region has identified some of the causes that inhibit intra-trade within Partner States, especially those caused
through the application of the current CET and Rules of Origin. The EAC commissioned the revision of the CET with a view to
having Rules of Origin and CET that facilitate EAC intra-trade and encourage investment and industrialization. EAC also initiated
EAC NTB monitoring framework in order to eliminate and discourage imposition of new NTBs in the Region.
The EAC has prioritized agricultural development through enhancement of post harvest handling and regional value chain in order
to increase exports and enter into the global value chain system. Already accounting for about 36% of GDP in the EAC economy,
the agriculture sector still retains a lot of untapped potential, specifically for commercial farming. Agriculture is a sector that is
central to the EAC economy, contributing between 24 and 44% of GDP in the five Partner States, while also accounting for the
livelihood of about 80% of the Region’s population. The key to the sector growth, however, lies in a shift from subsistence to
commercial farming. Opportunities for large-scale commercial farming exist in the Region for food and cash crops.

The construction of the Standard Gauge Railway as part of the Northern Corridor Project from Mombasa, and its prospective
extension to Uganda and South Sudan as well as the railway from Dar es Salaam to Kigali is expected to reduce the cost and time
of transportation of cargo to and from other Partner States served by the ports of Mombasa and Dar es Salaam. Partner States will
need to fast track the Common Market Protocol and other trade agreements under EPAs and AGOA to enable enhanced
movement of goods and factors of production within the Region. This will increase the potential for increased industrial develop-
ment and skilled labour.

EAC Trade and Investment Report 2018 www.eac.int
3. CHAPTER 3: INVESTMENT TRENDS IN THE EAC
3.1. EAC Investment Outlook
FDI inflows are critical to support mechanisation of agriculture and industrial development. Partner States are committed to
improving their investment environment with targeted investments into infrastructure, industrial development and oil production
and refining, as well as investment in renewable energy to reduce the huge import bill and dependence on fossil fuels. However,
growth prospects have been hampered by declining FDI inflows with global FDI estimated to continue the decline experienced
over the last two years.
FDI, Industrial Development and Employment in EAC

Foreign Direct Investment is one of the measures for economic growth and economic transformation. EAC Partner States
continued to promote investment opportunities to attract FDIs into the various priority sectors. The importance of FDI to EAC is
the injection of foreign capital, human capital, technology transfer and increased productivity in order to promote a competitive
domestic sector and provide important innovation and linkages with domestic firms. FDI does not only entail creation of new firms
or the transfer of ownership from domestic to foreign firms, it also requires governance mechanisms and other macroeconomic
conditions that support investment promotion. These include: targeting inflation; reduction in tax burden; and availability of skilled
human resources. In addition, there is need for concerted government effort to attract FDI into areas of high employment and
productivity to ensure that host governments benefit.
3.2. EAC Investment Flows

Foreign Direct Investments into East Africa decreased by 15.9 percent to US$ 5.7 billion in 2018 from US$ 6.8 billion in 2017.
Inflows to Tanzania increased by 2.3 percent to US$ 3.1 billion. Inflows to Burundi and Rwanda decreased by 76.8 percent and
11.5 percent to US$ 15.1 million from US$ 65.1 million in 2017 and to US$ 1015.3 million in 2018 from US$ 1147.7 million in 2017,
respectively. FDI into Kenya, South Sudan and Uganda fell by 32.4 percent, 11.7 percent and 51.8 percent to US$ 485.5 million,
408.6 million and US$ 630.6 million, respectively in 2018.. Overall, FDI inflows to the EAC were concentrated in manufacturing,
construction and services sectors. FDI into manufacturing and construction amounted to US$ 2.1 billion and US$ 1 billion,
respectively in 2018. China and India continued to be the major sources of FDI to EAC with inflows amounting to US$ 1.1 billion,
US$ 281.02 million, respectively.
Table 3.1: FDI Inflows into EAC Region, 2014-2018 (US$ million and percentage growth)
Country 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Percent Growth

2017/2018
Burundi 3.2 1.8 14.6 65.1 15.1 -76.8

Kenya 874.1 2,187.4 1,820.2 717.7 485.5 -32.4
Rwanda 359.2 1,065.3 600.1 1147.7 1,015.3 -11.5
Uganda 1,755.0 517.0 1,524.6 1308.7 631 -51.8
South Sudan 44.0 213.2 315.1 462.5 408.6 -11.7
Tanzania 5,502.9 3,449.7 4,822.3 3,051.4 3,122.4 2.3
Total EAC 8,538.4 7,434.4 9,096.9 6,753.1 5,677.5 -15.9
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Illustration: EAC FDI Inflows: 2014-2018
EAC Investment inflows, 2014-2018; USDmns

10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Burundi Kenya Rwanda Uganda South Sudan Tanzania Total EAC
FDI and Employment in the EAC

The number of jobs created as a result of FDI inflows into EAC decreased by 19.3 percent to 89,877 in 2018 from 111,316 in 2017.
FDI to Uganda contributed 16,362 jobs or 18.2 percent of total jobs created. FDI into Tanzania created 43,021 jobs accounting for
39.9 percent while the FDI inflows into Rwanda created 16,799 jobs accounting for 18.7 percent of total jobs created. FDI inflows
into Kenya created 9,385 jobs accounting for 10.4 percent of total jobs created while FDI inflows into Burundi and South Sudan
accounted for 2.2 percent and 2.6 percent, respectively, of the total jobs created.
Table 3.2: Number of Jobs Created through Foreign Direct Investment, 2014-2018
% c h a n g e in
C o u n try
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2018
Kenya 3,898 18,896 6,702 10,851 13,645 19,976.0 9,385.0 (53.0)
Tanzania 35,879 43,098 57,706 38,153 18,187 30,742.0 43,021.0 39.9
Uganda 14,103 16,235 28,980 16,343 23,759 45,728.0 16,362.0 (64.2)
Rwanda 17,311 3,845 5,169 6,921 8,033 20,756.0 16,799.0 (19.1)
South Sudan 2,357.0 100.0
Burundi 0 0 956 51 710 2,777.0 1,953.0 (29.7)
Total EAC 16,465 32,570 11,758 72,319 64,334 111,316.0 89,877.0 (19.3)
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Illustration:
EAC- Total Jobs Created, 2014-2018

120,000
100,000
80,000
No of Jobs
60,000
40,000
20,000
-
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Kenya Tanzania Uganda Rwanda South Sudan Burundi

3.3. Intra-EAC Investment Flows
The Total Value of intra-EAC investment flows is represented in the table below. Total intra-EAC investments decreased by 20.8
percent to US$ 152.7 million in 2018 from US$ 192.9 million in in 2017. The total value of intra-EAC investments into Kenya
amounted to US$ 2.8 million down from US$ 25.3 million in 2017. Investments into Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda amounted to
US$ 29.4 million, US$ 69.4 million and US$ 27.9 million, respectively in 2018.Burundi registered one investment from the other
Partner States amounting to US$ 0.4 million. Similarly, the number of projects registered under Intra-EAC investments decreased
by 28.8 percent to 42 projects in 2018 from 59 projects in 2017. Uganda registered 18 projects while Tanzania, Rwanda and Kenya
registered 16, 6 and 6 projects arising from intra-EAC investments, respectively in 2018.
Table 3.3: Intra-EAC Investment Flows, 2015-2018 (US$ millions and no. of projects)
2015 2016 2017 2018

Partner State Source No off No off No off No off
Projects Values Projects Values Projects Values Projects Values
Tanzania - - 9.00 0.50 - - 1.00 0.40

Uganda - - 8.00 0.15 - - - -
Kenya - - 15.00 1.73 - - - 0.00
Burundi
Rwanda 0.0 0.0 7.0 0.2 - - 0.0 -
Rest of World 1.0 1.8 77.0 12.0 10.0 65.1 5.0 14.7
Total 1.0 1.8 116.0 14.6 10.0 65.1 6.0 15.1
Tanzania 3.0 12.3 2.0 0.2 2.0 25.3 2.0 0.4

Uganda 7.0 7.2 4.0 5.3 0.0 0.0 2.0 1.8
Rwanda 4.0 112.4 1.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.6
Kenya
Burundi 1.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Rest of World 236.0 2,055.1 225.0 1814.5 192.0 692.4 186.0 482.7
Total 251.0 2,187.2 232.0 1820.2 194.0 717.7 192.0 485.5
Tanzania 2.0 5.8 3.0 6.2 1.0 1.0 3.0 7.5

Uganda 3.0 3.2 3.0 76.4 1.0 49.8 1.0 0.2
Kenya 4.0 21.5 1.0 1.5 5.0 7.7 2.0 21.7
Rwanda Burundi 0.0 0.0 3.0 36.1 3.0 8.1 0.0 0.0
South Sudan 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Rest of World 73.0 815.1 38.0 479.9 79.0 1081.2 81.0 985.8
Total 82.0 845.6 48.0 600.1 89.0 1147.7 87.0 1015.2
Kenya 14.0 33.4 6.0 2.4 16.0 29.1 12.0 42.7

Uganda 3.0 10.6 2.0 3.1 3.0 0.6 4.0 26.7
Rwanda 3.0 11.3 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.3 0.0 0.0
Tanzania South Sudan 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Burundi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Rest of World 285.0 3394.4 126.0 3563.3 202.0 3021.4 254.0 3053.0
Total 305.0 3449.7 134.0 3568.8 222.0 3051.4 270.0 3122.4
Tanzania 1.0 1.6 3.0 2.9 2.0 3.0 5.0 4.7

Kenya 11.0 17.9 21.0 109.8 16.0 33.0 9.0 9.9
Rwanda 1.0 0.3 1.0 2.9 3.0 3.9 1.0 2.0
Uganda South Sudan 2.0 4.5 6.0 31.4 2.0 4.7
Burundi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 6.6
Rest of World 232.0 496.9 287.0 699.5 234.0 843.9 165.0 602.7
Total 245.0 516.7 314.0 819.6 261.0 915.2 183.0 630.6
Tanzania 4.0 14.8

Kenya 7.0 7.7
Rwanda 0.0 0.0
South Sudan Uganda 2.0 0.3
Burundi 0.0 0.0
Rest of World 37.0 385.5
Total 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 408.3
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3.4. Initiatives to Support Investment at Regional Level
The EAC has developed strategies to enhance investment promotion in the Region. Based on the comparative advantage in
agricultural and diary sector, the EAC has promoted investment in the agro processing and diary sector especially with regard to
value addition in the tanneries sector. The manufacturing sector has a wide range and lucrative investment opportunities in all the
EAC Partner States. To entice investors, Partner States offered generous incentives in importation of machinery, transport
equipment and raw materials as well as in various manufacturing schemes. Some of the investment opportunities include:
assembly and production of light and medium equipment and machinery; and production of beverages textiles and apparel. Also
production of electronics and electrical equipment; iron and steel; packaging; chemicals, plastics and allied products as well as
pharmaceuticals. Promotion of investments in the construction sector related especially in the housing sector based on the
existence of large quantities of cement as well as skilled manpower in the Region. The Region also has potential for FDI in tourism
with attractive cultural background and potential for hotel and leisure facilities development as well as eco-tourism and tourism
related services. Other service sectors include banking, insurance and real estate development.
The recent discovery of viable quantities of oil and gas as well as industrial minerals has created potential for investment in the
extractives sector. Mining is also gaining prominence as a source of FDI with large discoveries of gold, limestone, vermiculite, iron
and steel, silica and rare earth minerals in the Region. The Region is moving into the production phase of oil and gas. Refining of
oil and gas will create employment in the petro-chemical sector and save foreign exchange on the importation of petroleum into
the Region. Partner States initiated value addition in the mining sector in order to ensure job creation and revenue to host
governments. This included the establishment of a gold refinery in Uganda as well as factories that use industrial minerals like
cement.
3.5. Country Specific Analysis

3.5.1. Burundi
Overview
Political stability and the end of the civil war has improved economic activity. The country has made substantial progress in the
implementation of structural reforms in the management of public finance and measures to protect the Central Bank and the
Treasury.
Burundi’s general attitude toward foreign investment is increasingly welcoming. Considerable efforts have been made to create
an environment conducive to domestic and foreign private investment.
Several strengths and opportunities, if tapped, will have a considerable impact on growth and job creation. They include
underexploited mining potential for peat, limestone, nickel, coltan, phosphates, vanadium, carbonatites, and other minerals.Also
exploitable hydropower potential of 1,300 MW, with less than 40 MW tapped; and the development of the 650-kilometre Lake
Tanganyika, whose roughly 10 ports could make it an interregional trade hub. In this regard, renovating Bujumbura port will boost
trade, especially among countries of the subregion, such as Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, and
Zambia.
Domestic and intra-EAC Investment Flows

In 2018, domestic and intra-EAC investment flows to Burundi amounted to US$ 71.7 million and covered nearly all the main
economic sectors except agriculture and construction. This represents a sharp increase compared to the US$ 5.7 million of
investments which were recorded in 2017. These investments were mainly concentrated in the energy sector, other services
(printing and related support activities, waste treatment, health care providers and services) and manufacturing representing
46.7percent, 33.2 percent and 10.3 percent, respectively of all the local and intra-EAC investments flows. Local investments
amounted toUS$ 71.2 million from the US$ 71.7 representing almost 99 percent of all the domestic and intra-EAC investments
flows. In 2018 huge investments in the energy sector from local investors led to a sharp increase in the domestic investment flow.
With the exception of investments from Tanzania, Burundi did not register investments from any other Partner States in the EAC
region in 2018.

Table 3.4: Domestic and Intra –EAC Investment Flows to Burundi, 2018 (US$ million)
Activity Burundi Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania TOTAL

Agriculture 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Construction 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Energy 33.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.5
Manufacturing 6.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 7.4
Mining 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1
Services 5.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.9
Others 23.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 23.8
TOTAL 71.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 71.7
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Burundi Foreign Direct Investment Inflows

Foreign Direct Investments into Burundi dropped drastically from US$ 65.1 million in 2017 to US$ 15.1 in 2018. Inflows from the
EAC Partner States were from Tanzania and contributed US$ 0.4 million, accounting for a mere 2.5 percent of the total inflows.
Nevertheless, this investment represents a slight improvement compared to 2017 where no investments from the EAC Partner
States were recorded in Burundi.
Inflows from the rest of the world declined sharply from US$ 65 million in 2017 to US$ 15.1 million in 2018. The number of
investment projects from the rest of the world also dropped from 10 projects in 2017 to five projects in 2018.
Table 3.5: Burundi-FDI In-flows, 2014-2018 (US$ million and percentage change)
% change 2017 over
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
2018
Country Source
NO of Values NO of Values NO of Values NO of Values NO of Values NO of Values
Projects Projects Projects Projects Projects Projects
Tanzania 0 0 0 0 9 0.5 0 0 1 0.4
Uganda 0 0 0 0 8 0.15 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Kenya 0 0 0 0 15 1.73 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Burundi
Rwanda 2.0 1.4 0 0 7 0.16 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0
R of World 8.0 149.6 1 1.8 77 12.05 10 65.06 5 14.7 -0.5 -0.8
Total 10 151 1 1.8 116 14.6 10 65.06 6 15.1 -0.4 -0.8
Mode of Market Entry

Most foreign direct investment inflows into Burundi in 2018 took the form of greenfield projects particularly in the manufacturing
and construction sectors whereas in 2017 most FDIs went to mining, utilities, manufacturing and agriculture.
Sectoral Distribution of Foreign Direct Investment

Burundi’s Sectoral distribution of foreign direct investments is summarized in table 3.6. Burundi registered six Foreign Direct
Investment projects in 2018. Three of the projects were in the manufacturing sector; two in the construction sector and one was
registered in the automotive sector.
The total investment in the manufacturing sector amounted to US$ 12.7 million and accounted for 84 percent of all Foreign Direct
Investments into Burundi. The investment in manufacturing was mainly driven by the untapped potential in the manufacturing
sector including export opportunities to neighbouring countries especially to the Democratic Republic of Congo. The construction
sector attracted investment worth US$ 1.2 million and accounted for 8 percent of all investments. Similarly, investment into the
automotive sector also amounted to US$ 1.2 million and accounted for 8 percent of the FDIs in 2018.

Table 3.6: Burundi’s Sectoral Distribution of Foreign Investment 2016-2018
YEAR 2016 2017 2018

Number of Number of Number of
SECTOR projects Amount Jobs Projects Amount Jobs Projects Amount Jobs
Agriculture, forest, fishering and
hunting 2 0.4 15 2 3.6 92 0 0.00 0
Construction 8 1.5 75 0 0 0 2 1.2 120
Manufacturing 8 5.1 98 3 11.7 297 3 12.7 366
Automobile 1 1.2 92
Mining and quarrying 4 1.4 78 4 14.1 397 0 0.00 0
Finance, Insurance, Real estate and
business services
y, 36 2.5 208 0 0 0 0 0.00 0
Services 2 0.6 25 0 0 0 0 0.00 0
Wholesale, retail trade, Tourism 50 2.6 178 0 0 0 0 0.00 0
Transport, Communication &storage 4 0.3 28 0 0 0 0 0.00 0
Utilities (water & energy) 2 0.1 10 1 35.8 1,175 0 0.00 0
Total 116 14.6 710 10 65.1 1,961 6 15.1 578
Table 3.7 Burundi's Major Sources of Investment, 2016-2018 (US$ million)
2016 2017 2018

Country No. of Employ- Value (US$ Country No. of Employ- Value (US$ Country No. of Employ- Value (US$
Projects ment MN) Projects ment MN) Projects ment MN)
INDIA 19 104 4.4 BELGE 1 1,175 35.8 RUSSIA 1 260 10.8

KENYA 15 81 1.7 Russia 3 369 13.6 CHINA 2 120 1.5
CHINA 9 127 1 OMAN 1 200 10.9 INDIA 1 49 1.2
TURKEY 7 88 0.8 India 4 189 4.4 CANADA 1 92 1.2
TANZANIA 9 34 0.5 MOLDAVIE 1 28 0.4 TANZANIA 1 57 0.4
UGANDA 8 25 0.1
RWANDA 7 15 0.2
TOTAL 74 474 8.7 TOTAL 10 1,961 65.1 TOTAL 6 578 15.1
Employment Creation
The number of direct jobs created as a result of FDI inflows into Burundi amounted to 1953 jobs in 2018, compared to 2,777 jobs
created in 2017. Domestic investment created 1375 jobs in 2018 against 816 jobs created in 2017. Burundi's FDI’s inflows created
578 jobs in 2018, compared to 1961 jobs created in 2017 representing a sharp decline.
The largest percentage of jobs created was in the manufacturing sector.Jobs created amounted 366,accounting for 63.3 percent
of the total FDI jobs generated in 2018. Construction created 120 jobs or 20.7 percent while the automotive sector generated 92
job accounting for 15.9 percent.
Essential jobs created by local investments were from the manufacturing sector, a total of 506 jobs (36.8 percent), transport 178
jobs (12.9 percent), health 171 jobs (12.4 percent) and energy 131 jobs (9.5 percent).
Table 3.8:Employment Creation, 2014-2018 (No. of Jobs)
Year
Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Burundi 2,245 2,545 956 51 8,768 2,777 1953
Prospects for Investment and Development in Burundi

Burundi’s private sector is small and relatively underdeveloped. However, tremendous efforts have been devoted to the private
sector development and investments promotion. Procedures, time and costs related to business registration have been

significantly reduced for the benefit of the investor. Fiscal and non-Fiscal incentives are offered in order to attract investors in the
country and to be able to reap the positive effects of foreign direct investments.
In 2018, Burundi launched the National Development Plan (NDP) for 2018-2027, deemed an appropriate response to the poverty
problem in the country. The National Development Plan 2018-2027 (NDP) is aligned with the African Union Agenda 2063 and the
Sustainable Development Goals. The Government’s key priority for the next 10 years is structural transformation of the economy
to alleviate poverty. It is on the basis of this Plan that there are rigorous marketing campaigns into labour intensive sectors with
large employment multipliers such as the manufacturing sectors. The government is geared towards developing policies and
action plans to implement the NDP.
Burundi Government’s recent initiative to encourage and support cooperatives has led to the creation of thousands of rural
cooperatives. Cooperatives play a major self-help role in rural areas, particularly where private businesses hesitate to go and public
authorities do not provide basic services. Cooperatives are instrumental in providing opportunities for productive employment
and sustainable development of their communities.
In addition, the country undertook several reforms to improve the investment climate and promote small and medium enterprises.
Some of the reforms relate to simplifying the tax system to enable small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to meet their
statutory obligations, provision of tax incentives, VAT exemptions, improvement in electricity supply and road infrastructure.
3.5.2. Kenya
Overview of Kenya’s Investment Environment
Kenya has aligned her development goals to the Big Four Agenda in the next five years 2018-2022. The Big Four prioritizes
manufacturing, universal healthcare, affordable housing and food security as the main sectors of focus in the Plan period. It
envisages enhancing structural transformation, addressing deep-seated social and economic challenges, and accelerating
economic growth to at least 7 percent a year. By implementing the Big four strategy, Kenya hopes to reduce poverty rapidly and
create decent jobs. The manufacturing sector growth trajectory is to enhance contribution to GDP to 15 percent of GDP by 2022,
and propel the country towards becoming Africa’s industrial hub. Major productive sectors include agriculture, forestry, fishing,
mining and minerals, industrial manufacturing, energy, tourism and financial services.
Kenya has the potential to be one of Africa’s success stories from its growing youthful population, a dynamic private sector, highly
skilled workforce and improved infrastructure. Addressing the challenges of poverty, inequality, governance, low investment and
low firm productivity to achieve rapid, sustained growth rates is a major goal for Kenya.
Domestically, improved business confidence and continued macroeconomic stability will contribute to growth. A strategic
geographic location with sea access, opportunities for private investors, and the discovery of oil, gas, and coal along with
continued exploration for other minerals makes Kenya a favorable destination for attraction of FDIs.
Macroeconomic performance
Kenya’s real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is estimated to have expanded by 6.3 per cent in 2018 compared to 4.9 percent in
2017. The growth was mainly supported by stable macroeconomic environment characterized by low oil prices, rebound in
tourism, strong remittance inflows, and increased agricultural production. The growth is also supported by accelerated
manufacturing activities; sustained growth in transportation; vibrant service sector activities; and a government led infrastructure
development initiative. During the review period, Per Capita GDP was estimated at US$ 1, 839. On the supply side, services
accounted for 52.5 percent of the growth; agriculture 23.7 percent, and industry 23.8 percent, during the review period (KNBS
survey, 2018). On the demand side, private consumption was the key driver of growth. The public debt to GDP ratio increased
considerably over the past five years to 57 percent at the end of June 2018. Half of public debt is external. The share of loans from
non-concessional sources has increased, partly because Kenya issued a $2 billion Eurobond in February 2018. Debt sustainability
analysis conducted by International Monetary Fund (IMF) in October 2018 elevated the country’s risk of debt stress to moderate.

To stimulate growth, the Central Bank of Kenya reduced the interest rate to 9 percent in July 2018 from 9.5 percent in May.
Nonetheless, a law capping interest rates discourages savings, reduces credit access to the private sector (especially small and
medium enterprises), and impedes the banking sector competition, particularly by reducing smaller banks’ profitability. The
exchange rate was more stable in 2018 than in 2017. Domestically, improved business confidence and continued macroeconomic
stability will contribute to growth. A strategic geographic location with sea access, opportunities for private investors, and the
discovery of oil, gas, and coal along with continued exploration for other minerals makes Kenya a strong contender of FDI in the
Region.
Intra-EAC Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Flows

Intra-EAC investment inflows into Kenya increased from two projects in 2017 to six in 2018 sourced from Tanzania, Rwanda and
Uganda. However, there were two more joint venture projects co-owned by other investors from Rwanda and Tanzania. In the last
three years, Kenya has recorded an increase in investment enquiries and projects from Tanzania, Uganda and Rwanda, averaging
two Foreign Direct Investments (FDI). Between 2016 and 2018, total value of intra-EAC FDI flows averaged 1.0 percent as
compared to value of projects received from the rest of the world implying. The trend of Intra-EAC FDI inflows is way below
expected levels of at least 5.0 percent in spite of the progress on the Customs Union and Common Market protocols in the EAC.
In 2018, for instance, the total intra-EAC investment inflows into Kenya dropped from US$ 25.3 million in 2017 to US$ 2.8 million
in 2018. The drop could be attributed to slow credit uptake due to banking law caps on interest rate, high cost of production, low
expansion of urban infrastructure, industrial unrest and isolated insecurity incidences.
Six projects were registered from other EAC Partner States and were mainly in-service industry and the manufacturing sector.
Kenya ICT infrastructure is fairly advanced making the country a competitive investment destination. The manufacturing sector
offers a wide range of incentives and tax holidays under the Export Processing Zones. The special economic zones when
implemented under the Special Economic Zones Act, 2015 will provide much more incentives for investors looking to set base in
industrial and techno zones. Additionally, some of the world's largest multinational corporations have set their regional
headquarters in Kenya. Kenya’s financial sector has also grown immensely in the past few years, and this is one of the reasons as
to why Kenya is among the largest economies in East Africa by GDP. Due to this, numerous companies have established
themselves in Kenya to take advantage of the available opportunities in the Region.
Table 3.9: Foreign Direct Investment Flows into Kenya, 2014-2018 (US$ million)
Source 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Percent Change, (2018

No of No of No of No of No of
Projects Values Projects Values Projects Values Projects Values No of Projects Values Projects Values
Tanzania - - 3.0 12.3 2.0 0.2 2.0 25.3 2.0 0.4 0% -99%
Uganda 2.0 0.9 7.0 7.2 4.0 5.3 0.0 0.0 2.0 1.8 #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Rwanda 0.0 0.0 4.0 112.4 1.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.6 #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Burundi 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 #DIV/0! 0%
Rest of World 122.0 873.2 236.0 2,055.1 225.0 1814.5 192.0 692.4 186.0 482.7 -3% -30%
Total 124.0 874.1 251.0 2,187.2 232.0 1,820.2 194.0 717.7 193.0 485.5 -1% -32%
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Sectoral Distribution of FDI Inflows in EAC
In 2018, Kenya Investment Authority (Ken Invest) registered 52 projects in Finance, Insurance, Real Estate and Business Services.
Forty-Seven projects in Manufacturing; and forty-two projects in Tourism, Wholesale and Retail sector. These sectors have been
leading in terms of number of new investments projects through 2016-2018. Kenya continues to attract new investments in the
above sectors in view of improved regulatory framework, advanced ICT infrastructure, incentive regimes and market access. For
example, the Nairobi International Financial Centre Act. No. 25 of 2017, seeks to provide for legal framework to facilitate and

support the development of an efficient and globally competitive financial services sector in Kenya. In terms of total value of
investments; Finance, Insurance, Real Estate and Business Services valued US$ 145.2 million, Manufacturing US$ 142.2 million;
Utilities (water & energy) US$ 72.9 million; and Wholesale, Retail Trade, Tourism US$ 57.5 million against overall contribution of
US$ 486 million. The percentage capital contribution (value) from the four leading sectors was 86.0 percent of the total capital
value of all the new investments registered by KenInvest in 2018.The manufacturing sector remains a vibrant sector for growth.
Table 3.10: Kenya's Sectoral Distribution of Foreign Direct Investments, 2016-2018
Sector 2016 2017 2018

Amount Employment No. of Amount Employment No. of Amount Employment
(US$ Mn) projects (US$ Mn) projects (US Mn)
Agriculture, fishing, forestry & hunting 17 973 2 4 90 9 2.1 767
Community, Social & Personal services 97 1,458 8 34 619 - - -
Construction 154 4,049 12 142 1,891 10 46.3 288.0
Finance, Insurance, Real estate & Business services 114 2,486 55 44 573 52 145.2 757
Manufacturing 79 1,578 35 223 13,059 47 142.2 3,834
Mining & Quarrying 1 25 4 5 144 2 0 38
Transport, Communication & Storage 443 543 18 62 153 17 19.4 251
Utilities (water & energy) 573 839 7 176 2,162 8 72.9 654
Wholesale, retail trade, Tourism 343 1,694 53 28 1,285 42 57.5 2,796.0
TOTAL 1,820 13,645 194 718 19,976 187 486 9,385
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Kenya’s Source of Foreign Direct Investments,

Foreign investments into Kenya remain relatively weak. However, Kenya is one of the largest recipients of FDI in Africa, with FDI
inflows significantly increasing since 2010. The increase is attributable to investments, coming mainly from China, in the mining,
infrastructure, and construction industry.
In 2018, China, Japan and Portugal were the three top sources of the total number of FDI flows into Kenya. China, India and the
United Kingdom remain strong sources of foreign direct investments to Kenya as per trends from 2016-2018.
In 2018, ten countries brought in 30.0 percent of the total FDI inflows to Kenya in terms of projects value (capital contribution).
This is against 53.0 percent and 95.0 percent of the total value of investment projects sourced from the top ten countries in 2017
and 2016, respectively. FDI flows to Kenya amounted to US$ 843 million. Part of the investment was as a result of mergers and
acquisitions.
Table 3.11: Kenya's Major Sources of Foreign Direct Investment, 2016-2018
2016 2017 2018

No. of projects Employment US $ million No. of Employment US $ million No. of Employment US $
UK 23 4,711 843 Germany 8 2,042 70 Portugal 46 2 23
France 5 456 305 Spain 3 5 68 Jordan 78 5 4
China 31 2,420 108 China 32 1,910 45 China 1,667 27 45
India 24 508 107 UK 15 363 31 India 464 14 6
Denmark 5 171 81 India 18 554 30 USA 130 11 12
Netherlands 8 263 81 Canada 2 69 30 Japan 50 7 40
Japan 4 167 58 Netherlands 7 504 28 UK 75 6 1
South Africa 9 2,099 56 Israel 2 212 28 Egypt 64 6 1
Germany 4 95 51 Switzerland 1 222 27 Italy 75 5 1
Canada 4 173 36 Tanzania 2 313 25 Switzerland 237 4 16
Sub total 117 11,063 1,726 Sub total 90 6,194 382 Sub total 2,886 87 149
Rest of the World 115 2,582 94 Rest of the World 104 13,782 335 Rest of the world 6,449 100 337
Grand Total 232 13,645 1,820 Grand Total 194 19,976 718 Grand Total 9385 187 486

Mode of Entry into Kenya
Modes of entry have been via joint-venture, import-export, greenfield investments, mergers and acquisitions, equity and non-eq-
uity modes; and wholly owned subsidiaries.
Employment Creation through FDIs

As per the Table 4.15 below, the total number of jobs created in 2018 were 9,385 compared to 19,976 jobs created in 2017. The
manufacturing sector accounted for 41.0 percent of the total number of jobs created from FDIs, underscoring government
commitment to propel manufacturing sector as one of the main sectors of growth. Agriculture accounted for 8.1 percent, Whole-
sale, Retail and Tourism 7.1 percent and Construction 6.0 percent of the total number of jobs created in 2018 from FDIs. It is worth
noting, these jobs were created through direct facilitation by KenInvest and are not representative of the total number of jobs
created in the country during the period.
Table 3.12: Number of Jobs Created through Foreign Direct Investment, 2014-2018
Country %-Change
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2017/2018
Kenya 6,702 10,851 13,645 19,976 9,385 - 53.0
Prospects for Investment Development in Kenya

The Kenyan government has taken measures aimed at implementing reforms to attract FDI. As a result, the country made
remarkable progress in the Doing Business ranking as published by the World Bank in the ease of Doing Business Report. Kenya
ranks 61st out of 190 countries in 2018 from 80th position in 2017 Report. Kenya simplified procedures for business creation,
shortened the period of processing business licences, permits and approvals; simplified the process to register property,
strengthened access to credit; and made paying taxes and resolving insolvency easier. The development of public-private
partnerships as part of the 'Vision 2030' strategy has a positive influence on FDI inflows. Kenya plays a pivotal role in the East
African Community, acting as a regional economic hub as it benefits from a strategic geographic location with sea access, a
growing entrepreneurial middle class, a diversified agriculture and expanding services sector.Also recently discovered
hydrocarbons resources have the potential for FDI attractions. Nevertheless, numerous obstacles to investment persist, notably
the country's quality of road infrastructure, terrorist risk and political uncertainties, social and ethnic divisions, and governance
issues. To bend the curve of poverty, GDP growth needs to be sustained at levels of between 7 percent and 10 percent over
several years. Growth will best be sustained by creating policy predictability as well as a political and investment climate that
encourages investors to make long-term commitments, even across election cycles. These investments must be targeted at
improving the human skills base of Kenya as well as providing the basic infrastructure that citizens need to thrive.
3.5.3. Rwanda
Overview
The Republic of Rwanda has made progress in building a business-friendly environment and has emerged as a top global reformer
in the key international rankings that measure economies on their ‘Ease of Doing Business’ and competitiveness of the economy.
The country’s focus is on accelerating targeted investments with the aim of structural shift in exports to high value goods and
services and target investments with large job multipliers.Emphasis also is to develop the associated value chains with the aim of
creating productive and decent jobs. The country’s identification of priority sectors like Manufacturing, Agro processing, ICT,
Energy and others with relevant, tax incentives have improved its investments levels and economic growth in general.
Rwanda Foreign Direct Investment Inflows

Rwanda’s Total Investment inflows reached US$ 2.006 million compared to US$1.673 million in 2017, a 20 percent increase. This
increment was all coming from domestic investments which moved from US$ 525.7 million in 2017 to US$ 991.1 million in 2018,

an increment of 88.5 percent. Domestic investments also accounted for 49.4 percent while Foreign Direct Investments contributed
50.6 percent of total investments. However, Foreign Direct Investments decreased by 11.6 percent compared to 2017.
Intra-EAC investment projects contributed US$ 29.5 million from six projects, a 44 percent decrease compared 10 projects with
US$ 66.5 million in 2017. Reinvestments, expansion and new domestic investment projects mainly from the manufacturing sector
accounted for 23 percent of registered investments and this was the main reason of the better performance of domestic
investments.
Table 3.13:Foreign Direct Investment flows in EAC Region, 2014-2018 (US$ million)
Partner Source 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

State
No of Values No of Values (USD ) No of Values (USD ) No of Values (USD ) No of Values (USD )
Projects (USD ) Projects Projects Projects Projects
Rwanda Tanzania 1 2 2 6 3 6.2 1 1.0 3 7.54

Uganda 2 19 3 3 3 76.4 1 49.8 1 0.24
Kenya 4 5 4 22 1 1.5 5 7.7 2 21.69
Burundi 0 0 0 0 3 36.1 3 8.1 0 0.0
Total 7 26 9 30.5 10.0 120.2 10.0 66.5 6 29.5
Rest of World 47 333.4 73 815.1 38.0 479.9 79.0 1,081.2 81 985.80
Total 54 359.6 82 845.6 48 600.1 89 1,147.7 87 1,015.3
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Mode of FDI Entry into the Economy Market Entry

The most common mode of market investment entry into Rwanda was in the form of Foreign Direct Investment, portfolio and other
investments.
Sectoral Distribution of FDI Inflows

In 2018, Foreign Direct Investment inflows had 87 investment projects. The leading sector was manufacturing with 47 projects
amounting to US$ 242.8 million, created 7714 jobs and accounted for 24 percent and 46 percent of total FDI inflows and pledged
jobs respectively. This resulted from consistent improvement in performance and attraction to the manufacturing sector. However,
in terms of value in FDI inflows by sector, services including finance, insurance, real estate and other business services took the
majority share of FDI inflows with US$ 399.7 million from 10 projects which is 39 percent of the total FDI inflows for 2018.
The favourable Government policies have led to better and improved performance in easy of doing business. Conducive tax
incentives like Import duty and VAT exemption on machinery and raw materials on manufacturing firms contributed to the
attraction and the increase in projects of this sector in investment generation both in FDIs and Domestic Investments.
Table 3.14: Rwanda-Sectoral Distribution of FDI, 2018 (US$ million and No. of Jobs)
Sector No of projects Amount(USD) Jobs created
Wholesale, retail trade, Tourism 18 104.6 1161
Agriculture, forestry and fishing 9 21.3 4041
Manufacturing 81 440.7 11726
Construction 2 162.3 324
Community, Social & Personal services 8 61.0 1217
Utilities (water & energy) 8 80.0 3273
Finance, Insurance, Real estate & Business services 24 772.1 3516
Transport, Communication & Storage 13 275.8 3668
Mining and quarrying 10 88.6 2312
Total 173 2006.4 31238

Rwanda’s Major Sources of Foreign Direct Investment
The key sources of FDI into Rwanda included Nigeria, USA China, India and the United Kingdom. Nigeria was the leading source
of FDI with investment amounting to US$ 264.6 million in 2018. Investments from USA amounted to US$ 244.1 million while India,
China, Germany and the United Kingdom's investments followed with US$ 181.1 million, US$ 61.5 million, US$ 57.6 million and
US$ 54 million, respectively.
Table 3.15: Rwanda - Major Sources of FDI, 2016-2018 (US$ million)

2016 2017 2018
Country Number of Employment Value (Million Country Number of Employment Value (Million Country Number Employme Value
Projects US$) Projects US$) of Projects nt (M illion US$)
United Kingdom 2 734 181.12 Poland 1 1834 398.7 Nigeria 2 640 264.58
United States of
Uganda 3 64 76.36 United Kingdom 8 3566 202.4 12 8196 244.1
America
China 6 959 44.9 India 15 1948 84.5 India 19 2265 181.1
Portugal 1 15 44.0 Germany 2 147 64.0 China 14 1045 61.5
United States of
3 591 42.8 CHINA 14 1974 56.8 Germany 2 673 57.6
America
Burundi 3 381 36.1 Uganda 1 95 49.8 United Kingdom 3 114 54.0
United Arab
Canada 2 2690 33.3 2 280 35.3 Slovenia 1 110 23.3
Emerates
Singapore 2 346 31.1 UAE 2 130 33.0 UAE 2 341 22.0
Syria 1 173 29.8 Bangladesh 2 788 28.7 Kenya 2 180 21.7
United States of
India 8 780 29.8 4 295 28.3 Not specified 1 121 16.0
America
Subtotal 31 6733 549.2 Subtotal 51 11057 981.5 Subtotal 58 13685 945.9
Other countries 80 6544 610.6 Other countries 86 26491 691.5 Other countries 115 17553 1060.5
Total 111.0 13,277 1159.8 Total 137 37,548 1673 Total 173 31,238 2006.4
Employment Creation
Foreign Direct investments contributed 16,799 jobs in 2018 and this is 53.7 percent of 31,238 jobs generated for the period. The
manufacturing sector was the main contributor with 45.9 percent of overall jobs created by FDI.
Table 3.16: Number of jobs Created by Foreign Direct Investment, 2014-2018
Country
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Rwanda 5,169 6,921 8,033 20,756 16,799
Prospects for Investment Development in Rwanda

Rwanda has maintained, and further improved tremendously, in ease of doing business rankings. The country ranked 29th out of
190 countries in the 2019 report compared to 41st position in the 2018 Ease of Doing Business Report. This was achieved due to
a lot of reforms that facilitate business and investments in particular. All the investment and business-related services are accessed
online, from Business registration, investment registration, environment impact assessment and licensing to tax declaration and
tax payment. Such arrangements have reduced the time taken and procedures, which in turn eased doing business.
Some of the recent reforms registered in Rwanda that continue to place the country on a competitive edge include, among others,
repealed laws on construction permits and environment laws. This streamlined the issuance of construction permits and reduced
time and procedures for environment impact assessment.
3.5.4. South Sudan

Investment Outlook
South Sudan’s economy is mainly dependent on revenues from Oil. However, South Sudan has enormous potential in other
productive sectors. The government has made it a priority to focus on the development of non-oil sectors to achieve long term

sustainable growth.The current government of South Sudan and the South Sudan Investment Authority (SSIA) are working tirelessly
to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and to open up potential investment opportunities in local, regional and international
market across all priority sectors.
The government of the South Sudan initiated a number of strategic reforms to attract local and international investors. The main
objective is to support infrastructure development and increase industrialization and agricultural production. The reforms
undertaken include the establishment of One-Stop Shop for South Sudan Investment Authority. The concept of One-Stop Shop is
to bring business and regulatory agencies together in a user friendly and efficient process for issuance of investment certificate,
licences and permits as well as providing customer care services. This concept is being implemented to offer sound and effective
investment climate in South Sudan and therefore positioning itself as a major investment location in Africa. One of these reforms
is tax concessions and incentive for FDIs.
Incentives to attract FDIs into South Sudan

The Government of South Sudan has designated the following sectors as priority for investment, and investors in these sectors are
entitled to the benefits and incentives Agriculture and Agribusiness. The key sectors include infrastructure, mining, energy,
forestry, manufacturing, ICT, financial services, pharmaceuticals, tourism and quarrying
Domestic and Intra-EAC and Foreign Investment Inflows

South Sudan registered total investments amounting to US$ 457.3 million in 2018. Domestic investments amounted to US$ 48.7
million, intra-EAC investment were US$ 71.5 million while Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows from rest of the world accounted
for US$ 385.8 million. The bulk of the FDI was geared towards extractives, banking, construction, ICT and hotel and hospitality
sectors. China, Tanzania and South Africa were the biggest contributors to FDI into South Sudan in 2018. FDI from China was
mainly concentrated in the extractives sector.FDI from the Republic of Sudan, Kenya and Uganda were concentrated in the
services sector particularly banking, ICT and hotel and hospitality industry. South Sudan has developed an investment strategy to
support enhanced FDI over the next three years. The strategy includes reforms to business registration, infrastructure
development, especially expansion of the airport and road network to Uganda, Ethiopia, Sudan and Kenya and reforms in the
financial sector to attract FDI.
Table 3.17: South Sudan- Foreign Direct Investment Flows, 2018 (US$ million)
2018
Country
Number of Projects Value (Million US$)
South Sudan 67 48.70
Tanzania 4 14.8
Kenya 7 7.7
Rwanda 0 0.0
Uganda 2 0.3
Burundi 0 0.0
Rest of the World 37 385.8
Total 117 457.3
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South Sudan Sectoral Distribution of Foreign Direct Investments
The bulk of the Foreign Direct Investment into South Sudan in 2018 was concentrated in the extractives sector with investments
amounting to US$ 358.2 million. The extractive sector contributed 87.5 % of the total FDI inflows with most of the inflows from the
Petroleum sector. FDI into the construction sector amounted to US$ 21 million while investments into banking and public services
attracted investment amounting to US$ 13.5 million and US$ 12.7 million, respectively.
Table 3.18: South Sudan Sectoral Distribution of Foreign Investment, 2018 (US$ million)
South Sudan Major Source of Investments

South Sudan leading sources of FDI inflows in 2018 included China, amounting to US$ 355.4 million. Tanzania contributed US$
14.8 million and South Africa contributed US$ 12.2 million of the inflows. The three countries accounted for 77.7 percent, 3.2
percent and 2.3 percent of the total investment inflows, respectively.
Table 3.19: South Sudan-Major Sources of FDI, 2018 (US$ million)
Country Number of Projects No. of Jobs Created Value (US$ Million)
China 18 583 355.4

Tanzania 4 43 14.8
South Africa 4 125 12.2
Kenya 7 82 7.7
Sudan 4 66 7.5
Somalia 5 112 4.5
United Kingdom 1 12 2
Malaysia 1 15 1.5
Egypt 1 15 1.0
Ghana 1 16 1.0
Sub Total 46 1069 407.6
Others ( Incl. RSS) 71 1288 49.7
TOTAL 117 2357 457.3
Number of Jobs Created

In 2018, investments into South Sudan created 2357 direct jobs. The bulk of the jobs were created by investments from China,
South Africa and Somalia amounting to 583 jobs, 125 jobs and 112 jobs, respectively in 2018. In terms of sectoral distribution, the
bulk of the jobs were created in the mining, quarrying and construction sectors. Mining and quarrying created 780 direct jobs while
the construction sector created 141 direct jobs in the South Sudan economy in 2018.

Prospects to Improved FDI Flows into the Republic of South Sudan
The establishment of the South Sudan Business Registry in 2008, the Investment Promotion Act 2009, and the South Sudan
Investment Authority are clear demonstrations of the Government commitment to facilitate, promote and develop leadership of
the private sector in the development of the country. Also, the Government is committed to working with local and foreign
investors to harness the emerging business opportunities throughout the country.
In view of wide range of investment opportunities, the Government established in 2012 the One-Stop Shop Investment Centre to
streamline and simplify business set-up processes and have team of investment promotion officers to evaluate investment
opportunities and identifying the right location for their projects. Also, the Government is aware of the key role played by
infrastructure in maximizing the returns for investors. The government thus, has put in place measures to establish Public Private
Partnership (PPP) to help build critically needed power and transformation infrastructure. These measures include policies and
regulations governing contacts, finance, banking and operations with appropriate mechanism for handling operational matters
including dispute resolutions in consonance with international practices and laws.The policies also entail clear commitment for the
national/sub-national government to these long tenure strategic projects, given the multiple layers of project, economic and
socio-political risks. This communicates the aspect of partnership with government, rather than as typical contractor-client
relationship; Transparency of rules, timeliness of decision making and timely resolution of any likely issues that may arise must
underline the above to create investor confidence. Further, the Government has designated agriculture, hard and soft
infrastructure, mining, agri-business, energy, tourism and social sectors as priority for investment. Investors in these sectors are
entitled to the benefits and incentives.
3.5.5. Tanzania
Overview of Tanzania Investment Environment
Tanzania like many other developing economies continued to implement policies aimed at improving investment climate in order
to attract more FDI inflows. Tanzania’s long-term development strategy is enshrined in the Vision 2025, which is implemented
through Five-Year Development Plans (FYDP). The Government through the FYDP II selected subsectors as an intervention for
fostering economic growth and industrialization. These subsectors include: manufacturing; mining and metals; construction;
agriculture; trade; natural resources management; environment and climate change; tourism; science. technology and innovation;
and creative industry. The Government is expecting to attract more local and foreign investors while implementing the FYDP II.
To realize that ambition of transforming Tanzania into a middle-income country, the government is committed to infrastructure
development throughout the country. The key infrastructure that are targeted include: upgrading of the central railway to Standard
Gauge Railway (SGR); enhancing capacities of the ports; expanding and modernizing the airports; connecting all key production
areas with bitumen roads; enhancing power generation and transmission lines; investing in incubation programmes to create an
industrial base; and further improvements to Information and Communication Infrastructure (ICT).
During 2018, the Tanzania Investment Centre (TIC) continued to undertake initiatives to improve delivery of services. To this end,
a special committee, National Investment Facilitation Committee (NIFC), chaired by TIC and comprising CEOs of Government
institutions and investors in the services sector was formed to address challenges related to coordination and facilitation of
services. Further, all institutions that are providing support to investors including Immigration Services Department, Tanzania
Revenue Authority (TRA), Ministry of Works and Labour, Ministry of Land, Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS), and Tanzania Drugs
and Food Authority (TDFA) seconded senior officers to the TIC. The filing system has also been automated to improve efficiency
in the approval process. These initiatives are intended to reduce the number of days taken to get all the necessary facilitation and
permits to three working days from an average of 14 working days in the previous years.
In the financial year 2018/19 the Government prioritised to facilitate primary industrial development for economic growth,
integrate economic growth and human development and also creating conducive investment climate and business environment.
This is envisaged to make Tanzania a more attractive investment destination.

Tanzania Foreign Direct Investment Inflows
The total registered foreign direct investments in Tanzania increased by 2.3 percent to US$ 3,122.4 million in 2018, from US$
3,051.4 million in 2017, with EAC investment accounting to 5.93 percent of the total investment flows, worth US$ 69.4 million.
Investment flows from the rest of the world amounted to US$ 3,053.4 million as compared to US$ 3,021.4 million recorded in 2017.
Kenya's FDI inflows to Tanzania increased by 46.8 percent recording US$ 42.7 million in 2018 compared to US$ 29.1 million
recorded in 2017. Similarly, investment inflows from Uganda increased from US$ 0.56 million in 2017 to US$ 26.7 million in 2018.
However, planned investments from the rest of the world increased marginally by 1.0 percent to US$ 3,053.1 million in 2018,
compared to US$ 3,021.4 million in 2017.
Table 3.20: Tanzania's Foreign Direct Investment Flows, 2017-2018 (US$ millions)
6RXUFH7DQ]DQLD,QYHVWPHQW&HQWUH
Intra-EAC Investment Flows

FDIs registered in Tanzania amounted to US$ 3,122.4 million in 2018 of which FDI originating from the EAC Partner States amount-
ed to US$ 69.4 million. Kenya's registered investment in Tanzania was US$ 42.7 million; mainly concentrated on manufacturing
sector and construction. Other EAC countries that registered notable investment was Uganda with total investments amounting to
US$ 26.7 million, mainly in the manufacturing sector.
Table 3.21: Tanzania - Intra - EAC Investment Inflows, 2018 (US$ million)
Activity Burundi Kenya Rwanda South Sudan Uganda Total

Agriculture - 0.88 - - - 0.88
Construction - 14.70 - - 14.70
Energy - - - - - -
Finance - - - - -
Human Resources - 0.50 - - - 0.50
Manufacturing - 18.60 - - 25.80 44.40
Natural Resources - 0.30 - - - 0.30
Services - - - - - -
Telecom - 2.70 - - - 2.70
Tourism - - - - 0.90 0.90
Transportation - - - - - -
Total 0.00 42.70 0.00 0.00 26.70 69.40
6RXUFH7DQ]DQLD,QYHVWPHQW&HQWUH7,&

Sectoral Distribution of the FDI Inflows
In 2018, Tanzania registered a total of 270 projects from FDIs. The majority of the projects were registered in the manufacturing
sector (133), followed by Construction (34) and Transport, Communication and Storage (25). Other registered projects concentrat-
ed on agriculture, fishing, forestry and hunting; and finance and insurance, and business services which amounted to US$.522.46
million and US$. 92.04 million, respectively.
Table 3.22: Tanzania- Sectoral Distribution FDI, 2017–2018 (US$ million)
2017 2018 (Prov)

No. of Amount Employment No. of Amount Employment
Sector
projects (US$ Mn) projects (US$ Mn)
Agriculture, Fishing,
Forestry & Hunting 12 260.45 1,926 20 522.46 6,570
Construction 2 10.83 365 34 405.64 13,336
Manufacturing 134 2,227.12 11,666 133 1,425.42 14,637
Mining & Quarrying - - - 1 0.91 7
Finance, Insurance, Real
estate & Business
services 24 190.43 14,252 23 92.24 2,833
Community, Social &
Personal Services 14 38.41 660 7 9.17 431
Wholesale, Retail Trade,
Tourism 16 26.61 687 21 103.57 1,995
Transport,
Communication &
Storage 16 42.87 799 25 253.12 3,105
Utilities (water & energy) 4 254.62 387 6 309.90 107
TOTAL 222 3,051.35 30,742 270 3,122.42 43,021
6RXUFH7DQ]DQLD,QYHVWPHQW&HQWUH7,&
Tanzania's Major Sources of Foreign Direct Investment

The major sources of Foreign Direct Investment to Tanzania in 2018 were China, Singapore, India and Kenya. Registered invest-
ment from China amounted to US$ 264.5 million, with 86 projects expected to create 20,794 direct jobs. Investments from
Singapore amounted to US$ 51.2 million with projected employment of 251 jobs. Investment from India and Mauritius amounted
to US$ 41.7 and US$ 29.2, with expected creation of 827 and 890 direct jobs, respectively, while investments from Kenya amount-
ed to US$ 42.7 million in 2018.

Table 3.23: Tanzania: Major Sources of Foreign Direct Investments, 2017-2018
2017 2018
Number Employment Value Number Employm Value
of (million of ent (million
Projects US$) Projects US$)
Country Country
Germany 2 4,840 1,890.41 China 86 20,794 264.53
China 67 16,774 330.11 Singapore 1 251 51.23
UK 14 1,017 178.35 Kenya 12 1,012 42.70
India 29 1,953 167.89 India 11 827 41.72
Luxembourg 1 2 110.00 Mauritius 9 890 29.03
Australia 4 477 91.98 Australia 3 308 26.95
Mauritius 4 412 49.00 South Africa 9 299 14.13
Kenya 16 701 29.09 Saudi Arabia 1 305 13.00
UAE 3 160 26.74 Belgium 1 384 12.79
Ukraine 1 324 25.00 Switzerland 2 573 12.19
Sub Total 141 26,660 2,898.57 Sub Total 135 25,643 508.27
Other 81 4,082 152.78 Other 135
Countries Countries 2,614.14
17,378
Total 222 30,742 3,051.35 Total 270 43,021 3,122.42
Employment Creation
The total number of expected job creation in 2018 was 43,021 compared to 30,742 planned in 2017, which is equivalent to an
increase of 39.9 percent. The largest proportion is projected in the manufacturing sector (14,637). Construction and agriculture
sectors are expected to create 13,336 and 6,570 direct jobs, respectively.
Table 3.24: Tanzania - Number of Jobs Created by Foreign Direct Investment 2016-2018
% change
2016 2017 2018 2018/2017
Tanzania 18,187 30,742 43,021 39.9
6RXUFH7DQ]DQLD,QYHVWPHQW&HQWUH
Prospects for Investment Flows into Tanzania

Tanzania is endowed with abundant investment opportunities. Apart from being peaceful and politically stable, it has rich natural
resources and occupies a strategic geographical location in the Eastern and Central African region suitable to facilitate trade and
investments. Detailed information on investment opportunities, incentives and business environment, among other information,
can be accessed through Tanzania Investment Centre website namely www.tic.go.tz.
The country’s strong growth of around 7 percent over the past decade coupled with the ongoing air, road and rail infrastructure
developments, as well as utilities provision, offer bright prospects for investment inflows to Tanzania. Notable projects lined up for
2019/20 include manufacturing of cement, tiles, steel, soap and detergents; and beverages as well as banking services.
3.5.6. Uganda
Uganda Foreign Direct Investment Outlook
The Government’s strategy to scale up infrastructure investment is well conceived. It is intended to lift growth while maintaining
debt at a sustainable level. The most important policy challenge of all is inclusive growth. Uganda’s achievements in poverty
reduction are commendable and if this trend is continued, there will be clear benefits as investment promotion will be forthcoming.

In an attempt to stimulate private investment in small-scale renewable energy projects, the Government through the Electricity
Regulatory Authority (ERA) adopted a Renewable Energy Feed-in Tariff (REFiT) scheme in 2012. ERA and the German
Development Bank, KfW, developed and implemented the Global Energy Transfer performance that steadily improved. Through
this, up to 15 Independent Power Producers (IPPs) using various renewable energy sources and totalling 150 MW of generation
capacity, were expected to become operational by 2018. This is now actualized in investment statistical data in table 4.24.
Investment Inflows into Uganda

In 2018, investment inflows into Uganda decreased both in value and in the number of projects registered. Total investment flows
into the country decreased by 22.4 percent to US$ 1.01 billion in 2018, of which US$ 385.3 million was domestic investment. This
decline was attributed to changes in the system of licensing after introduction of the e-Biz system of project licensing. Some
investors lacked capacity and could not cope with the requirements of this system.
It is however, important to note that although there is a decline in investments, the quality of investments by value registered was
remarkable. Major investments are visible in power generation but also in secondary industries that serve the power generation
processes and construction in the oil and gas sector. The success at country level in attracting such investments is mainly attributed
to the following factors that have been identified: stable country context; clear policy framework; transparent, consistent and fair
regulation; coherent power sector planning; and competitive bidding practices. At the project level, these factors were generally
as follows: favourable equity partners; favourable debt partners; creditworthy off-taker; secure and adequate revenue stream;
credit enhancements and other risk management and mitigation measures; positive technical performance; and strategic
management and relationship building.
Intra-EAC Investment Flows in Uganda

Investment inflows from EAC Partner States amounted to US$ 413.2 million of which US$ 385.3 million was Uganda investments.
The number of projects recorded from these investments was 98 in total. Burundi recorded the second highest value in terms of
investments from East Africa. The investment recorded is in agro-processing and was attributed to Uganda`s success in coffee
export as a result of the high demand of its unique Arabica coffee that blends most of the world coffees. This is also attributed to
the special incentives for the agro-processing sub sector. Kenya still maintained its position in terms of highest investment both in
value and number of projects. On the general trend, there is a decline in investments from both Kenya and South Sudan by 70
percent and 85 percent, respectively compared to 2017. Tanzania on the other hand recorded an increase in both the value of
investments and number of projects with a percentage increase of 56.7 percent. The major investment from Tanzania was in
Transport and haulage. The decision for this investment is anticipated to be attributed to Uganda`s strategy to position herself as
a regional logistics hub within the context of a logistics centred economy as a key national development approach, inclusive of the
local content initiatives giving advantage to establishments within Uganda.
Foreign Direct Investment Inflows

Uganda's overall investment flows decreased by 22.4 percent to US$ 1,015 million in 2018, from US$ 1,309 million in 2017. The
number of projects decreased to 263 in 2018 from 345 in 2017. Additionally, the number of jobs created declined to 24,448 in
2018, from 46,504 in 2017. The decline was attributed to impact attributed to the introduction of online investment licensing
requirements. The total value of FDIs for 2018 decreased by 31.1 percent and was at US$ 630.6 million compared to US$ 915.2
million in 2017.

Table 3.25: Uganda-Foreign Direct Investment Flows, 2016-2018 (US$ millions)
Percent Change, Percent Change,
2016 2017 2018
Partner (2017 over 2016) (2018 over 2017)
Source
State No of Values No of Values No of Values No of Values No of Values
Projects US$ m Projects US$ m projects US$m Projects US$ m Projects US$ m
Uganda 126.0 705.0 84 393.5 79.0 385.3 -33.3 -44.2 -6.0 -2.1
Tanzania 3.0 2.9 2 3.0 5.0 4.7 -33.3 3.4 150.0 56.7
Kenya 21.0 109.8 16 33.0 9.0 9.9 -23.8 -69.9 -43.8 -70.0
Rwanda 1.0 2.9 3 3.9 1.00 2.00 200.0 34.5 -66.7 -48.7
S. Sudan 2.0 4.5 6 31.4 3.00 4.70 200.0 597.8 -50.0 -85.0
Uganda Burundi 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 1.00 6.60 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
sub total 153.0 825.1 111 464.8 98.0 413.2 -27.5 -43.7 -11.7 -11.1
Rest of 287.0 699.5 234 843.9 165.0 602.7
World -18.5 20.6 -29.5 -28.6
Total 440.0 1524.6 345 1308.7 263.0 1015.9 -21.6 -14.2 -23.8 -22.4
6RXUFH8JDQGD,QYHVWPHQW$XWKRULW\,QYHVWPHQWGDWD
Sectoral Distribution of Foreign Direct Investment
The manufacturing sector continued to top other sectors in terms of investment by the number of projects, value, and even job
creation. The sector attracted 139 projects worth US$ 360.3 million and created 12,731 jobs. The sector however, registered a
decline in performance in general terms. This is still explained by introduction of online licensing system with stringent
requirements and verification.
Projects in manufacture of food products, dominated the manufacturing sector with 31 projects recorded followed by beverages
production with 15 projects. This is attributed to the fact that Uganda is the food basket for the Region naturally provided to it
through its two rainy seasons per year. In terms of value the key projects under manufacturing mainly dealt in solar water pumps
and heaters, cotton wool processing and the manufacture of surgical gloves, the manufacture of white petroleum products, and
the manufacture of textile and salt processing.
The agriculture sector followed the manufacturing sector in terms of performance. The main areas of investment by value were in
aquaculture, fruit processing, poultry processing, coffee processing, cereals processing, and production of macadamia nuts and
agricultural fertilizers.
Investment inflows into the construction sector also declined to US$ 151.6 million in 2018, from US$ 185 million in 2017. The sector
registered 19 projects in 2018 from 20 projects recorded in 2017 and created 2,515 jobs in 2018.

Table 3.26: Uganda-Sectoral Distribution of FDI Trends, 2016-2018 (US$ million)
Table 4.26 Uganda’s Sectoral Distribution of Foreign Investment 2016-2018
Sector 2016 2017 2018
No. of Amount No. of Amount No. of Amount
projects (US$ m) Employmenprojects (US$ m) Employmenprojects (US$ m) Employmen
Agriculture,
Hunting, Forestry
& Fishing 82 405 16,155 45 137 4,559 42 251.9 4,951
Community &
Social Services 10 28 844 9 35 1,659 6 5.2 251
Construction 45 193 3,596 20 185 13,806 19 151.6 2,515
Electricity, Gas &
Water 12 135 929 11 99 1,653 7 31.5 682
Fin, Ins, Real Est &
Biz Svs 69 236 4,500 58 117 4,776 11 120.1 832
Manufacturing 174 327 17,370 163 548 16,571 139 360.3 12,731
Quarrying 8 17 420 12 116 1,301 11 31.1 922
Transport, Storage
& Comm 18 213 1,634 17 59 1,678 18 57.6 1,038
Wh & Ret, Cat &
Accom Svs 21 33 857 11 13 501 10 6.6 526
Uganda's Sources of Foreign Direct Investment
The major source of investment inflows in 2018 continue to be China, investing in 57 projects worth US$ 362.6 million, and
expected to create 5,598 jobs. Investments by value were realized mainly in agriculture and agro-processing, manufacturing and
real estate development specifically in the development of industrial parks. Development of private industrial parks in Uganda is
a new concept encouraged by the Government’s move to provide special investment incentives for both developers and operators
in industrial parks. The incentives include tax holidays, VAT exemptions, stamp duty exemptions and excise duty exemptions.
Table 3.26: Uganda-Sectoral Distribution of FDI Trends, 2016-2018 (US$ million)
Country 2017 Country 2018

No. of Projects Amount (US$m) Employment No. of Projects Amount (US$m) Employment
China 59 303.3 16867 China 57 362.6 5,598
India 47 155.1 4735 Lebanon 1 65.0 150
Ethiopia 4 62.7 572 United Arab Emirates 2 51.3 363
Turkey 9 62.6 1166 India 43 51.0 3,675
British Virgin Island 4 50.4 1867 Russia 1 14.2 22
UK 14 26 1223 Canada 7 12.3 686
Lebanon 5 25.5 959 Kenya 9 9.9 853
Norway 2 23.2 652 Denmark 1 9.0 453
US 6 21.8 1534 Burundi 1 6.6 339
Italy 1 19.4 246 British Virgin Island 2 6.6 701
Sub Total 151 750 29821 Sub-total 124 588.4 12,840
Rest of the World 167 558 15907 R. of the World 60 42.2 3522
Total 469 1308 45728 Total 184 630.6 16,362
6RXUFH8JDQGD,QYHVWPHQW$XWKRULW\

Employment Creation by Foreign Direct Investment
Foreign Direct inflows into Uganda registered a decline in employment generation by 64.2 percent in 2018, compared to a decline
of 18.7 percent in 2017. The majority of the jobs were generated by investments in manufacturing (12.731) and agriculture (4, 951).
Table 3.28:Uganda-Number of Jobs Created by Foreign Direct Investment, 2014-2018
Year % Change
Country
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018
Uganda 28,980 16,343 23,759 45,728 16,326 64.70% 18.70% -64.22%
Uganda's Prospects for Investment Promotion
Uganda enjoys a unique location in the middle of Sub Saharan Africa within the East African region, where growth has hovered at
about 5 percent a year. This growth is better than many other economic regional blocks, but not enough to spur the swift
development that is so needed. With increased infrastructure investment and the development of the oil sector, growth could
accelerate to 6.5 percent in the coming years. The question is ‘how can Uganda seize opportunities to sustain strong growth and
promote investments?’
The most important policy challenge of all is inclusive growth. Uganda’s achievements in poverty reduction are commendable and
if this trend is continued, there will be clear benefits as investment promotion will be forthcoming. Coupled with the competing
demands of Uganda’s growing population, the Government will have to constantly balance priorities even as investment is ramped
up, it is essential to make resources available for social spending.
Uganda’s Priority Sectors for Investment are: commercial agriculture and agro processing; tourism; adding value to minerals; ICT
and oil and gas. Uganda has the unrivalled potential to be the food basket of the East African Community, as well as the Great
Lakes regions She has the capacity to export processed foodstuffs to the wider COMESA economic bloc.
Uganda has large under-exploited mineral deposits of gold, oil, high grade tin, tungsten/wolfram, salt, beryllium, cobalt, kaolin,
iron-ore, glass sand, vermiculite, phosphates (fertilizer), uranium and rare earth elements. According to the Petroleum Exploration
and Production Department in Uganda, by 2017, 21 oil and/or gas discoveries had been made in the country. Eighty-seven oil
wells have been drilled and there are 21 fields in existence. Currently, over 3.5 billion barrels of STOIIP have been discovered with
over 1.2 billion barrels of oil equivalent estimated as recoverable. Investment Opportunities include: Processing minerals;
constructing an oil refinery; constructing an oil pipeline for crude oil; and constructing an oil pipeline for petroleum.

4. CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSIONS AND PROSPECTS
4.1. Conclusions
Key developments that have a potential to influence current and future trade and investment outcomes are numerous: the
continued positive economic growth of the Region will be an opportunity to position EAC as a trade hub and investment
destination; the Global Value Chains initiative will have an impact on how agricultural production, industrial processes as well as
logistics will be structured; and the Africa Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) presents both opportunities and challenges. The
AfCFTA has the potential to integrate Africa’s fragmented markets, enhance competitiveness, increase access to regional and
global markets and cause better re-allocation of resources. The implementation of the AfCFTA Agreement will address the
continued decline of Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) inflows and spur industrial development and economic growth especially in
the EAC Partner States.
Overall, the Region continued to register a trade deficit with the rest of the world in 2018 partly due to an increase in imports into
the Region. The deficit for the EAC increased by 39.4 percent to US$ 24.3 billion in 2018 from US $17.4 billion registered in 2017.
The increase in the deficit was attributed to increase in imports mainly due to a spike in global crude oil prices that peaked at US$
73 per barrel and increased the import bill for petroleum products. Other imports included machinery, motors, textile, wheat and
rice. The EAC imports fossil fuels, textile, leather, crude palm oil, motors and machinery which account for a large proportion of
import bill. On the other hand, the Region mainly exports agricultural commodities which in most cases, are unprocessed and fetch
very little on the global market.
EAC intra-regional imports grew by 13.9 percent to US$ 2.8 billion in 2018 from US$ 2.5 billion in 2017. Similarly, intra-regional
exports grew by 5.6 percent to US$ 3.2 billion in 2018 from US$ 2.9 billion in 2017. Noticeably, during the year, exports from all
Partner States grew with the exception of South Sudan. The growth in intra-regional trade could be attributed to the increase in
agricultural production as a result of improved weather conditions; elimination of Non-Trade Barriers among Partner States; and
increased trade in manufactured products with a higher value. It was also noted that intra-EAC trade did not grow as anticipated
despite the existence of a conducive environment. This was mainly attributed to the increase in the imports from COMESA and
SADC during the year signifying the growing importance of the two regional blocs in EAC. In addition, there has been impressive
industrial development in all the Partner States as a result of elimination of tariff and non-tariff barriers. While this is good for
economic development of the Region generally, it implies that intra-regional trade in manufactured commodities is limited due to
the lack of heterogeneity in industrial development.
The FDI into the EAC continued the decline experienced in earlier years. Overall, such Investments into East Africa increased
marginally by 1.9 percent to US$ 7.2 billion in 2018 from US$ 7.1 billion in 2017. Inflows to Burundi and Rwanda grew by 10.1
percent and 74.8 percent to US$ 71.7 million from US$ 65.1 million in 2017 and to US$ 2.0 billion in 2018 from US$ 1.2 billion in
2017, respectively. FDI into Kenya, Tanzania, South Sudan and Uganda fell by 32.4 percent, 5.9 percent, 1.1 percent and 22.8
percent to US$ 485.5 million, US$ 3.2 billion, 457.3 million and US$ 1.0 billion in 2018, respectively.
4.2. Prospects for Growth of Trade and Investment Sectors in EAC

The EAC Region has a conducive environment to attract and promote investment. The infrastructure network of roads, railways,
ports and air transport has recently undergone extensive development and rehabilitation. The Region is endowed with enormous
resources with potentially very high returns on investment. Partner States offered generous incentives on importation of machin-
ery, transport equipment and raw materials. Substatial incentives schemes are in place also for f the assembly and manufacture of
machinery and vehicles. The existence of minerals, raw materials and abundant skilled labour presents a huge potential for the
manufacturing and construction sectors while the abundance of wildlife and other attractions present a potential for investment in
tourism.

The recent discovery of viable quantities of oil and gas as well as industrial minerals has created potential for investment in the
extractives sector. Mining is also gaining prominence as a source of FDI with large discoveries of gold, limestone, vermiculite, iron
and steel, silica and rare earth minerals..
The Region is moving into the production phase of oil and gas. Refining of oil and gas will create employment in the
petro-chemical sector and save foreign exchange on the importation of petroleum into the Region. Partner States initiated value
addition in the mining sector in order to ensure job creation and revenue to host countries. This included the establishment of a
gold refinery in Uganda as well as factories that use industrial minerals like cement.
To ensure sustained growth in trade and investment in the Region, the the Partner States have to support initiatives that reduce
the import bill on fossil fuels, motors, crude palm oil, textiles and capital items. Initiatives such as fast tracking the production of
EAC oil and gas reserves, assembly of motors in the Region and support to improved agricultural production including irrigation,
post-harvest handling and value addition should be explored. Further reforms will include establishment of a credible central data
unit to capture and disseminate all trade statistics in the EAC for use by the Secretariat and Partner States in planning,
management and monitoring of the Single Customs Territory.
Further, there is need for reforms to ensure sustained economic growth above 7.0 percent to guarantee a big market for
commodities that is necessary to attract investments; enhance reforms in the investment climate with regard to infrastructure and
capital market developments. Moreover, there is need to continue the initiatives already underway in the Region to boost
domestic investment growth and development.

Table 1: Individual EAC Country's Total Trade with the Rest
of the World, 2014-2018(US$ Million)
% change
Partner State Country/Region 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2017 2018
Uganda Kenya 891.32 981.54 863.09 1009.23 1096.01 16.93 8.60
Tanzania 131.74 123.65 128.55 141.59 325.04 10.14 129.56
Rwanda 256.22 246.94 203.34 191.47 224.69 -5.84 17.35
Burundi 47.57 49.66 46.40 44.05 46.04 -5.07 4.52
South Sudan 281.78 265.86 242.11 305.49 358.96 26.18 17.50
Rest of Africa 724.87 659.30 611.68 758.29 937.80 23.97 23.67
EU 1,108.24 1,077.79 982.90 1099.56 1136.67 11.87 3.38
UAE 436.30 488.31 785.51 1105.25 1346.45 40.71 21.82
China 805.64 932.76 913.26 1016.07 1216.65 11.26 19.74
USA 128.75 122.29 116.93 158.06 160.43 35.18 1.50
Japan 360.74 361.50 253.45 389.71 335.10 53.76 -14.01
India 1,518.07 1,178.68 879.71 780.35 857.92 -11.29 9.94
Rest of the World 1,644.25 1,306.84 1284.85 1498.25 1775.03 16.61 18.47
Total Trade 8,335.49 7,795.13 7311.77 8497.37 9816.80 16.21 15.53
Tanzania Kenya 1,235.50 1,031.20 581.69 431.54 461.58 -25.81 6.96
Uganda 141.20 89.60 89.05 57.09 - -35.89 -100.00
Rwanda 50.40 42.40 7.67 47.13 81.07 514.91 72.00
Burundi 62.20 40.20 53.14 51.78 49.03 -2.57 -5.30
South Sudan 1.25 - -
Rest of Africa 327.00 80.50 29.04 33.45 45.28 15.20 35.36
EU 2,497.10 2,430.55 1,405.84 1,449.74 1,513.57 3.12 4.40
UAE 1,339.80 1,154.14 658.92 677.38 957.30 2.80 41.32
China 2,752.50 3,508.04 2,002.19 1,642.49 1,907.06 -17.97 16.11
USA 525.30 398.85 310.34 261.82 298.32 -15.63 13.94
Japan 811.44 852.40 511.95 486.46 464.85 -4.98 -4.44
India 3,727.20 3,800.66 2,141.84 2,141.92 1,952.34 0.00 -8.85
Rest of the World 4,270.40 5,409.23 2,884.68 2,901.64 4,294.30 0.59 48.00

Table 1(ctd): Individual EAC Country's Total Trade with the
Rest of the World, 2014-2018(US$ Million)
% change
Total Trade 17,740.04 18,837.77 10,676.35 10,182.44 12,025.97 (4.63) 18.10
Kenya Uganda 890.92 921.53 802.32 1,004.30 1,098.95 25.17 9.42
Tanzania 694.81 512.90 468.97 441.93 469.64 -5.77 6.27
Rwanda 172.38 190.07 180.03 181.87 187.86 1.02 3.29
Burundi 89.61 69.16 72.02 71.96 65.76 -0.09 -8.62
South Sudan 162.24 128.12 - -21.03
Rest of Africa 2,320.40 2,101.78 2,009.28 2,241.81 2,217.51 11.57 -1.08
EU 3,914.66 3,629.26 3,280.59 3,202.21 3,456.08 -2.39 7.93
UAE 1,404.12 1,215.19 1,206.41 1,592.96 1,801.02 32.04 13.06
China 2,903.09 3,339.80 3,423.61 3,874.06 3,770.95 13.16 -2.66
USA 2,354.41 1,691.43 898.22 1,011.96 993.05 12.66 -1.87
Japan 1,024.54 936.09 851.98 833.26 1,035.59 -2.20 24.28
India 3,108.30 2,652.05 2,141.95 1,705.74 1,918.78 -20.37 12.49
Rest of World 5,642.80 4,634.46 4,464.58 6,108.11 6,285.95 36.81 2.91
Total Trade 24,520.04 21,893.70 19,799.98 22,432.41 23,429.26 13.30 4.44
Rwanda Burundi 25.8 25.8 36.2 25.2 29.0 -30.39 15.18
Kenya 233.0 218.4 202.5 178.9 176.3 -11.62 -1.47
South Sudan 0.2 5.3 1.4 0.7 2.9 -51.33 326.06
Tanzania 86.7 85.8 99.4 108.4 136.8 9.10 26.16
Uganda 286.5 251.1 218.5 250.0 293.7 14.39 17.51
Rest of Africa 355.2 366.3 374.5 522.1 545.7 39.40 4.53
EU 463.4 378.2 353.2 448.7 479.4 27.01 6.85
United Arab Emirates 252.2 299.8 388.3 596.0 460.6 53.49 -22.73

Table 1(ctd): Individual EAC Country's Total Trade with the
Rest of the World, 2014-2018(US$ Million)
% change
China 404.6 429.7 441.8 516.5 562.4 16.91 8.89
Rwanda (Ctd) USA 65.1 70.7 66.4 88.4 75.9 33.19 -14.13
Japan 56.8 63.0 84.9 94.3 67.4 11.01 -28.45
India 283.8 322.9 316.5 293.7 285.2 -7.19 -2.91
Rest of the World 542.4 610.6 576.5 751.3 877.5 30.31 16.80
Total Trade 3,056 3,128 3,160 3,874 3,993 22.59 3.06
Burundi Kenya 50.31 62.89 50.23 45.83 43.4 -8.77 -5.21
Uganda 27.24 45.52 48.81 46.29 45.2 -5.17 -2.36
Tanzania 59.04 56.30 52.70 59.64 52.3 13.17 -12.26
Rwanda 14.91 13.42 17.75 8.72 10.0 -50.87 14.45
Rest of Africa 121.41 90.83 73.48 101.47 93.5 38.09 -7.86
EU 147.10 179.36 145.50 139.83 143.9 -3.89 2.93
UAE 53.36 92.38 57.40 91.90 131.2 60.11 42.71
China 73.67 101.48 105.50 108.60 108.5 2.94 -0.10
USA 10.38 12.01 11.60 21.43 11.6 84.73 -45.81
Japan 33.33 21.57 19.90 27.65 30.8 38.94 11.39
India 248.27 74.64 88.60 98.85 56.5 11.57 -42.89
Rest of the World 170.06 167.80 89.13 155.29 246.8 74.23 58.91
Total Trade 1,009.10 918.22 760.60 905.51 973.66 19.05 7.53
South Sudan Kenya - 175.34 160.92 162.25 267.70 0.82 64.99
Uganda - 265.86 242.10 305.49 107.10 26.18 -64.94
Tanzania - 0.10 8.88 0.00 0.20 -100.00 -
Rwanda - 5.49 5.49 0.64 4.30 -88.44 576.74
Rest of Africa - 32.03 39.61 0.00 15.9 -100.00 -
EU - 226.91 240.99 225.02 43.10 -6.63 -80.85
UAE - - 1.50 0.00 76.49 -100.00 -
China - 18.54 198.91 420.02 58.40 111.16 -86.10

% change
USA - 21.57 132.78 13.21 3.70 -90.05 -71.99
Japan - 13.68 70.71 3.51 9.87 -95.04 181.46
India - - 3.54 0.00 17.67 -100.00 -
Rest of the World - 74.77 291.40 62.83 389.62 -78.44 520.15
Total Trade - 834.30 1,396.85 1,192.96 978.15- 14.60- 18.01
Source: National Statistical Offices and Revenue Authorities of Partner States

Table 2: Total EAC Trade by Country and Regional Blocs,
2014-2018 (US $ Million)
% Change
Uganda Burundi 47.57 49.66 46.40 44.05 46.04 -5.07 4.52
Kenya 891.32 981.54 863.09 1,009.23 1,096.01 16.93 8.60
Rwanda 256.22 246.94 203.34 191.47 224.69 (5.84) 17.35
Tanzania 131.74 123.65 128.55 141.59 325.04 10.14 129.56
South Sudan 281.78 265.86 242.11 305.49 358.96 26.18 17.50
Total EAC 1,608.63 1,667.66 1,483.49 1,691.83 2,050.73 14.04 21.21
COMESA 407.34 363.07 338.02 407.75 480.90 20.63 17.94
ECOWAS 18.18 12.29 6.98 6.10 85.23 (12.59) 1,297.51
SADC 508.03 468.33 464.49 516.74 631.67 11.25 22.24
Rest of Africa 304.47 279.94 264.97 376.80 37.35 42.20 (90.09)
EU 1,107.01 1,077.79 982.90 1,101.87 1,136.67 12.10 3.16
o/w United Kingdom 132.67 112.75 90.85 84.36 90.80 (7.14) 7.63
USA 128.75 122.29 116.93 156.68 160.43 34.00 2.39
Rest of the World 4,766.24 4,268.09 4,116.78 4,787.60 5,531.16 16.29 15.53
Tanzania Kenya 1,235.50 1,031.20 581.69 363.97 461.58 (37.43) 26.82
Uganda 141.20 89.60 89.05 63.63 158.35 (28.55) 148.85
Rwanda 50.40 42.40 7.67 61.99 81.07 708.70 30.78
Burundi 62.20 40.20 53.14 51.34 49.03 (3.39) (4.49)
Total EAC 1,489.30 1,203.40 851.34 540.93 750.03 (36.46) 38.65
COMESA 726.50 495.60 722.01 390.23 18.25 (45.95) (95.32)
ECOWAS 18.10 33.10 22.77 17.58 25.93 (22.80) 47.50
SADC 2,856.20 1,498.60 1,636.08 1,613.04 44.21 (1.41) (97.26)
Rest of Africa 327.00 80.50 29.04 30.82 371.45 6.13 1,105.23
EU 2,497.10 2,430.55 1,405.84 1,440.55 (11.29) 2.47 (100.78)
o/w United Kingdom 315.90 235.32 178.73 141.03 (56.24) (21.09) (139.88)
USA 525.30 398.85 310.34 241.63 28.90 (22.14) (88.04)
Rest of the World 4,270.40 5,409.23 2,884.68 2,911.67 71.90 0.94 (97.53)

Table 2 (ctd): Total EAC Trade by Country and Regional
Blocs, 2014-2018 (US $ Million)
% Change
Kenya Burundi 89.61 69.16 72.02 71.96 65.76 (0.09) (8.62)
Rwanda 172.38 190.07 180.03 181.87 187.86 1.02 3.29
Tanzania 694.81 512.90 468.97 441.93 469.64 (5.77) 6.27
Uganda 890.92 921.53 802.32 1,004.30 1,098.95 25.17 9.42
South Sudan 162.24 128.12 - (21.03)
Total EAC 1,847.73 1,693.66 1,523.35 1,862.30 1,950.33 22.25 4.73
COMESA 2,383.13 2,325.38 2,203.21 2,726.51 2,725.31 23.75 (0.04)
ECOWAS 70.68 66.74 46.97 48.09 61.91 2.39 28.74
SADC 2,093.30 1,718.30 1,531.96 1,703.43 1,734.09 11.19 1.80
Rest of Africa 184.10 190.13 231.57 214.86 181.51 (7.21) (15.52)
EU 3,914.66 3,629.26 3,280.59 3,202.20 3,456.08 (2.39) 7.93
o/w United Kingdom 942.94 947.47 699.90 663.40 708.34 (5.21) 6.77
USA 2,354.41 1,691.43 898.22 1,011.96 993.05 12.66 (1.87)
Rest of the World 16,437.25 12,777.58 12,088.54 14,114.12 14,812.29 16.76 4.95
Rwanda Burundi 25.81 25.69 36.26 25.2 29.0 (30.50) 15.18
Kenya 271.25 263.92 258.65 178.9 176.3 (30.82) (1.47)
South Sudan 0.17 5.44 1.42 0.7 2.9 (51.89) 326.06
Tanzania 86.71 85.79 99.12 108.4 136.8 9.41 26.16
Uganda 286.42 251.17 218.24 250.0 293.7 14.54 17.51
Total EAC 670.35 632.00 613.68 563.2 638.7 (8.22) 13.41
COMESA 251.21 261.94 307.74 413.9 439.2 34.48 6.13
ECOWAS 2.42 3.19 2.33 4.2 4.4 79.05 4.94
SADC 311.55 309.17 330.66 442.1 479.5 33.71 8.45
Rest of Africa 7.22 16.29 6.10 16.5 19.9 170.17 21.06
EU 463.37 378.22 353.25 448.7 479.4 27.01 6.85
o/w United Kingdom 96.13 35.88 24.33 62.6 62.8 157.15 0.42
USA 65.05 70.74 66.35 88.4 75.9 33.19 (14.13)

% Change
Rest of the World 1226.66 1471.22 1512.88 2270.1 2246.6 50.05 (1.03)
Burundi Kenya 50.31 62.89 50.23 46.2 43.4 (8.08) (5.92)
Uganda 14.91 45.52 48.81 46.6 45.2 (4.58) (2.96)
Tanzania 59.04 56.30 52.70 60.1 52.3 13.96 (12.87)
Rwanda 27.24 13.42 17.75 9.8 10.0 (45.01) 2.25
Total EAC 151.51 178.14 169.49 162.56 150.94 (4.09) (7.15)
COMESA 85.4 161.74 62.20 81.6 71.2 31.19 (12.70)
ECOWAS 1.0 1.29 0.90 1.1 1.0 27.50 (15.34)
SADC 99.4 178.11 2.20 13.3 18.3 505.70 37.49
Rest of Africa 2.4 0.56 8.81 7.5 3.0 (15.39) (60.22)
EU 147.1 179.36 145.50 140.4 143.9 (3.53) 2.55
USA 10.4 12.01 11.60 21.4 11.6 84.82 (45.84)
Rest of the world 170.1 619.18 359.90 477.6 573.7 32.71 20.12
South Sudan Kenya - 175.34 160.92 162.25 267.70 0.82 64.99
Uganda - 265.86 242.10 305.49 107.10 26.18 (64.94)
Rwanda - 5.49 5.49 0.64 0.20 (88.44) (68.52)
Tanzania - 0.10 8.88 0.00 4.30 (100.00) -
Total EAC - 446.80 417.40 468.38 379.30 12.21 (19.02)
COMESA - 21.15 13.98 0.00 7.60 (100.00) -
ECOWAS - 1.83 3.26 0.00 15..9 (100.00) -
SADC - 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.50 - -
Rest of Africa - 9.05 22.37 0.00 0.00 (100.00) -
EU - 226.91 240.99 225.02 43.10 (6.63) (80.85)
o/w United Kingdom - 18.55 16.28 3.12 2.00 (80.86) (35.82)
USA - 21.57 132.78 13.21 3.70 (90.05) (71.99)
Rest of the World - 106.99 566.06 486.36 336.10 (14.08) (30.89)

Notes:
(3) COMESA and SADC have overlapping membership

Table 3: Imports by Country /Region of Origin,
2014-2018(US $ Million)
% change
Burundi 4.12 3.38 1.29 1.06 5.37 -18.01 408.10
Uganda Kenya 593.89 554.53 458.99 457.23 515.85 -0.38 12.82
Rwanda 10.88 9.37 10.08 9.83 13.08 -2.49 33.02
Tanzania 75.72 62.89 59.69 91.79 258.76 53.80 181.89
South Sudan 1.49 0.84 2.55 5.61 3.21 120.29 -42.83
Total EAC 686.09 631.01 532.60 565.52 796.27 6.18 40.80
COMESA 115.69 112.56 88.81 112.34 182.83 26.50 62.74
ECOWAS 12.76 5.98 3.84 3.88 77.38 0.85 1896.74
SADC 307.68 303.44 254.89 504.22 395.98 97.82 -21.47
Rest of Africa 2.41 1.89 3.23 3.70 10.69 14.37 189.05
EU 629.42 637.02 552.84 458.83 600.48 -17.01 30.87
o/w United Kingdom 99.39 83.48 74.39 70.59 81.14 -5.11 14.94
USA 88.96 89.33 76.87 83.00 116.70 7.98 40.60
UAE 401.28 405.90 413.20 659.72 784.06 59.66 18.85
India 1,490.20 1153.94 834.54 736.32 816.95 -11.77 10.95
China 739.64 875.02 886.22 985.95 1184.44 11.25 20.13
Japan 354.64 346.85 245.54 370.09 316.90 50.73 -14.37
Rest of World 1,291.46 1008.62 971.63 1285.35 1521.62 32.29 18.38
Tanzania Kenya 657.90 237.30 266.37 201.32 247.47 -24.42 22.92
Uganda 48.20 39.20 30.55 34.15 52.67 11.78 54.22
Rwanda 3.20 1.10 1.12 1.30 1.36 16.27 4.90
Burundi 0.60 1.00 0.77 0.23 1.02 -69.87 341.27
South Sudan 2.10 0.20 - -90.40
Total EAC 709.90 278.60 298.81 237.00 302.73 -20.68 27.73
COMESA 176.50 153.30 168.09 158.96 175.64 -5.43 10.50
ECOWAS 5.50 24.00 10.77 5.02 4.95 -53.40 -1.43
SADC 779.90 665.60 618.48 600.64 604.32 -2.88 0.61

Table 3 (ctd): Imports by Country /Region of Origin,
2014-2018(US $ Million)
% change
Rest of Africa 9.00 18.00 18.50 24.64 34.23 33.21 38.94
EU 1,719.20 1,810.75 973.11 1,009.71 1,015.76 3.76 0.60
USA 371.60 348.15 253.20 201.97 237.97 -20.23 17.82
UAE 1,181.40 996.64 595.15 593.42 871.50 -0.29 46.86
India 2,466.00 2,651.26 1,435.65 1,165.00 1,218.07 -18.85 4.56
China 2,056.80 2,945.74 1,646.35 1,500.31 1,762.78 -8.87 17.49
Japan 562.40 622.00 372.79 410.81 398.13 10.20 -3.09
Rest of World 2,859.10 3,975.73 1,689.98 2,032.04 2,032.04 20.24 0.00
Kenya Uganda 199.60 226.01 189.90 406.55 488.06 114.08 20.05
Tanzania 208.87 171.47 126.16 166.13 175.91 31.68 5.89
Rwanda 8.14 8.01 7.63 16.28 11.71 113.34 -28.06
Burundi 0.33 2.27 0.67 0.58 0.67 -14.58 16.30
South Sudan 0.24 0.16 - -33.85
TOTAL EAC 416.94 407.76 324.37 589.78 676.51 81.82 14.71
COMESA 674.09 681.18 686.20 1,116.74 1,144.19 62.74 2.46
ECOWAS 13.87 5.69 9.00 10.96 19.48 21.76 77.73
SADC 945.39 808.71 641.33 797.66 851.89 24.38 6.80
Rest of Africa 15.05 16.43 44.99 15.50 21.53 -65.55 38.92
EU 2,550.39 2,352.14 2,086.00 1,988.52 2,168.07 -4.67 9.03
USA 1,918.91 1,278.38 471.10 554.85 525.67 17.78 -5.26
UAE 1,174.39 918.64 901.26 1,337.96 1,455.39 48.45 8.78
India 3,008.75 2,561.23 2,024.53 1,647.89 1,828.93 -18.60 10.99
China 2,828.05 3,253.88 3,324.49 3,777.38 3,661.04 13.62 -3.08
Japan 984.43 894.97 811.87 789.69 985.51 -2.73 24.80
Rest of World 4,292.87 3,229.06 3,104.22 4,651.71 4,726.45 49.85 1.61

2014-2018(US $ Million)
% change
Rwanda Burundi 6.91 8.80 5.51 2.97 6.49 -46.06 118.28
Kenya 191.14 159.38 160.20 158.54 164.30 -1.03 3.63
South Sudan 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 176.86 -100.00
Tanzania 80.35 83.53 96.04 106.18 134.71 10.56 26.87
Uganda 275.80 241.04 204.40 210.86 243.55 3.16 15.51
Total EAC 554.21 492.75 466.15 478.57 549.06 2.66 14.73
COMESA 52.60 61.33 97.67 109.55 87.33 12.16 -20.28
ECOWAS 2.12 1.39 2.09 3.04 3.61 45.05 18.75
SADC 118.37 113.21 125.63 160.76 139.88 27.97 -12.99
Rest of Africa 7.20 1.40 5.98 15.89 14.78 165.68 -6.97
EU 361.16 318.72 313.67 354.61 383.99 13.05 8.29
o/w United Kingdom 86.73 24.04 18.26 25.70 22.31 40.75 -13.21
USA 34.28 46.88 47.71 63.04 49.60 32.13 -21.32
India 283.30 320.93 315.82 291.66 280.51 -7.65 -3.82
China 387.01 414.05 430.86 513.15 552.90 19.10 7.75
ROW 351.55 507.69 451.69 603.01 599.95 33.50 -0.51
Burundi Kenya 37.4 48.0 47.8 42.5 39.2 -10.94 -7.77
Uganda 8.5 54.0 45.3 42.4 40.8 -6.41 -3.86
Tanzania 56.3 41.3 51.6 58.8 49.8 13.96 -15.23
Rwanda 23.9 7.8 12.6 7.3 4.5 -41.80 -37.92
Total EAC 126.1 151.1 157.2 151.0 134.3 -3.94 -11.03
COMESA 32.6 22.8 28.1 42.4 38.9 50.90 -8.28
ECOWAS 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.6 1.1 -15.83 94.14
SADC 48.3 38.8 7.7 12.2 18.1 58.74 48.35

2014-2018(US $ Million)
% change
Burundi (Ctd) Rest of Africa 0.6 0.5 0.9 8.3 2.7 819.62 -67.95
EU 123.1 169.1 114.6 116.8 116.2 1.95 -0.58
USA 9.6 10.6 9.3 19.3 9.6 107.55 -50.40
United Arab Emirates 28.3 76.7 42.8 53.6 69.8 25.32 30.28
India 248.1 74.5 88.4 98.6 56.0 11.62 -43.27
China 72.5 99.4 104.5 106.4 102.9 1.82 -3.31
Japan 33.0 21.1 19.9 27.5 30.6 38.02 11.53
Rest of the World 138.7 399.6 54.2 119.2 213.2 119.92 78.88
South Sudan Uganda 265.0 239.6 299.9 104.8 25.18 -65.05
Kenya 175.25 160.86 162.00 267.70 0.71 65.24
Rwanda 5.49 1.42 0.64 4.30 -55.10 576.74
Tanzania 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.20 - -
Total EAC 445.87 401.83 462.52 376.90 15.10 -18.51
COMESA 7.17 0.00 0.00 7.60 - -
ECOWAS 0.08 1.51 0.00 15.90 -100.00 -
SADC 597.99 0.00 0.00 5.50 - -
Rest of Africa 9.05 1.51 0.00 0.00 -100.00 -
EU 0.00 20.83 209.74 43.10 906.92 -79.45
o/w United Kingdom 4.57 2.30 0.02 1.50 -99.09 7106.69
USA 21.57 10.76 0.29 3.40 -97.29 1066.03
India 0.00 1.83 0.00 16.30 -100.00 -
China 18.54 4.87 0.08 40.10 -98.42 51992.81
Japan 13.68 9.59 0.00 8.80 -100.00 -
Rest of World 74.77 3.74 21.22 157.60 467.62 642.80

Notes:

Table 4: Exports by Country /Region of Destination,
2014-2018(US$ Million)
% Change
Uganda Burundi 43.45 46.28 45.11 42.99 40.67 -4.70 -5.41
Kenya 297.44 427.01 404.10 552.18 580.15 36.64 5.07
Rwanda 245.33 237.57 193.25 181.61 211.61 -6.03 16.52
Tanzania 56.02 60.76 68.87 49.82 66.28 -27.65 33.03
South Sudan 280.29 265.03 239.56 299.88 355.75 25.18 18.63
Total EAC 922.54 1,036.65 950.90 1,126.49 1,254.46 18.47 11.36
COMESA 293.07 250.52 249.21 295.40 298.08 18.54 0.91
ECOWAS 5.12 6.32 3.13 1.91 7.85 -39.01 310.75
SADC 200.53 164.51 209.60 210.76 235.69 0.55 11.82
Rest of Africa 299.09 277.21 259.19 67.92 26.67 -73.79 -60.74
EU 477.59 440.77 430.06 570.11 536.20 32.57 -5.95
o/w United Kingdom 33.27 29.27 16.46 13.77 9.66 -16.33 -29.85
USA 39.79 32.97 40.06 75.06 43.73 87.39 -41.74
UAE 35.02 82.41 372.31 445.53 562.40 19.67 26.23
India 27.88 24.74 45.16 44.02 40.98 -2.52 -6.92
China 66.00 57.74 27.04 30.12 32.21 11.40 6.95
Japan 6.11 14.65 7.92 19.61 18.20 147.78 -7.19
Rest of World 354.39 298.22 313.22 212.92 253.40 -32.02 19.01
Tanzania Kenya 577.60 793.90 315.32 291.54 214.10 -7.54 -26.56
Uganda 93.00 50.40 58.50 27.52 105.68 -52.96 284.01
Rwanda 47.20 41.30 6.55 60.49 79.71 823.74 31.77
Burundi 61.60 39.20 52.37 50.79 48.01 -3.02 -5.47
South Sudan 0.17 1.05 - 518.80
Total EAC 779.40 924.80 432.74 430.51 448.55 -0.51 4.19
COMESA 550.00 342.30 553.92 378.00 264.75 -31.76 -29.96
ECOWAS 12.60 9.10 12.01 11.85 14.69 -1.31 23.93
SADC 2,076.30 833.00 1,017.60 1,015.07 999.34 -0.25 -1.55

Table 4 (ctd): Exports by Country /Region of Destination,
% Change
Rest of Africa 318.00 62.50 10.54 8.53 10.00 -19.11 17.23
EU 777.90 619.80 432.73 461.87 497.82 6.73 7.78
USA 153.70 50.70 57.14 62.21 60.35 8.88 -2.98
UAE 158.40 157.50 63.77 87.88 85.80 37.81 -2.37
India 1,261.20 1,149.40 706.20 982.93 734.27 39.19 -25.30
China 695.70 562.30 355.84 142.21 144.28 -60.04 1.46
Japan 249.04 230.40 139.16 74.69 66.72 -46.33 -10.68
Rest of World 1,411.30 1,433.50 1,194.70 890.56 647.77 -25.46 -27.26
Kenya Uganda 691.32 695.51 612.42 597.76 610.89 -2.39 2.20
Tanzania 485.94 341.43 342.81 275.81 293.74 -19.55 6.50
Rwanda 164.25 182.06 172.40 165.59 176.15 -3.95 6.38
Burundi 89.28 66.89 71.35 71.39 65.09 0.05 -8.82
South Sudan 162.00 127.96 - -21.01
Total EAC 1430.79 1285.89 1198.98 1272.54 1273.82 6.13 0.10
COMESA 1709.04 1644.20 1517.01 1609.17 1581.12 6.08 -1.74
ECOWAS 56.81 61.05 37.97 37.13 38.13 -2.21 2.69
SADC 584.84 404.35 409.55 598.40 617.29 46.11 3.16
Rest of Africa 169.05 173.70 186.58 199.37 160.02 6.85 -19.74
EU 1364.27 1277.12 1194.59 1213.69 1294.25 1.60 6.64
USA 435.50 413.05 427.11 457.11 467.38 7.02 2.25
UAE 229.73 296.56 305.15 255.01 345.63 -16.43 35.54
India 99.55 90.82 117.42 57.84 89.85 -50.74 55.33
China 75.04 85.91 99.12 96.68 109.91 -2.46 13.69
Japan 40.10 41.12 40.11 43.56 50.08 8.61 14.96
Rest of World 1349.93 1405.39 1360.36 1456.64 1559.50 7.08 7.06

% Change
Rwanda Burundi 18.9 17.0 30.8 22.2 22.5 -27.73 1.39
Kenya 42.2 58.9 42.4 20.4 12.0 -51.96 -41.16
South Sudan 0.2 5.3 1.4 0.7 2.9 -51.62 329.16
Tanzania 6.4 2.2 3.0 2.3 2.1 -25.65 -7.15
Uganda 10.6 10.1 13.8 39.1 50.2 183.86 28.31
Total EAC 78.2 93.5 91.4 84.6 89.7 -7.40 5.96
COMESA 198.7 200.7 210.6 304.3 351.9 44.48 15.63
ECOWAS 0.3 1.8 0.2 1.1 0.8 388.15 -32.00
SADC 193.3 196.0 205.6 281.4 339.6 36.85 20.70
Rest of Africa 4.1 10.1 0.2 0.6 5.2 270.27 784.21
EU 102.3 59.2 39.8 94.1 95.4 136.38 1.44
USA 30.9 23.9 18.8 25.5 26.6 35.71 4.28
India 0.5 2.0 0.7 1.9 4.3 175.59 131.21
China 17.7 15.6 11.0 3.4 9.5 -69.30 181.88
ROW 129.7 107.0 122.2 166.5 271.1 36.28 62.78
Burundi Kenya 12.96 14.9 2.5 3.3 2.2 31.34 -33.20
Uganda 6.42 4.2 3.5 3.9 3.7 11.16 -4.55
Tanzania 2.74 2.3 1.1 0.9 2.0 -19.46 129.15
Rwanda 3.33 5.6 5.2 1.4 2.3 -73.04 66.59
Total EAC 25.45 27.0 12.3 9.5 10.3 -23.07 8.57
COMESA 52.89 34.5 34.5 37.9 27.1 9.76 -28.35
ECOWAS 0.57 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 -85.09 -71.03
SADC 51.09 32.0 1.1 0.1 0.1 -95.45 142.89
Rest of Africa 0.85 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 -85.09 87.88
EU 23.95 10.2 30.6 23.0 27.0 -24.82 17.42

% Change
USA 0.82 1.4 2.3 2.1 2.0 -7.45 -5.23
United Arab Emirates 25.09 15.7 14.6 38.3 60.8 162.26 58.72
India 0.22 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 3.10 50.55
China 1.18 2.0 1.0 2.2 4.7 115.55 120.23
Japan 0.35 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 83.95 -9.99
Rest of World 31.36 20.1 29.4 31.2 32.9 6.14 5.42
South Sudan Uganda 0.8 2.5 5.6 2.0 120.29 -64.53
Kenya 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 299.58 -95.90
Rwanda 12.07 12.07 12.07 0.00 0.00 -
Tanzania 0.00 8.88 0.00 0.00 -100.00 -
Total EAC 13.00 23.56 17.92 2.00 -23.93 -88.84
COMESA 0.00 13.98 0.00 0.00 -100.00 -
ECOWAS 0.00 1.74 0.00 0.03 -100.00 -
SADC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 - -
Rest of Africa 0.00 287.66 0.00 0.03 -100.00 -
EU 0.00 220.16 15.27 0.00 -93.06 -
o/w United Kingdom 0.00 13.98 3.10 0.00 -77.86 -
USA 0.00 122.02 129.19 0.00 5.88 -
UAE 0.00 1.50 0.00 0.00 -100.00 -
India 0.00 1.71 0.00 1.23 -100.00 -
China 0.00 194.04 1.27 0.00 -99.35 -
Japan 0.00 61.12 3.51 0.00 -94.26 -
Rest of World 0.00 287.66 46.46 1.29 -83.85 -97.22

Notes:

Table 5a: Intra-EAC Trade of the Major Twenty Imports,
2017 (Values in US$ million).
Partner Ctry of HS Description of Goods

state Origin level CIF Values
Uganda Burundi 2 digits
72 Iron and steel 0.44
41 Raw hides and skins (other than fur skins) and leather products 0.34
17 Sugars and sugar confectionery 0.25
48 Paper and paperboard; art of paper pulp, paper/paperboard 0.01
22 Beverages, spirits and vinegar 0.00
94 Furniture; bedding, mattress, mattress support, cushions, etc. 0.00
70 Glass and glassware 0.00
73 Articles of iron or steel 0.00
63 Other made up textile articles; sets; worn clothing etc. 0.00
96 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 0.00
14 Vegetable plaiting materials; vegetable products not elsewhere specified 0.00
69 Ceramic products 0.00
85 Electrical machinery equipment parts thereof; sound recorders etc. 0.00
4 digits
7204 Ferrous waste and scrap; re-melting scrap ingots of iron or steel 0.44
4101 Raw hides and skins of bovine or equine animals, not tanned 0.34
1703 Molasses resulting from the extraction or refining of sugar 0.25
4819 Cartons, boxes, etc.; box files, etc., of paper, paperboard, etc. 0.01
2203 Beer made from malt 0.00
7010 Carboys, bottles, flasks ampoules, etc.; stoppers, lids, of glass 0.00
9403 Other furniture and parts thereof 0.00
7326 Other articles of iron or steel 0.00
6304 Other furnishing articles, not elsewhere specified (excl. of 94.04) 0.00
9603 Brooms, brushes, hand-operated mechanical floor sweepers, etc. 0.00
9401 Seats, other than those of 94.02, and parts thereof 0.00
1404 Vegetable products not elsewhere specified or included 0.00

Table 5a(ctd): Intra-EAC Trade of the Major Twenty
Imports, 2017 (Values in US$ million).

6914 Other ceramic articles 0.00
8516 Electric water and space heaters, hair-dressing apparatus, irons, etc. 0.00
Kenya 2 digits
25 Salt; sulphur; earth and stone; plastering material; lime and cement 55.45
27 Mineral fuels, oils and products of their distillation; etc. 35.12
39 Plastics and articles thereof 29.47
30 Pharmaceutical products 19.53
87 Vehicles other than railway/tramway, rolling-stock, parts and accessories
thereof 17.35
21 Miscellaneous edible preparations 16.39
34 Soap, organic surface-active agents, washing preparations, etc 15.57
15 Animal/veg fats and oils and their cleavage products; etc 13.05
28 Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals,
of rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes 10.54
64 Footwear, gaiters and the like; parts of such articles 10.24
38 Miscellaneous chemical products 8.37
07 Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers 8.01
32 Tanning/dyeing extract; tannins and derivatives; pigments, etc 7.63
85 Electrical machinery equipment parts thereof; sound recorders, etc 7.54
24 Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes 7.51
4 digits
7210 Rolled iron or non-alloy steel, >=600mm wide, clad, plated or coated 43.48


2710 Petroleum oils, etc. (excl. crude); preparations thereof, not elsewhere
specified 33.01
2523 Portland cement, aluminous cement, persulphate cement, etc 25.14
2501 Salt and pure sodium chloride; sea water 23.50
3923 Articles for the of goods, of plastics; stoppers, etc, of plastics 17.67
3004 Medicaments of mixed or unmixed products, for retail sale 16.97
1704 Sugar confectionery (incl. white chocolate), not containing cocoa 13.06
4819 Cartons, boxes, etc; box files, etc, of paper, paperboard, etc 10.83
1517 Margarine; edible preparations of animal or vegetable fats or oils, not
elsewhere specified 8.50
8716 Trailers and semi-trailers; other vehicles, not mechanically propelled 7.79
2402 Cigars, cigarillos, cigarettes, etc, of tobacco or tobacco substitutes 7.50
6402 Other footwear with outer soles and uppers of rubber or plastic 7.39
2103 Sauces and sauce preparations; mixed condiments and seasonings;
mustard 7.16
3402 Non-soap surface-active agents; washing preparations, not elsewhere
specified 7.11
8702 Public-transport type passenger motor vehicles 7.08
8309 Stoppers, caps and lids, capsules for bottles of base metal 6.75
3401 Soap; organic surface-active products in bars, etc; paper with soap, etc 6.54
9608 Ball-point, felt tipped pens and pencils and articles thereof 6.36
3808 Insecticides, rodenticides and similar products, for retail sale 6.25
Rwanda 2 digits
09 Coffee, tea, mate and spices 2.67


27 Mineral fuels, oils and products of their distillation; etc 0.33
84 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts
thereof 0.28
76 Aluminium and articles thereof 0.24
55 Man-made staple fibres 0.20
33 Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic/toilet preparations 0.09
68 Art of stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica/similar material 0.06
04 Dairy produce; birds' eggs; natural honey; edible products not elsewhere
specified 0.05
thereof 0.05
20 Preparations of vegetable, fruit, nuts or other parts of plants 0.03
23 Residues and waste from the food industry; prepared animal fodder 0.03
63 Other made up textile articles; sets; worn clothing etc 0.02
4 digits
0901 Coffee; coffee husks and skins; coffee substitutes containing coffee 2.67
7204 Ferrous waste and scrap; re-melting scrap ingots of iron or steel 1.82
4103 Other raw hides and skins, fresh or preserved, not tanned, not elsewhere
specified 1.23
0708 Leguminous vegetables, shelled or unshelled, fresh or chilled 0.34


2716 Electrical energy 0.31
7602 Aluminium waste and scrap 0.24
8422 Dish washing machines; machinery for cleaning , filling, aerating 0.21
5513 Woven fabrics, <85% synthetic staple fibres, with cotton, =<170g/m2 0.20
3304 Beauty, make-up, skin-care (incl. suntan), manicure preparations 0.09
3915 Waste, parings and scrap, of plastic 0.08
0713 Dried leguminous vegetables, shelled, whether or not skinned or split. 0.07
6802 Worked monumental/building stone; mosaic cubes; granules, chippings 0.06
8703 Motor cars and other motor vehicles for the transport of persons 0.04
8525 Radio-communication/television transmission apparatus; tv cameras 0.04
4102 Raw skins of sheep or lambs, but not tanned 0.04
8473 Parts and accessories suitable for machines of 84.69 to 84.72 0.03
0401 Milk and cream, not concentrated or sweetened 0.03
2302 Brans, sharps and other residues, derived from working of cereals, etc 0.02
Tanzania 2 digits
10 Cereals 14.71
12 Oil seeds, oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous grains, seeds, fruits, etc 3.42
03 Fish and crustacean, mollusc and other aquatic invertebrates 2.72


56 Wadding, felt and nonwoven; yarns; twine, cordage, etc 1.08
84 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances;
parts thereof 0.48
4 digits
1006 Rice 12.16
7010 Carboys, bottles, flasks ampoules, etc; stoppers, lids, of glass 6.16
9619 Sanitary towels (pads) and tampons, napkins and napkin liners for babies
and similar articles 6.09
4804 Uncoated kraft paper and paperboard, in rolls or sheets (excl. 48.02+03) 5.38
0710 Vegetables, frozen 3.51
1202 Ground-nuts, not roasted or otherwise cooked 3.35
0305 Fish, salted, dried; smoked fish; fish meal fit for human consumption 2.65
2207 Ethyl alcohol, undenatured of >=80% alcohol, denatured spirits 2.53
1007 Grain sorghum 2.46
2710 Petroleum oils, etc, (excl. crude); preparations thereof, not elsewhere
specified 2.04


6908 Glazed ceramic flags, paving, hearth or wall tiles; mosaic cubes, etc 1.67
0703 Onions, shallots, garlic, leeks, etc, fresh or chilled 1.04
5607 Twine, cordage, rope and cables 1.00
South Sudan 2 digits
88 Aircraft, spacecraft, and parts thereof 1.40
85 Electrical machinery equipment parts thereof; sound recorder etc 0.18
thereof 0.14
thereof 0.12
44 Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal 0.07
10 Cereals 0.01
94 Furniture; bedding, mattress, mattress support, cushion etc 0.01
86 Railway/tramway locomotives, rolling-stock and parts thereof; etc 0.01
90 Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision,
medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; parts and accessories
thereof 0.01
12 Oil seeds, oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruits;


industrial or medicinal plants; straw and fodder 0.00
75 Nickel and articles thereof 0.00
05 Products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or included. 0.00
4 digits
7204 Ferrous waste and scrap; remelting scrap ingots of iron or steel 3.28
8803 Parts of goods of 88.01 or 88.02 1.40
3822 Composite diagnostic or laboratory reagents, not elsewhere specified 0.18
8501 Electric motors and generators (excl. generating sets) 0.13
7216 Angles, shapes and sections of iron or non-alloy steel 0.10
4407 Wood sawn or chipped lengthwise, sliced or peeled, >6mm thick 0.07
8429 Self-propelled bulldozers, angledozers, graders, levellers, etc 0.05
specified 0.05
8515 Soldering, brazing, welding and hot metal spraying machines/apparatus 0.04
8701 Tractors (excl. tractors of 87.09) 0.04
8704 Motor vehicles for the transport of goods 0.02
8431 Parts suitable for use with the machinery of 84.25 to 84.30 0.01
8705 Special purpose motor vehicles (e.g. crane, fire-fighting, etc, vehicles) 0.01
8420 Calendering or other rolling machines and cylinders thereof 0.01
8479 Machines and mechanical appliances, having individual functions, not
8474 Machinery for sorting, agglomerating earth, stone, ores, etc 0.01
8428 Other lifting, handling, loading or unloading machinery 0.01


1004 Oats 0.01
Kenya Uganda 2 digits
specified 81.87
07 Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers. 74.25
23 Residues and waste from the food industries; prepared animal fodder 65.66
10 Cereals. 57.89
24 Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes. 33.58
17 Sugars and sugar confectionery. 21.73
44 Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal. 18.50
12 Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruit;
09 Coffee, tea, maté and spices. 8.75
72 Iron and steel. 6.89
08 Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons 4.80
15 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products; prepared
edible fats; animal or vegetable waxes 3.47
52 Cotton. 2.73
33 Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic preparations 2.36
30 Pharmaceutical products. 2.34
22 Beverages, spirits and vinegar. 1.57
48 Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, of paper or of paperboard 1.46
40 Rubber and articles thereof. 1.46
67 Prepared feathers and down and articles made of feathers 1.03
96 Miscellaneous manufactured articles. 0.85
4 digits


1005 Maize(corn) 37.40
2401 Unmanufactured tobacco; tobacco refuse 33.49
0402 Milk and cream, concentrated or sweetened 27.33
2309 Preparations of a kind used in animal feeding 25.24
1701 Cane or beet sugar and chemically pure sucrose, in solid form 21.72
1008 Buckwheat, millet and canary seed and other cereals, not elsewhere
specified 19.59
2304 Oil cake from soya bean oil 11.93
4411 Fibreboard of wood or other ligneous materials 9.17
1207 Other oil seeds and oleaginous fruits 7.65
0902 Tea 7.58
4412 Plywood, veneered panels and similar laminated wood 6.40
0702 Tomatoes, fresh or chilled. 4.48
7217 Wire of iron or non-alloy steel 4.30
0405 Butter and other fats and oils derived from milk 3.42
5203 Cotton, carded or combed 2.39
0805 Citrus fruit, fresh or dried 2.16
Tanzania 2 digits
63 Other made up textile articles; sets; worn clothing and worn textile
articles; rags 10.56
10 Cereals. 8.72


27 Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous
substances; mineral waxes 8.31
31 Fertilisers. 7.59
88 Aircraft, spacecraft, and parts thereof. 7.25
69 Ceramic products. 6.91
11 Products of the milling industry; malt; starches; 6.27
60 Knitted or crocheted fabrics. 4.18
25 Salt; sulphur; earth and stone; plastering materials, lime and cement 3.76
01 Live animals. 3.55
52 Cotton. 3.44
61 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted 2.83
39 Plastics and articles thereof. 2.43
73 Articles of iron or steel. 2.17
70 Glass and glassware. 2.15
4 digits
2306 Oil-cake and other solid residues, of vegetable fats 13.98
6305 Sacks and bags, used for packing goods 8.15
8802 Other aircrafts (e.g helicopters, aeroplanes); spacecrafts 7.24
6908 Glazed ceramic flags, paving, hearth or wall tiles 6.90
1101 Wheat or meslin flour 5.60
2701 Coal; briquettes, ovoids and similar solid fuels manufactured from coal 4.75
3103 Mineral or chemical fertilisers, phosphatic 4.34


6006 Other knitted or crocheted fabrics. 4.18
2208 Undenatured ethyl alcohol of an alcoholic strength less than 80%;
spirits, etc 3.66
3105 Mineral or chemical fertilisers, not elsewhere specified; other fertilisers;
goods =<10kg 3.23
0102 Live bovine animals 3.05
2710 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, other than
crude 2.99
6109 T-shirts, singlets and other vests, knitted or crocheted 2.68
2523 Portland cement, aluminous cement, persulphate cement 2.50
7010 Carboys, bottles, flasks ampoules, etc; stoppers 2.15
Rwanda 2 digits
specified 1.09
19 Preparations of cereals, flour, starch or milk; pastrycooks' products 0.23
26 Ores, slag and ash. 0.04
71 Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones, precious
metals, metals clad with precious metals 0.03
76 Aluminium and articles thereof. 0.01
84 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; part thereof 0.01


articles; rags 0.01
94 Furniture; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and similar
stuffed furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings, not elsewhere specified or
included; illuminated signs, illuminated name-plates and the like 0.01
85 Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof 0.01
4 digits
specified 2.70
0902 Tea 1.49
1905 Bread, pastry, cakes, etc; communion wafers, rice paper, etc 0.23
0709 Other vegetables, fresh or chilled 0.06
2601 Iron ores and concentrates, including roasted iron 0.04
7103 Precious stones (excl. diamonds) and semi-precious stones, not set 0.03
4817 Envelopes, letter cards; boxes, etc, of paper, with paper stationery 0.01
8473 Parts and accessories suitable for machines of 84. 0.01
6309 Worn clothing 0.01
9405 Lamps and lighting fittings, not elsewhere specified; illuminated signs,
name plates, etc 0.01
8541 Diodes, transistors, etc; photosensitive devices; light emitting diodes 0.00
4707 Waste and scrap of paper or paperboard 0.00


6217 Other made up clothing accessories; parts of garments 0.00
7606 Aluminium plates, sheets and strip, >0.2mm thick 0.00
Burundi 2 digits
49 Printed books, newspapers, pictures and other products of the printing
industry 0.00
articles; rags 0.00
69 Ceramic products. 0.00
4 digits
0902 Tea 0.20
4901 Printed books, brochures, leaflets and similar printed matter 0.00
6911 Tableware, kitchenware, other household articles, of porcelain or china 0.00
8528 Television receivers (incl. video monitors and video projectors) 0.00
Burundi Kenya 2 digits


31 Fertilisers 2.92
32 Tanning or dyeing extracts; tannins and their derivatives; dyes, pigments
and other colouring matter; paints and varnishes; putty and other mastics;
inks 1.77
19 Preparations of cereals, flour, starch or milk; pastry cooks' products 1.77
83 Miscellaneous articles of base metal 1.68
34 Soap, organic surface-active agents, washing preparations, lubricating
preparations, artificial waxes, prepared waxes, polishing or scouring
preparations, candles and similar articles, modelling pastes, 1.30
85 Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders
and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers,
and parts and accessories of such articles 0.91
thereof 0.74
of rare-earth, etc 0.65


4 digits
7210 Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, of a width of 600 mm or
more, clad 3.27
2106 Food preparations not elsewhere specified or included. 2.68
3105 Mineral or chemical fertilisers containing two or three of the fertilising
elements nitrogen, phosphorous and/or potassium 2.43
3923 Articles for the conveyance or packing of goods, of plastics; stoppers,
lids, caps 2.36
7306 Other tubes, pipes and hollow profiles (for example, open seam or
welded, riveted or similar) 2.24
1704 Sugar confectionery (including white chocolate), not containing cocoa. 1.93
1901 Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt
extract 1.75
3004 Medicaments (excluding goods of heading 30.02, 30.05 or 30.06) 1.67
4820 Registers, account books, note books, order books, receipt books, letter
pads, memorandums 1.67
8309 Stoppers, caps and lids (including crown corks, screw caps and pouring stoppers)
1.66
2710 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, other than crude
1.28
3209 Paints and varnishes (including enamels and lacquers) based on synthetic polymers
1.14
1511 Palm oil and its fractions, whether or not refined, but not chemically modified.
1.12
3402 Organic surface-active agents (other than soap); surface-active
preparations, washing preparations 1.10


more, hot-rolled 0.77
7216 Angles, shapes and sections of iron or non-alloy steel. 0.64
9608 Ball point pens; felt tipped and other porous-tipped pens and markers;
fountain pens 0.54
3924 Tableware, kitchenware and toilet articles, of plastic 0.54
8507 Electric accumulators, including separators thereof, whether or not
rectangular 0.52
3102 Mineral or chemical fertilisers, nitrogenous. 0.49
Rwanda 2 digits
10 Cereals 0.66
thereof 0.59
33 Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations 0.18


87 Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling-stock, and parts and
accessories thereof 0.11
industry; manuscripts etc 0.11
articles; rags 0.10
04 Dairy produce; birds' eggs; natural honey; edible products of animal
origin, not elsewhere specified or included 0.10
03 Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates 0.08
4 digits
7214 Other bars and rods of iron or non-alloy steel, not further worked than
forged, hot-rolled 1.32
crude 1.12
1005 Maize (corn). 0.66
0701 Potatoes, fresh or chilled. 0.33
7010 Carboys, bottles, flasks, jars, pots, phials, ampoules and other containers,
of glass 0.32
2203 Beer made from malt. 0.31


8429 Self-propelled bulldozers, angledozers, graders, levellers, scrapers,
mechanical shovels 0.29
9404 Mattress supports; articles of bedding and similar furnishing (for example,
mattresses) 0.26
3304 Beauty or make-up preparations and preparations for the care of the skin
(other than medicinal) 0.13
4901 Printed books, brochures, leaflets and similar printed matter, whether or
not in singles 0.11
8422 Dish washing machines; machinery for cleaning or drying bottles or other
containers 0.10
4819 Cartons, boxes, cases, bags and other packing containers, of paper,
paperboard 0.10
0406 Cheese and curd. 0.08
6305 Sacks and bags, of a kind used for the packing of goods. 0.08
8531 Electric sound or visual signalling apparatus (for example, bells, sirens,
indicator panels) 0.08
0305 Fish, dried, salted or in brine; smoked fish, whether or not cooked 0.08
2102 Yeasts (active or inactive); other single-cell micro-organisms, dead 0.07
8704 Motor vehicles for the transport of goods. 0.07
7215 Other bars and rods of iron or non-alloy steel. 0.07
Tanzania 2 digits
31 Fertilisers 10.05
articles; rags 8.97
10 Cereals 5.08


11 Products of the milling industry; malt; starches; inulin; wheat gluten 2.82
4 digits
6304 Other furnishing articles, excluding those of heading 94.04. 8.00
elements nitrogen, phosphorous and/or potassium 7.25
2523 Portland cement, aluminous cement, slag cement, super sulphate cement
and similar 5.84
2501 Salt (including table salt and denatured salt) and pure sodium chloride 3.18


crude 2.76
1101 Wheat or meslin flour. 2.60
3102 Mineral or chemical fertilisers, nitrogenous. 2.55
1001 Wheat and meslin. 2.51
of glass 2.37
1006 Rice. 1.37
4821 Paper or paperboard labels of all kinds, whether or not printed. 1.36
2712 Petroleum jelly; paraffin wax, micro-crystalline petroleum wax, slack wax,
ozokerite 1.22
1005 Maize (corn). 1.18
more, clad 0.96
1511 Palm oil and its fractions, whether or not refined, but not chemically
modified. 0.84
more, hot-rolled 0.70
Uganda 2 digits
10 Cereals 3.59


01 Live animals 1.95
articles; rags 1.20
and other colouring matter; paints and varnishes; putty and other
mastics; inks 0.54
thereof 0.43
87 Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock, and parts and
62 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted nor crocheted 0.25
4 digits
more, clad 8.48
2401 Unmanufactured tobacco; tobacco refuse. 4.07
1005 Maize (corn). 3.48


lids, caps 2.06
0102 Live bovine animals. 1.95
3002 Human blood; animal blood prepared for therapeutic, prophylactic or
diagnostic uses 1.33
1102 Cereal flours other than of wheat or meslin. 0.93
paperboard 0.86
2207 Undenatured ethyl alcohol of an alcoholic strength by volume of 80 % vol
or higher 0.70
modified 0.68
1516 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their fractions, partly or wholly
hydrogenated 0.63
3306 Preparations for oral or dental hygiene, including denture fixative pastes
and powders; 0.47


Tanzania Kenya 2 digits
15 Animal/vegetable fats and oil and their cleavage products; etc 5.68
02 Meat and edible meat offal 3.46
84 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliance; parts
thereof 3.45
73 Articles of iron and steel 2.81
87 Vehicles other than railway/tramway, rolling-stock, parts and accessories 2.78
4 digits


3923 Articles for conveyance or packing of goods, of plastic 12.5
2501 Salt/pure sodium chloride whether or not containing anti-caking agents;
seawater 8.3
8507 Electric accumulators (incl. separators thereof) 7.7
3402 Non-soap surface-active agents; washing preparations in powder,
liquid etc 5.0
1517 Margarine; edible preparations of animal or vegetable fats or oils,
not elsewhere specified 4.9
crude 3.6
7615 Table, kitchen, household and sanitary articles of aluminium 2.6
3920 Other plates of plastic, not reinforced, etc 2.3
2106 Food preparations not elsewhere specified or included 2.1
0202 Meat of bovine animals, frozen 1.7
3209 Paints and varnishes, in an aqueous medium 1.7
Uganda 2 digits
10 Cereals 4.4


specified 2.9
15 Animal/vegeetabl fats and oil and their cleavage products; etc 2.2
12 Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruits;
40 Rubber and articles thereof 0.7
52 Cotton 0.5
thereof 0.4
36 Explosives; pyrotechnic products; matches; pyro alloy; etc 0.2
35 Albuminoidal substances; modified starches; glues; enzymes 0.2
4 Digit
4821 Paper or paperboard labels of all kinds, whether or not printed 3.1


1511 Palm oil and its fractions whether or not refined not chemically modified 2.1
1211 Plants and parts of plants, of a kind used in perfumery, pharmacy, etc 1.0
3305 Preparations for use on the hair 0.9
4011 New pneumatic tyres, of rubber 0.5
7317 Nails, tacks, drawing pins etc. of iron or steel 0.4
and similar articles, of any material
0.3
Burundi 2 digits
49 Printed books, newspapers, pictures and other products etc 0.1
parts thereof 0.0


87 Vehicles other than railway/tramway, rolling-stock, partsand accessories 0.0
63 Other made up textile articles; sets; worn clothing, etc 0.0
95 Toys, games and sports requisites; parts and access thereof 0.0
94 Furniture; bedding, mattress, mattress support, cushions, etc 0.0
42 Articles of leather; saddlery/harness; travel goods etc 0.0
52 Cotton 0.0
01 Live animals 0.0
82 Tools, implement, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metal, etc 0.0
4 Digit
7308 Iron/steel structures and parts thereof; plates, rods thereof 0.05
7312 Stranded wire, cables of iron or steel, not electrically insulated 0.04
8301 Padlocks and locks, clasps incorporating locks, keys of base metal 0.02
6901 Bricks, blocks, tiles and other ceramic goods 0.01
7319 Sewing needles, knitting needles, bodkins of iron or steel, not elsewhere specified
0.01
7001 Cullet and other waste of glass 0.00
8425 Pulley tackle and hoists; winches and capstans; jacks 0.00


4202 Trunks, suit-cases; handbags and similar items of leather, etc 0.00
7013 Glassware used for table, kitchen, toilet, office , not elsewhere specified 0.00
9505 Festive, carnival or other entertainment articles 0.00
8517 Electrical apparatus for line telephony or line telegraphy 0.00
8544 Insulated wire, cable, etc; optical fibre cables 0.00
9506 Articles and equipment for gymnastics, athletics, etc 0.00
Rwanda 2 digits
parts thereof 0.17
19 Preparations of cereal, flour, starch/milk; pastrycooks' products 0.06
47 Pulp of wood/of other fibrous cellulosic material; waste, etc 0.04
specified 0.01


medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; parts and accessories thereof 0.00
82 Tools, implement, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metal etc 0.00
4 digits
8437 Machines for cleaning seed; milling machinery 0.16
1901 Malt extract; food preparations of flour, etc, not elsewhere specified 0.06
9605 Travel sets for personal toilet, sewing or shoe or clothes cleaning 0.04
8527 Reception apparatus for radio-broadcasting 0.01
8443 Printing machinery; machines for uses ancillary to printing 0.01
2009 Fruit juices (incl. grape must) and vegetable juices, unfermented 0.01
8504 Electrical transformers, static converters and inductors 0.00


Rwanda Kenya 2 digits
10 Cereals 4.5
thereof 4.4
and other colouring matter; paints and varnishes; putty and other
mastics; inks 4.0
industry; manuscripts, etc 3.9


4 digits
paperboard 5.9
6402 Other footwear with outer soles and uppers of rubber or plastic. 5.7
3401 Soap; organic surface-active products and preparations for use as soap 4.5
1005 Maize (corn). 4.0
not in singles 3.5
2402 Cigars, cheroots, cigarillos and cigarettes, of tobacco or of tobacco substitutes. 3.3
more, clad 3.2
1511 Palm oil and its fractions, whether or not refined, but not chemically modified. 2.8
2710 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, other than crude 2.8
3923 Articles for the conveyance or packing of goods, of plastics; stoppers, lids, caps 2.7
3924 Tableware, kitchenware, other household articles and toilet articles, of plastic. 2.6


8523 Prepared unrecorded media for sound recording or similar recording of
other phenomena 1.9
7607 Aluminium foil (whether or not printed or backed with paper, paperboard,
plastic or similar) 1.9
Tanzania 2 digits
10 Cereals 8.0
20 Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts or other parts of plants 0.3


27 Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances;
mineral waxes 8.9
29 Organic chemicals 0.1
4 digits
and similar 12.9
0714 Manioc, arrowroot, salep, Jerusalem artichokes, sweet potatoes and
similar roots and tubers 7.3
1202 Ground-nuts, not roasted or otherwise cooked, whether or not shelled or
broken. 6.8
more, clad 6.7
1006 Rice. 5.6
2202 Waters, including mineral waters and aerated waters, containing added
sugar or other sweeteners 3.7
of glass 3.1
ozokerite 2.9
2711 Petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons. 2.8
2701 Coal; briquettes, ovoids and similar solid fuels manufactured from coal. 2.6


8506 Primary cells and primary batteries. 2.5
4804 Uncoated kraft paper and paperboard, in rolls or sheets, other than that
of heading 48.0 1.9
8541 Diodes, transistors and similar semiconductor devices; photosensitive
semiconductor devices 1.6
6901 Bricks, blocks, tiles and other ceramic goods of siliceous fossil meals 1.6
2309 Preparations of a kind used in animal feeding. 1.5
1007 Grain sorghum. 1.2
3917 Tubes, pipes and hoses, and fittings thereof (for example, joints, elbows,
flanges), of plastic 1.2
Uganda 2 digits
10 Cereals 20.7


36 Explosives; pyrotechnic products; matches; pyrophoric alloys; certain
combustible preparations 2.2
and other colouring matter; paints and varnishes; putty and other mastics; inks 2.1
4 digits
and similar 25.0
1005 Maize (corn). 17.2
hydrogenated 14.3
1701 Cane or beet sugar and chemically pure sucrose, in solid form. 5.6
2208 Undenatured ethyl alcohol of an alcoholic strength by volume of less than
80 % vol; spirits, etc 4.0


paperboard 3.7
1512 Sunflower-seed, safflower or cotton-seed oil and fractions thereof,
whether or not refined 2.2
1201 Soya beans, whether or not broken. 2.0
4412 Plywood, veneered panels and similar laminated wood. 2.0
0804 Dates, figs, pineapples, avocados, guavas, mangoes and mango steens,
fresh or dried. 1.9
Burundi 2 digits


84 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof 0.0
4 digits
7010 Carboys, bottles, flasks, jars, pots, phials, ampoules and other containers, of glass 0.6
3824 Prepared binders for foundry moulds or cores; chemical products and
preparations 0.6
7204 Ferrous waste and scrap; remelting scrap ingots of iron or steel. 0.3
8548 Waste and scrap of primary cells, primary batteries and electric accumulators 0.1
8708 Parts and accessories of the motor vehicles of headings 87.01 to 87.05. 0.1


8703 Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport
of persons 0.1
lids, caps 0.0
2302 Bran, sharps and other residues, whether or not in the form of pellets 0.0
0805 Citrus fruit, fresh or dried. 0.0
9603 Brooms, brushes (including brushes constituting parts of machines,
appliances or vehicles) 0.0
2306 Oil-cake and other solid residues, whether or not ground or in the form of
pellets 0.0
2308 Vegetable materials and vegetable waste, vegetable residues and by-products 0.0
5513 Woven fabrics of synthetic staple fibres, containing less than 85 % by
weight of such fibres 0.0
4403 Wood in the rough, whether or not stripped of bark or sapwood, or
roughly squared. 0.0
4 digits
9605 Travel sets for personal toilet, sewing or shoe or clothes cleaning. 0.005

Table 5b: Intra-EAC Trade of the Major Twenty Imports,
2018 (Values in US$ Million)

71 Natural/cultured pearls, precious stones and metals, coins etc 4.1
05 Products of animal origin not elsewhere specified or included. 0.0
97 Works of art, collectors' pieces and antiques 0.0
46 Manufactures of straw, esparto/other plaiting material; etc 0.0
4 digits
7108 Gold, unwrought or in semi-manufactured forms, or in powder form 4.1


9603 Brooms, brushes, hand-operated mechanical floor sweepers, etc 0.0
6309 Worn clothing and other worn articles 0.0
8422 Dish washing machines; machinery for cleaning, filling, aerating 0.0
1209 Seeds, fruits and spores, of a kind used for sowing 0.0
9404 Mattress supports; articles of bedding, sprung, stuffed, etc 0.0
0210 Meat and offal, salted or smoked; flours of meat 0.0
8529 Parts suitable for use with the apparatus of 85.25 to 85.28 0.0
8452 Sewing machines; furniture, bases and covers; sewing machine needles 0.0
8450 Household or laundry-type washing machines (incl. wash and dry) 0.0
9703 Original sculptures and statuary, in any material 0.0
Kenya 2 digits
71 Natural/cultured pearls, precious stones and metals, coins, etc 51.3
87 Vehicles other than railway/tramway, rolling-stock, parts and accessories thereof 20.5


15 Animal/vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products; etc 15.5
4 digits
specified 32.3
specified 10.4
2103 Sauces and sauce preparations; mixed condiments and seasonings; mustard 8.5


9608 Ball-point, felt tipped...pens and pencils and articles thereof 6.2
Rwanda 2 digits
specified 2.9
01 Live animals 0.1


54 Man-made filaments 0.0
47 Pulp of wood/of other fibrous cellulosic material; waste etc 0.0
4 digits
specified 2.2
5513 Woven fabrics, <85% synthetic staple fibres, with cotton, =<170g/m2 0.7
8474 Machinery for sorting , agglomerating earth, stone, ores, etc 0.5
6403 Footwear, with rubber, plastics, leather soles, leather uppers 0.1
4418 Builders' joinery and carpentry of wood 0.0
0105 Live poultry 0.0
5402 Synthetic filament yarn, nprs (incl. synthetic monofilament) 0.0
Tanzania 2 digits


10 Cereals 31.6
4 digits
1006 Rice 29.0
7010 Carboys, bottles, flasks ampoules, etc; stoppers, lids , of glass 6.3


specified 2.1
3921 Other plates, sheets, film, foil and strip, of plastic 1.1
3920 Other plates, of plastic, not reinforced, etc 1.1
thereof 0.1
thereof 0.0


48 Paper & paperboard; art of paper pulp, paper/paperboard 0.0
05 Products of animal origin not elsewhere specified or included. 0.0
10 Cereals 0.0
61 Art of apparel and clothing access, knitted or crocheted 0.0
4 digits
5502 Artificial filament tow 0.0
2710 Petroleum oils, etc, (excl. crude); preparations thereof, not elsewhere specified 0.0
8706 Chassis fitted with engines, for the motor vehicles of 87.01 to 87.05 0.0
8465 Machine-tools for working wood, cork, bone, hard rubber, etc 0.0


3921 Other plates, sheets, film, foil and strip, of plastic 0.0
2709 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude 0.0
7317 Nails, tacks, drawing pins, corrugated nails of iron or steel 0.0
specified 98.29
10 Cereals 81.01
67 Prepared feathers and down; artificial flower; articles human hair 5.23
52 Cotton 5.02


4 digits
0902 Tea 10.50
1008 Buckwheat, millet and canary seed and other cereals, not elsewhere specified 7.91
6704 Wigs, false beard, eyebrows and eyelashes, etc; human hair, not
2304 Oil cake from soya bean oil 5.06

Tanzania 2 digits


10 Cereals 17.22
60 Knitted or crocheted fabrics 4.42
52 Cotton 2.60
74 Copper and articles thereof 2.00
4 digits


2208 Undenatured ethyl alcohol of an alcoholic strength <80%; spirits, etc 4.39
1102 Cereal flours, (excl. wheat or meslin) 2.42
9619 Scent spray and similar toilet spray 2.27
2711 Petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons 2.01
0805 Citrus fruit, fresh or dried 2.01
Rwanda 2 digits
19 preparations of cereal, flour, starch/milk; pastrycooks' products 0.41
specified 0.32


71 Natural/cultured pearls, prec stones and metals, coin etc 0.02
47 Pulp of wood/of other fibrous cellulosic material; waste etc 0.01
88 Aircraft, spacecraft, and parts of 0.01
4 digits
0902 Tea 3.17
specified 2.50
1901 Malt extract; food preparations of flour, etc , not elsewhere specified 0.29
name-plates, etc 0.17
4010 Conveyor or transition belts or belting, of vulcanised rubber 0.04


3925 Builders' ware of plastics, not elsewhere specified 0.03
8462 Machine-tools (incl. presses) for working metal by forging, etc 0.03
7103 Precious stones (excl. diamonds) and semi-precious stones, not set 0.02
3301 Essential oils; resinoids; concentrates aqueous distillates, etc 0.02
Burundi 2 digits
4 digits
0902 Tea 0.48
8521 Video recording or reproducing apparatus 0.00


4 digits
8708 Parts and accessories of the motor vehicles of 87.01 to 87.05 0.02
8425 Pulley tackle and hoists; winches and capstans; jacks 0.02
4016 Other articles of vulcanized rubber, not elsewhere specified (excl. hard rubber) 0.00
8451 Machinery, not elsewhere specified, for washing, cleaning, wringing,
drying, ironing, etc 0.00


31 Fertilisers 0.57
4 digits
7210 rolled iron or non-alloy steel, >=600mm wide, clad, plated or coated 3.66
7306 other tubes, pipes and hollow profiles of iron or steel, welded, not
1704 sugar confectionery (incl. white chocolate), not containing cocoa 2.07
2106 food preparations not elsewhere specified or included 1.72
3004 medicaments of mixed or unmixed products, for retail sale 1.72
3209 paints and varnishes, in an aqueous medium 1.56
1901 malt extract; food preparations of flour, etc, not elsewhere specified 1.49
3923 articles for the of goods, of plastics; stoppers, etc, of plastics 1.09
3402 non-soap surface-active agents; washing preparations, not elsewhere specified 0.89


3924 tableware, kitchenware and toilet articles, of plastics 0.85
9018 instruments and appliances used in medical, surgical, dental or veterinary sciences 0.80
7214 iron/steel bars and rods, forged, etc (incl. twisted), uncoiled 0.74
7216 angles, shapes and sections of iron or non-alloy steel 0.65
4820 registers, account books, etc; albums for samples, of paper, paperboard 0.62
3917 tubes, pipes and hoses, and fittings thereof, of plastic 0.60
3401 soap; organic surface-active products in bars, etc; paper with soap, etc 0.56
7208 hot-rolled iron or non-alloy steel, >=600mm wide 0.56
2520 gypsum; anhydrite; plasters 0.53
8309 stoppers, caps and lids, capsules for bottles of base metal 0.51
2710 petroleum oils, etc, (excl. crude); preparations thereof, not elsewhere specified 0.49
Rwanda 2 digits
included; illuminated
signs, illuminated name-plates and the like 0.30


10 Cereals 0.08
4 digits
7214 Iron/steel bars and rods, forged, etc (incl. twisted), uncoiled 1.04
specified 0.37
8415 Air conditioning machines 0.14


3917 Tubes, pipes and hoses, and fittings thereof, of plastic 0.13
0406 Cheese and curd 0.08
3405 Polishes and creams, etc, for footwear, etc, excluding waxes of 34.04 0.06
2202 Waters (incl. mineral and aerated), with added sugar (incl. sweetened) 0.05
2102 Yeasts; other single-cell micro-organisms, dead; prepared baking powders 0.05
Tanzania 2 digits
10 Cereals 9.95
31 Fertilisers 2.88
63 Other made up textile articles; sets; worn clothing and worn textile articles; rags 1.48


4 digits
0714 Roots and tubers with high starch content, fresh or dried 2.12
1006 Rice 2.04
goods =<10kg 1.41
0305 Fish, salted, dried ; smoked fish; fish meal fit for human consumption 1.13
7208 Hot-rolled iron or non-alloy steel, >=600mm wide 0.96
3102 Mineral or chemical fertilisers, nitrogenous 0.89


1102 Cereal flours, (excl. Wheat or meslin) 0.72
3924 Tableware, kitchenware and toilet articles, of plastics 0.58
6907 Unglazed ceramic flags, paving, hearth or wall tiles; mosaic cubes, etc 0.47
3104 Mineral or chemical fertilisers, potassic 0.44
Uganda 2 digits
10 Cereals 1.40


4 digits
7306 Other tubes, pipes and hollow profiles of iron or steel, welded, not
1516 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and fractions, hydrogenated, etc 0.89
1511 Palm oil and its fractions 0.59
7209 Cold-rolled iron or non-alloy steel, >=600mm wide 0.57


49 Printed books, newspapers, pictures and other products, etc 7.02
4 digits


seawater 7.7
3402 Non-soap surface-active agents; washing preparations in powder, liquid etc 6.2
3920 Other plates , of plastic, not reinforced, etc 2.6
3605 Matches, other than pyrotechnic articles of heading no 3604 2.4
2836 Carbonates; peroxocarbonates; commercial ammonium carbonate 1.9
Uganda 2 digits
specified 3.0


36 Explosives; pyrotechnic products; matches; pyro alloy; etc 0.4
78 Lead and articles thereof 0.1
4 Digit
3602 Prepared explosives 0.4
1206 Sunflower seeds 0.4


1107 Malt 0.2
4013 Inner tubes, of rubber 0.2
Burundi 2 digits
specified 0.03
4 Digit
7207 Semi-finished products of iron or non-alloy steel 0.50
7403 Refined copper and copper alloys, unwrought 0.04


7215 Other bars and rods of iron or non-alloy steel 0.02
1513 Coconut (copra), palm kernel or babassu oil and their fractions 0.02
7312 Stranded wire, cables of iron or steel, not electrically insulated 0.01
7307 Tube or pipe fittings of iron or steel 0.01
4813 Cigarette paper 0.01
9405 Lamps and lighting fittings, not elsewhere specified; illuminated signs,name-plates, etc
0.00
0403 Buttermilk, curdled milk and cream, yogurt, etc 0.00
2505 Natural sands of all kinds, (excl. metal-bearing sands of chapter 26) 0.00
Rwanda 2 digits


specified 0.02
42 Articles of leather; saddlery/harness; travel goods etc 0.01
4 digits
7215 Other bars and rods of iron or non-alloy steel 0.06
9021 Orthopaedic appliances; splints, etc; artificial parts of the body, etc 0.04
8304 Filing cabinets, desk equipment, of base metal 0.02
8432 Machinery for soil preparation/cultivation; lawn/sports-ground rollers 0.01


8523 Prepared unrecorded media for sound or similar recording 0.01
9401 Seats, other than those of 94.02, and parts thereof 0.01
8433 Harvesting machinery; grass/hay mowers; machines for produce, etc 0.01
7323 Table, kitchen or household articles and parts thereof of iron or steel 0.01
8516 Electric water and space heaters, hair-dressing apparatus, irons, etc 0.01
2849 Carbides 0.01
4 digits
8609 Containers for transport of one or more modes of transport 0.06
85 Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders etc 6.7
15 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products etc 6.3


32 Tanning or dyeing extracts; tannins and their derivatives; dyes, etc 4.1
10 Cereals 2.8
4 digits
6402 Other footwear with outer soles and uppers of rubber or plastic. 7.2
2520 Gypsum; anhydrite; plasters (consisting of calcined gypsum or calcium sulphate) 3.9


more, clad 2.5
hydrogenated 2.3
1517 Margarine; edible mixtures or preparations of animal or vegetable fats or oils 2.2
6401 Waterproof footwear with outer soles and uppers of rubber or of plastic, etc 2.1
Tanzania 2 digits
10 Cereals 16.0
articles; rags 4.0


31 Fertilisers 1.2
4 digits
and similar 20.1
1006 Rice. 13.6
2701 Coal; briquettes, ovoids and similar solid fuels manufactured from coal. 8.0
1202 Ground-nuts, not roasted or otherwise cooked, whether or not shelled or
broken. 7.5
more, clad 6.5


ozokerite 2.4
4412 Plywood, veneered panels and similar laminated wood. 1.5
4804 Uncoated kraft paper and paperboard, in rolls or sheets, other than that of
heading 48.0 1.3
2306 Oil-cake and other solid residues, whether or not ground or in the form of
pellets 1.2
Uganda 2 digits
10 Cereals 32.4


4 digits
and similar 28.4
1005 Maize (corn). 25.1
hydrogenated 10.9
more, clad 6.8
4819 Cartons, boxes, cases, bags and other packing containers, of paper, paperboard 4.9


whether or not refined 4.4
4411 Fibreboard of wood or other ligneous materials, whether or not bonded
with resins 2.7
Burundi 2 digits
and parts etc 0.1


edible fats; etc 0.1
stuffed, etc 0.0
industry; manuscripts, typescripts and plans 0.0
4 digits
0901 Coffee, whether or not roasted or decaffeinated; coffee husks and skins;
coffee substitute 2.7


2306 Oil-cake and other solid residues, whether or not ground or in the form of pellets 0.1
2308 Vegetable materials and vegetable waste, vegetable residues and by-products 0.1
9603 Brooms, brushes (including brushes constituting parts of machines, appliances
or vehicles) 0.0
0902 Tea, whether or not flavoured. 0.0
3302 Mixtures of odoriferous substances and mixtures (including alcoholic solutions) 0.0
9403 Other furniture and parts thereof. 0.0
2401 Unmanufactured tobacco; tobacco refuse. 0.0
4911 Other printed matter, including printed pictures and photographs. 0.0
3402 Organic surface-active agents (other than soap); surface-active preparations,
washing preparations 0.0
0409 Natural honey. 0.0
0401 Milk and cream, neither concentrated nor containing added sugar nor other
sweetening matter. 0.0

Table 5c: Intra-EAC Trade of the Major Twenty Imports, 2018
Compared to 2017 (Values in US$ Million)
Partner Ctry of HS Description of Goods 2017 2018 2017/18

State Origin level '% change
71 Natural/cultured pearls, precious stones and metals, coins etc - 4.06 -
41 Raw hides and skins (other than fur skins) and leather products 0.34 0.69 101.25
72 Iron and steel 0.44 0.43 -1.26
17 Sugars and sugar confectionery 0.25 0.13 -47.27
48 Paper and paperboard; art of paper pulp, paper/paperboard 0.01 0.03 120.44
39 Plastics and articles thereof 0.00 0.01 -
09 Coffee, tea, mate and spices 0.00 0.01 -
94 Furniture; bedding, mattress, mattress support, cushion etc 0.00 0.00 -63.94
96 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 0.00 0.00 129.85
parts thereof 0.00 0.00 -
85 Electrical machinery equipment parts thereof; sound recorder etc 0.00 0.00 10223.90
articles; rags 0.00 0.00 52.99
07 Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers 0.00 0.00 -
industrial or medicinal plants; straw and fodder 0.00 0.00 -
05 Products of animal origin not elsewhere specified or included. 0.00 0.00 -
44 Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal 0.00 0.00 -
02 Meat and edible meat offal 0.00 0.00 -
97 Works of art, collectors' pieces and antiques 0.00 0.00 -
70 Glass and glassware 0.00 0.00 -95.85
46 Manufactures of straw, esparto/other plaiting material; etc 0.00 0.00 -
4 digits
7108 Gold, unwrought or in semi-manufactured forms, or in powder form 0.00 4.06 4.06
4101 Raw hides and skins of bovine or equine animals, not tanned 0.34 0.69 1.43
7204 Ferrous waste and scrap; remelting scrap ingots of iron or steel 0.44 0.43 1.66
1703 Molasses resulting from the extraction or refining of sugar 0.25 0.13 0.38


4819 Cartons, boxes, etc; box files, etc, of paper, paperboard, etc 0.01 0.03 0.06
3915 Waste, parings and scrap, of plastic 0.00 0.01 0.02
0901 Coffee; coffee husks and skins; coffee substitutes containing coffee 0.00 0.01 0.02
9603 Brooms, brushes, hand-operated mechanical floor sweepers, etc 0.00 0.00 0.00
9403 Other furniture and parts thereof 0.00 0.00 0.01
6309 Worn clothing and other worn articles 0.00 0.00 0.00
8422 Dish washing machines; machinery for cleaning, filling, aerating 0.00 0.00 0.00
0709 Other vegetables, fresh or chilled 0.00 0.00 0.00
1209 Seeds, fruits and spores, of a kind used for sowing 0.00 0.00 0.00
8517 Electrical apparatus for line telephony or line telegraphy 0.00 0.00 0.00
9404 Mattress supports; articles of bedding, sprung, stuffed, etc 0.00 0.00 0.00
0210 Meat and offal, salted or smoked; flours of meat 0.00 0.00 0.00
8529 Parts suitable for use with the apparatus of 85.25 to 85.28 0.00 0.00 0.00
8452 Sewing machines; furniture, bases and covers; sewing machine needles 0.00 0.00 0.00
8450 Household or laundry-type washing machines (incl. wash and dry) 0.00 0.00 0.00
9703 Original sculptures and statuary, in any material 0.00 0.00 0.00
Kenya
71 Natural/cultured pearls, precious stones and metals, coins, etc 0.04 51.29 133382.74
72 Iron and steel 52.50 48.40 -7.81
25 Salt; sulphur; earth and stone; plastering material; lime and cement 55.45 39.91 -28.03
27 Mineral fuels, oils and products of their distillation; etc 35.10 39.64 12.93
39 Plastics and articles thereof 29.47 34.61 17.45
34 Soap, organic surface-active agents, washing preparations, etc 15.57 21.02 35.00
87 Vehicles other than railway/tramway, rolling-stock, parts and
accessories thereof 17.35 20.52 18.26
30 Pharmaceutical products 19.53 18.91 -3.18
17 Sugars and sugar confectionery 13.79 15.56 12.83
15 Animal/veg fats and oils and their cleavage products; etc 13.05 15.45 18.41


21 Miscellaneous edible preparations 16.39 15.43 -5.83
22 Beverages, spirits and vinegar 15.57 13.06 -16.12
64 Footwear, gaiters and the like; parts of such articles 10.24 11.70 14.25
28 Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious
metals, of rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes 10.54 11.51 9.23
32 Tanning/dyeing extract; tannins and derivatives; pigments, etc 7.63 9.31 22.04
38 Miscellaneous chemical products 8.37 8.63 3.16
73 Articles of iron or steel 8.87 7.97 -10.17
70 Glass and glassware 5.88 6.60 12.35
4 digits
7210 Rolled iron or non-alloy steel, >=600mm wide, clad, plated or coated 43.48 38.74 -10.90
specified 33.01 32.26 -2.28
2501 Salt and pure sodium chloride; sea water 23.50 24.14 2.75
3923 Articles for the of goods, of plastics; stoppers, etc, of plastics 17.67 22.62 28.01
3004 Medicaments of mixed or unmixed products, for retail sale 16.97 18.16 7.01
1704 Sugar confectionery (incl. white chocolate), not containing cocoa 13.06 14.67 12.31
specified 7.11 10.40 46.34
elsewhere specified 8.50 10.00 17.70
2103 Sauces and sauce preparations; mixed condiments and seasonings; mustard7.16 8.51 18.90
6402 Other footwear with outer soles and uppers of rubber or plastic 7.39 8.44 14.27
2523 Portland cement, aluminous cement, persulphate cement, etc 25.14 8.21 -67.33
8716 Trailers and semi-trailers; other vehicles, not mechanically propelled 7.79 7.91 1.50
8702 Public-transport type passenger motor vehicles 7.08 7.59 7.09


3808 Insecticides, rodenticides and similar products, for retail sale 6.25 6.97 11.47
2716 Electrical energy 1.60 6.67 316.05
9608 Ball-point, felt tipped pens and pencils and articles thereof 6.36 6.22 -2.21
7010 Carboys, bottles, flasks ampoules, etc; stoppers, lids, of glass 5.44 6.16 13.38
8309 Stoppers, caps and lids, capsules for bottles of base metal 6.75 6.16 -8.76
Rwanda 2 digits
04 Dairy produce; birds' eggs; natural honey; edible products not
72 Iron and steel 1.82 1.77 -2.87
09 Coffee, tea, mate and spices 2.67 1.08 -59.63
55 Man-made staple fibres 0.20 0.69 252.50
parts thereof 0.28 0.64 130.43
76 Aluminium and articles thereof 0.24 0.56 135.94
33 Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic/toilet preparations 0.09 0.14 52.36
07 Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers 0.49 0.14 -72.35
21 Miscellaneous edible preparations 0.00 0.08 29300.26
44 Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal 0.00 0.07 2940.33
63 Other made up textile articles; sets; worn clothing etc 0.02 0.06 266.39
39 Plastics and articles thereof 0.08 0.06 -26.32
64 Footwear, gaiters and the like; parts of such articles 0.06 -
01 Live animals 0.00 0.05 2371.92
54 Man-made filaments 0.04 -
47 Pulp of wood/of other fibrous cellulosic material; waste etc 0.00 0.04 729.63
20 Preparations of vegetable, fruit, nuts or other parts of plants 0.03 0.04 1.98
4 digits


0401 Milk and cream, not concentrated or sweetened 0.03 2.78 2.83
4103 Other raw hides and skins, fresh or preserved, not tanned, not
7204 Ferrous waste and scrap; remelting scrap ingots of iron or steel 1.82 1.77 7.84
4101 Raw hides and skins of bovine or equine animals, not tanned 1.63 1.50 5.14
5513 Woven fabrics, <85% synthetic staple fibres, with cotton, =<170g/m2 0.20 0.69 1.22
7602 Aluminium waste and scrap 0.24 0.56 0.92
8474 Machinery for sorting , agglomerating earth, stone, ores, etc 0.52 0.53
1703 Molasses resulting from the extraction or refining of sugar 0.29 0.35 0.64
3304 Beauty, make-up, skin-care (incl. suntan), manicure preparations 0.09 0.14 0.32
0405 Butter and other fats and oils derived from milk 0.02 0.10 0.12
2106 Food preparations not elsewhere specified or included 0.08 0.08
6403 Footwear, with rubber, plastics, leather soles, leather uppers 0.06 0.06
0708 Leguminous vegetables, shelled or unshelled, fresh or chilled 0.34 0.05 0.76
4418 Builders' joinery and carpentry of wood 0.05 0.05
0105 Live poultry 0.05 0.05
5402 Synthetic filament yarn, nprs (incl. synthetic monofilament) 0.04 0.04
Tanzania 2 digits
71 Natural/cultured pearls, precious stones and metals, coins, etc 0.00158.30 25,955,594
10 Cereals 14.71 31.56 114.52
72 Iron and steel 6.08 9.04 48.69
63 Other made up textile articles; sets; worn clothing etc 7.66 7.61 -0.63


03 Fish and crustacean, mollusc and other aquatic invertebrates 2.72 5.13 88.17
12 Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous grains, seeds and
fruits; industrial or medicinal plants; straw and fodder 3.42 2.77 -18.90
69 Ceramic products 1.68 2.29 36.44
96 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 6.09 1.28 -78.97
56 Wadding, felt and nonwoven; yarns; twine, cordage, etc 1.08 0.94 -13.25
23 Residues and waste from the food industry; prepared animal fodder 0.56 0.56 1.40
4 digits
7108 Gold, unwrought or in semi-manufactured forms, or in powder form 0.00 158.28 -
1006 Rice 12.16 28.99 138.43
7210 Rolled iron or non-alloy steel, >=600mm wide, clad, plated or coated 5.54 8.97 62.09
4804 Uncoated kraft paper and paperboard, in rolls or sheets (excl. 48.02+03) 5.38 6.65 23.56
6304 Other furnishing articles, not elsewhere specified (excl. of 94.04) 7.04 6.44 -8.50
7010 Carboys, bottles, flasks ampoules, etc; stoppers, lids , of glass 6.16 6.26 1.49
0901 Coffee; coffee husks and skins; coffee substitutes containing coffee 13.71 6.15 -55.14
0305 Fish, salted, dried; smoked fish; fish meal fit for human consumption 2.65 4.98 87.83
1202 Ground-nuts, not roasted or otherwise cooked 3.35 2.63 -21.41
1007 Grain sorghum 2.46 2.44 -0.92
0703 Onions, shallots, garlic, leeks, etc, fresh or chilled 1.04 2.20 111.30


specified 2.04 2.07 1.54
6908 Glazed ceramic flags, paving, hearth or wall tiles; mosaic cubes, etc 1.67 1.90 13.43
2701 Coal; briquettes, ovoids and similar solid fuels manufactured from coal 0.00 1.59 58400.67
9619 Sanitary towels (pads) and tampons, napkins and napkin liners for
babies and similar articles 6.09 1.28 -79.00
0713 Dried leguminous vegetables, shelled, whether or not skinned or split. 1.32 1.16 -12.43
6305 Sacks and bags, used for packing goods 0.61 1.14 85.36
3921 Other plates, sheets, film, foil and strip, of plastic 0.47 1.13 141.45
3920 Other plates, of plastic, not reinforced, etc 0.76 1.08 43.11
South Sudan 2 digits 0.00
72 Iron and steel 3.39 2.80 -17.16
44 Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal 0.07 0.05 -18.03
27 Mineral fuels, oils and products of their distillation; etc 0.05 0.04 -12.98
55 Man-made staple fibres 0.04 -
85 Electrical machinery equipment parts thereof; sound recorder etc 0.18 0.04 -80.21
88 Aircraft, spacecraft, and parts thereof 1.40 0.03 -98.15
parts thereof 0.12 0.02 -86.77
industrial or medicinal plants; straw and fodder 0.00 0.01 162.50
48 Paper & paperboard; art of paper pulp, paper/paperboard 0.00 0.00 215.38
05 Products of animal origin not elsewhere specified or included. 0.00 0.00 15.58
10 Cereals 0.01 0.00 -87.47
41 Raw hides and skins (other than fur skins) and leather products 0.00 -


82 Tools, implement, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metals, etc 0.00 0.00 23.08
69 Ceramic products 0.00 0.00 -81.18
65 Headgear and parts thereof 0.00 -
4 digits
7204 Ferrous waste and scrap; remelting scrap ingots of iron or steel 3.28 2.80 -14.39
8703 Motor cars and other motor vehicles for the transport of persons 0.07 0.08 19.57
4407 Wood sawn or chipped lengthwise, sliced or peeled, >6mm thick 0.07 0.05 -17.62
5502 Artificial filament tow 0.04 -
specified 0.05 0.04 -16.80
8704 Motor vehicles for the transport of goods 0.02 0.03 85.92
8803 Parts of goods of 88.01 or 88.02 1.40 0.03 -98.15
8501 Electric motors and generators (excl. generating sets) 0.13 0.02 -83.07
8706 Chassis fitted with engines, for the motor vehicles of 87.01 to 87.05 0.02 -
8517 Electrical apparatus for line telephony or line telegraphy 0.01 -
1211 Plants and parts of plants, of a kind used in perfumery, pharmacy, etc 0.00 0.01 162.50
8701 Tractors (excl. tractors of 87.09) 0.04 0.01 -71.40
8465 Machine-tools for working wood, cork, bone, hard rubber, etc 0.01 -
3921 Other plates, sheets, film, foil and strip, of plastic 0.01 -
elsewhere specified 0.01 0.01 -47.92
2709 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude 0.00 -
7317 Nails, tacks, drawing pins, corrugated nails of iron or steel 0.00 -


Uganda 2 digits
10 Cereals 57.89 81.01 39.94
07 Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers 74.25 77.64 4.55
23 Residues and waste from the food industry; prepared animal fodder 65.66 59.14 -9.94
24 Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes 33.58 44.46 32.42
09 Coffee, tea, mate and spices 8.75 11.96 36.65
72 Iron and steel 6.89 5.68 -17.57
industrial or medicinal plants; straw and fodder 9.53 5.43 -43.03
67 Prepared feathers and down; artificial flowers; articles human hair 1.03 5.23 405.52
52 Cotton 2.73 5.02 83.63
08 Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons 4.80 4.83 0.72
02 Meat and edible meat offal 0.29 2.61 789.55
15 Animal/veg fats and oil and their cleavage products; etc 3.47 2.48 -28.48
30 Pharmaceutical products 2.34 2.40 2.49
40 Rubber and articles thereof 1.46 2.34 60.22
4 digits
0713 Dried leguminous vegetables, shelled, whether or not skinned or split. 68.42 71.75 4.87
1005 Maize(corn) 37.40 70.13 87.50
2401 Unmanufactured tobacco; tobacco refuse 33.49 44.44 32.68
1701 Cane or beet sugar and chemically pure sucrose, in solid form 21.72 34.57 59.15


2309 Preparations of a kind used in animal feeding 25.24 30.74 21.80
0402 Milk and cream, concentrated or sweetened 27.33 22.15 -18.96
2302 Brans, sharps and other residues, derived from working of cereals, etc 27.04 20.51 -24.16
4412 Plywood, veneered panels and similar laminated wood 6.40 14.56 127.64
4411 Fibreboard of wood or other ligneous materials 9.17 12.64 37.80
0902 Tea 7.58 10.50 38.52
specified 19.59 7.91 -59.62
6704 Wigs, false beard, eyebrows and eyelashes, etc; human hair, not
2304 Oil cake from soya bean oil 11.93 5.06 -57.53
7217 Wire of iron or non-alloy steel 4.30 4.84 12.77
5203 Cotton, carded or combed 2.39 4.31 80.52
0702 Tomatoes, fresh or chilled. 4.48 3.57 -20.29
1007 Grain sorghum 0.89 2.97 235.24
2306 Oil-cake and other solid residues, of vegetable fats 1.45 2.82 94.15
1202 Groundnuts, not roasted or otherwise cooked 1.07 2.80 161.46
Tanzania 2 digits
48 Paper and paperboard; art of paper pulp, paper/paperboard 30.54 30.51 -0.08
10 Cereals 8.72 17.22 97.40
23 Residues and waste from the food industry; prepared animal fodder 15.40 10.04 -34.85
11 Products of the milling industry; malt; starches; inulin; wheat gluten 6.27 8.43 34.57
22 Beverages, spirits and vinegar 8.19 8.21 0.19
72 Iron and steel 0.39 6.05 1458.17


60 Knitted or crocheted fabrics 4.18 4.42 5.79
61 Art of apparel and clothing access, knitted or crocheted 2.83 3.03 7.12
73 Articles of iron and steel 2.17 2.98 36.98
52 Cotton 3.44 2.60 -24.44
74 Copper and articles thereof 0.94 2.00 113.77
4 digits
4804 Uncoated kraft paper and paperboard, in rolls or sheets (excl. 48.02+03) 29.20 28.46 -2.52
1005 Maize(corn) 6.83 14.97 119.09
2306 Oil-cake and other solid residues, of vegetable fats 13.98 9.38 -32.93
1101 Wheat or meslin flour 5.60 5.93 5.94
6006 Other knitted or crocheted fabrics. 4.18 4.39 5.06
2208 Undenatured ethyl alcohol of an alcoholic strength <80%; spirits, etc 3.66 4.39 19.88
0703 Onions, shallots, garlic, leeks, etc, fresh or chilled 6.05 3.41 -43.73
6109 T-shirts, singlets and other vests, knitted or crocheted 2.68 2.92 8.94
4407 Wood sawn or chipped lengthwise, sliced or peeled, >6mm thick 0.94 2.82 198.71
1102 Cereal flours, (excl. Wheat or meslin) 67.63 2.42 -96.42
4412 Plywood, veneered panels and similar laminated wood 17.59 2.36 -86.61
9619 Scent spray and similar toilet spray 0.01 2.27 16679.04
2710 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, other than crude 2.99 2.17 -27.41
2711 Petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons 10.69 2.01 -81.17


0805 Citrus fruit, fresh or dried 172.25 2.01 -98.84
Rwanda 2 digits
41 Raw hides and skins (other than fur skins) and leather products 5.00 4.08 -18.39
19 Preparations of cereal, flour, starch/milk; pastrycooks' products 0.23 0.41 76.34
94 Furniture; bedding, mattress, mattress support, cushions, etc 0.01 0.18 2473.56
85 Electrical machinery equipment parts thereof; sound recorders, etc 0.01 0.08 1220.69
27 Mineral fuels, oils and products of their distillation; etc 0.00 0.07 -
40 Rubber and articles thereof 0.00 0.04 -
68 Art of stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica/similar material 0.00 0.04 -
thereof 0.01 0.03 205.24
71 Natural/cultured pearls, precious stones and metals, coins, etc 0.03 0.02 -15.67
47 Pulp of wood/of other fibrous cellulosic material; waste etc 0.00 0.01 377.02
22 Beverages, spirits and vinegar 0.00 0.01 -
88 Aircraft, spacecraft, and parts of 0.00 0.01 -
4 digits
0902 Tea 1.49 3.17 112.32
4103 Other raw hides and skins, fresh or preserved, not tanned, not


4101 Raw hides and skins of bovine or equine animals, not tanned 1.86 1.03 -44.52
4102 Raw skins of sheep or lambs, but not tanned 0.44 0.55 25.61
0401 Milk and cream, not concentrated or sweetened 1.09 0.32 -70.90
1901 Malt extract; food preparations of flour, etc, not elsewhere specified 0.00 0.29 -
name-plates, etc 0.01 0.17 2941.05
1905 Bread, pastry, cakes, etc; communion wafers, rice paper, etc 0.23 0.11 -50.88
2710 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, other than crude 0.00 0.07 -
8528 Television receivers (incl. video monitors and video projectors) 0.00 0.07 27731.94
6802 Worked monumental/building stone; mosaic cubes; granules, chippings 0.00 0.04 -
4010 Conveyor or transition belts or belting, of vulcanised rubber 0.00 0.04 -
3925 Builders' ware of plastics, not elsewhere specified 0.00 0.03 -
8462 Machine-tools (incl. presses) for working metal by forging, etc 0.00 0.03 -
7103 Precious stones (excl. diamonds) and semi-precious stones, not set 0.03 0.02 -15.67
3301 Essential oils; resinoids; concentrates aqueous distillates, etc 0.00 0.02 -
4707 Waste and scrap of paper or paperboard 0.00 0.01 377.02
Burundi 2 digits
87 Vehicles other than railway/tramway, rolling-stock, parts and accessories 0.00 0.01 #DIV/0!
4 digits
0902 Tea 0.20 0.48 141.48
8703 Motor cars and other motor vehicles for the transport of persons 0.00 0.01 -


2203 Beer made from malt 0.02 0.01 -75.43
6309 Worn clothing 0.00 0.00 32.37
8521 Video recording or reproducing apparatus 0.00 0.00 -
3915 Waste, parings and scrap, of plastic 0.00 0.00 -
3923 Articles for conveyance or packing of goods, of plastic 0.00 0.00 11.21
South Sudan 2 digits -
87 Vehicles other than railway/tramway, rolling-stock, parts and accessories 0.01 0.05 430.07
84 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliance; parts thereof 0.04 0.02
-61.64
4 digits
4407 Wood sawn or chipped lengthwise, sliced or peeled, >6mm thick 0.00 0.04 -
8708 Parts and accessories of the motor vehicles of 87.01 to 87.05 0.01 0.02 69.61
8425 Pulley tackle and hoists; winches and capstans; jacks 0.00 0.02 -
8803 Parts of goods of 88.01 or 88.02 0.00 0.01 -
6309 Worn clothing 0.01 0.00 -86.19
4016 Other articles of vulcanized rubber, not elsewhere specified (excl.
hard rubber) 0.00 0.00 -
8451 Machinery, not elsewhere specified, for washing, cleaning, wringing,
drying, ironing, etc 0.00 0.00
72 Iron and steel 5.36 5.73 6.81


73 Articles of iron or steel 2.93 3.94 34.45
31 Fertilisers 2.92 0.57 -80.55
48 Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, of paper or of paperboard 2.39 1.61 -32.55
32 Tanning or dyeing extracts; tannins and their derivatives; dyes,
pigments and other colouring matter; paints and varnishes; putty and
other mastics; inks 1.77 2.14 20.72
19 Preparations of cereals, flour, starch or milk; pastrycooks' products 1.77 1.55 -12.55
83 Miscellaneous articles of base metal 1.68 0.52 -69.07
substances; mineral waxes 1.56 0.73 -52.99
15 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products;
prepared edible fats; animal or vegetable waxes 1.44 0.73 -49.23
preparations, candles and similar articles, modelling pastes, 1.30 1.48 13.82
and parts and accessories of such articles 0.91 0.85 -6.49
25 Salt; sulphur; earth and stone; plastering materials, lime and cement 0.61 1.11 84.11
96 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 0.59 - -
4 digits


7210 Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, of a width of 600 mm or more, clad 3.27 3.66 11.81
2106 Food preparations not elsewhere specified or included. 2.68 1.72 -35.86
elements nitrogen, phosphorous and/or potassium 2.43 - -
lids, caps 2.36 1.09 -53.73
welded, riveted or similar) 2.24 3.35 49.51
1704 Sugar confectionery (including white chocolate), not containing cocoa. 1.93 2.07 7.59
1901 Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract 1.75 1.49 -14.74
3004 Medicaments (excluding goods of heading 30.02, 30.05 or 30.06) 1.67 1.72 3.03
4820 Registers, account books, note books, order books, receipt books,
letter pads, memorandums 1.67 0.62 -62.68
8309 Stoppers, caps and lids (including crown corks, screw caps and
pouring stoppers) 1.66 0.51 -69.14
2710 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, other
than crude 1.28 0.49 -61.73
3209 Paints and varnishes (including enamels and lacquers) based on
synthetic polymers 1.14 1.56 36.33
1511 Palm oil and its fractions, whether or not refined, but not chemically modified. 1.12 - -
preparations, washing preparations 1.10 0.89 -18.91
more, hot-rolled 0.77 0.56 -28.05
7216 Angles, shapes and sections of iron or non-alloy steel. 0.64 0.65 1.89
9608 Ball point pens; felt tipped and other porous-tipped pens and markers;
fountain pens 0.54 - -
3924 Tableware, kitchenware and toilet articles, of plastic 0.54 0.85 58.67
8507 Electric accumulators, including separators thereof, whether or


not rectangular 0.52 - -
3102 Mineral or chemical fertilisers, nitrogenous. 0.49 - -
Rwanda 2 digits
72 Iron and steel 1.39 1.04 -25.05
27 Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation;
bituminous substances; mineral waxes 1.14 0.37 -67.76
10 Cereals 0.66 0.08 -87.91
94 Furniture; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and
similar stuffed furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings, not elsewhere
specified or included; illuminated signs, illuminated name-plates and the like 0.26 0.30 12.40
and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and
reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles 0.21 0.10 -53.50
33 Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations 0.18 0.25 36.87
accessories thereof 0.11 0.06 -48.70
industry; manuscripts, typescripts and plans 0.11 - -
48 Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, of paper or of paperboard 0.11 0.23 118.26
articles; rags 0.10 - -


origin, not elsewhere specified or included 0.10 0.10 -0.13
prepared edible fats; animal or vegetable waxes 0.10 - -
03 Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates 0.08 0.08 -2.09
4 digits
forged, hot-rolled 1.32 1.04 -21.10
2710 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, other than crude 1.12 0.37
-67.17
1005 Maize (corn). 0.66 0.08 -87.85
0713 Dried leguminous vegetables, shelled, whether or not skinned or split. 0.40 - -
0701 Potatoes, fresh or chilled. 0.33 - -
7010 Carboys, bottles, flasks, jars, pots, phials, ampoules and other
containers, of glass 0.32 0.37 17.68
2203 Beer made from malt. 0.31 0.33 5.36
mechanical shovels 0.29 - -
9404 Mattress supports; articles of bedding and similar furnishing
(for example, mattresses) 0.26 0.13 -52.16
3304 Beauty or make-up preparations and preparations for the care of the
skin (other than medicinal) 0.13 0.16 20.35
4901 Printed books, brochures, leaflets and similar printed matter, whether
or not in singles 0.11 - -
8422 Dish washing machines; machinery for cleaning or drying bottles or
other containers 0.10 - -
paperboard 0.10 0.22 119.98


0406 Cheese and curd. 0.08 0.08 0.50
6305 Sacks and bags, of a kind used for the packing of goods. 0.08 - -
8531 Electric sound or visual signalling apparatus (for example, bells, sirens,
indicator panels) 0.08 - -
0305 Fish, dried, salted or in brine; smoked fish, whether or not cooked 0.08 0.08 -1.13
2102 Yeasts (active or inactive); other single-cell micro-organisms, dead 0.07 0.05 -37.87
8704 Motor vehicles for the transport of goods. 0.07 - -
7215 Other bars and rods of iron or non-alloy steel. 0.07 - -
Tanzania 2 digits
31 Fertilisers 10.05 2.88 -71.33
articles; rags 8.97 1.48 -83.51
10 Cereals 5.08 9.95 96.01
72 Iron and steel 2.19 1.95 -11.15
73 Articles of iron or steel 0.79 - -
64 Footwear, gaiters and the like; parts of such articles 0.57 0.47 -17.93


accessories thereof 0.56 - -
83 Miscellaneous articles of base metal 0.43 - -
4 digits
6304 Other furnishing articles, excluding those of heading 94.04. 8.00 - -
elements nitrogen, phosphorous and/or potassium 7.25 1.41 -80.54
2523 Portland cement, aluminous cement, slag cement, super sulphate
cement and similar 5.84 8.15 39.45
2501 Salt (including table salt and denatured salt) and pure sodium chloride 3.18 3.75 17.95
than crude 2.76 - -
1101 Wheat or meslin flour. 2.60 2.47 -5.03
3102 Mineral or chemical fertilisers, nitrogenous. 2.55 0.89 -65.31
1001 Wheat and meslin. 2.51 - -
containers, of glass 2.37 2.33 -1.75
1006 Rice. 1.37 2.04 48.47
4821 Paper or paperboard labels of all kinds, whether or not printed. 1.36 2.16 58.66
2712 Petroleum jelly; paraffin wax, micro-crystalline petroleum wax, slack
wax, ozokerite 1.22 - -
1005 Maize (corn). 1.18 7.84 562.69
more, clad 0.96 0.71 -26.31
6305 Sacks and bags, of a kind used for the packing of goods. 0.88 1.43 62.86


modified. 0.84 - -
3924 Tableware, kitchenware and toilet articles, of plastic 0.71 0.58 -18.92
more, hot-rolled 0.70 0.96 36.22
Uganda 2 digits
72 Iron and steel 11.52 10.48 -9.09
24 Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes 4.07 3.35 -17.80
10 Cereals 3.59 1.40 -61.09
01 Live animals 1.95 1.08 -44.63
33 Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations 1.32 1.21 -8.59
articles; rags 1.20 0.97 -19.00
parts thereof 0.43 - -


accessories thereof 0.29 - -
62 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted nor crocheted 0.25 - -
4 digits
more, clad 8.48 7.32 -13.61
2401 Unmanufactured tobacco; tobacco refuse. 4.07 3.35 -17.80
1005 Maize (corn). 3.48 1.40 -59.88
lids, caps 2.06 3.59 74.51
0102 Live bovine animals. 1.95 1.08 -44.57
welded, riveted or similar) 1.59 1.31 -17.16
3004 Medicaments (excluding goods of heading 30.02, 30.05 or 30.06) 1.48 1.15 -22.22
3002 Human blood; animal blood prepared for therapeutic, prophylactic or
diagnostic uses 1.33 - -
6305 Sacks and bags, of a kind used for the packing of goods. 0.99 0.70 -29.03
1102 Cereal flours other than of wheat or meslin. 0.93 1.56 67.94
paperboard 0.86 1.16 34.76
2207 Undenatured ethyl alcohol of an alcoholic strength by volume of
80 % vol or higher 0.70 1.06 52.26
modified. 0.68 0.59 -13.42


hydrogenated 0.63 0.89 42.00
letter pads, memorandums 0.48 - -
3306 Preparations for oral or dental hygiene, including denture fixative
pastes and powders; 0.47 - -
3208 Paints and varnishes (including enamels and lacquers) based on
synthetic polymers 0.38 - -
72 Iron and steel 6.11 17.91 193.23
83 Miscellaneous articles of base metal 7.91 9.53 20.43
49 Printed books, newspapers, pictures and other products, etc 0.96 7.02 631.06
15 Animal/vegetable fats and oil and their cleavage products; etc 5.68 6.77 19.16


94 Furniture; bedding, mattress, mattress support, cushion etc 2.01 3.00 49.11
4 digits
3401 Soap; organic surface-active products in bars, etc; paper with soap, etc 15.71 24.37 55.16
8701 Tractors (excl. tractors of 87.09) 1.00 19.58 1,859.77
8507 Electric accumulators (incl. separators thereof) 7.67 10.34 34.75
8309 Stoppers, caps and lids, capsules for bottles of base metal 7.19 8.41 17.01
2501 Salt/pure sodium chloride whether or not containing anti-caking
agents; seawater 8.26 7.72 -6.53
liquid etc 5.00 6.23 24.65
not elsewhere specified 4.88 6.12 25.44
4901 Printed books, brochures, leaflets and similar printed matter 0.70 6.04 766.61
1704 Sugar confectionery (incl. white chocolate), not containing cocoa 10.56 3.90 -63.10
2710 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals,
other than crude 3.58 3.54 -0.92
3920 Other plates, of plastic, not reinforced, etc 2.29 2.64 14.95
8702 Public-transport type passenger motor vehicles 0.14 2.39 1,588.64
3605 Matches, other than pyrotechnic articles of heading no 3604 0.71 2.37 235.71
2836 Carbonates; peroxocarbonates; commercial ammonium carbonate 1.13 1.86 64.04
Uganda 2 digits
72 Iron and steel 2.64 15.84 500.31


24 Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes 0.18 4.38 2,274.75
15 Animal/vegetable fats and oil and their cleavage products; etc 2.24 0.75 -66.40
36 Explosives; pyrotechnic products; matches; pyro alloy; etc 0.21 0.43 104.18
17 Sugars and sugar confectionery - 0.35 -
78 Lead and articles thereof - 0.08 -
4 Digit
4821 Paper or paperboard labels of all kinds, whether or not printed 3.12 4.60 47.76
2401 Unmanufactured tobacco; tobacco refuse 0.18 4.38 2,274.75
0402 Milk and cream, concentrated or sweetened 2.19 2.54 15.96
3923 Articles for conveyance or packing of goods, of plastic 2.51 2.27 -9.57


3305 Preparations for use on the hair 0.89 1.51 70.32
3004 Medicaments of mixed or unmixed products, for retail sale 3.80 1.49 -60.90
1207 Other oil seeds and oleaginous fruits 0.10 0.85 733.70
4011 New pneumatic tyres, of rubber 0.52 0.80 52.30
1511 Palm oil and its fractions whether or not refined not chemically modified 2.06 0.75 -63.69
3602 Prepared explosives 0.21 0.43 104.18
1206 Sunflower seeds 0.00 0.37 -
1701 Cane or beet sugar and chemically pure sucrose, in solid form 0.00 0.35 -
1107 Malt 0.00 0.25 -
4013 Inner tubes, of rubber 0.15 0.19 23.03
Burundi 2 digits
72 Iron and steel 0.00 0.52 -
49 Printed books, newspapers, pictures and other products 0.06 0.14 118.36
74 Copper and articles thereof 0.00 0.04 #DIV/0!
elsewhere specified 0.00 0.03 #DIV/0!
15 Animal/vegetable fats and oil and their cleavage products; etc 0.00 0.02 #DIV/0!
48 Paper and paperboard; art of paper pulp, paper/paperboard 0.00 0.01 #DIV/0!


25 Salt; sulphur; earth and stone; plastering material; lime and cement 0.00 0.00 17.35
4 digits
7207 Semi-finished products of iron or non-alloy steel 0.00 0.50 -
7308 Iron/steel structures and parts thereof; plates, rods thereof 0.05 0.18 259.62
7403 Refined copper and copper alloys, unwrought 0.00 0.04 -
0402 Milk and cream, concentrated or sweetened 0.00 0.03 -
7215 Other bars and rods of iron or non-alloy steel 0.00 0.02 -
1513 Coconut (copra), palm kernel or babassu oil and their fractions 0.00 0.02 -
7312 Stranded wire, cables of iron or steel, not electrically insulated 0.04 0.01 -64.93
7001 Cullet and other waste of glass 0.00 0.01 87.52
7307 Tube or pipe fittings of iron or steel 0.00 0.01 -
4813 Cigarette paper 0.00 0.01 -
7326 Other articles of iron or steel 0.00 0.00 -33.36
9405 Lamps and lighting fittings, not elsewhere specified; illuminated
signs, name-plates, etc 0.00 0.00 660.60
0403 Buttermilk, curdled milk and cream, yogurt, etc 0.00 0.00 -
8501 Electric motors and generators (excl. generating sets) 0.00 0.00 -
8301 Padlocks and locks, clasps incorporating locks, keys of base metal 0.02 0.00 -97.94
2505 Natural sands of all kinds, (excl. metal-bearing sands of chapter 26) 0.00 0.00 17.35
Rwanda 2 digits
21 Miscellaneous edible preparations 0.00 0.21 -


72 Iron and steel 0.01 0.06 411.85
90 Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking,
precision, medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; parts and
accessories thereof 0.00 0.04 5,408.37
83 Miscellaneous articles of base metal 0.00 0.02 141,170.07
42 Articles of leather; saddlery/harness; travel goods etc 0.00 0.01 95,167.11
73 Articles of iron and steel 0.01 0.01 -33.65
metals, of rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes 0.00 0.01 -
20 Preparations of vegetable, fruit, nuts or other parts of plants 0.01 0.00 -43.63
61 Art of apparel and clothing access, knitted or crocheted 0.00 0.00 -
76 Aluminium and articles thereof 0.00 0.00 -
49 Printed books, newspapers, pictures and other products, etc 0.00 0.00 749.55
4 digits
8429 Self-propelled bulldozers, angledozers, graders, levellers, etc 0.00 0.42 -
2106 Food preparations not elsewhere specified or included 0.00 0.21 -
1901 Malt extract; food preparations of flour, etc, not elsewhere specified 0.06 0.10 61.17
7215 Other bars and rods of iron or non-alloy steel 0.00 0.06 -
9021 Orthopaedic appliances; splints, etc; artificial parts of the body, etc 0.00 0.04 59,115.00
8701 Tractors (excl. tractors of 87.09) 0.00 0.03 559.25


8304 Filing cabinets, desk equipment, of base metal 0.00 0.02 -
8703 Motor cars and other motor vehicles for the transport of persons 0.04 0.02 -59.69
7001 Cullet and other waste of glass 0.01 0.02 23.28
8432 Machinery for soil preparation/cultivation; lawn/sports-ground rollers 0.00 0.01 -
4202 Trunks, suit-cases; handbags and similar items of leather, etc 0.00 0.01 93,807.11
8523 Prepared unrecorded media for sound or similar recording 0.00 0.01 -
1209 Seeds, fruits and spores, of a kind used for sowing 0.00 0.01 -
9401 Seats, other than those of 94.02, and parts thereof 0.00 0.01 1,382.22
8433 Harvesting machinery; grass/hay mowers; machines for produce, etc 0.00 0.01 -
7323 Table, kitchen or household articles and parts thereof of iron or steel 0.00 0.01 14,437.55
8516 Electric water and space heaters, hair-dressing apparatus, irons, etc 0.00 0.01 2,905.51
2849 Carbides - 0.01 -
industrial or medicinal plants; straw and fodder 0 0.14 -
86 Railway/tramway locomotives, rolling-stock and parts thereof; etc - 0.06 -
4 digits
1211 Plants and parts of plants, of a kind used in perfumery, pharmacy, etc 0 0.14 -
8609 Containers for transport of one or more modes of transport - 0.06 -
72 Iron and steel 7.47 10.49 0.40
preparations, etc 10.01 10.30 0.03


85 Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders etc6.33 6.66 0.05
prepared edible fats; animal etc 5.36 6.28 0.17
pigments and other colouring etc 4.01 4.13 0.03
substances; etc 3.46 3.45 -0.00
10 Cereals 4.55 2.82 -0.38
4 digits
2501 Salt (including table salt and denatured salt) and pure sodium chloride 10.44 11.32 0.08
1704 Sugar confectionery (including white chocolate), not containing cocoa. 8.45 8.62 0.02
6402 Other footwear with outer soles and uppers of rubber or plastic. 5.74 7.23 0.26
letter pads, memorandums 4.16 6.18 0.49
forged, hot-rolled 1.27 5.18 3.07
preparations, washing preparations 4.88 5.13 0.05
3401 Soap; organic surface-active products and preparations for use as soap 4.49 4.49 0.00


2402 Cigars, cheroots, cigarillos and cigarettes, of tobacco or of tobacco
substitutes. 3.32 4.30 0.29
2520 Gypsum; anhydrite; plasters (consisting of calcined gypsum or
calcium sulphate) 1.53 3.85 1.52
lids, caps 2.74 3.23 0.18
3924 Tableware, kitchenware, other household articles and toilet articles,
of plastic. 2.64 3.08 0.16
than crude 2.98 2.76 -0.07
more, clad 3.17 2.54 -0.20
6901 Bricks, blocks, tiles and other ceramic goods of siliceous fossil meals 0.45 2.38 4.29
hydrogenated 0.37 2.29 5.15
1517 Margarine; edible mixtures or preparations of animal or vegetable
fats or oils 1.73 2.21 0.28
1005 Maize (corn). 3.96 2.13 -0.46
6401 Waterproof footwear with outer soles and uppers of rubber or of plastic 1.8 2.1 0.2
Tanzania 2 digits
substances; mineral waxes 8.9 18.7 1.1
10 Cereals 8.0 16.0 1.0
72 Iron and steel 8.2 11.0 0.3


23 Residues and waste from the food industries; prepared animal fodder 2.6 1.3 -0.5
31 Fertilisers 1.2
4 digits
1006 Rice. 5.6 13.6 1.4
similar roots and tubers 7.3 9.2 0.3
2701 Coal; briquettes, ovoids and similar solid fuels manufactured from coal. 2.6 8.0 2.1
1202 Ground-nuts, not roasted or otherwise cooked, whether or not shelled
or broken. 6.8 7.5 0.1
more, clad 6.7 6.5 0.0


than crude 0.3 5.0 16.4
2202 Waters, including mineral waters and aerated waters, containing
added sugar or other sweeteners 3.7 4.9 0.3
2711 Petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons. 2.8 3.1 0.1
2712 Petroleum jelly; paraffin wax, micro-crystalline petroleum wax, slack
wax, ozokerite 2.9 2.4 -0.2
7204 Ferrous waste and scrap; remelting scrap ingots of iron or steel. 0.3 2.4 8.2
4412 Plywood, veneered panels and similar laminated wood. 0.2 1.5 6.3
2208 Undenatured ethyl alcohol of an alcoholic strength by volume of less
than 80 % volume; spirits, etc 0.7 1.3 0.9
4804 Uncoated kraft paper and paperboard, in rolls or sheets, other than
that of heading 48.0 1.9 1.3 -0.3
2306 Oil-cake and other solid residues, whether or not ground or in the
form of pellets 1.0 1.2 0.2
Uganda 2 digits
10 Cereals 20.8 32.4 0.6
72 Iron and steel 14.4 15.8 0.1


03 Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates 11.9 13.6 0.1
48 Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, of paper or of
paperboard 6.4 7.7 0.2
4 digits
1005 Maize (corn). 17.3 25.1 0.5
0305 Fish, dried, salted or in brine; smoked fish, whether or not cooked 10.7 12.1 0.1
hydrogenated 14.3 10.9 -0.2
1007 Grain sorghum. 3.4 7.1 1.1
more, clad 4.6 6.8 0.5


similar roots and tubers 5.2 6.1 0.2
paperboard 3.7 4.9 0.3
welded, riveted or similar) 5.3 4.6 -0.1
1701 Cane or beet sugar and chemically pure sucrose, in solid form. 5.6 4.6 -0.2
whether or not refined 2.2 4.4 1.0
2208 Undenatured ethyl alcohol of an alcoholic strength by volume of less
than 80 % vol; spirits, etc 4.0 4.0 0.0
0701 Potatoes, fresh or chilled. 3.8 3.6 -0.1
sugar or other sweeteners 2.8 3.5 0.2
lids, caps 3.9 2.8 -0.3
4411 Fibreboard of wood or other ligneous materials, whether or not bonded
with resins 1.7 2.7 0.6
Burundi 2 digits


23 Residues and waste from the food industries; prepared animal fodder 0.1 0.1 0.4
87 Vehicles other than railway or tramway/ rolling-stock, and parts and
94 Furniture; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and
similar stuffed furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings, not elsewhere
specified or included; illuminated signs, illuminated name-plates and
the like 0.0 0.0 15.3
origin, not elsewhere specified or included 0.0 0.0 1.8
49 Printed books, newspapers, pictures and other products of the
printing industry; manuscripts, typescripts and plans 0.0 0.0 16.0
54 Man-made filaments - 0.0 -
48 Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, of paper or of paperboard 0.0 0.0 -
4 digits
0901 Coffee, whether or not roasted or decaffeinated; coffee husks and
skins; coffee substitute containing coffee 0.0 2.7 904.1


lids, caps 0.0 1.3 27.1
8548 Waste and scrap of primary cells, primary batteries and electric
accumulators 0.1 0.1 -0.2
8704 Motor vehicles for the transport of goods. 0.0 0.1 2.4
2308 Vegetable materials and vegetable waste, vegetable residues and
by-products 0.0 0.1 1.1
modified. 0.1 0.1 -0.2
appliances or vehicles) 0.03 0.03 0.1
0902 Tea, whether or not flavoured. 0.02 0.03 0.7
3302 Mixtures of odoriferous substances and mixtures (including
alcoholic solutions) 0.02 -
9403 Other furniture and parts thereof. 0.001 0.021 18.8
2401 Unmanufactured tobacco; tobacco refuse. 0.018 0.016 -0.1
4911 Other printed matter, including printed pictures and photographs. 0.012 -
preparations, washing preparations 0.004 0.011 2.1
0409 Natural honey. 0.008 0.011 0.3
0401 Milk and cream, neither concentrated nor containing added sugar, or
other sweetening matter. 0.010 -

Table 6a: Twenty Major Imports of EAC Countries for
2017 (US$ Million)
Country Hs level Description of Goods CIF values
4 digits
1511 Palm oil and its fractions whether or not refined 587.52
1001 Wheat and meslin 410.02
1005 Maize(corn) 389.37
1006 Rice 258.99
8471 Automatic data processing machines; magnetic readers, not elsewhere specified 244.01
8602 Other rail locomotives; locomotive tenders 197.12
3105 Mineral or chemical fertilisers, not elsewhere specified; other fertilisers; goods =<10kg 193.97
3901 Polymers of ethylene, in primary forms 184.74
8606 Railway or tramway goods vans and wagons, not self-propelled 177.56
8429 Self-propelled bulldozers, angledozers, graders, levellers, scrapers, mechanical shovels 164.10
Rwanda 2 digits
27 Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; 431.5
85 Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders etc 310.8
84 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; etc 226.7
87 Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling-stock, and parts etc 220.6
10 Cereals 181.3

Table 6a(Ctd): Twenty Major Imports of EAC Countries for
2017 (US$ Million)
15 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products; prepared edible fats;
animal or vegetable waxes 109.0
90 Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision, etc 56.9
94 Furniture; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and similar etc 54.6
31 Fertilisers 39.7
34 Soap, organic surface-active agents, washing preparations, lubricating etc 33.5
4 digits
8517 Electrical apparatus for line telephony or line telegraphy, including line telephone set 98.2
8703 Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of persons 91.0
3004 Medicaments (excluding goods of heading 30.02, 30.05 or 30.06) consisting of mixed 89.9
1006 Rice. 85.4
1516 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their fractions, partly or wholly hydrogenated 46.1
8429 Self-propelled bulldozers, angledozers, graders, levellers, scrapers, mechanical shovels 42.4
8544 Insulated (including enamelled or anodised) wire, cable (including co-axial cable) 39.6
7210 Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, of a width of 600 mm or more, clad 39.5
2523 Portland cement, aluminous cement, slag cement, super sulphate cement and similar 39.0

2017 (US$ Million)
3105 Mineral or chemical fertilisers containing two or three of the fertilising elements
nitrogen, phosphorous and/or potassium 36.6
8504 Electrical transformers, static converters (for example, rectifiers) and inductors. 33.4
1005 Maize (corn). 32.3
7308 Structures (excluding prefabricated buildings of heading 94.06) and parts of structures 29.0
9018 Instruments and appliances used in medical, surgical, dental or veterinary sciences 23.3
4011 New pneumatic tyres, of rubber. 22.7
Burundi 2 digits
mineral waxes 129.7
87 Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling-stock, and parts and accessories thereof 63.8
10 Cereals 57.8
85 Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and
reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and
accessories of such articles 34.6
31 Fertilisers 29.4
90 Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision, medical or
surgical instruments and apparatus; parts and accessories thereof 11.9

2017 (US$ Million)
4 digits
1006 Rice. 25.6
4011 New pneumatic tyres, of rubber. 15.0
6309 Worn clothing and other worn articles. 11.6
1005 Maize (corn). 11.5
3002 Human blood; animal blood prepared for therapeutic, prophylactic or diagnostic uses 10.6
6304 Other furnishing articles, excluding those of heading 94.04. 9.9
1107 Malt, whether or not roasted. 8.9
7214 Other bars and rods of iron or non-alloy steel, not further worked than forged, hot-rolled 8.8
Tanzania 2 digits

2017 (US$ Million)
10 Cereals 204.3
90 Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision, medical
or surgical instruments and apparatus; parts and accessories thereof 151.2
28 Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of
rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes 101.6
4 digits

2017 (US$ Million)
8411 Turbo-jets, turbo-propellers and other gas turbines 93.5
3902 Polymers of propylene or of other olefins, in primary forms 89.0
3822 Diagnostic or laboratory reagents 75.8
3302 Mixtures of odoriferous substances used as raw materials in industry 71.7

Table 6b: Twenty Major Imports of EAC Countries for
2018 (US$ Million)
Uganda 2 digits
27 Mineral fuels, oils and products of their distillation; etc 1,318.77
10 Cereals 236.36
4 digits
2710 Petroleum oils, etc, (excl. crude); preparations thereof, not elsewhere specified 1,269.16

Table 6b(Ctd): Twenty Major Imports of EAC Countries for
2017 (US$ Million)
3907 Polyethers and epoxide resins; polyesters, in primary forms 81.99
1006 Rice 76.88
8711 Motorcycles (incl. mopeds) and cycles fitted with an auxiliary motor 63.56
7213 Iron/steel bars and rods, hot-rolled, in irregularly wound coils 60.22
Kenya 2 digits
10 Cereals 843.25

Table 6b: Twenty Major Imports of EAC Countries for
2018 (US$ Million)
86 railway/tramway locomotives, rolling-stock and parts thereof; etc 258.29
4 digits
1006 Rice 252.64
8606 Railway or tramway goods vans and wagons, not self-propelled 140.86

2017 (US$ Million)
Rwanda 2 digits
reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts
and accessories of such articles 293.4
10 Cereals 176.3
15 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products; prepared edible
fats; animal or vegetable waxes 116.6
31 Fertilisers 44.4
preparations, artificial waxes, prepared waxes, polishing or scouring preparations,
candles and similar articles, modelling pastes, 34.0
94 Furniture; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and similar stuffed
furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings, not elsewhere specified or included;

2017 (US$ Million)
illuminated signs, illuminated name-plates and the like 33.1
4 digits
1006 Rice. 71.8
8402 Steam or other vapour generating boilers (other than central heating hot water boilers) 54.5
1005 Maize (corn). 33.7
3808 Insecticides, rodenticides, fungicides, herbicides, anti-sprouting products 29.6
7308 Structures (excluding prefabricated buildings of heading 94.06) and parts of structures 26.9
Burundi 2 digits

2017 (US$ Million)
reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts
and accessories of such articles 46.35
10 Cereals 42.68
4 digits

2017 (US$ Million)
3002 Human blood; animal blood; antisera, etc; vaccines, toxins, etc 16.53
1005 Maize (corn) 11.85
1107 Malt 10.14
1006 Rice 9.53
Tanzania 2 digits

2017 (US$ Million)
4 digits
8411 Turbo-jets, turbo-propellers and other gas turbines 118.5

Table 6c: Twenty Major Imports of EAC Countries for 2018
Compared to 2017 (in US$ Million)
Country HS level Description of Goods 2017 2018 % change
Uganda 2 digits
27 Mineral fuels, oils and products of their distillation; etc 1,036.3 1,318.8 27.25
parts thereof 558.6 535.9 -4.05
thereof 458.4 508.6 10.94
72 Iron and steel 283.6 369.4 30.26
15 Animal/veg fats and oils and their cleavage products; etc 275.5 248.4 -9.82
10 Cereals 249.3 236.4 -5.18
medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; parts and accessories thereof 100.0 101.9 1.87
29 Organic chemicals 81.9 95.8 16.98
4 digits -
specified 998.7 1,269.2 27.08

1511 Palm oil and its fractions 258.7 232.6 -10.05
7208 Hot-rolled iron or non-alloy steel, >=600mm wide 126.8 174.2 37.35
1001 Wheat and meslin 147.5 154.1 4.49
8704 Motor vehicles for the transport of goods 146.4 135.7 -7.29
3901 Polymers of ethylene, in primary forms 77.5 103.6 33.64
2523 Portland cement, aluminous cement, persulphate cement, etc 78.3 97.7 24.79
3907 Polyethers and epoxide resins; polyesters, in primary forms 55.7 82.0 47.30
1006 Rice 92.4 76.9 -16.77
1701 Cane or beet sugar and chemically pure sucrose, in solid form 102.0 74.7 -26.76
8429 Self-propelled bulldozers, angledozers, graders, levellers, etc 118.5 69.2 -41.62
8711 Motorcycles (incl. mopeds) and cycles fitted with an auxiliary motor 56.0 63.6 13.60
7213 Iron/steel bars and rods, hot-rolled, in irregularly wound coils 33.1 60.2 81.81
Kenya 2 digits
parts thereof 1827.51 1665.77 -8.85
72 Iron and steel 734.30 860.54 17.19
10 Cereals 1111.05 843.25 -24.10

thereof 261.93 291.52 11.29
86 railway/tramway locomotives, rolling-stock and parts thereof; etc 500.39 258.29 -48.38
31 Fertilisers 283.36 233.12 -17.73
4 digits
crude 2521.16 3088.73 22.51
1001 Wheat and meslin 410.02 423.52 3.29
8517 Electrical apparatus for line telephony or line telegraphy 312.05 258.27 -17.23
1006 Rice 258.99 252.64 -2.45
3901 Polymers of ethylene, in primary forms 184.74 179.81 -2.67
7207 Semi-finished products of iron or non-alloy steel 181.88 170.30 -6.37
goods =<10kg 193.97 169.02 -12.86
6309 Worn clothing 126.25 167.16 32.40

2711 Petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons 113.63 149.00 31.13
3902 Polymers of propylene or of other olefins, in primary forms 184.74 148.83 -19.44
8606 Railway or tramway goods vans and wagons, not self-propelled 177.56 140.86 -20.67
8504 Electrical transformers, static converters and inductors 76.93 139.26 81.03
Rwanda 2 digits
10 Cereals 181.1 176.3 0.0
edible fats; animal or vegetable waxes 108.8 116.6 0.1
72 Iron and steel 80.6 105.3 0.3
medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; parts and

31 Fertilisers 39.8 44.4 0.1
63 Other made up textile articles; sets; worn clothing and worn textile articles; rags 37.7 34.7 -0.1
stuffed furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings, not elsewhere specified
or included; illuminated signs, illuminated name-plates and the like 54.6 33.1 -0.4
4 digits
crude 456.66 505.5 0.1
8517 Electrical apparatus for line telephony or line telegraphy, including line
telephone set 98.27 132.3 0.3
1006 Rice. 85.11 71.8 -0.2
8703 Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the
transport of persons 90.88 69.4 -0.2
1001 Wheat and meslin. 58.59 62.2 0.1
1701 Cane or beet sugar and chemically pure sucrose, in solid form. 104.55 61.6 -0.4
modified. 44.44 55.1 0.2
8402 Steam or other vapour generating boilers (other than central heating
hot water boilers) 2.10 54.5 24.9
more, clad 39.47 46.9 0.2

elements 36.70 39.5 0.1
hydrogenated 46.03 38.1 -0.2
8704 Motor vehicles for the transport of goods. 63.76 36.7 -0.4
1005 Maize (corn). 32.42 33.7 0.0
8544 Insulated (including enamelled or anodised) wire, cable (including
co-axial cable) 39.70 30.7 -0.2
3808 Insecticides, rodenticides, fungicides, herbicides, anti-sprouting products 19.91 29.6 0.5
7308 Structures (excluding prefabricated buildings of heading 94.06) and
parts of structures 28.91 26.9 -0.1
Burundi 2 digits
10 Cereals 57.83 42.7 -26.20
72 Iron and steel 37.01 53.4 44.34
and parts and accessories of such articles 34.59 46.4 34.02
31 Fertilisers 29.43 36.2 23.02
articles; rags 28.33 17.3 -39.04
thereof 27.94 46.7 67.25

11 Products of the milling industry; malt; starches; inulin; wheat gluten 18.62 18.1 -2.68
40 Rubber and articles thereof 17.72 11.0 -37.75
38 Miscellaneous chemical products 10.13 8.2 -18.80
4 digits
specified 126.34 153.77 21.71
goods =<10kg 25.58 29.42 15.00
1006 Rice 25.56 9.53 -62.73
1001 Wheat and meslin 20.71 20.51 -0.98
4011 New pneumatic tyres, of rubber 15.00 8.81 -41.23
1005 Maize(corn) 11.53 11.85 2.76

3002 Human blood; animal blood; antisera, etc; vaccines, toxins, etc 10.58 16.53 56.14
1107 Malt 8.87 10.14 14.36
7214 Iron/steel bars and rods, forged, etc (incl. twisted), uncoiled 8.84 8.98 1.58
9018 Instruments and appliances used in medical, surgical, dental or
veterinary sciences 7.46 8.90 19.20
Tanzania 2 digits
parts thereof 959.13 1000.7 4.33
72 Iron and steel 271.57 425.7 56.74
31 Fertilisers 145.57 193.9 33.20
of rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes 101.62 114.5 12.68

4 digits
than crude 1405.52 1626.0 15.69
8429 Self-propelled bulldozers, angledozers, graders, levellers, etc 71.91 141.9 97.29
3901 Polymers of ethylene, in primary forms 103.59 121.9 17.70
8411 Turbo-jets, turbo-propellers and other gas turbines 93.54 118.5 26.69
3902 Polymers of propylene or of other olefins, in primary forms 88.95 107.8 21.13
3102 Mineral or chemical fertilisers, nitrogenous 68.85 101.3 47.18
3907 Polyethers and epoxide resins; polyesters, in primary forms 56.32 92.0 63.29
goods =<10kg 73.79 88.2 19.50

Table 7a: Intra-EAC Domestic Exports of the Major Twenty
Products, 2017 (US$, Million)
Partner Ctry of HS Description of Goods 2017

state Destination level
10 Cereals 4.36
20 preparations of vegetable, fruit, nuts or other parts of plants 0.56
36 Explosives; pyrotechnic products; matches; pyrop alloy; etc 0.40
4 digits

Table 7a(Ctd): Intra-EAC Domestic Exports of the Major
Twenty Products, 2017 (US$, Million)

3923 Articles for the of goods, of plastics; stoppers, etc, of plastic 2.05
2403 Other manufactured tobacco and substitutes; homogenized tobacco, etc 0.69
2002 Tomatoes prepared or preserved otherwise than by vinegar or acetic acid 0.54
4820 Registers, account books, etc; albums for samples, of paper, paperboard 0.53
3208 Paints and varnishes based on polymers in a non-aqueous medium 0.46
Kenya 2 digits
10 Cereals 67.91
specified 65.70


4 digits
0902 Tea 77.50
2304 Oil-cake and other solid residues, of soya-bean 9.60


9503 Other toys; reduced-size models, etc; puzzles of all kinds 5.57
0702 Tomatoes, fresh or chilled 3.74
1201 Soya beans 2.80
Rwanda 2 digits
10 Cereals 14.94


4 digits
0701 Potatoes, fresh or chilled 5.04
1512 Sunflower-seed, safflower or cotton-seed oil and their fractions 2.08
10 Cereals 70.50


§specified 2.70
4 digits
8609 Containers specially designed for transport by one or more methods 20.84


1006 Rice 8.04
9406 Prefabricated buildings 5.35
1518 Animal or vegetable fats and oils chemically modified, not elsewhere specified 2.48
Tanzania 2 digits
10 Cereals 6.90
04 Dairy produce; birds' eggs; natural honey; edible products not elsewhere specified 2.57


52 Cotton 0.46
4 digits
1005 Maize (corn) 6.85
9015 Surveying, hydrographic, oceanographic instruments/appliances, not


8430 Earth moving machinery, not elsewhere specified; pile-drivers/extractors;
snow-ploughs 0.47
21 Miscellaneous edible preparations. 16.99
34 Soap, organic surface-active agents, washing preparations 15.91
38 Miscellaneous chemical products. 13.47
28 Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compound compounds of
precious metals 12.93


10 Cereals. 9.29
32 Tanning or dyeing extracts; tannins and their derivatives 8.19
4 digits
2523 Portland cement, aluminous cement, persulphate cement 28.65
2501 Salt/pure sodium chloride whether or not containing anti-caking agents; seawater 23.00
3105 Mineral or chemical fertilisers, not elsewhere specified; other fertilisers 11.47
4819 Cartons, boxes, etc; box files, etc, of paper, paperboard 10.27
3808 Insecticides, rodenticides and similar products 9.44
3402 Non-soap surface-active agents; washing preparations 7.34
3401 Soap; organic surface-active products in bars, etc; paper with soap 6.55
Tanzania 2 digits


83 Miscellaneous articles of base metal. 7.76
28 Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals 5.06
02 Meat and edible meat offal. 3.72
4 digits


3402 Non-soap surface-active agents; washing preparations, not elsewhere specified 4.97
7615 Table, kitchen, household and sanitary articles 2.91
3808 Insecticides, rodenticides and similar products 2.35
Rwanda 2 digits


10 Cereals. 4.28
49 Printed books, newspapers, pictures and other products 3.03
4 digits
3401 Soap; organic surface-active products in bars, etc 4.74
1511 Palm oil and its fractions whether or not refined, but not chemically modified 2.28


7306 Other tubes, pipes and hollow profiles of iron or steel, welded,
9619 1.81
Burundi 2 digits
27 Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation;
bituminoussubstances; mineral waxes 0.68


4 digits
1704 Sugar confectionery (incl. White chocolate), not containing cocoa 3.26
3210 Other paints and varnishes 0.64
8438 Machinery, not elsewhere specified, for the industrial preparation of food or drink 0.54
3922 Baths, shower-baths and similar sanitary ware, of plastic 0.51


reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and
parts and accessories of such articles 0.0
42 Articles of leather; saddlery and harness; travel goods, handbags and
similar containers; articles of animal gut (other than silk-worm gut) 0.0
57 Carpets and other textile floor coverings 0.0
4 digits


3915 Waste, parings and scrap, of plastic. 0.0
4202 Trunks, suit-cases, vanity-cases, executive-cases, brief-cases, school satchels 0.0
5703 Carpets and other textile floor coverings, tufted, whether or not made up. 0.0
6210 Garments, made up of fabrics of heading 56.02, 56.03, 59.03, 59.06 or 59.07. 0.0
6405 Other footwear. 0.0
of glass 0.0
7418 Table, kitchen or other household articles and parts thereof, of copper;
pot scourers 0.0
7602 Aluminium waste and scrap. 0.0
7616 Other articles of aluminium 0.0
8414 Air or vacuum pumps, air or other gas compressors and fans; ventilating or
recycling hoods 0.0
8418 Refrigerators, freezers and other refrigerating or freezing equipment,
electric or other 0.0
containers 0.0
8431 Parts suitable for use solely or principally with the machinery of headings
84.25 to 84. 0.0
Rwanda 2 digits


52 Cotton 0.0
4 digits
of glass 0.4
1702 Other sugars, including chemically pure lactose, maltose, glucose and
fructose, in solid form 0.2


7311 Containers for compressed or liquefied gas, of iron or steel. 0.1
4101 Raw hides and skins of bovine (including buffalo) or equine animals (fresh,
or salted, dried) 0.0
8501 Electric motors and generators (excluding generating sets). 0.0
5508 Sewing thread of man-made staple fibres, whether or not put up for retail sale. 0.0
and powders; 0.0
5209 Woven fabrics of cotton, containing 85 % or more by weight of cotton,
weighing more than 0.0
7305 Other tubes and pipes (for example, welded, riveted or similarly closed) 0.0
weighing not more 0.0
Tanzania 2 digits


05 Products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or included 0.0
4 digits
0804 Dates, figs, pineapples, avocados, guavas, mangoes and mangosteens,
fresh or dried. 0.1


not in singles 0.1
0803 Bananas, including plantains, fresh or dried. 0.1
8430 Other moving, grading, levelling, scraping, excavating, tamping,
compacting, extracting 0.1
1207 Other oil seeds and oleaginous fruits, whether or not broken. 0.0
1206 Sunflower seeds, whether or not broken. 0.0
2203 Meat of swine, fresh, chilled or frozen. 0.0
0805 Citrus fruit, fresh or dried. 0.0
0810 Other fruit, fresh. 0.0
7001 Cullet and other waste and scrap of glass; glass in the mass. 0.0
0703 Onions, shallots, garlic, leeks and other alliaceous vegetables, fresh or chilled. 0.0
6401 Waterproof footwear with outer soles and uppers of rubber or of plastics 0.0
Uganda 2 digits


52 Cotton 0.0
4 digits
1703 Molasses resulting from the extraction or refining of sugar. 0.4


of glass 0.0
7206 Iron and non-alloy steel in ingots or other primary forms (excluding iron of
heading 72). 0.0
2203 Meat of swine, fresh, chilled or frozen. 0.0
1209 Seeds, fruit and spores, of a kind used for sowing. 0.0
5202 Cotton waste (including yarn waste and garneted stock). 0.0
8440 Book-binding machinery, including book-sewing machines. 0.0
9401 Seats (other than those of heading 94.02), whether or not convertible
into beds 0.0
10 Cereals 25.20


31 Fertilisers 8.97
52 Cotton 3.19
4 digits
0712 Dried vegetables, whole, cut, sliced, broken or in powder 54.04
0902 Tea 14.30


goods =<10kg 2.58
Uganda 2 digits
84 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliance; parts thereof 0.55
26 Ores, slag and ash 0.11


4 digits
9027 Instruments and apparatus for physical or chemical analysis, etc 3.96
2712 Petroleum jelly; paraffin wax and other mineral waxes, etc 1.67
0304 Fish fillets and other fish meat, fresh, chilled or frozen 1.48
4817 Envelopes, letter cards; boxes, etc, of paper, with paper stationery 0.17


Burundi 2 digits
10 Cereals 0.22
4 digits


goods =<10kg 2.44
seawater 1.29
1518 Inedible mixtures of animal or vegetable fats of not elsewhere specified 0.70
Rwanda 2 digits


10 Cereals 0.68
31 Fertilisers 0.55
4 digits
1702 Other sugar in solid form sugar syrups; artificial honey and caramel 1.24


3306 Preparations for oral or dental hygiene (incl. denture fixative) 0.64
4 digits
04 Dairy produce; birds' eggs; natural honey; edible products of animal origin,


not elsewhere specified, etc 1.0
reproducers, television, etc 0.6
metals, metals clad with precious metals 0.0
stuffed furnishings; lamps and lighting 0.0
10 Cereals 0.0
4 digits
4102 Raw skins of sheep or lambs (fresh, or salted, dried, limed, pickled or


otherwise preserved) 1.2
0401 Milk and cream, not concentrated or containing added sugar or other
1905 Bread, pastry, cakes, biscuits and other bakers' wares, whether or not
containing cocoa 0.9
8803 Parts of goods of heading 88.01 or 88.02. 0.5
8528 Reception apparatus for television, whether or not incorporating radio-broadcast
receiver 0.2
0709 Other vegetables, fresh or chilled. 0.1
8526 Radar apparatus, radio navigational aid apparatus and radio remote control
apparatus. 0.1
8410 Hydraulic turbines, water wheels, and regulators thereof. 0.1
2309 Preparations of a kind used in animal feeding. 0.0
Tanzania 2 digits


82 Tools, implements, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metal; parts thereof of
base metal 0.1
47 Pulp of wood or of other fibrous cellulosic material; recovered (waste and
scrap) paper or paperboard 0.0
not elsewhere specified or included 0.0
68 Articles of stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica or similar materials 0.0
86 Railway or tramway locomotives, rolling-stock and parts thereof; railway or
tramway track fixtures and fittings and parts thereof; mechanical (including
electro-mechanical) traffic signalling equipment of all kind 0.0


4 digits
8507 Electric accumulators, including separators thereof, whether or not rectangular 0.2
8528 Reception apparatus for television, whether or not incorporating
radio-broadcast receiver 0.2
8419 Machinery, plant or laboratory equipment, whether or not electrically heated 0.2
8471 Automatic data processing machines and units thereof; magnetic or
optical readers 0.0
8437 Machines for cleaning, sorting or grading seed, grain or dried leguminous
vegetables 0.0
8207 Interchangeable tools for hand tools, whether or not power-operated, or
for machine-tool 0.0
8506 Primary cells and primary batteries. 0.0
8527 Reception apparatus for radio-telephony, radio-telegraphy or
radio-broadcasting 0.0
4707 Recovered (waste and scrap) paper or paperboard. 0.0


of persons 0.0
8205 Hand tools (including glaziers' diamonds), not elsewhere specified or
included; blow lamps 0.0
3402 Organic surface-active agents (other than soap); surface-active preparations,
washing preparations 0.0
Uganda 2 digits
10 Cereals 0.0


63 Other made up textile articles; sets; worn clothing and worn textile articles;
rags 0.0
4 digits
1901 Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract 1.7
0708 Leguminous vegetables, shelled or unshelled, fresh or chilled. 1.2
4103 Other raw hides and skins (fresh, or salted, dried, limed, pickled or
otherwise preserved 0.4


0706 Carrots, turnips, salad beetroot, salsify, celeriac, radishes and similar edible roots, 0.0
telephone set 0.0
0710 Vegetables (uncooked or cooked by steaming or boiling in water), frozen. 0.0
Burundi 2 digits
10 Cereals 0.4


4 digits
of glass 0.3
8705 Special purpose motor vehicles, other than those principally designed for
the transport of persons 0.1
7615 Table, kitchen or other household articles and parts thereof, of aluminium;
pot scourers 0.1
containers 0.1


mattresses) 0.1
optical readers 0.0
8432 Agricultural, horticultural or forestry machinery for soil preparation or cultivation; 0.0
8474 Machinery for sorting, screening, separating, washing, crushing, grinding,
mixing or kneading 0.0
8472 Other office machines (for example, hectograph or stencil duplicating machines) 0.0
7308 Structures (excluding prefabricated buildings of heading 94.06) and parts
of structures 0.0
8419 Machinery, plant or laboratory equipment, whether or not electrically heated 0.0
82 Tools, implements, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metal; parts thereof
of base metal 0.0
39 Plastic and articles thereof 0.0


59 Impregnated, coated, covered or laminated textile fabrics; textile articles of
a kind suitable for industrial use 0.0
65 Headgear and parts thereof 0.0
4 digits
telephone set 0.1
8205 Hand tools (including glaziers' diamonds), not elsewhere specified or
included; blow lamps 0.0
3917 Tubes, pipes and hoses, and fittings thereof (for example, joints, elbows,
flanges), of plastic 0.0
8201 Hand tools, the following: spades, shovels, mattocks, picks, hoes, forks and
rakes; axe 0.0
8467 Tools for working in the hand, pneumatic, hydraulic or with self-contained


electric or not 0.0
6804 Millstones, grindstones, grinding wheels and the like, without frameworks,
for grinding 0.0
7318 Screws, bolts, nuts, coach screws, screw hooks, rivets, cotters, cotter-pins,
washers 0.0
8203 Files, rasps, pliers (including cutting pliers), pincers, tweezers, metal cutting shears 0.0
9017 Drawing, marking-out or mathematical calculating instruments 0.0
8465 Machine-tools (including machines for nailing, stapling, gluing or otherwise
assembling) 0.0
4203 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, of leather or of composition leather. 0.0
5910 Transmission or conveyor belts or belting, of textile material 0.0
7326 Other articles of iron or steel. 0.0
8202 Hand saws; blades for saws of all kinds (including slitting, slotting or toothless saw) 0.0
8302 Base metal mountings, fittings and similar articles suitable for furniture,
doors, staircases 0.0
8424 Mechanical appliances (whether or not hand-operated) for projecting,
dispersing or spraying 0.0
7604 Aluminium bars, rods and profiles. 0.0

Table 7b: Intra-EAC Domestic Exports of the Major Twenty
Products, 2018 (US$, Million)

10 Cereals 1.30
4 digits

Table 7b(Ctd): Intra-EAC Domestic Exports of the Major

6306 Tarpaulins, etc; tents; sails; camping equipment 0.68
Kenya 2 digits
10 Cereals 79.93
specified 62.19


52 Cotton 4.53
4 digits
0902 Tea 85.67


2304 Oil-cake and other solid residues, of soya-bean 5.25
0702 Tomatoes, fresh or chilled 2.65
0207 Meat and edible offal of poultry, fresh, chilled or frozen 2.52
Rwanda 2 digits
10 Cereals 16.55


4 digits
0701 Potatoes, fresh or chilled 4.64
1512 Sunflower-seed, safflower or cotton-seed oil and their fractions 4.25
Tanzania 2 digits


specified 3.13
4 digits


3602 Prepared explosives, (excl. propellent powders) 0.40
2403 Other manufactured tobacco and substitutes; homogenized tobacco, etc 0.39
10 Cereals 64.85


specified 2.87
4 digits
0902 Tea 2.56


15 Animal/veg fats and oil and their cleavage products; etc 32.94
28 inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals,
32 Tanning/dyeing extract; tannins and derivatives; pigments etc 11.90
4 digits


seawater 24.23
3923 Articles for conveyance or packing of goods, of plastics 21.78
goods =<10kg 11.95
6402 Other footwear with outer soles and uppers of rubber or plastics 8.26
Tanzania 2 digits


4 digits
seawater 7.66


3920 Other plates , of plastics, not reinforced, etc 2.65
Rwanda 2 digits
31 Fertilisers 9.13


10 Cereals 3.99
4 digits
goods =<10kg 7.69
seawater 6.84


6401 Waterproof footwear 1.96
notelsewhere specified 1.86
Burundi 2 digits
32 Tanning/dyeing extract; tannins and derivatives; pigments etc 2.87
31 Fertilisers 1.06


4 digits
goods =<10kg 0.83
2809 Diphosphorus pentaoxide; phosphoric acid and polyphosphoric acids 0.62


11 products of the milling industry; malt; starches; inulin; wheat gluten 1.09
4 digits
4907 Unused posted, revenue or stamps 11.18


0902 Tea 1.22
9018 Instruments and appliances used in medical, surgical, dental or veterinary
sciences 0.70
3925 Builders' ware of plastics, not elsewhere specified 0.64
4 digits


Rwanda 2 digits


4 digits
3204 Synthetic organic colouring matter and preparations and products 0.00
7013 Glassware used for table, kitchen, toilet, office , not elsewhere specified 0.00
6901 Bricks, blocks, tiles of siliceous fossil meals or earth 0.00
506.0 Bones and horn-cores 0.00
Tanzania 2 digits


4 digits
0804 Dates, figs, pineapples, etc, fresh or dried 0.38


0803 Bananas, including plantains, fresh or dried 0.12
1513 Coconut (copra), palm kernel or babassu oil and their fractions 0.04
7611 Aluminium reservoirs, tanks, etc, (excl. for gas) >=300 l 0.03
3920 Other plates, of plastics, not reinforced, etc 0.02
0902 Tea 0.01
4813 Cigarette paper 0.01
Uganda 2 digits


52 Cotton 0.00
4 digits
9603 Brooms, brushes, hand-operated mechanical floor sweepers, etc 0.01


6404 Footwear with rubber, plastic, leather soles and textile uppers 0.00
5202 Cotton waste (incl. yarn waste and garneted stock) 0.00
2922 Oxygen-function amino-compounds 0.00
8502 Electric generating sets and rotary converters 0.00
7310 Tanks, casks, drums, cans (excl. for gas) of iron or steel, <300 l 0.00
0507 Ivory, tortoise-shell, whalebone and whalebone hair, etc, unworked 0.00
8466 Parts and accessories for machines of 84.56 to 84.65; tool holders 0.00
10 Cereals 15.03


4 digits
0902 Tea 18.5
6904 Ceramic building bricks, flooring blocks, support or filler tiles, etc 7.0


Uganda 2 digits
10 Cereals 27.4
03 Fish and crustacean, mollusc and other aquatic invertebrate 2.4
4 Digit
1005 Maize (corn) 24.5


1006 Rice 2.2
0480 #N/A 0.7
Burundi 2 digits
31 Fertilisers 18.5
10 Cereals 3.8


4 Digit
goods =<10kg 14.05
seawater 2.08


2009 Fruit juices (incl. grape must) and vegetable juices, unfermented 0.45
Rwanda 2 digits
10 Cereals 5.90
31 Fertilisers 1.13


4 digits
1006 Rice 5.53
8426 Derricks; cranes; mobile lifting frames trucks fitted with a crane 1.95
2202 Waters (incl. mineral and aerated), with added sugar(incl. sweetened) 0.89


10 Cereals 0.37
4 digits
1006 Rice 0.37
6904 Ceramic building bricks, flooring blocks, support or filler tiles, etc 0.01
8407 Spark-ignition reciprocating/rotary internal combustion piston engines 0.00


85 Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders an
47 Pulp of wood or of other fibrous cellulosic material; recovered (waste and
scrap) paper or paperboard 0.1
metals, metals clad with precious metal, and articles thereof; imitation jewellery; coins 0.0
4 digits


8443 Printing machinery used for printing by means of the printing type, blocks,
plates, cylinders 0.2
8471 Automatic data processing machines and units thereof; magnetic or optical
readers 0.1
containing cocoa 0.1
4707 Recovered (waste and scrap) paper or paperboard. 0.1
telephone set 0.1


8473 Parts and accessories (other than covers, carrying cases and the like)
suitable for use 0.1
Tanzania 2 digits
61 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, knitted nor crocheted 0.0


4 digits
telephone set 0.1
8473 Parts and accessories (other than covers, carrying cases and the like) suitable for use 0.1
3808 Insecticides, rodenticides, fungicides, herbicides, anti-sprouting products 0.1
8304 Filing cabinets, card-index cabinets, paper trays, paper rests, pen trays,
office-stamp 0.0
8432 Agricultural, horticultural or forestry machinery for soil preparation or cultivation 0.0
8433 Harvesting or threshing machinery, including straw or fodder balers; grass
or hay mowers 0.0
9401 Seats (other than those of heading 94.02), whether or not convertible into beds 0.0
7323 Table, kitchen or other household articles and parts thereof, of iron or steel 0.0
8701 Tractors (other than tractors of heading 87.09). 0.0
6109 T-shirts, singlets and other vests knitted or crocheted. 0.0


8516 Electric instantaneous or storage water heaters and immersion heaters;
electric space heaters 0.0
8518 Microphones and stands thereof; loudspeakers, whether or not mounted
in their enclosure 0.0
Uganda 2 digits


4 digits
weight of such fibres 0.4
2716 Electrical energy. (optional heading) 0.3
of glass 0.2


1902 Pasta, whether or not cooked or stuffed (with meat or other substances) or
Burundi 2 digits


4 digits
6802 Worked monumental or building stone (except slate) and articles thereof,
other than good 0.7
of glass 0.6


7615 Table, kitchen or other household articles and parts thereof, of aluminium;
pot scourers 0.2
of persons 0.1
reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers,
4 digits


8479 Machines and mechanical appliances having individual functions, not
specified or included 0.0
of persons 0.0
telephone set 0.0

Table 7c: Intra-EAC Domestic Exports of the Major Twenty
Products, 2018 Compared to 2017 (US$, Million)
Partner Ctry of HS Description of Goods 2017 2018 % change

State Destination level
72 Iron and steel 14.50 9.17 -36.74
15 Animal/vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products; etc 1.96 1.72 -12.31
10 Cereals 4.15 1.30 -68.67
01 Live animals 0.80 0.89 10.75
4 digits -
7214 Iron/steel bars and rods, forged, etc (incl. twisted), uncoiled 1.68 1.62 -3.83
1102 Cereal flours, (excl. wheat or meslin) 0.53 1.37 161.39
1005 Maize(corn) 4.11 1.30 -68.39

Table 7c (Ctd): Intra-EAC Domestic Exports of the Major
Twenty Products, 2018 Compared to 2017 (US$, Million)

2207 Ethyl alcohol, undenatured of >=80% alcohol, denatured spirits 0.64 1.03 60.83
0102 Live bovine animals 0.80 0.89 11.01
1516 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and fractions, hydrogenated, etc 0.79 0.79 -0.02
2002 Tomatoes prepared or preserved otherwise than by vinegar or acetic acid 0.21 0.77 265.31
6306 Tarpaulins, etc; tents; sails; camping equipment 0.00 0.68 90791.71
7209 Cold-rolled iron or non-alloy steel, >=600mm wide 0.07 0.60 793.10
Kenya 2 digits -
10 Cereals 67.91 79.93 17.70
72 Iron and steel 5.47 5.91 8.05
08 Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons 5.41 4.59 -15.10


52 Cotton 2.16 4.53 109.96
33 Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic/toilet preparations 2.21 1.98 -10.29
03 Fish and crustacean, mollusc and other aquatic invertebrates 2.11 1.88 -10.73
4 digits - -
0902 Tea 77.50 85.67 10.55
1005 Maize(corn) 44.82 62.88 40.29
2716 Electrical energy 48.35 27.86 -42.37
2302 Brans, sharps and other residues, derived from working of cereals, etc 33.54 21.11 -37.06
0402 Milk and cream, concentrated or sweetened 19.51 15.63 -19.91
1007 Grain sorghum 1.41 9.43 569.86
specified 21.66 7.61 -64.86
2306 Oil-cake and other solid residues, of vegetable fats 5.93 7.28 22.63
2304 Oil-cake and other solid residues, of soya-bean 9.60 5.25 -45.36
7217 Wire of iron or non-alloy steel 2.74 3.93 43.42
0702 Tomatoes, fresh or chilled 3.74 2.65 -29.23


0207 Meat and edible offal of poultry, fresh, chilled or frozen 0.53 2.52 378.20
Rwanda 2 digits - -
10 Cereals 14.41 16.55 14.81
72 Iron and steel 10.82 15.32 41.60
4 digits - -
3401 Soap; organic surface-active products in bars, etc; paper with soap, etc 13.66 13.44 -1.60
1005 Maize (corn) 11.45 12.38 8.09


1102 Cereal flours (excl. wheat or meslin) 4.10 4.77 16.25
0701 Potatoes, fresh or chilled 5.04 4.64 -7.84
1512 Sunflower-seed, safflower or cotton-seed oil and their fractions 2.08 4.25 104.88
1007 Grain sorghum 2.64 4.04 52.77
2202 Waters (incl. mineral and aerated), with added sugar (incl. sweetened) 1.98 2.91 46.68
0714 Roots and tubers with high starch content, fresh or dried 2.95 2.64 -10.48
3923 Articles for the of goods, of plastics; stoppers, etc, of plastics 3.37 2.41 -28.57
specified 1.76 2.34 32.92
Tanzania 2 digits - -
72 Iron and steel 3.84 21.10 448.77


36 Explosives; pyrotechnic products; matches; pyrop alloy; etc 0.27 0.40 48.58
35 Albuminoidal substances; modified starches; glues; enzymes 0.03 0.02 -26.74
4 digits -
0402 Milk and cream, concentrated or sweetened 1.95 2.60 33.24
3305 Preparations for use on the hair 0.97 1.46 50.19
3602 Prepared explosives, (excl. propellent powders) 0.27 0.40 48.58
2403 Other manufactured tobacco and substitutes; homogenized tobacco, etc 0.11 0.39 273.73
7216 Angles, shapes and sections of iron or non-alloy steel 0.13 0.33 149.60
1206 Sunflower seeds 0.00 0.31 -


South Sudan 2 digits -
10 Cereals 50.90 64.85 27.40
72 Iron and steel 5.24 8.69 65.73
94 Furniture; bedding, mattress, mattress support, cushions, etc 6.45 4.01 -37.80
86 Railway/tramway locomotives, rolling-stock and parts thereof; etc 20.50 1.16 -94.35
84 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliance;
4 digits -
1007 Grain sorghum 36.82 51.12 38.86
1102 Cereal flours, (excl. wheat or meslin) 15.42 35.93 132.99


1005 Maize(corn) 13.22 12.84 -2.90
1101 Wheat or meslin flour 9.35 9.34 -0.09
2202 Waters (incl. Mineral and aerated), with added sugar (incl. sweetened) 3.62 7.35 103.26
2402 Cigars, cigarillos, cigarettes, etc, of tobacco or tobacco substitutes 5.87 7.22 23.07
2203 Beer made from malt 3.64 5.01 37.82
1516 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and fractions, hydrogenated, etc 1.51 2.60 72.13
0902 Tea 1.42 2.56 80.89
0710 Vegetables, frozen 1.51 1.88 25.14
72 Iron and steel 41.91 40.71 -2.86
15 Animal/veg fats and oil and their cleavage products; etc 22.61 32.94 45.67


31 Fertilisers 12.93 15.45 19.45
28 inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious
parts thereof 25.35 8.84 -65.11
4 digits
agents; seawater 23.00 24.23 5.36
1511 Palm oil and its fractions whether or not refined not chemically modified 14.02 22.19 58.31
3923 Articles for conveyance or packing of goods, of plastics 17.02 21.78 27.94
goods =<10kg 11.47 11.95 4.15
3402 Non-soap surface-active agents; washing preparations in powder, liquid etc 7.34 10.65 45.20


2103 Sauces and sauce preparations; mixed condiments and seasonings;
mustard 7.23 8.53 18.04
9608 Ball-point, felt tipped pens and pencils and articles thereof 6.00 6.11 1.84
Tanzania 2 digits
72 Iron and steel 7.00 16.86 140.99


4 digits
3401 Soap; organic surface-active products in bars, etc; paper with soap,etc 16.38 23.84 45.61
8309 Stoppers, caps and lids, capsules for bottles of base metal 7.13 7.89 10.56
agents; seawater 8.38 7.66 -8.61
liquid etc 4.97 5.50 10.64
6402 Other footwear with outer soles and uppers of rubber or plastic 3.54 3.33 -5.95
1704 Sugar confectionery (incl. white chocolate), not containing cocoa 11.17 2.79 -75.00
3920 Other plates, of plastics, not reinforced, etc 2.39 2.65 10.78
4819 Cartons, boxes, etc; box files, etc, of paper, paperboard, etc 2.70 2.61 -3.29
Rwanda 2 digits


31 Fertilisers 1.76 9.13 419.80
72 Iron and steel 6.01 8.72 44.98
34 Soap, organic surface-active agents, washing preparations, etc 9.26 8.25 -10.84
15 Animal/veg fats and oil and their cleavage products; etc 4.65 5.42 16.53
10 Cereals 4.28 3.99 -6.89
4 digits
3105 Mineral or chemical fertilisers, not elsewhere specified; other
fertilisers; goods =<10kg 1.26 7.69 512.42
6402 Other footwear with outer soles and uppers of rubber or plastics 5.04 6.44 27.90
4820 Registers, account books, etc; albums for samples, of paper, paperboard 3.31 5.27 59.01


liquid etc 3.96 4.23 6.84
2402 Cigars, cigarillos, cigarettes, etc, of tobacco or tobacco substitutes 3.00 3.99 32.99
1005 Maize (corn) 3.84 3.58 -6.76
3401 Soap; organic surface-active products in bars, etc; paper with soap,etc 4.74 3.32 -29.98
3923 Articles for conveyance or packing of goods, of plastics 2.37 2.81 18.72
2711 Petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons 0.00 2.73 -
1516 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and fractions, hydrogenated, etc 0.65 2.11 224.92
4819 Cartons, boxes, etc; box files, etc, of paper, paperboard, etc 4.36 2.07 -52.56
6401 Waterproof footwear 1.58 1.96 24.23
Burundi 2 digits
72 Iron and steel 5.98 8.56 43.16


31 Fertilisers 0.02 1.06 6331.02
4 digits
2106 Food preparations not elsewhere specified or included 3.07 2.22 -27.70
3209 Paints and varnishes, in an aqueous medium 1.83 1.98 8.34
liquid, etc 1.87 1.53 -18.05
4820 Registers, account books, etc; albums for samples, of paper, paperboard 2.46 1.44 -41.39
3923 Articles for conveyance or packing of goods, of plastics 4.64 1.03 -77.91
3917 Tubes, pipes and hoses, and fittings thereof, of plastic 0.65 1.01 56.23
2103 Sauces and sauce preparations; mixed condiments and seasonings; mustard 0.00 0.76 -


6402 Other footwear with outer soles and uppers of rubber or plastics 0.44 0.71 60.49
2402 Cigars, cigarillos, cigarettes, etc, of tobacco or tobacco substitutes 1.08 0.69 -36.39
2203 Beer made from malt 0.00 0.66 -
2809 Diphosphorus pentaoxide; phosphoric acid and polyphosphoric acids 0.15 0.62 321.69
49 Printed books, newspapers, pictures and other products 32.30 11.83 -63.36
72 Iron and steel 0.91 6.66 629.83
07 Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers 0.00 1.50 -
11 products of the milling industry; malt; starches; inulin; wheat gluten 0.62 1.09 75.26
4 digits


4907 Unused posted, revenue or stamps 31.36 11.18 -64.36
2106 Food preparations not elsewhere specified or included 7.46 7.47 0.18
2402 Cigars, cigarillos, cigarettes, etc, of tobacco or tobacco substitutes 7.40 3.29 -55.48
0202 Meat of bovine animals, frozen 1.32 2.28 71.88
3923 Articles for conveyance or packing of goods, of plastics 3.18 1.53 -52.01
0902 Tea 0.00 1.22 -
0713 Dried leguminous vegetables, shelled, whether or not skinned or split. 0.00 1.09 -
9403 Other furniture and parts thereof 1.23 1.09 -11.52
4820 Registers, account books, etc; albums for samples, of paper, paperboard 0.80 0.78 -1.53
9404 Mattress supports; articles of bedding, sprung, stuffed, etc 1.23 0.75 -38.52
3925 Builders' ware of plastics, not elsewhere specified 0.28 0.64 128.58
76 Aluminium and articles thereof 0.02 0.01 -72.88


parts thereof 0.01 0.00 -100.00
72 Iron and steel 0.01 0.00 -100.00
62 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted nor crocheted 0.00 0.00 -100.00
85 Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound
recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and
74 Copper and articles thereof 0.00 0.00 -100.00
similar containers; articles of animal gut (other than silk-worm gut) 0.00 0.00 -100.00
57 Carpets and other textile floor coverings 0.00 0.00 -100.00
4 digits
skins; coffee substitute 2.61 1.82 -30.14
1101 Wheat or meslin flour. 0.14 0.02 -87.89
2203 Beer made from malt. 0.02 -100.00
2302 Bran, sharps and other residues, whether or not in the form of pellets 0.41 0.35 -15.80
3915 Waste, parings and scrap, of plastic. 0.00 -100.00
lids, caps 0.01 -100.00
3924 Tableware, kitchenware, other household articles and toilet articles, of plastic. 0.00 -100.00
4202 Trunks, suit-cases, vanity-cases, executive-cases, brief-cases, school satchels 0.00 -100.00
5703 Carpets and other textile floor coverings, tufted, whether or not made up. 0.00 -100.00


6210 Garments, made up of fabrics of heading 56.02, 56.03, 59.03, 59.06
or 59.07. 0.00 -100.00
6405 Other footwear. 0.00 -100.00
containers, of glass 0.01 -100.00
7204 Ferrous waste and scrap; remelting scrap ingots of iron or steel. 0.01 -100.00
7418 Table, kitchen or other household articles and parts thereof, of copper;
pot scourers 0.00 -100.00
7602 Aluminium waste and scrap. 0.02 0.01 -72.87
7616 Other articles of aluminium 0.00 -100.00
8414 Air or vacuum pumps, air or other gas compressors and fans;
ventilating or recycling hoods 0.00 -100.00
8418 Refrigerators, freezers and other refrigerating or freezing equipment,
electric or other 0.00 -100.00
other containers 0.00 -100.00
8431 Parts suitable for use solely or principally with the machinery of
headings 84.25 to 84. 0.01 -100.00
Rwanda 2 digits
preparations, candles and similar articles,modelling pastes, 0.32 0.65 105.03
07 Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers 0.09 -100.00
33 Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery,cosmetic or toilet preparations 0.07 0.02 -72.70
73 Articles of iron or steel 0.06 -100.00


41 Raw hides and skins (other than fur skins) and leather products 0.04 -100.00
industry; manuscripts, typescripts and plans 0.01 -100.00
55 Man-made staple fibres 0.01 -100.00
52 Cotton 0.01 -100.00
articles; rags 0.01 0.01 -3.11
21 Miscellaneous edible preparations 0.01 -100.00
48 Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp,of paper or of paperboard 0.00 -100.00
4 digits
containers, of glass 0.36 -100.00
fructose, in solid form 0.17 -100.00
mechanical shovels 0.14 -100.00
0713 Dried leguminous vegetables, shelled, whether or not skinned or split. 0.09 -100.00
3302 Mixtures of odoriferous substances and mixtures (including alcoholic
solutions) 0.06 0.01 -76.57
7311 Containers for compressed or liquefied gas, of iron or steel. 0.05 -100.00


4101 Raw hides and skins of bovine (including buffalo) or equine animals
(fresh, or salted, dried) 0.03 -100.00
2302 Bran, sharps and other residues, whether or not in the form of pellets 0.03 -100.00
8501 Electric motors and generators (excluding generating sets). 0.02 -100.00
5508 Sewing thread of man-made staple fibres, whether or not put up for
retail sale. 0.01 -100.00
4911 Other printed matter, including printed pictures and photographs. 0.01 -100.00
6309 Worn clothing and other worn articles. 0.01 0.01 -6.81
2106 Food preparations not elsewhere specified or included. 0.01 -100.00
3306 Preparations for oral or dental hygiene, including denture fixative
pastes and powders; 0.01 -100.00
weighing more than 0.01 -100.00
sugar or other sweeteners 0.00 -100.00
7305 Other tubes and pipes (for example, welded, riveted or similarly closed) 0.00 -100.00
weighing not more 0.00 -100.0
Tanzania 2 digits
industry; manuscripts, typescripts and plans 0.13 0.08 -37.06
11 Products of the milling industry; malt; starches; inulin; wheat gluten 0.11 -100.00


prepared edible fats; animal or vegetable waxes 0.01 0.08 662.78
07 Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers 0.01 -100.00
64 Footwear, gaiters and the like; parts of such articles 0.00 -100.00
40 Rubber and articles thereof 0.00 -100.00
62 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted nor crocheted 0.00 -100.00
33 Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations 0.00 -100.00
05 Products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or included 0.00 -100.00
03 Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates 0.00 0.01 392.3
4 digits
0804 Dates, figs, pineapples, avocados, guavas, mangoes and mangosteens,
fresh or dried. 0.15 0.38 160.36
skins; coffee substitute 0.14 0.08 -40.55
4901 Printed books, brochures, leaflets and similar printed matter, whether
or not in singles 0.13 0.08 -37.06
1101 Wheat or meslin flour. 0.11 -100.00
0803 Bananas, including plantains, fresh or dried. 0.08 0.12 50.34


compacting, extracting 0.08 -100.00
1207 Other oil seeds and oleaginous fruits, whether or not broken. 0.02 0.02 -15.79
1206 Sunflower seeds, whether or not broken. 0.01 0.12 784.09
2203 Meat of swine, fresh, chilled or frozen. 0.01 0.05 443.46
0805 Citrus fruit, fresh or dried. 0.01 -100.00
modified. 0.01 0.03 386.05
0810 Other fruit, fresh. 0.01 -100.00
7001 Cullet and other waste and scrap of glass; glass in the mass. 0.00 -100.00
0703 Onions, shallots, garlic, leeks and other alliaceous vegetables,
fresh or chilled. 0.00 -100.00
6309 Worn clothing and other worn articles. 0.00 -100.00
2306 Oil-cake and other solid residues, whether or not ground or in the form
of pellets 0.00 0.01 250.29
lids, caps 0.00 -100.00
6401 Waterproof footwear with outer soles and uppers of rubber or of plastic 0.00 -100.0
Uganda 2 digits
72 Iron and steel 0.07 0.00 -100.00


85 Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof;sound recorders
and reproducers,television image and sound recorders and
reproducers, andparts and accessories of such articles 0.00 0.00 -100.00
52 Cotton 0.00 0.00 -100.00
articles; rags 0.00 0.00 -100.00
84 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof 0.00 0.00 -100.00
62 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted nor crocheted 0.00 0.00 -100.00
4 digits
skins; coffee substitute 3.19 3.25 1.87
1703 Molasses resulting from the extraction or refining of sugar. 0.38 0.14 -63.76
(fresh, or salted, dried) 0.17 0.00 -100.00
7602 Aluminium waste and scrap. 0.02 0.00 -100.00
appliances or vehicles) 0.01 0.01 -28.61


7206 Iron and non-alloy steel in ingots or other primary forms (excluding
iron of heading 72). 0.01 0.00 -100.00
lids, caps 0.01 0.00 -100.00
2203 Meat of swine, fresh, chilled or frozen. 0.00 0.00 -100.00
1209 Seeds, fruit and spores, of a kind used for sowing. 0.00 0.00 27.26
9403 Other furniture and parts thereof. 0.00 0.00 -100.00
8548 Waste and scrap of primary cells, primary batteries and electric accumulators 0.00 0.00 -100.00
3917 Tubes, pipes and hoses, and fittings thereof, of plastic 0.00 0.00 -100.00
5202 Cotton waste (including yarn waste and garneted stock). 0.00 0.00 -17.76
8440 Book-binding machinery, including book-sewing machines. 0.00 0.00 -100.00
6309 Worn clothing and other worn articles. 0.00 0.01 1202.69
into beds 0.00 0.00 -100.00
6405 Other footwear. 0.00 0.00 -100.00
10 Cereals 2.21 15.03 27.02
72 Iron and steel 0.53 9.14 -9.91


01 Live animals 10.84 7.84 1,608.60
44 Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal 0.48 7.37 -27.64
07 Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers 8.53 6.62 1,441.36
60 Knitted or crocheted fabrics 4.06 4.36 8,030.99
56 Wadding, felt and nonwoven; yarns; twine, cordage, etc 3.84 3.23 37.75
61 Art of apparel and clothing access, knitted or crocheted 2.24 3.06 -15.78
4 digits
0902 Tea 14.36 18.47 28.64
1005 Maize(corn) 2.02 13.36 562.86
2306 Oil-cake and other solid residues, of vegetable fats 14.54 12.79 -12.09
7210 Rolled iron or non-alloy steel, >=600mm wide, clad, plated or coated 0.24 8.57 3,412.52
6904 Ceramic building bricks, flooring blocks, support or filler tiles, etc 0.78 7.00 795.36
0102 Live bovine animals 10.14 6.34 -37.49
6907 Unglazed ceramic flags, paving, hearth or wall tiles; mosaic cubes, etc 3.09 5.44 76.12
7615 Table, kitchen, household and sanitary articles of aluminium 0.01 4.42 61,766.59
0712 Dried vegetables, whole, cut, sliced, broken or in powder 4.06 4.37 7.73
6006 Other knitted or crocheted fabrics. 4.05 4.34 7.22
4407 Wood sawn or chipped lengthwise, sliced or peeled, >6mm thick 0.11 3.73 3,368.68
5607 Twine, cordage, rope and cables 3.60 2.95 -18.19
6109 T-shirts, singlets and other vests, knitted or crocheted 1.89 2.86 51.31


Uganda 2 digits
33 Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic/toilet preparations 0.7 29.6 4,153.93
10 Cereals 0.0 27.4 114,489.08
72 Iron and steel 0.0 4.9 25,153.99
85 Electrical machinery equipment parts thereof; sound recorder etc 0.1 2.7 4,690.05
56 Wadding, felt and nonwoven; yarns; twine, cordage, etc 1.5 1.6 6.69
84 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliance; parts thereof 0.6 1.5 168.01
73 Articles of iron and steel 0.0 1.0 5,675.42
elsewhere specified 0.0 0.8 3,764.92
07 Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers 0.0 0.7 28,158.05
accessories thereof 0.0 0.3 1,108.7
4 digits
3304 Beauty, make-up, skin-care (incl. suntan), manicure preparations 0.70 28.4 3,979.77
1005 Maize(corn) - 24.5 -


2710 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals,other than crude 0.21 7.8 3,653.42
7210 Rolled iron or non-alloy steel, >=600mm wide, clad, plated or coated - 4.9 -
6304 Other furnishing articles, not elsewhere specified (excl. of 94.04) 8.56 3.5 (58.94)
1006 Rice 0.01 2.2 26,302.71
8544 Insulated wire, cable, etc; optical fibre cables - 1.9 -
5607 Twine, cordage, rope and cables 1.47 1.5 2.15
0304 Fish fillets and other fish meat, fresh, chilled or frozen 1.48 1.5 (1.82)
3306 Preparations for oral or dental hygiene (incl. denture fixative) - 0.9 -
0480 #N/A - 0.7 -
1007 Grain sorghum - 0.6 -
6907 Unglazed ceramic flags, paving, hearth or wall tiles; mosaic cubes, etc 0.09 0.6 623.54
0305 Fish, salted, dried; smoked fish; fish meal fit for human consumption 2.4 0.5 (79.20)
Burundi 2 digits
31 Fertilisers 13.9 18.5 -
10 Cereals 0.2 3.8 -39.41
33 Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic/toilet preparations 0.9 3.0 1,275.48
72 Iron and steel 2.8 2.5 53.59
70 Glass and glassware 2.7 1.8 -19.04


19 Preparations of cereal, flour, starch/milk; pastrycooks' products 0.5 0.4 -13.01
4 digits
goods =<10kg 2.44 14.05 475.31
3102 Mineral or chemical fertilisers, nitrogenous 11.05 3.56 -67.77
1005 Maize(corn) 0.22 3.52 1,489.68
7010 Carboys, bottles, flasks ampoules, etc; stoppers, lids, of glass 2.72 1.82 -33.03
2712 Petroleum jelly; paraffin wax and other mineral waxes, etc 1.45 1.04 -28.34
3104 Mineral or chemical fertilisers, potassic - 0.76 -
2710 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, other than crude 0.61 0.75 23.48


2009 Fruit juices (incl. grape must) and vegetable juices, unfermented 0.28 0.45 57.47
1905 Bread, pastry, cakes, etc; communion wafers, rice paper, etc 0.49 0.38 -22.71
3306 Preparations for oral or dental hygiene (incl. denture fixative) 0.29 0.35 17.31
Rwanda 2 digits
10 Cereals 0.68 5.90 769.30
72 Iron and steel 5.39 4.89 -9.25
84 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliance; parts thereof 2.77 2.82 1.86
31 Fertilisers 0.55 1.13 104.51


4 digits
2712 Petroleum jelly; paraffin wax and other mineral waxes, etc 11.16 13.25 18.67
6901 Bricks, blocks, tiles and other ceramic goods 1.13 5.97 428.18
1006 Rice 0.03 5.53 19,370.74
3924 Tableware, kitchenware and toilet articles, of plastic 4.66 4.63 -0.68
8426 Derricks; cranes; mobile lifting frames trucks fitted with a crane 0.03 1.95 5,699.13
3922 Baths, shower-baths and similar sanitary ware, of plastic 1.85 1.94 5.14
2711 Petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons 0.03 1.25 4,542.64
4804 Uncoated kraft paper and paperboard, in rolls or sheets (excl. 48.02+03) 1.68 1.08 -35.57
2208 Undenatured ethyl alcohol of an alcoholic strength <80%; spirits, etc 0.02 1.07 5,622.66
4821 Paper or paperboard labels of all kinds, whether or not printed 1.10 0.98 -11.32
2202 Waters (incl. mineral and aerated), with added sugar (incl. sweetened) 1.61 0.89 -44.87
8541 Diodes, transistors, etc; photosensitive devices; light emitting diodes 0.13 0.82 551.18
10 Cereals - 0.37 -
63 Other made up textile articles; sets; worn clothing etc - 0.17 -
69 Ceramic products - 0.01 -
68 Art of stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica/similar material - 0.01 -
84 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof 0.00 0.00 4,316.36


23 Residues and waste from the food industry; prepared animal fodder - 0.00 -
49 Printed books, newspapers, pictures and other products - 0.00 -
4 digits
1006 Rice - 0.37 -
2712 Petroleum jelly; paraffin wax and other mineral waxes, etc 0.07 0.27 300.03
6304 Other furnishing articles, not elsewhere specified (excl. of 94.04) - 0.17 -
6904 Ceramic building bricks, flooring blocks, support or filler tiles, etc - 0.01 -
6802 Worked monumental/building stone; mosaic cubes; granules, chippings - 0.01 -
8407 Spark-ignition reciprocating/rotary internal combustion piston engines - 0.00 -
2306 Oil-cake and other solid residues, of vegetable fats - 0.00 -
8501 Electric motors and generators (excl. generating sets) - 0.00 -
4901 Printed books, brochures, leaflets and similar printed matter - 0.00 -
88 Aircraft, spacecraft, and parts thereof 0.46 0.40 -13.46
85 Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound
recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and


origin, not elsewhere specified or included 0.96 0.10 -89.37
47 Pulp of wood or of other fibrous cellulosic material; recovered (waste
and scrap) paper or paperboard 0.01 0.08 1212.57
68 Articles of stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica or similar materials 0.01 0.05 720.18
72 Iron and steel 0.03 0.05 66.08
industry; manuscripts, typescripts and plans 0.00 0.03 6899.44
metals, metals clad with precious metal, and articles thereof; imitation
jewellery; coins 0.02 0.02 (0.45)
4 digits
skins; coffee substitute 1.87 3.72 98.38
otherwise preserved) 1.16 0.77 -33.48
8803 Parts of goods of heading 88.01 or 88.02. 0.46 0.40 -13.46
0709 Other vegetables, fresh or chilled. 0.09 0.31 245.78
otherwise preserved) 0.00 0.29 -


radio-broadcast receiver 0.22 0.20 -7.62
1901 Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract 0.00 0.20 -
7602 Aluminium waste and scrap. 0.02 0.18 690.98
3923 Articles for the conveyance or packing of goods, of plastics;
stoppers, lids, caps 0.19 0.18 -3.33
8443 Printing machinery used for printing by means of the printing type,
blocks, plates, cylinders 0.00 0.17 4847.41
optical readers 0.00 0.13 3799.01
sweetening matter. 0.96 0.10 -89.63
containing cocoa 0.91 0.09 -90.03
4707 Recovered (waste and scrap) paper or paperboard. 0.01 0.08 1212.57
telephone set 0.00 0.07 3609.03
semiconductor devices 0.15 0.07 -55.72
suitable for use 0.00 0.07 73,819.45
Tanzania 2 digits
84 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof 0.35 0.58 65.10
19 Preparations of cereals, flour, starch or milk; pastrycooks' products 0.00 0.42 -


or included; illuminated signs, illuminated name-plates and the like 0.00 0.03 798.12
61 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted 0.00 0.00 2257.78
69 Ceramic products 0.00 0.00 -
articles; rags 0.00 0.00 21423.64
57 Carpets and other textile floor coverings 0.00 0.00 1363.03
39 Plastics and articles thereof 0.03 0.00 (96.77)
4 digits
mechanical shovels 0.06 0.48 661.54
8517 Electrical apparatus for line telephony or line telegraphy, including
line telephone set 0.00 0.12 18901.37


2302 Bran, sharps and other residues, whether or not in the form of pellets 0.06 0.12 86.22
suitable for use 0.00 0.07 -
3808 Insecticides, rodenticides, fungicides, herbicides, anti-sprouting products 0.00 0.06 -
0708 Leguminous vegetables, shelled or unshelled, fresh or chilled. 0.00 0.03 -
9403 Other furniture and parts thereof. 0.00 0.02 617.71
8304 Filing cabinets, card-index cabinets, paper trays, paper rests, pen trays,
office-stamp 0.00 0.02 -
8432 Agricultural, horticultural or forestry machinery for soil preparation or
cultivation 0.00 0.01 -
8433 Harvesting or threshing machinery, including straw or fodder balers;
grass or hay mowers 0.00 0.01 -
into beds 0.00 0.01 1430.45
7602 Aluminium waste and scrap. 0.00 0.01 -
7323 Table, kitchen or other household articles and parts thereof, of iron or steel 0.00 0.01 58174.55
8548 Waste and scrap of primary cells, primary batteries and electric accumulators 0.00 0.01 -
8701 Tractors (other than tractors of heading 87.09). 0.00 0.00 58.76
6109 T-shirts, singlets and other vests knitted or crocheted. 0.00 0.00 -
8516 Electric instantaneous or storage water heaters and immersion heaters;
electric space heaters 0.00 0.00 1688.03
8518 Microphones and stands thereof; loudspeakers, whether or not
mounted in their enclosure 0.00 0.00 -
Uganda 2 digits
04 Dairy produce; birds' eggs; natural honey;edible products of animal


origin,not elsewhere specified or included 0.05 3.07 5625.66
72 Iron and steel 0.83 0.82 -1.00
19 Preparations of cereals, flour, starch or milk;pastrycooks' products 1.78 0.67 -62.38
55 Man-made staple fibres 0.24 0.36 51.27
reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles 0.08 0.30 274.03
articles; rags 0.05 0.25 447.77
68 Articles of stone, plaster, cement, asbestos,mica or similar materials 0.04 0.16 265.12
4 digits
2302 Bran, sharps and other residues, whether or not in the form of pellets 12.70 13.78 8.51
coffee substitute 4.30 4.64 7.76
sweetening matter. 0.03 2.90 10061.52
otherwise preserved 1.32 1.89 43.29


7204 Ferrous waste and scrap; remelting scrap ingots of iron or steel. 0.83 0.82 -1.61
otherwise preserved) 0.05 0.61 1050.24
1901 Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract 1.73 0.43 -75.14
7602 Aluminium waste and scrap. 0.21 0.38 80.91
0708 Leguminous vegetables, shelled or unshelled, fresh or chilled. 1.22 0.38 -69.00
weight of such fibres 0.24 0.36 51.27
2716 Electrical energy. (optional heading) 0.21 0.29 37.37
0701 Potatoes, fresh or chilled. 4.27 0.26 -93.82
1902 Pasta, whether or not cooked or stuffed (with meat or other substances)
or otherwise preserved 0.05 0.21 345.53
1703 Molasses resulting from the extraction or refining of sugar. 0.29 0.19 -33.24
lids, caps 0.20 0.19 (3.90)
Burundi 2 digits
17 Sugars and sugar confectionery 0.00 0.80 -
68 Articles of stone, plaster, cement, asbestos,mica or similar materials 0.00 0.67 318895.77
19 Preparations of cereals, flour, starch or milk; pastrycooks' products 0.01 0.38 7256.55


72 Iron and steel 1.23 0.37 -70.03
and parts and accessories of such articles 0.10 0.36 268.12
4 digits
0709 Other vegetables, fresh or chilled. 0.00 3.45 -
1701 Cane or beet sugar and chemically pure sucrose, in solid form. 0.00 0.80 -
6802 Worked monumental or building stone (except slate) and articles
thereof, other than good 0.00 0.66 -
mechanical shovels 0.00 0.63 -


compacting, extracting 0.00 0.60 32600.88
(fresh, or salted, dried) 0.00 0.53 -
otherwise preserved) 0.00 0.50 -
otherwise preserved) 0.02 0.49 2631.83
1901 Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract 0.00 0.38 30140.74
2710 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, other than crude 0.00 0.34 -
8507 Electric accumulators, including separators thereof, whether or not rectangular 0.02 0.28 1481.60
7615 Table, kitchen or other household articles and parts thereof, of
aluminium; pot scourers 0.07 0.17 151.50
transport of persons 0.01 0.13 1119.34
paperboard 0.11 0.09 -14.75
2203 Beer made from malt. 0.31 0.08 -74.28
sugar or other sweeteners 0.11 0.07 -29.75
skin (other than medicinal) 0.07 0.06 (19.63)
Rwanda South Sudan 2 digits


parts thereof 0.01 0.29 1874.55
72 Iron and steel 0.00 -
4 digits
skins; coffee substitute 0.00 0.98 -
0401 Milk and cream, neither concentrated or containing added sugar or
other sweetening matter. 0.43 0.65 52.89
8704 Motor vehicles for the transport of goods. 0.00 0.29 -
8479 Machines and mechanical appliances having individual functions, not
specified or included 0.00 0.04 -
transport of persons 0.00 0.02 -
7602 Aluminium waste and scrap. 0.00 0.01 -
telephone set 0.10 0.00 -98.26
7204 Ferrous waste and scrap; remelting scrap ingots of iron or steel. 0.00 0.00 -
8544 Insulated (including enamelled or anodised) wire, cable (including
co-axial cable) 0.00 0.00 -

Table 7d : Major Domestic Exports of EAC Countries 2017
(US$ Million)
Partner Hs level Description of Goods FOB values

State
Uganda 2 digits
10 Cereals 144.84
06 Live tree and other plant; bulb, root; cut flowers etc 57.77
18 Cocoa and cocoa preparations 54.15
52 Cotton 50.46
12 Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruits; industrial
or medicinal plants; straw and fodder 28.55
4 digits
1005 Maize (corn) 80.67
0902 Tea 79.69

Table 7d (Ctd): Major Domestic Exports of EAC Countries
2017 (US$ Million)

State
0602 Other live plants, cuttings and slips, mushroom spawn 57.68
1801 Cocoa beans, whole or broken, raw or roasted 54.09
4104 Leather of bovine or equine animals, without hair on 27.95
Kenya 2 digits
09 Coffee, tea, maté and spices. 1,666.74
06 Live trees and other plants; bulbs, roots and the 595.43
26 Ores, slag and ash. 177.24

2017 (US$ Million)

State
mineral waxes 51.62
Kenya 4 digits
0902 Tea 1,423.94
0603 Cut flowers and flower buds for ornamental purpose, fresh, dried, etc 540.70
2614 Titanium ores 133.38
6203 Men's or boys' suits, ensembles, jackets, blazers, trousers, etc 81.05
0802 Other nuts, fresh or dried, not elsewhere specified 76.22
6204 Women's or girls' suits, ensembles, jackets, dresses, skirts, etc 64.79
2008 Fruit, nuts and other parts of plants 52.20

2017 (US$ Million)

State
Rwanda 2 digits
71 Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones, precious metals,
metals clad with precious metal, and articles thereof; imitation jewellery; coin 77.6
01 Live animals 7.4
12 Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruit; industrial or
medicinal plants; straw and fodder 3.3
furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings, not elsewhere specified or included;
illuminated signs, illuminated name-plates and the lik 2.9
06 Live trees and other plants; bulbs, roots and the like; cut flowers and ornamental foliage 2.6
04 Dairy produce; birds' eggs; natural honey; edible products of animal origin, not
elsewhere specified or included 1.9

2017 (US$ Million)

State
4 digits
7108 Gold (including gold plated with platinum) unwrought or in semi-manufactured forms 77.4
coffee substitutes 68.6
2615 Niobium, tantalum, vanadium or zirconium ores and concentrates. 60.9
2609 Tin ores and concentrates. 50.2
2611 Tungsten ores and concentrates. 12.6
8705 Special purpose motor vehicles, other than those principally designed for the
transport of persons 8.1
2530 Mineral substances not elsewhere specified or included. 6.2
7214 Other bars and rods of iron or non-alloy steel, not further worked than forged,
hot-rolled 4.5
7801 Unwrought lead. 4.4
4101 Raw hides and skins of bovine (including buffalo) or equine animals (fresh, or
salted, dried) 4.3
1211 Plants and parts of plants (including seeds and fruits) 3.2
Burundi 2 digits

2017 (US$ Million)

State
34 Soap, organic surface-active agents, washing preparations, lubricating preparations,
artificial waxes, prepared waxes, polishing or scouring preparations, candles and
similar articles, modelling pastes, 1.2
49 Printed books, newspapers, pictures and other products of the printing industry;
manuscripts, typescripts and plans 0.1
4 digits
7108 Gold (including gold plated with platinum) unwrought or in semi-manufactured forms 36.8

2017 (US$ Million)

State
hot-rolled 0.9
4106 Tanned or crust hides and skins of other animals, without wool or hair on 0.2
1513 Coconut (copra), palm kernel or babassu oil and fractions thereof, whether or
not refined 0.2
salted, dried) 0.2
1702 Other sugars, including chemically pure lactose, maltose, glucose and fructose, in
solid form 0.2
0804 Dates, figs, pineapples, avocados, guavas, mangoes and mangosteens, fresh or dried. 0.1
Tanzania 2 digits
71 Natural/cultured pearls, precious stones and metals, coins, etc 1,629.54
63 Other made up textile articles; sets; worn clothing, etc 96.94
12 Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruits; industrial or

2017 (US$ Million)

State
52 Cotton 53.77
62 Art of apparel and clothing access, not knitted/crocheted 42.11
4 digits
7108 Gold, unwrought or in semi-manufactured forms, or in powder form 1,541.13
0801 Coconuts, brazil nuts and cashew nuts, fresh or dried 541.77
7102 Diamonds, not mounted or set 64.44
2616 Precious metal ores and concentrates 64.24
0902 Tea 48.95

2017 (US$ Million)

State

Table 7e : Major Domestic Exports of EAC Countries 2018
(US$ Million)

State
Uganda 2 digits
10 Cereals 163.31
52 Cotton 44.68
4 digits
0902 Tea 88.77

Table 7e (Ctd): Major Domestic Exports of EAC Countries
2018 (US$ Million)

State
1801 Cocoa beans, whole or broken, raw or roasted 64.55
Kenya 2 digits
09 Peel of citrus fruit or melons (including watermelons) 1,617.56
06 Animal products, not elsewhere specified; dead of chapters 1 and 3, unfit for human
consumption 625.85
07 Other parts of plants for ornamental purposes, fresh, dried, etc 247.18
62 Parts of garments or clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted 217.59
26 Other mineral substances, not elsewhere specified 212.58
61 Other: other knitted or crocheted fabrics: of artificial fibres 120.45
39 Other: residual products of chemicals or other wastes from chemicals 113.21
72 Coin of legal tender 108.07
30 Other organic compounds, not elsewhere specified 102.54
34 Other perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations, not elsewhere specified 95.35

Table 7e : Major Domestic Exports of EAC Countries 2018
(US$ Million)

State
21 Mixtures of juices, unfermented, not containing added spirit 80.39
49 Other:otherstraw wrappers 62.66
48 Recovered (waste and scrap) paper or paperboard, not elsewhere specified 60.62
4 digits
0902 Tea 1,370.67
0603 Cut flowers and flower buds for ornamental purposes, fresh, dried, etc 575.12
2614 Titanium ores 151.69
6203 Men's or boys' suits, ensembles, jackets, blazers, trousers, etc 93.34
0802 Other nuts, fresh or dried, not elsewhere specified 87.82
6204 Women's or girls' suits, ensembles, jackets, dresses, skirts, etc 67.93
2615 Niobium, tantalum, vanadium or zirconium ores and concentrates 53.00
3401 Soap; organic surface-active products in bars, etc; paper with soap,etc 50.68

2018 (US$ Million)

State
Rwanda 2 digits
11 Products of the milling industry; malt; starches;inulin; wheat gluten 35.2
23 Residues and waste from the food industries;prepared animal fodder 17.8
01 Live animals 7.1
04 Dairy produce; birds' eggs; natural honey; edible products of animal origin, not
elsewhere specified or included 4.4
06 Live trees and other plants; bulbs, roots and the like; cut flowers and ornamental foliage 3.9
furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings, not elsewhere specified or included; illuminated
signs, illuminated name-plates and the like 3.7
85 Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers,
television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of
such articles 2.7
13 Lac; gums, resins and other vegetable saps and extracts 2.3
4 digits

2018 (US$ Million)

State
0901 Coffee, whether or not roasted or decaffeinated; coffee husks and skins; coffee
substitute 80.5
2609 Tin ores and concentrates. 49.8
hot-rolled 6.7
7801 Unwrought lead. 5.0
0401 Milk and cream, not concentrated or containing added sugar or other sweetening matter. 4.1
salted, dried) 4.0
0603 Cut flowers and flower buds of a kind suitable for bouquets or for ornamental purposes, 3.7
9404 Mattress supports; articles of bedding and similar furnishing (for example, mattresses) 3.2
Burundi 2 digits

2018 (US$ Million)

State
Burundi 24 Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes 4.56
28 Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compoundsof precious metals, of
rare-earth metals,of radioactive elements or of isotopes 1.85
34 Soap, organic surface-active agents, washing preparations,lubricating preparations,
artificial waxes, prepared waxes,polishing or scouring preparations, candles and
similar articles,modelling pastes, 1.19
23 Residues and waste from the food industries;prepared animal fodder 0.55
12 Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruit; industrial or
49 Printed books, newspapers, pictures and other products of the printing industry;
manuscripts, typescripts and plans 0.08
4 digits
0902 Tea 26.06
2615 Niobium, tantalum, vanadium or zirconium ores and concentrates 11.85

2018 (US$ Million)

State
2805 Alkali or alkaline-earth metals; rare-earth metals ; mercury 1.84
2611 Tungsten ores and concentrates 1.75
4106 Goat or kid skin leather, without hair on 1.03
2617 Other ores and concentrates 0.53
4113 Leather further prepared after tanning or crusting, including parchment-dressed leather, 0.30
Tanzania 2 digits 2018
71 Natural/cultured pearls, precious stones and metals, coins, etc 1,614.91
52 Cotton 86.27

2018 (US$ Million)

State
10 Cereals 54.26
53 Other vegetable textile fibres; paper yarn and woven fab 27.77
4 digits
7108 Gold, unwrought or in semi-manufactured forms, or in powder form 1,524.00
0801 Coconuts, brazil nuts and cashew nuts, fresh or dried 126.35
7102 Diamonds, not mounted or set 81.78
0902 Tea 45.95
5201 Cotton,not carded or combed 41.25
3401 Soap; organic surface-active products in bars, etc; paper with soap,etc 25.88

Table 7f: Twenty Major EAC Domestic Exports for 2018
Compared to 2017 (US$ Million)
Partner State HS level Description of Goods 2017 2018 % change
Uganda 2 digits
10 Cereals 144.84 163.31 12.75
72 Iron and steel 58.69 75.43 28.54
18 Cocoa and cocoa preparations 54.15 64.59 19.28
06 Live tree and other plant; bulb, root; cut flowers etc 57.77 60.88 5.38
52 Cotton 50.46 44.68 -11.45
4 digits
0304 Fish fillets and other fish meat, fresh, chilled or frozen 96.03 101.10 5.28
1005 Maize(corn) 80.67 89.50 10.94

Table 7f (Ctd): Twenty Major EAC Domestic Exports for 2018
0902 Tea 79.69 88.77 11.40
1007 Grain sorghum 40.93 64.59 57.79
1801 Cocoa beans, whole or broken, raw or roasted 54.09 64.55 19.34
0602 Other live plants, cuttings and slips, mushroom spawn 57.68 57.71 0.05
1102 Cereal flours, (excl. Wheat or meslin) 24.55 42.84 74.48
2716 Electrical energy 56.28 36.40 -35.32
5203 Cotton, carded or combed 41.86 32.53 -22.27
Kenya 2 digits
09 Peel of citrus fruit or melons (including watermelons) 1,666.74 1,617.56 (2.95)
06 Animal products, not elsewhere specified; dead of chapters 1 and 3,
unfit for human consumption 595.43 625.85 5.11
07 Other parts of plants for ornamental purposes, fresh, dried, etc 200.39 247.18 23.35
08 Roots and tubers with high starch content, fresh or dried 180.66 232.58 28.74
62 Parts of garments or clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted 189.89 217.59 14.59
26 Other mineral substances, not elsewhere specified 177.24 212.58 19.94
24 Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes. 132.83 138.10 3.97
61 Other: other knitted or crocheted fabrics: of artificial fibres 123.05 120.45 (2.11)
39 Other: residual products of chemicals or other wastes from chemicals 121.81 113.21 (7.06)
72 Coin of legal tender 100.73 108.07 7.29
20 Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts or other parts of plants 109.62 107.94 (1.54)
30 Other organic compounds, not elsewhere specified 105.66 102.54 (2.95)

34 Other perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations, not elsewhere specified 80.93 95.35 17.82
28 Electrical energy 87.26 85.37 (2.17)
21 Mixtures of juices, unfermented, not containing added spirit 61.23 80.39 31.30
25 Salt; sulphur; earth and stone; plastering materials, lime and cement 88.42 75.26 (14.88)
49 Other: straw wrappers 50.52 62.66 24.04
48 Recovered (waste and scrap) paper or paperboard, not elsewhere specified 51.40 60.62 17.94
4 digits
0902 Tea 1,423.94 1,370.67 (3.74)
0603 Cut flowers and flower buds for ornamental purposes, fresh, dried, etc 540.70 575.12 6.37
2614 Titanium ores 133.38 151.69 13.73
0804 Dates, figs, pineapples, etc, fresh or dried 95.67 139.03 45.32
6203 Men's or boys' suits, ensembles, jackets, blazers, trousers, etc 81.05 93.34 15.16
3004 Medicaments of mixed or unmixed products, for retail sale 93.69 92.11 (1.68)
0802 Other nuts, fresh or dried, not elsewhere specified 76.22 87.82 15.22
2402 Cigars, cigarillos, cigarettes, etc, of tobacco or tobacco substitutes 89.73 82.21 (8.38)
2836 Carbonates; peroxocarbonates; commercial ammonium carbonate 70.66 68.06 (3.69)
6204 Women's or girls' suits, ensembles, jackets, dresses, skirts, etc 64.79 67.93 4.85
0708 Leguminous vegetables, shelled or unshelled, fresh or chilled 65.78 65.68 (0.16)
2615 Niobium, tantalum, vanadium or zirconium ores and concentrates 41.68 53.00 27.17
3923 Articles for conveyance or packing of goods, of plastic 65.54 51.61 (21.27)
0602 Other live plants, cuttings and slips, mushroom spawn 54.31 50.49 (7.03)
0710 Vegetables, frozen 40.88 49.69 21.54

1704 Sugar confectionery (incl. white chocolate), not containing cocoa 49.06 47.91 (2.34)
Rwanda 2 digits
26 Ores, slag and ash 124.1 143.4 0.16
25 Salt; sulphur; earth and stone; plastering materials, lime and cement 18.5 10.4 -0.44
01 Live animals 7.4 7.1 -0.04
78 Lead and articles thereof 4.5 5.0 0.12
06 Live trees and other plants; bulbs, roots and the like; cut flowers and
ornamental foliage 2.6 3.9 0.50
or included; illuminated signs, illuminated name-plates and the like 3.1 3.7 0.19

13 Lac; gums, resins and other vegetable saps and extracts 0.0 2.3 224,087.63
4 digits
2615 Niobium, tantalum, vanadium or zirconium ores and concentrates. 61.10 71.6 0.17
2609 Tin ores and concentrates. 50.14 49.8 -0.01
1101 Wheat or meslin flour. 19.12 23.2 0.21
2611 Tungsten ores and concentrates. 12.62 21.5 0.70
2302 Bran, sharps and other residues, whether or not in the form of pellets, etc 21.90 17.8 -0.19
2523 Portland cement, aluminous cement, slag cement, super sulphate cement etc 12.02 7.2 -0.40
0102 Live bovine animals. 7.37 7.0 -0.05
7801 Unwrought lead. 4.36 5.0 0.14
sweetening matter. 1.79 4.1 1.30
0603 Cut flowers and flower buds of a kind suitable for bouquets or for
ornamental purposes, 2.47 3.7 0.52
0708 Leguminous vegetables, shelled or unshelled, fresh or chilled. 2.39 3.4 0.43
9404 Mattress supports; articles of bedding and similar furnishing
(for example, mattresses) 2.67 3.2 0.20
2530 Mineral substances not elsewhere specified or included. 6.19 2.9 -0.53

Burundi 2 digits
metals, metals clad with precious metal, and articles thereof; imitation
jewellery; coins, etc 36.77 56.52 53.71
26 Ores, slag and ash 8.10 14.13 74.47
70 Ceramic products 3.59 0.00
preparations, candles and similar articles, modelling pastes, 1.19 1.19 -0.36
72 Iron and steel 0.99 0.84 -14.89
edible fats; animal or vegetable waxes 0.23 0.22 -7.69
28 Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compoundsof precious metals,
of rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes 0.15 1.85 1,121.76
industry; manuscripts, typescripts and plans 0.14 0.08 -42.68

4 digits
7108 Gold (including gold plated with platinum) unwrought or in
semi-manufactured forms 36.77 56.52 53.7
0902 Tea, whether or not flavoured. 28.38 26.06 -8.2
1101 Wheat or meslin flour. 8.10 9.03 11.4
2402 Cigars, cheroots, cigarillos and cigarettes, of tobacco or of tobacco substitutes. 6.74 4.56 -32.4
2203 Beer made from malt. 6.72 4.51 -32.8
2615 Niobium, tantalum, vanadium or zirconium ores and concentrates. 6.64 0.00 0.0
lids, caps 3.36 1.33 -60.3
2611 Tungsten ores and concentrates. 1.46 0.00 0.0
3401 Soap; organic surface-active products and preparations for use as soap 1.19 1.16 -2.2
1703 Molasses resulting from the extraction or refining of sugar. 0.38 0.00 0.0
4106 Tanned or crust hides and skins of other animals, without wool or hair on 0.22 0.00 0.0
1513 Coconut (copra), palm kernel or babassu oil and fractions thereof,
whether or not refined 0.21 0.00 0.0
(fresh, or salted, dried) 0.21 0.00 0.0
fructose, in solid form 0.17 0.00 0.0
transport of persons 0.15 0.00 0.0

0804 Dates, figs, pineapples, avocados, guavas, mangoes and
mangosteens, fresh or dried. 0.15 0.00 0.0
Tanzania 2 digits
71 Natural/cultured pearls, precious stones and metals, coins, etc 1,629.54 1,614.91 -0.90
08 Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons 555.50 140.60 -74.69
52 Cotton 53.98 86.27 59.83
10 Cereals 4.22 54.26 1,186.32
72 Iron and steel 23.83 37.27 56.40
06 Live tree and other plant; bulb, root; cut flowers etc 27.16 33.04 21.65
53 Other vegetable textile fibres; paper yarn and woven fabric 24.79 27.77 12.00
4 digits
7108 Gold, unwrought or in semi-manufactured forms, or in powder form 1,541.13 1,524.00 -1.11
0801 Coconuts, brazil nuts and cashew nuts, fresh or dried 541.88 126.35 -76.68

0304 Fish fillets and other fish meat, fresh, chilled or frozen 143.54 100.07 -30.28
7102 Diamonds, not mounted or set 64.44 81.78 26.91
0902 Tea 49.13 45.95 -6.49
1005 Maize(corn) 3.92 41.63 960.88
5201 Cotton, not carded or combed 17.37 41.25 137.44
2302 Brans, sharps and other residues, derived from working of cereals, etc 25.51 33.88 32.80
4407 Wood sawn or chipped lengthwise, sliced or peeled, >6mm thick 23.95 28.92 20.76
2712 Petroleum jelly; paraffin wax and other mineral waxes, etc 25.62 24.79 -3.27

Table 8a: Intra-EAC Re-Exports of the Major Twenty
Products, 2017(US$, Million)
Partner Ctry of HS Description of Goods FOB

state Destination level VALUES
UUganda Burundi 2 digits
10 Cereals 0.21
4 digits

Table 8a (Ctd): Intra-EAC Re-Exports of the Major Twenty

8714 Parts and accessories of vehicles of 87.11 to 87.13 0.21
1006 Rice 0.21
5512 Woven fabrics of >=85% synthetic staple fibres 0.10
7610 Aluminium structures and parts of structures; plates, rods thereof 0.09
3605 Matches (excl. pyrotechnic articles of 36.04) 0.08
4013 Inner tubes, of rubber 0.06
Kenya 2 digits
67 Prepr feathers and down; arti flower; articles human hair 0.46


90 Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision
Uganda (Ctd) 4 digits
Kenya (Ctd) 8528 Television receivers (incl. video monitors and video projectors) 2.18
6704 Wigs, false beards, eyebrows and eyelashes, etc; human hair,


8479 Machines and mechanical appliances, having individual functions,
8705 Special purpose motor vehicles (eg crane, fire-fighting, etc, vehicles) 0.31
snow-ploughs 0.24
8413 Pumps for liquids; liquid elevators 0.23
Rwanda 2 digits
10 Cereals 0.53


16 preparations of meat, fish or crustaceans, molluscs etc 0.22
4 digits
8471 Automatic data processing machines; magnetic readers , not elsewhere specified 1.29
8548 Electrical parts of machinery or apparatus, not elsewhere specified 1.04
8516 Electric water and space heaters, hair-dressing apparatus, irons, etc 0.75
2102 Yeasts; other single-cell micro-organisms, dead; prepared baking powders 0.51
8418 Refrigerators, freezers, etc; heat pumps (excl. air conditioners) 0.49
1006 Rice 0.49


10 Cereals 19.60
4 digits #N/A


1006 Rice 7.97
4802 Uncoated paper, for writing in rolls or sheets; hand-made paper 0.82
3920 Other plates , of plastic, not reinforced, etc 0.69
Tanzania 2 digits


4 digits
9015 Surveying, hydrographic, oceanographic instruments/appliances,
snow-ploughs 0.47
8414 Air/vacuum pumps, air/gas compressors and fans; hoods with a fan 0.21


8477 Machinery for working rubber/plastics or making products thereof,not
10 Cereals. 7.95


29 Organic chemicals. 0.55
02 Meat and edible meat offal. 0.54
4 digits
8474 Machinery for sorting, agglomerating earth, 6.22
1904 Prepared foods of swollen or roasted cereals, etc 2.69
8716 Trailers and semi-trailers; other vehicles, not mechanically propelled and
parts thereof 1.37
goods =<10kg 1.15


4801 Newsprint, in rolls or sheets 1.10
Tanzania 2 digits
89 Ships, boats and floating structures. 1.75
70 Glass and glassware. 0.71
94 Furniture; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, 0.35
34 Soap, organic surface-active agents, washing prepa 0.20


4 digits
8431 Parts suitable for use with the machinery of 84.25 3.80
snow-ploughs 1.66
8708 Parts and accessories of the motor vehicles of 87. 1.44
8901 Cruise ships, excursion boats, etc, for transport 1.29
8421 Centrifuges; filtering/purifying machinery for liquids or gases 0.97
8506 Primary cells and primary batteries 0.73
Rwanda 2 digits


10 Cereals. 0.27
4 digits
3505 Dextrins and other modified starches; glue based 0.53


3402 Non-soap surface-active agents; washing preparation, not elsewhere
included or specified) 0.48
goods =<10kg 0.39
4819 Cartons, boxes, etc; box files, etc, of paper, paperboard 0.32
8438 Machinery, not elsewhere specified, for the industrial preparation of 0.30
1507 Soya-bean oil and its fractions 0.24
7607 Aluminium foil, (incl. backed) =<0.2mm thick 0.23
8431 Parts suitable for use with the machinery of 84.25 0.22
Burundi 2 digits


industrial or medicinal 0.12
29 Organic chemicals. 0.08
40 Rubber and articles thereof. 0.05
4 digits
goods =<10kg 1.37
8705 Special purpose motor vehicles (eg crane, fire-fighting vehicles) 0.20


4809 Carbon paper, self-copy paper, etc, in rolls or sheets 0.06
4015 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories 0.05
2929 Compounds with other nitrogen function 0.05
87 Vehicles other than railway or tramway rollingstock, and parts and
4 digits
8705 Special purpose motor vehicles, other than those principally designed for
the transport of persons 0.1
of glass 0.0
9405 Lamps and lighting fittings including searchlights and spotlights and parts
thereof 0.0
8431 Parts suitable for use solely or principally with the machinery of
headings 84.25 to 84. 0.0


other containers 0.0
Rwanda 2 digits
of base metal 0.0


4 Digits
of glass 0.4
7311 Containers for compressed or liquefied gas, of iron or steel. 0.1
8701 Tractors (other than tractors of heading 87.09). 0.0
8501 Electric motors and generators (excluding generating sets). 0.0
and powders; 0.0
mixing or kneading 0.0
3307 Pre-shave, shaving or after-shave preparations, personal deodorants, bath
preparations 0.0
7305 Other tubes and pipes (for example, welded, riveted or similarly closed) 0.0


8459 Machine-tools (including way-type unit head machines) for drilling, boring, milling 0.0
8413 Pumps for liquids, whether or not fitted with a measuring device; liquid elevators. 0.0
7308 Structures (excluding prefabricated buildings of heading 94.06) and parts
of structures 0.0
Tanzania 2 digits
52 Cotton 0.0
of base metal 0.0
4 Digits


for machine-tools 0.0
of persons 0.0
8525 Transmission apparatus for radio-telephony, radio-telegraphy,
radio-broadcasting or television 0.0
8477 Machinery for working rubber or plastic or for the manufacture of products
from these machinery 0.0
8414 Air or vacuum pumps, air or other gas compressors and fans; ventilating or
recycling hoods 0.0
8408 Compression-ignition internal combustion piston engines (diesel or
semi-diesel engines). 0.0
mattresses) 0.0
8542 Electronic integrated circuits and micro-assemblies. 0.0
8202 Hand saws; blades for saws of all kinds (including slitting, slotting or toothless saw) 0.0
9015 Surveying (including photogrammetrical surveying), hydrographic, oceanographic 0.0
Uganda 2 digits


4 Digits
8459 Machine-tools (including way-type unit head machines) for drilling,
boring, milling 0.0
3917 Tubes, pipes and hoses, and fittings thereof (for example, joints, elbows, flanges) 0.0
of persons 0.0
7304 Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, seamless, of iron (other than cast iron) or steel. 0.0
6205 Men's or boys' shirts. 0.0


4 digits
8537 Boards equipped with two or more apparatus of 85.35 or 85.36 0.51
8480 Moulding boxes for metal foundry; mould bases/patterns for metal, etc 0.29


7304 Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, seamless, of iron (excl. cast), steel 0.13
8539 Electric filament or discharge lamps; arc-lamps 0.12
3214 Glaziers putty, etc; painters' fillings; non-refractory surfacing preps 0.10
fertilisers; goods =<10kg 3.41
Uganda 2 digits
82 Tools, implement, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metals, etc 0.01


4 digits
3814 Organic composite solvents and thinners 0.05
3215 Printing ink, writing or drawing ink and other inks 0.02
8503 Parts suitable for use solely with machines of heading 8501 or 8502 0.02
Burundi 2 digits


10 Cereals 0.66
4 digits
3403 Lubricating preparations, etc (excl. those of >=70% petroleum oil) 0.17


8207 Interchangeable tools for hand or machine-tools 0.01
3912 Cellulose and its chemical derivatives, not elsewhere specified, in primary forms 0.00
8424 Appliances for spraying liquids/powder; fire extinguishers, etc 0.00
2815 Hydroxides and peroxides of sodium or potassium 0.00
Rwanda 2 digits
31 Fertilisers 3.95
10 Cereals 0.94


4 digits
goods =<10kg 3.41
5407 Woven fabrics of synthetic filament yarn 0.15
7303 Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, of cast iron 0.10
8484 Gaskets and similar joints, combined; sets or assortments thereof 0.06
8471 Automatic data processing machines; magnetic readers ,
8409 Parts suitable for use with engines of 84.07 or 84.08 0.06
9607 Slide fasteners and parts thereof 0.05


95 Toys, games and sports requisites; parts and accessories thereof 0.0
42 Articles of leather; saddlery and harness; travel goods, handbags and similar
containers; articles of animal gut (other than silk-worm gut) 0.0
59 Impregnated, coated, covered or laminated textile fabrics; textile articles of
a kind suitable for industrial use 0.0


45 Cork and articles of cork 0.0
4 digits
2204 Wine of fresh grapes, including fortified wines; grape must other than that
of heading 2 0.1
of persons 0.1
8716 Trailers and semi-trailers; other vehicles, not mechanically propelled and
parts thereof 0.0
6109 T-shirts, singlets and other vests knitted or crocheted. 0.0
9508 Roundabouts, swings, shooting galleries and other fairground amusements; 0.0
4823 Other paper, paperboard, cellulose wadding and webs of cellulose fibres,
cut to size 0.0
6302 Bed linen, table linen, toilet linen and kitchen linen. 0.0
9703 Original sculptures and statuary, in any material. 0.0
6504 Hats and other headgear, plaited or made by assembling strips of any material 0.0
6505 Hats and other headgear, knitted or crocheted, or made up from lace, felt or
other textiles 0.0
6204 Women's or girls' suits, ensembles, jackets, blazers, dresses, skirts, divided skirts 0.0


6105 Men's or boys' shirts knitted or crocheted. 0.0
Tanzania 2 digits
10 Cereals 0.00


4 digits
of persons 0.1
8423 Weighing machinery (excluding balances of a sensitivity of 5 cg or better) 0.0
8483 Transmission shafts (including cam shafts and crank shafts) and cranks;
bearing housings 0.0
0301 Live fish. 0.0
0302 Fish, fresh or chilled, excluding fish fillets and other fish meat of heading 03.04. 0.0
0303 Fish, frozen, excluding fish fillets and other fish meat of heading 03.04. 0.0
0304 Fish fillets and other fish meat (whether or not minced), fresh, chilled or frozen. 0.0
0402 Milk and cream, concentrated or containing added sugar or other
0403 Buttermilk, curdled milk and cream, yogurt, kephir and other fermented or
acidified milk 0.0
0409 Natural honey. 0.0
0703 Onions, shallots, garlic, leeks and other alliaceous vegetables, fresh or chilled. 0.0
0704 Cabbages, cauliflowers, kohlrabi, kale and similar edible brassicas, fresh or chilled. 0.0


Uganda 2 digits
87 Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling-stock, and parts and accessories 0.4
base metal 0.0


92 Musical instruments; parts and accessories of such articles 0.0
66 Umbrellas, sun umbrellas, walking-sticks, seat-sticks, whips, riding-crops and
parts thereof 0.0
4 digits
of persons 0.2
8711 Motorcycles (including mopeds) and cycles fitted with an auxiliary motor 0.1
2103 Sauces and preparations thereof; mixed condiments and mixed seasonings;
mustard flour 0.0
3926 Other articles of plastics and articles of other materials of headings 39.01 to 39.14. 0.0
3808 Insecticides, rodenticides, fungicides, herbicides, anti-sprouting products and 0.0
for machine-tool 0.0
7326 Other articles of iron or steel. 0.0
4907 Unused postage, revenue or similar stamps of current or new issue 0.0
3405 Polishes and creams, for footwear, furniture, floors, coachwork, glass or metal, 0.0
0401 Milk and cream, not concentrated or containing added sugar or


other sweetening matter. 0.0
8714 Parts and accessories of vehicles of headings 87.11 to 87.13. 0.0
2208 Undenatured ethyl alcohol of an alcoholic strength by volume of less than 80 % 0.0
9506 Articles and equipment for general physical exercise, gymnastics, athletics,
other sports gear 0.0
Burundi 2 digits
87 Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling-stock, and parts and accessories 3.1
10 Cereals 0.1


01 Live animals 0.0
4 digits
2710 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, other than crude; 12.8
of persons 2.4
8702 Motor vehicles for the transport of ten or more persons, including the driver. 0.3
mustard flour 0.3
8431 Parts suitable for use solely or principally with the machinery of headings 84.25 0.2
1508 Ground-nut oil and its fractions, whether or not refined, but not chemically
modified 0.2
1006 Rice. 0.1
8430 Other moving, grading, levelling, scraping, excavating, tamping, compacting, 0.1
8415 Air conditioning machines, comprising a motor-driven fan and elements for
changing the temperature 0.0


8443 Printing machinery used for printing by means of the printing type, blocks, etc 0.0
7606 Aluminium plates, sheets and strip, of a thickness exceeding 0.2 mm. 0.0
6104 Women's or girls' suits, ensembles, jackets, blazers, dresses, skirts, divided 0.0
8504 Electrical transformers, static converters (for example, rectifiers) and inductors. 0.0
8471 Automatic data processing machines and units thereof; magnetic or optical, etc 0.0
8714 Parts and accessories of vehicles of headings 87.11 to 87.13. 0.0
16 Preparations of meat, of fish or of crustaceans, molluscs or other aquatic
invertebrates 0.0
32 Tanning or dyeing extracts; tannins and their derivatives; dyes, pigments and
other colouring 0.0
4 digits
1604 Prepared or preserved fish; caviar and caviar substitutes prepared from fish eggs. 0.0
0402 Milk and cream, concentrated or containing added sugar or other

Table 8b: Intra-EAC Re-Exports of the Major Twenty
Partner Ctry of HS Description of Goods VALUES


Table 8b (Ctd): Intra-EAC Re-Exports of the Major Twenty

6911 Tableware, kitchenware, other household articles, of porcelain or china 0.07
veterinary sciences 0.04
Kenya 2 digits


6301 Blankets and travelling rugs 0.23


9030 Instruments for measuring electrical quantities and radiations 0.16
6405 Other footwear, not elsewhere specified 0.14
Rwanda 2 digits
67 Prepared feathers and down; artificial flowers; articles human hair 0.34
52 Cotton 0.24


4 digits
8471 Automatic data processing machines...; magnetic readers , not elsewhere specified 1.13
7213 Iron/steel bars and rods, hot-rolled, in irregularly wound coils 0.48


10 Cereals 9.59
4 digits
1006 Rice 7.69


8471 Automatic data processing machines...; magnetic readers , not elsewhere specified 1.14
2202 Waters (incl. mineral and aerated), with added sugar(incl. sweetened) 0.91
1208 Flours and meals of oil seeds or oleaginous fruits (excl. mustard) 0.69
Tanzania 2 digits
88 Aircrafts, spacecrafts, and parts thereof 0.03


92 Musical instruments; parts and access of such articles 0.00
4 digits
snow-ploughs 0.70
8414 Air/vacuum pumps, air/gas compressors and fans; hoods with a fan 0.15
8459 Machine-tools for drilling, boring, milling by removing metal 0.14
7001 Cullet and other waste and scrap of glass; glass in the mass 0.06


8477 Machinery for working rubber/plastics or making products thereof,
8417 Industrial or laboratory furnaces and ovens (incl. incinerators) 0.04
10 Cereals 7.71
31 Fertilisers 3.30


4 digits
3823 Prepared binders; chemical products, not elsewhere specified; residual
products, not elsewhere specified 2.38
goods =<10kg 1.30
Tanzania 2 digits


10 Cereals 0.59
4 digits


8421 Centrifuges; filtering/purifying machinery for liquids or gases 0.82
8515 Soldering, brazing, welding and hot metal spraying machines/apparatus 0.72
1006 Rice 0.59
Rwanda 2 digits
10 Cereals 1.06
89 Ships, boats and floating structures 0.69


4 digits
8470 Calculating machines; accounting machines, cash registers, etc 1.02
8906 Other vessels 0.68
8410 Hydraulic turbines, water wheels and regulators thereof 0.46
8525 Radio-communication/television transmission apparatus; tv cameras 0.45
1902 Pasta, such as spaghetti, macaroni, noodles, lasagne, etc; couscous 0.41


Burundi 2 digits
31 Fertilisers 3.25
10 Cereals 0.20


4 digits
goods =<10kg 2.64
7005 Float glass and surface ground or polished glass, in sheets 1.44
4801 Newsprint, in rolls or sheets 1.12
4802 Uncoated paper, for writing in rolls or sheets; hand-made paper... 0.43
4810 Paper, coated with kaolin (china clay), etc, in rolls or sheets 0.19
8416 Furnace burners for liquid/solid/gas fuel; mechanical stokers/grates... 0.11
10 Cereals 12.70


89 Ships, boats and floating structures 0.02
4 digits
8804 Parachutes 0.68


8415 Air conditioning machines 0.20


similar containers; articles of animal gut (other than silk-worm gut 0.00
4 digits
snow-ploughs 0.00


7418 Table, kitchen, household and sanitary articles of copper 0.00
6912 Ceramic tableware other household articles (excl. porcelain or china) 0.00
6210 Garments, made up of fabrics of 56.02, 56.03, 59.03, 59.06 or 59.07 0.00
6303 Curtains (incl. drapes) and interior blinds; curtain or bed valances 0.00
Rwanda 2 digits
of base metal 0.02


14 Vegetable plaiting materials; vegetable products not elsewhere specified or
included 0.00
other colouring matter; paints and varnishes; putty and other mastics; inks 0.00
4 digits
9010 Apparatus and equipment for photographic laboratories, not elsewhere specified 1.73
1107 Malt 0.18
8201 Hand tools (e.g. spades, shovels, mattocks, picks, hoes, forks, etc) 0.02


3910 Silicones in primary forms 0.01
2915 Saturated acyclic monocarboxylic acids and their derivatives 0.00
5402 Synthetic filament yarn, nprs (incl. synthetic monofilament) 0.00
3815 Reaction initiators, accelerators and catalytic preparations,
Tanzania 2 digits
56.0 Wadding, felt and nonwovens; special yarns; twine, cordage, ropes and
cables and articles thereof 0.00


4 digits
8470 Calculating machines; accounting machines, cash registers, etc 0.01
8432 Machinery for soil preparation/cultivation; lawn/sports-ground rollers 0.01
9206 Percussion musical instruments (e.g. drums, xylophones, cymbals, etc) 0.00
8518 Microphones; loudspeakers; headphones; electric amplifiers 0.00
5608 Knotted netting of twine, cordage or rope; made up fishing nets, etc 0.00
9019 Mechano-therapy appliances; massage apparatus respiration apparatus 0.00
Uganda 2 digits
10 Cereals 0.20


14 Vegetable plaiting materials; vegetable products not elsewhere specified or
included 0.00
4 digits


8531 Electric sound or visual signalling apparatus, not elsewhere specified (e.g. alarms) 0.01
9027 Instruments and apparatus for physical or chemical analysis, etc 0.00


4digits
8480 Moulding boxes for metal foundry; mould bases/patterns for metal, etc 0.29


7304 Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, seamless, of iron (excl. cast), steel 0.13
8539 Electric filament or discharge lamps...; arc-lamps 0.12
3214 Glaziers putty, etc; painters' fillings; non-refractory surfacing preps 0.10
goods =<10kg 3.41
Uganda 2 digits


4 digits
3814 Organic composite solvents and thinners 0.05
3215 Printing ink, writing or drawing ink and other inks 0.02
8503 Parts suitable for use solely with machines of heading 8501 or 8502 0.02


Burundi 2 digits
10 Cereals 0.66
4 digits
3403 Lubricating preparations, etc (excl. those of >=70% petroleum oil) 0.17


8207 Interchangeable tools for hand or machine-tools... 0.01
3912 Cellulose and its chemical derivatives, not elsewhere specified, in primary forms 0.00
2815 Hydroxides and peroxides of sodium or potassium 0.00
Rwanda 2 digits
31 Fertilisers 3.95
10 Cereals 0.94


4digits
goods =<10kg 3.41
7303 Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, of cast iron 0.10
8484 Gaskets and similar joints, combined; sets or assortments thereof 0.06
8409 Parts suitable for use with engines of 84.07 or 84.08 0.06


9607 Slide fasteners and parts thereof 0.05
metals clad with precious metal, and articles thereof; imitation jewellery; coins 0.0
4 digits
of persons 0.3
of heading 2 0.0
6109 T-shirts, singlets and other vests, knitted or crocheted. 0.0
9703 Original sculptures and statuary, in any material. 0.0
6201 Men's or boys' overcoats, car-coats, capes, cloaks, anoraks (including ski-jackets) 0.0


6506 Other headgear, whether or not lined or trimmed. 0.0
6205 Men's or boys' shirts. 0.0
6108 Women's or girls' slips, petticoats, briefs, panties, nightdresses, pyjamas,
negligees 0.0
6504 Hats and other headgear, plaited or made by assembling strips of any material 0.0
6203 Men's or boys' suits, ensembles, jackets, blazers, trousers, bib and brace overalls 0.0
6206 Women's or girls' blouses, shirts and shirt-blouses. 0.0
7117 Imitation jewellery. 0.0
lids, caps 0.0
6211 Track suits, ski suits and swimwear; other garments. 0.0
Tanzania 2 digits
other colouring matter; paints and varnishes; putty and other mastics; inks 0.02
4 digits
of persons 0.1


3214 Glaziers' putty, grafting putty, resin cements, caulking compounds and
other mastics 0.0
Uganda 2 digits
52 Cotton 0.0


4 digits
of persons 0.3
9405 Lamps and lighting fittings including searchlights and spotlights and parts thereof 0.1
and powders; 0.0
3305 Preparations for use on the hair. 0.0
7323 Table, kitchen or other household articles and parts thereof, of iron or steel 0.0
3923 Articles for the conveyance or packing of goods, of plastics; stoppers, lids 0.0


3307 Pre-shave, shaving or after-shave preparations, personal deodorants,
bath preparations 0.0
Burundi 2 digits


4 digits
8702 Motor vehicles for the transport of ten or more persons, including the driver. 0.7
mustard flour 0.2
8422 Dish washing machines; machinery for cleaning or drying bottles or other containers 0.1


optical readers 0.1
hot water boilers) 0.1
8432 Agricultural, horticultural or forestry machinery for soil preparation or cultivation 0.1
4802 Uncoated paper and paperboard, of a kind used for writing, printing 0.0
8421 Centrifuges, including centrifugal dryers; filtering or purifying machinery and
apparatus 0.0
3306 Preparations for oral or dental hygiene, including denture fixative pastes and
powders; 0.0
4 digits

Table 8c: Intra-EAC Re-Exports of the Major Twenty Products
for 2018 Compared to 2017, Values in US$ Millions

72 Iron and steel 1.05 1.88 79.13
67 Prepared feathers and down; artificial flowers; articles human hair 0.00 0.02 -
49 Printed books, newspapers, pictures and other products 0.02 0.01 -35.21
65 Headgear and parts thereof 0.00 0.01 -
4 digits
2002 Tomatoes prepared or preserved otherwise than by vinegar or acetic acid 0.33 0.88 165.46

Table 8c (Ctd): Intra-EAC Re-Exports of the Major Twenty
Products for 2018 Compared to 2017, Values in US$ Millions

4011 New pneumatic tyres, of rubber 0.63 0.12 -80.49
8471 Automatic data processing machines; magnetic readers,
not elsewhere specified 0.00 0.12 -
8309 Stoppers, caps and lids, capsules for bottles of base metal 0.00 0.11 -
8438 Machinery, not elsewhere specified, for the industrial preparation of
food or drink 0.27 0.11 -59.27
8502 Electric generating sets and rotary converters 0.00 0.11 -
8714 Parts and accessories of vehicles of 87.11 to 87.13 0.21 0.07 -66.39
6911 Tableware, kitchenware, other household articles, of porcelain or china 0.00 0.07 -
6907 Unglazed ceramic flags, paving, hearth or wall tiles; mosaic cubes, etc 0.00 0.07 -
7317 Nails, tacks, drawing pins, corrugated nails of iron or steel 0.00 0.06 -
6304 Other furnishing articles, not elsewhere specified (excl. of 94.04) 0.00 0.06 -
6305 Sacks and bags, used for packing goods 0.08 0.05 -40.48
2929 Compounds with other nitrogen function 0.00 0.04 -
Kenya 2 digits


72 Iron and steel 1.14 0.24 -79.20
29 Organic chemicals 0.00 0.15 -
82 Tools, implement, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metal, etc 0.02 0.08 284.58
61 Art of apparel and clothing access, knitted or crocheted 0.18 0.07 -59.82
88 Aircraft, spacecraft, and parts thereof 0.04 0.07 60.21
4 digits
2710 Petroleum oils, etc, (excl. crude); preparations thereof,
8462 Machine-tools (incl. presses) for working metal by forging, etc 0.00 0.51 0.00
8474 Machinery for sorting, agglomerating earth, stone, ores, etc 0.22 0.42 95.18


6301 Blankets and travelling rugs 0.05 0.23 368.61
7217 Wire of iron or non-alloy steel 0.75 0.22 -71.39
8502 Electric generating sets and rotary converters 0.02 0.16 554.60
9030 Instruments for measuring electrical quantities and radiations 0.00 0.16 0.00
8541 Diodes, transistors, etc; photosensitive devices; light emitting diodes 0.33 0.15 -55.17
6405 Other footwear, not elsewhere specified 0.13 0.14 10.64
2929 Compounds with other nitrogen function 0.00 0.12 -
Rwanda 2 digits
72 Iron and steel 4.07 3.30 -18.74
52 Cotton 0.02 0.24 1045.75


18 Cocoa and cocoa preparations 0.25 0.17 -30.61
4 digits
not elsewhere specified 1.29 1.13 -12.24
8426 Derricks; cranes; mobile lifting frames trucks fitted with a crane 0.00 0.98 -
8548 Electrical parts of machinery or apparatus, not elsewhere specified 1.04 0.84 -19.43
8537 Boards equipped with two or more apparatus of 85.35 or 85.36 0.01 0.48 6580.70
7213 Iron/steel bars and rods, hot-rolled, in irregularly wound coils 0.23 0.48 110.49


15 Animal/vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products; etc 16.71 24.56 46.95
10 Cereals 19.60 9.59 -51.07
39 Plastic and articles thereof 1.49 1.77 18.52
72 Iron and steel 0.27 0.40 47.70
4 digits
1511 Palm oil and its fractions 14.18 23.60 66.44
1006 Rice 7.97 7.69 -3.49


1905 Bread, pastry, cakes, etc; communion wafers, rice paper, etc 2.00 2.51 25.53
1101 Wheat or meslin flour 2.44 2.08 -14.88
1007 Grain sorghum 9.32 1.88 -79.85
0708 Leguminous vegetables, shelled or unshelled, fresh or chilled 1.81 1.41 -22.15
2501 Salt and pure sodium chloride; sea water 0.86 1.12 30.67
1518 Animal or vegetable fats and oils chemically modified,
2103 Sauces and sauce preparations; mixed condiments and seasonings; mustard 0.61 0.74 20.59
1208 Flours and meals of oil seeds or oleaginous fruits (excl. mustard) 0.53 0.69 29.79
Tanzania 2 digits
72 Iron and steel 0.55 3.51 539.51


88 Aircraft, spacecraft, and parts thereof 0.00 0.03 -
metals, of rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes 0.00 0.00 -
medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; parts and accessories thereof 1.03 0.00 -99.72
82 Tools, implement, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metal, etc 0.01 0.00 -59.29
30 Pharmaceutical products 0.00 0.00 -
49 Printed books, newspapers, pictures and other products 0.00 0.00 -
92 Musical instruments; parts and access of such articles 0.00 0.00 -
4 digits
snow-ploughs 0.47 0.70 49.69
1511 Palm oil and its fractions 0.24 0.27 13.06
8474 Machinery for sorting, agglomerating earth, stone, ores, etc 0.15 0.17 12.89
8414 Air/vacuum pumps, air/gas compressors and fans; hoods with a fan 0.21 0.15 -27.81
8459 Machine-tools for drilling, boring, milling by removing metal 0.00 0.14 -
8716 Trailers and semi-trailers; other vehicles, not mechanically propelled 0.00 0.12 -


6305 Sacks and bags, used for packing goods 0.00 0.10 -
8702 Public-transport type passenger motor vehicles 0.13 0.07 -44.85
7001 Cullet and other waste and scrap of glass; glass in the mass 0.04 0.06 62.59
8504 Electrical transformers, static converters and inductors 0.00 0.06 -
8502 Electric generating sets and rotary converters 0.07 0.05 -33.88
8541 Diodes, transistors, etc; photosensitive devices; light emitting diodes 0.20 0.04 -81.02
8417 Industrial or laboratory furnaces and ovens (incl. incinerators) 0.00 0.04 -
19 preparations of cereal, flour, starch/milk; pastrycooks' products 15.06 8.63 -42.69
10 Cereals 7.95 7.71 -3.10
31 Fertilisers 2.87 3.30 15.24
72 Iron and steel 4.97 3.05 -38.65
35 Albuminoidal substances; modified starches; glues; enzymes 0.28 0.53 89.17


4 digits
1007 Grain sorghum 7.73 7.31 -5.53
1901 Malt extract; food preparations of flour, etc, not elsewhere specified 12.37 6.01 -51.43
1904 Prepared foods of swollen or roasted cereals, etc 2.69 2.62 -2.55
3823 Prepared binders; chemical products, not elsewhere specified; residual
products, not elsewhere specified 0.01 2.38 23441.25
8413 Pumps for liquids; liquid elevators 1.12 1.74 55.11
8474 Machinery for sorting, agglomerating earth, stone, ores, etc 6.22 0.92 -85.16
8716 Trailers and semi-trailers; other vehicles, not mechanically propelled 1.37 0.69 -49.48
3907 Polyethers and epoxide resins; polyesters, in primary forms 1.61 0.67 -58.27
8507 Electric accumulators (incl. separators thereof) 1.08 0.64 -40.69
Tanzania 2 digits


parts thereof 10.47 6.02 -42.47
62 Art of apparel and clothing access, not knitted/crocheted 0.21 0.73 238.58
10 Cereals 0.00 0.59 -
61 Art of apparel and clothing access, knitted or crocheted 0.13 0.49 284.76
4 digits
-54.67


8708 Parts and accessories of the motor vehicles of 87.01 to 87.05 1.44 1.49 3.88
0713 Dried leguminous vegetables, shelled, whether or not skinned or split. 6.31 1.45 -77.01
8507 Electric accumulators (incl. separators thereof) 2.47 1.00 -59.67
8421 Centrifuges; filtering/purifying machinery for liquids or gases 0.97 0.82 -15.99
8515 Soldering, brazing, welding and hot metal spraying machines/apparatus 0.01 0.72 7650.31
8431 Parts suitable for use with the machinery of 84.25 to 84.30 3.80 0.65 -82.93
1006 Rice 0.00 0.59 -
Rwanda 2 digits
10 Cereals 0.27 1.06 287.51
72 Iron and steel 0.54 0.82 52.46
89 Ships, boats and floating structures 0.00 0.69 -
19 preparations of cereal, flour, starch/milk; pastrycooks’ products 0.04 0.60 1571.65


87 Vehicles other than railway/tramway, rolling-stock, parts and accessories 0.85 0.41 -51.77
33 Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic/toilet preparations 0.46 0.25 -44.94
4 digits
37.58
8470 Calculating machines; accounting machines, cash registers, etc 0.01 1.02 11339.36
1005 Maize(corn) 0.27 0.96 252.90
8906 Other vessels 0.00 0.68 -
8410 Hydraulic turbines, water wheels and regulators thereof 0.00 0.46 -
8525 Radio-communication/television transmission apparatus; tv cameras 0.00 0.45 -
1902 Pasta, such as spaghetti, macaroni, noodles, lasagne, etc; couscous 0.00 0.41 457355.66
8471 Automatic data processing machines; magnetic readers, not elsewhere specified0.01 0.33 3078.19


3306 Preparations for oral or dental hygiene (incl. denture fixative) 0.45 0.25 -44.91
Burundi 2 digits
31 Fertilisers 3.20 3.25 1.66
19 preparations of cereal, flour, starch/milk; pastryco’ks' products 1.70 1.26 -25.58
72 Iron and steel 0.05 0.44 817.64
63 Other made up textile articles; sets; worn clothing etc 0.00 0.41 -
84 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof 0.12 0.32
171.79
10 Cereals 0.01 0.20 1466.25
of rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes 0.02 0.19 686.77
medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; parts and accessories thereof 0.01 0.13
877.21


4 digits
goods =<10kg 1.37 2.64 92.72
7005 Float glass and surface ground or polished glass, in sheets 0.00 1.44 -
2106 Food preparations not elsewhere specified or included 1.27 1.25 -1.29
4801 Newsprint, in rolls or sheets 0.00 1.12 -
1901 Malt extract; food preparations of flour, etc, not elsewhere specified 0.82 1.00 22.36
-94.77
4802 Uncoated paper, for writing in rolls or sheets; hand-made paper... 0.00 0.43 64706.74
7210 Rolled iron or non-alloy steel, >=600mm wide, clad, plated or coated 0.00 0.39 -
6306 Tarpaulins, etc; tents; sails; camping equipment 0.00 0.31 -
4810 Paper, coated with kaolin (china clay), etc, in rolls or sheets 0.01 0.19 2515.69
7323 Table, kitchen or household articles and parts thereof of iron or steel 0.00 0.19 -
3901 Polymers of ethylene, in primary forms 0.00 0.17 -
3209 Paints and varnishes, in an aqueous medium 0.00 0.12 -
1008 Buckwheat, millet and canary seed and other cereals, not elsewhere specified 0.00 0.12
8416 Furnace burners for liquid/solid/gas fuel; mechanical stokers/grates... 0.00 0.11 -
10 Cereals 6.62 12.70 91.75


17.27
19 preparations of cereal, flour, starch/milk; pastrycooks' products 12.87 0.84 -93.47
8.54
20 preparations of vegetable, fruit, nuts or other parts of plants 0.00 0.06 -
95 Toys, games and sports requisites; parts and access thereof 0.00 0.03 228982.72
89 Ships, boats and floating structures 0.06 0.02 -65.60
4 digits
1007 Grain sorghum 6.59 12.70 92.51
-49.51
2106 Food preparations not elsewhere specified or included 0.88 2.17 146.66
8804 Parachutes 0.00 0.68 -


8407 Spark-ignition reciprocating/rotary internal combustion piston engines 0.10 0.31 213.82
8702 Public-transport type passenger motor vehicles 0.00 0.28 -
8415 Air conditioning machines 0.00 0.20 -
9406 Prefabricated buildings 0.01 0.16 1211.70
2208 Undenatured ethyl alcohol of an alcoholic strength <80%; spirits, etc 0.22 0.08 -60.83
2202 Waters (incl. mineral and aerated), with added sugar (incl. sweetened) 0.00 0.08 -
parts and accessories of such articles 0.0 0.00 -97.67
included; illuminated signs, illuminated name-plates and the like 0.0 0.00 462.27
97 Works of art, collectors' pieces and antiques 0.0 0.00 -100.00


4,056.07
61 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted 0.0 0.00 -100.00
62 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted nor crocheted 0.0 0.00 20.31
06 Live trees and other plants; bulbs, roots and the like; cut flowers and
ornamental foliage 0.0 0.00 -100.00
industry; manuscripts, typescripts and plans 0.0 0.00 1,224.42
63 Other made up textile articles; sets; worn clothing and worn textile articles; rags 0.0 0.00
530.52
66 Umbrellas, sun umbrellas, walking-sticks, seat-sticks, whips, riding-crops and
4 digits 0.0 0.0 -
0901 Coffee; coffee husks and skins; coffee substitutes containing coffee 0.1 0.00 -
8705 Special purpose motor vehicles (e.g. crane, fire-fighting, etc, vehicles) 0.1 0.00 -
3923 Articles for the of goods, of plastics; stoppers, etc, of plastics 0.0 0.03 -19.43
8548 Electrical parts of machinery or apparatus, not elsewhere specified 0.0 0.00 -
9605 Travel sets for personal toilet, sewing or shoe or clothes cleaning 0.0 0.00 -50.36
9618 Tailors' dummies, etc; automata and other animated displays 0.0 0.00 -
9701 Paintings, drawings, pastels, collages, etc, done entirely by hand 0.0 0.00 -
6912 Ceramic tableware other household articles (excl. porcelain or china) 0.0 0.00 301.02
6114 Other garments, knitted or crocheted, not elsewhere specified 0.0 0.00 -
6210 Garments, made up of fabrics of 56.02, 56.03, 59.03, 59.06 or 59.07 0.0 0.00 20.31


8443 Printing machinery; machines for uses ancillary to printing 0.0 0.00 -
0604 Other parts of plants for ornamental purposes, fresh, dried...etc 0.0 0.00 -
7013 Glassware used for table, kitchen, toilet, office, not elsewhere specified 0.0 0.00 -
9404 Mattress supports; articles of bedding, sprung, stuffed, etc 0.0 0.00 329.67
4901 Printed books, brochures, leaflets and similar printed matter 0.0 0.00 1,150.27
Rwanda 2 digits
parts and accessories of such articles 0.02 0.01 -30.10
preparations, candles and similar articles, modelling pastes, 0.00 0.00 -
62 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted nor crocheted 0.00 0.00 -
20 Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts or other parts of plants 0.00 0.00 -
60 Knitted or crocheted fabrics 0.00 0.00 -
base metal 0.00 0.02 3,948.68


76 Aluminium and articles thereof 0.00 0.00 -
83 Miscellaneous articles of base metal 0.00 0.00 -
42 Articles of leather; saddlery and harness; travel goods, handbags and similar
containers; articles of animal gut (other than silk-worm gut) 0.00 0.00 -
included; illuminated signs, illuminated name-plates and the like 0.00 0.00 5,660.25
4 Digits
7010 Carboys, bottles, flasks, jars, pots, phials, ampoules and other containers, of glass 0.35 0.18
-48.29
mechanical shovels 0.25 0.08 -66.65
7311 Containers for compressed or liquefied gas, of iron or steel. 0.05 0.00 -
3923 Articles for the conveyance or packing of goods, of plastics; stoppers, lids, caps0.05 0.00 -
8701 Tractors (other than tractors of heading 87.09). 0.03 0.00 -
2106 Food preparations not elsewhere specified or included. 0.02 0.00 -
8501 Electric motors and generators (excluding generating sets). 0.02 0.00 -
4911 Other printed matter, including printed pictures and photographs. 0.01 0.00 -
powders; 0.01 0.00 -
mixing or kneading 0.01 0.00 -
bath preparations 0.00 0.00 -
3401 Soap; organic surface-active products and preparations for use as soap 0.00 0.00 -
7305 Other tubes and pipes (for example, welded, riveted or similarly closed) 0.00 0.00 -
8430 Other moving, grading, levelling, scraping, excavating, tamping, compacting,


extracting 0.00 0.00 -
(other than medicinal) 0.00 0.00 -
8459 Machine-tools (including way-type unit head machines) for drilling, boring, milling 0.00 0.00
8413 Pumps for liquids, whether or not fitted with a measuring device; liquid elevators. 0.00 0.01
182.95
7308 Structures (excluding prefabricated buildings of heading 94.06) and parts of
structures 0.00 0.00 -
Tanzania 2 digits
63 Other made up textile articles; sets; worn clothing and worn textile articles; rags0.07 0.00 -
96 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 0.03 0.00 -
-94.71
base metal 0.02 0.00 -
30 Pharmaceutical products 0.01 0.00 -
parts and accessories of such articles 0.01 0.09 953.34
56 Wadding, felt and nonwovens; special yarns; twine, cordage, ropes and
cables and articles thereof 0.00 0.00 -67.87
3,077.87
33 Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations 0.00 0.00 -


included; illuminated signs, illuminated name-plates and the like 0.00 0.00 1,394.64
4 Digits
7308 Iron/steel structures and parts thereof; plates, rods thereof 0.10 0.17 74.37
6306 Tarpaulins, etc; tents; sails; camping equipment 0.07 0.00 -
7312 Stranded wire, cables of iron or steel, not electrically insulated 0.05 0.00 -
9605 Travel sets for personal toilet, sewing or shoe or clothes cleaning 0.03 0.00 -
9018 Instruments and appliances used in medical, surgical, dental or veterinary sciences 0.03 0.00
8207 Interchangeable tools for hand or machine-tools... 0.02 0.00 -
3004 Medicaments of mixed or unmixed products, for retail sale 0.01 0.00 -
8525 Radio-communication/television transmission apparatus; tv cameras 0.01 0.00 -
5608 Knotted netting of twine, cordage or rope; made up fishing nets, etc 0.00 0.00 -67.87
3306 Preparations for oral or dental hygiene (incl. denture fixative) 0.00 0.00 -
8432 Machinery for soil preparation/cultivation; lawn/sports-ground rollers 0.00 0.01 161.53
8414 Air/vacuum pumps, air/gas compressors and fans; hoods with a fan 0.00 0.00 -
9404 Mattress supports; articles of bedding, sprung, stuffed, etc 0.00 0.00 -
Uganda 2 digits
72 Iron and steel 0.10 0.00 -95.14
-97.86


76 Aluminium and articles thereof 0.01 0.19 2,836.61
73 Articles of iron or steel 0.00 0.00 -
included; illuminated signs, illuminated name-plates and the like 0.00 0.00 -61.95
other colouring matter; paints and varnishes; putty and other mastics; inks0.00 0.00 -
4 Digits
7204 Ferrous waste and scrap; remelting scrap ingots of iron or steel 0.10 0.00 -95.14
8548 Electrical parts of machinery or apparatus, not elsewhere specified 0.05 0.08 58.79
8459 Machine-tools for drilling, boring, milling by removing metal 0.05 0.00 -
3917 Tubes, pipes and hoses, and fittings thereof, of plastic 0.03 0.00 -
8708 Parts and accessories of the motor vehicles of 87.01 to 87.05 0.01 0.00 -93.41
7602 Aluminium waste and scrap 0.01 0.19 2,836.38
4403 Wood in the rough or roughly squared 0.00 0.00 -
8413 Pumps for liquids; liquid elevators 0.00 0.00 -
7304 Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, seamless, of iron (excl. cast), steel 0.00 0.00 -
4017 Hard rubber (e.g. ebonite) in all forms; articles of hard rubber 0.00 0.00 -
9403 Other furniture and parts thereof 0.00 0.00 -68.10
8443 Printing machinery; machines for uses ancillary to printing 0.00 0.00 -
3215 Printing ink, writing or drawing ink and other inks 0.00 0.00 -


8438 Machinery, not elsewhere specified, for the industrial preparation of food or drink 0.00 0.00
6911 Tableware, kitchenware, other household articles, of porcelain or china 0.00 0.00 -
7010 Carboys, bottles, flasks ampoules, etc; stoppers, lids, of glass 0.00 0.00 -
-36.7
-82.1
29 Organic chemicals 0.36 0.09 -74.2
11 Products of the milling industry; malt; starches; inulin; wheat gluten 0.00 0.05 -
of rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes 0.10 0.03 -65.0


4 digits
8462 Machine-tools (incl. presses) for working metal by forging, etc 0.06 0.75 1206.2
8537 Boards equipped with two or more apparatus of 85.35 or 85.36 0.01 0.51 5010.8
8431 Parts suitable for use with the machinery of 84.25 to 84.30 2.76 0.48 -82.5
8702 Public-transport type passenger motor vehicles 0.00 0.36 -
8426 Derricks; cranes; mobile lifting frames trucks fitted with a crane 0.13 0.31 139.0
8480 Moulding boxes for metal foundry; mould bases/patterns for metal, etc 0.01 0.29 2570.2
3902 Polymers of propylene or of other olefins, in primary forms 0.00 0.16 -
8428 Other lifting, handling, loading or unloading machinery 0.00 0.13 -
7304 Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, seamless, of iron (excl. cast), steel 0.000 0.13 -
8539 Electric filament or discharge lamps; arc-lamps 0.000 0.12 -
3214 Glaziers putty, etc; painters' fillings; non-refractory surfacing preps 0.00 0.10 -
Uganda 2 digits
207.5


32 Tanning/dyeing extract; tannins and derivatives; pigments, etc 0.03 0.02 -25.0
64 Footwear, gaiters and the like; parts of such articles 0.00 0.01 -
4 Digits
8474 Machinery for sorting, agglomerating earth, stone, ores, etc 0.00 1.32 -
8422 Dish washing machines; machinery for cleaning, filling, aerating 0.00 0.67 -
8431 Parts suitable for use with the machinery of 84.25 to 84.30 0.18 0.35 93.7
8502 Electric generating sets and rotary converters 0.25 0.23 -8.6
3808 Insecticides, rodenticides and similar products, for retail sale 0.00 0.12 -
7310 Tanks, casks, drums, cans (excl. for gas) of iron or steel, <300 l 0.00 0.06 4308.5
3814 Organic composite solvents and thinners 0.03 0.05 80.2
4412 Plywood, veneered panels and similar laminated wood 0.00 0.04 -


8528 Television receivers (incl. video monitors and video projectors) 0.00 0.04 -
8443 Printing machinery; machines for uses ancillary to printing 0.07 0.03 -64.8
3215 Printing ink, writing or drawing ink and other inks 0.03 0.02 -25.0
8503 Parts suitable for use solely with machines of heading 8501 or 8502 0.00 0.02 -
8301 Padlocks and locks, clasps incorporating locks, keys of base metal 0.00 0.02 1252.7
Rwanda 2 Digits
31 Fertilisers 6.06 3.95 -34.8
332.2
10 Cereals 0.00 0.94 -
54 Man-made filaments 0.00 0.15 -
94 Furniture; bedding, mattress, mattress support, cushion etc 0.00 0.15 -
21 Miscellaneous edible preparations 0.00 0.09 -
15 Animal/vegetable fats and oil and their cleavage products; etc 0.00 0.09 -
of rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes 0.08 0.06 -32.9
38 Miscellaneous chemical products 0.00 0.05 -
33 Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic/toilet preparations 0.00 0.04 -
34 Soap, organic surface-active agents, washing preparations, etc 0.00 0.04 -


4 Digits
3105 Mineral or chemical fertilisers, not elsewhere specified;
other fertilisers; goods =<10kg 5.86 3.41 -41.7
1001 Wheat and meslin 0.00 0.76 -
1005 Maize(corn) 0.00 0.18 -
5407 Woven fabrics of synthetic filament yarn 0.00 0.15 -
9403 Other furniture and parts thereof 0.00 0.14 -
7303 Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, of cast iron 0.00 0.10 -
2711 Petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons 0.28 0.10 -65.1
2103 Sauces and sauce preparations; mixed condiments and seasonings; mustard0.00 0.09 -
8484 Gaskets and similar joints, combined; sets or assortments thereof 0.00 0.06 -
8409 Parts suitable for use with engines of 84.07 or 84.08 0.00 0.06 -
8705 Special purpose motor vehicles (eg crane, fire-fighting, etc, vehicles) 0.00 0.05 -
9607 Slide fasteners and parts thereof 0.00 0.05 -
Burundi 2 Digits
72 Iron and steel 0.00 0.91 -
10 Cereals 0.54 0.66 21.2
34 Soap, organic surface-active agents, washing preparations, etc 0.00 0.26 -


989.3
82 Tools, implement, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metal, etc 0.00 0.01 -
48 Paper and paperboard; art of paper pulp, paper/paperboard 0.00 0.01 -
85 Electrical machinery equipment parts thereof; sound recorder etc 0.00 0.00 -
of rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes 0.00 0.00 -
70 Glass and glassware 0.00 0 -100.0
38 Miscellaneous chemical products 0.00 - -
4 Digits
7208 Hot-rolled iron or non-alloy steel, >=600mm wide 0.00 0.69 -
1001 Wheat and meslin 0.54 0.66 21.2
8701 Tractors (excl. tractors of 87.09) 0.00 0.31 -
7210 Rolled iron or non-alloy steel, >=600mm wide, clad, plated or coated 0.00 0.23 -
8704 Motor vehicles for the transport of goods 0.00 0.18 -
3403 Lubricating preparations, etc (excl. those of >=70% petroleum oil) 0.00 0.17 -
8429 Self-propelled bulldozers, angledozers, graders, levellers, etc 0.00 0.11 -
3402 Non-soap surface-active agents; washing preparations in powder, liquid etc0.00 0.10 -
-93.7
4011 New pneumatic tyres, of rubber 0.00 0.05 -


8431 Parts suitable for use with the machinery of 84.25 to 84.30 0.00 0.02 -
8207 Interchangeable tools for hand or machine-tools 0.00 0.01 -
4804 Uncoated kraft paper and paperboard, in rolls or sheets (excl. 48.02+03) 0.00 0.01 -
3912 Cellulose and its chemical derivatives, not elsewhere specified, in primary forms0.00 0.00 -
8424 Appliances for spraying liquids/powder; fire extinguishers, etc 0.00 0.00 -
8529 Parts suitable for use with the apparatus of 85.25 to 85.28 0.00 0.00 -
2815 Hydroxides and peroxides of sodium or potassium 0.00 0.00 -
South Sudan 2 Digits
27 Mineral fuels, oils and products of their distillation; etc 0.00 0.02 -
4 Digits
2711 Petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons 0.00 0.02 -
97 Works of art, collectors' pieces and antiques 0.0 0.0 2.4
62 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted nor crocheted 0.0 0.0 2.3
65 Headgear and parts thereof 0.0 0.0 0.1
42 Articles of leather; saddlery and harness;travel goods, handbags and similar
containers;articles of animal gut (other than silk-worm gut 0.0 0.0 1.1
71 Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones,precious metals,
metals clad with precious metal, and articlesthereof; imitation jewellery; coins 0.0 0.0
0.3
63 Other made up textile articles; sets; worn clothing and worn textile articles; rags0.0 0.0 -0.9
4 digits


-0.5
8703 Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of persons 0.1 0.3
2.3
of heading 2 0.1 0.0 -0.6
6109 T-shirts, singlets and other vests knitted or crocheted. 0.0 0.0 0.2
9703 Original sculptures and statuary, in any material. 0.0 0.0 2.4
6201 Men's or boys' overcoats, car-coats, capes, cloaks, anoraks (including ski-jackets)0.0 0.0 -
6506 Other headgear, whether or not lined or trimmed. 0.0 0.0 -
6205 Men's or boys' shirts. 0.0 0.0 -
6108 Women's or girls' slips, petticoats, briefs, panties, nightdresses, pyjamas,
negligees 0.0 0.0 -
4202 Trunks, suit-cases, vanity-cases, executive-cases, brief-cases, school satchels, etc0.0 0.0 1.1
6204 Women's or girls' suits, ensembles, jackets, blazers, dresses, skirts, divided skirts 0.0 0.0 -0.2
6504 Hats and other headgear, plaited or made by assembling strips of any material 0.0 0.0 -0.4
6104 Women's or girls' suits, ensembles, jackets, blazers, dresses, skirts, divided skirts0.0 0.0 0.9
6203 Men's or boys' suits, ensembles, jackets, blazers, trousers, bib and brace overalls, 0.0 0.0
6206 Women's or girls' blouses, shirts and shirt-blouses. 0.0 0.0 2.0
7117 Imitation jewellery. 0.0 0.0 0.3
3923 Articles for the conveyance or packing of goods, of plastics; stoppers, lids, caps 0.0 0.0
-0.8
6211 Track suits, ski suits and swimwear; other garments. 0.0 -
Tanzania 2 digits


other colouring 0.02 -
4 digits
of persons 0.1 0.1 0.2
8704 Motor vehicles for the transport of goods. 0.1 -
forged, hot-rolled 0.0 -
3214 Glaziers' putty, grafting putty, resin cements, caulking compounds and
other mastics 0.0 -
Uganda 2 digits
63 Other made up textile articles; sets; worn clothing and worn textile articles; rags1.6 0.6 -0.7
stuffed furnishings; lamps 0.0 0.1 266.3
33 Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations 0.1 -
thereof 0.0 0.0 9792.9
parts thereof 0.0 -
52 Cotton 0.0 -


70 Ceramic products 0.0 -
reproducers, television etc 0.6 0.0 -1.0
54 Man-made filaments 0.0 -
48 Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp,of paper or of paperboard 0.0 0.0 124.8
34 Soap, organic surface-active agents, washing preparations,lubricating
preparations, artificial waxes, 0.0 0.0 -0.9
4 digits
otherwise preserved 0.2 1.9 8.4
6309 Worn clothing and other worn articles. 1.6 0.6 -0.7
of persons 0.2 0.3 0.2
9405 Lamps and lighting fittings including searchlights and spotlights and parts
thereof 0.0 0.1 5398.0
powders; 0.0 0.0 -
8711 Motorcycles (including mopeds) and cycles fitted with an auxiliary motor 0.1 0.0 -0.5
8413 Pumps for liquids, whether or not fitted with a measuring device;
liquid elevators. 0.0 0.0 -


3305 Preparations for use on the hair. 0.0 0.0 -
weighing not more 0.0 0.0 -
7323 Table, kitchen or other household articles and parts thereof, of iron or steel 0.0 0.0 -
2711 Petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons. 0.0 0.0 -
of glass 0.0 0.0 -
lids, caps 0.0 0.0 322.7
2106 Food preparations not elsewhere specified or included. 0.0 0.0 -
semiconductor devices 0.0 0.0 -
changing the temperature 0.0 0.0 -
bath preparations 0.0 0.0 -
7204 Ferrous waste and scrap; remelting scrap ingots of iron or steel. 0.0 0.0 -
(other than medicinal) 0.0 0.0 -
Burundi 2 digits
edible fats; animal or vegetable waxes 0.6 0.2 -0.6


38 Miscellaneous chemical products 0.0 0.1 -
35 Albuminoidal substances; modified starches; glues; enzymes 0.0 0.0 -
19 Preparations of cereals, flour, starch or milk; pastrycooks' products 0.0 0.0 -
thereof 0.0 0.0 -
rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes 0.0 0.0 1.2
preparations, candles and similar articles, modelling pastes, etc. 0.0 0.0 -
62 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted nor crocheted 0.0 0.0 -
74 Copper and articles thereof 0.0 0.0 -
4 digits
than crude 12.8 6.0 -0.5
of persons 2.4 2.1 -0.1
8702 Motor vehicles for the transport of ten or more persons, including
the driver. 0.3 0.7 1.2


1516 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their fractions, partly or
wholly hydrogenated 0.4 0.2 -0.6
mustard flour 0.3 0.2 -0.4
changing the temperature 0.0 0.2 2.6
8711 Motorcycles (including mopeds) and cycles fitted with an auxiliary
motor, with 0.0 0.1 -
other containers 0.0 0.1 -
optical readers 0.0 0.1 7.4
hot water boilers) 0.0 0.1 -
plates, cylinders 0.0 0.1 0.7
8432 Agricultural, horticultural or forestry machinery for soil preparation or
cultivation 0.0 0.1 -
modified. 0.0 0.0 -
4802 Uncoated paper and paperboard, of a kind used for writing, printing 0.0 0.0 -
8421 Centrifuges, including centrifugal dryers; filtering or purifying machinery
and apparatus 0.0 0.0 194.0
and powders; 0.0 0.0 -


3302 Mixtures of odoriferous substances and mixtures (including alcoholic
solutions) 0.0 0.0 -
accessories thereof 0.0 0.6 -
4 digits 0.0 -
transport of persons 0.0 0.4 -
8704 Motor vehicles for the transport of goods. 0.0 0.2 -

Table 9a: Imports of Sensitive Products from EAC Countries, 2016-2018, (US$ Million)
HS Sub Description of Goods Uganda Tanzania Kenya Rwanda Burundi

heading
2016 2017 2018 % 2016 2017 2018 % 2016 2017 2018 % 2016 2017 2018 % 2016 2017 2018 %
change change change change change
0401 Milk and cream, not concentrated or
sweetened 0.16 0.03 2.7810374.1 2.19 2.16 0.40 -81.6 10.68 51.66 73.50 42.3 1.11 1.76 1.80 2.3 0.28 0.13 0.07 -49.9
0402 Milk and cream, concentrated or sweetened 0.01 0.01 0.00 -97.3 1.63 2.19 2.59 18.5 13.57 27.33 22.15 -19.0 0.24 0.13 0.34 172.2 0.03 0.03 0.06 71.6
1001 Wheat and meslin 0.05 0.44 0.75 71.1 0.00 0.00 - - - - 1.49 0.90 1.06 17.3 0.44 2.51 0.00 -100.0
1005 Maize (corn) 0.92 1.61 0.75 -53.1 1.35 6.03 0.58 -90.4 8.72 1.57 15.26 873.0 21.05 22.06 28.17 27.7 6.13 5.33 9.32 74.8
1006 Rice 12.20 12.16 29.00 138.4 0.00 0.00 0.00 - 3.33 0.72 1.20 66.8 1.82 5.67 13.58 139.5 3.43 1.48 2.04 37.7
1101 Wheat flour 0.09 0.31 0.11 -62.5 0.04 0.01 0.00 -100.0 3.47 5.60 5.93 5.9 0.03 0.12 0.07 -43.8 0.05 2.60 2.47 -5.0
1102 Cereal flours, (excl. wheat or meslin) 0.06 0.03 0.00 -92.1 0.21 0.09 0.10 10.8 0.82 0.65 2.42 270.2 5.01 7.76 11.66 50.2 1.64 1.31 2.33 77.4
1701 Cane or beet sugar and chemically pure
sucrose, in solid form 0.14 0.16 0.13 -20.8 0.19 0.45 134.5 29.09 21.72 34.59 59.2 7.29 5.79 4.78 -17.4 0.03 0.03 0.53 1518.2
2203 Beer made from malt 10.36 5.62 3.98 -29.3 0.03 0.02 0.05 118.5 - - - - 1.32 1.33 0.98 -26.5 0.46 0.48 5.2
2402 Cigars, cigarillos, cigarettes, etc, of tobacco
or tobacco substitutes 7.54 7.51 5.91 -21.3 0.49 0.37 0.45 20.5 0.12 0.09 0.03 -68.1 3.22 3.32 4.30 29.7 0.00 - 0.00 -
2403 Other manufactured tobacco and
substitutes;etc - 0.00 - -100.0 0.00 0.00 - - - - 0.00 0.00 -100.0 0.12 0.00 0.00 -100.0
2523 Portland cement, aluminous cement,
persulphate 27.38 25.15 8.32 -66.9 0.27 0.17 -36.4 - - - 53.3 38.50 49.32 28.1 6.12 6.27 8.25 31.5
3303 Perfumes and toilet water 0.01 0.03 0.04 64.6 0.06 0.08 0.03 -66.9 - - - - 0.01 0.00 0.00 -44.4 0.00 0.00 0.00 -54.9
498
Table 9a (Ctd): Imports of Sensitive Products from EAC Countries, 2016-2018, (US$
Million)

heading
2016 2017 2018 % 2016 2017 2018 % 2016 2017 2018 % 2016 2017 2018 % 2016 2017 2018 %
3307 Shaving preparations, personal
deodorants, etc, 0.18 0.29 0.18 -37.2 0.01 0.00 0.00 -54.4 - - - - 0.20 0.26 0.15 -44.1 0.03 0.00 0.00 -69.7
3605 Matches, other than pyrotechnic articles of
heading no 3604 0.01 - - - 0.71 2.37 235.7 0.07 0.03 0.01 -64.1 0.69 0.49 0.25 -47.7 0.10 0.08 0.14 79.4
4421 Other articles of wood 0.00 0.01 0.01 -47.0 0.01 0.00 0.00 -78.5 - - - - 0.03 0.22 0.00 -99.8 0.00 0.00 -79.1
5208 Woven fabrics of cotton, with >=85% cotton, 0.94 0.58 0.33 -42.4 0.15 0.00 0.01 2046.8 - - 0.34 - 0.16 0.18 0.17 -7.9 0.04 0.04 0.02 -50.5
5209 Woven fabrics of cotton, with >=85% cotton, 0.01 0.00 0.00 -76.1 0.00 0.00 -100.0 0.01 - -100.0 0.00 0.03 0.05 100.0 0.02 0.01 0.00 -80.1
5210 Woven cotton fabrics with man-made
fibres etc 0.00 0.00 0.04 2605.8 - 0.00 0.00 -100.0 - - - - 0.00 0.03 0.02 -22.3 0.00 0.02 0.00 -98.6
fibres,etc 0.00 0.00 0.00 -64.3 - 0.00 0.00 - 0.36 0.52 0.12 -77.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 70.7 0.00 0.00 0.00 -91.6
5212 Other woven fabrics of cotton, not
elsewhere specified 0.00 0.01 0.01 55.9 0.02 0.00 -100.0 0.02 - -100.0 0.01 0.01 0.00 -56.4 0.01 0.01 0.01 60.0
5513 Woven fabrics, <85% synthetic staple
fibres, etc 0.49 0.31 0.84 172.6 - 0.00 0.00 - - - - - 0.02 0.04 0.21 486.8 0.06 0.02 0.05 152.2
5514 Woven fabrics, <85% synthetic fibres, etc 0.08 0.03 0.06 115.8 - 0.00 0.00 - - - - - 0.50 0.83 0.83 -0.6 0.01 0.03 0.05 103.8
6211 Track suits, ski suits and swimwear; other
than garments 0.02 0.02 0.02 -5.0 0.04 0.01 0.00 -70.7 - - - - 0.01 0.03 0.04 49.0 0.01 0.01 0.03 180.5
499
Table 9an(Ctd): Imports of Sensitive Products from EAC Countries, 2016-2018, (US$
Million)

heading
2016 2017 2018 % 2016 2017 2018 % 2016 2017 2018 % 2016 2017 2018 % 2016 2017 2018 %
6302 Bed linen, table linen, toilet linen and
kitchen et 0.02 0.03 0.01 -82.3 0.01 0.00 -76.5 - 0.08 - 0.19 0.33 0.08 -75.0 0.23 0.15 0.10 -32.3
6305 Sacks and bags, used for packing goods 4.54 2.48 3.77 52.0 2.20 0.74 1.14 54.9 - 0.06 - -100.0 2.36 4.38 4.91 12.2 1.08 2.03 2.27 12.0
6309 Worn clothing 0.06 0.02 0.08 247.1 0.07 0.08 0.02 -73.2 0.15 0.23 0.08 -67.2 0.14 0.06 0.12 83.6 0.07 0.07 0.05 -36.7
8309 Stoppers, caps and lids 6.70 6.75 6.16 -8.8 7.19 8.41 17.0 - - - 2.44 1.82 2.26 23.8 1.97 2.09 0.63 -69.6
8506 Primary cells and primary batteries 0.01 0.01 0.00 -92.5 - 0.08 0.06 -27.1 - - - - 0.56 2.48 0.10 -96.1 0.01 0.00 0.03 1205.2
8704 Motor vehicles for the transport of goods 1.42 1.76 4.10 133.0 0.56 0.73 1.02 39.5 - - - - 0.17 0.60 0.09 -85.2 0.40 0.06 -84.3
Total 73.40 65.36 67.39 3.1 9.03 20.97 17.84 (14.94) 70.39 110.2 155.7 41.27 103.35 99.12 125.3 26.4 21.88 25.12 29.00 15.5
500
Table 9b: Imports of Sensitive Products from Non-EAC Countries, 2016 to 2018 (US$
million)

heading
2016 2017 2018 % 2016 2017 2018 % 2016 2017 2018 % 2016 2017 2018 % 2016 2017 2018 %
0401 Milk and cream, not concentrated or
sweetened 0.2 0.2 0.1 (12.0) 4.6 2.8 3.0 9.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 (81.2) 1.1 1.8 0.2 (89.9) 0.0 0.0 0.1 874.5
0402 Milk and cream, concentrated or sweetened 0.8 0.7 0.8 28.1 3.8 2.6 5.4 112.3 3.2 18.9 6.2 (67.0) 1.4 9.3 8.0 (13.8) 0.8 0.7 0.1 (91.9)
0403 Buttermilk, curdled milk and cream,
yogurt, etc 0.1 0.1 0.1 17.5 0.8 0.4 0.3 (33.4) 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.7 - - 61.2 - - - - -
1001 Wheat and meslin 127.8 147.0 153.3 4.3 189.9 154.9 10.3 (93.4) 284.5 410.0 423.5 3.3 35.4 58.6 5.5 (90.6) 16.8 18.2 - (100.0)
1005 Maize(corn) 0.5 0.4 0.0 (96.8) 11.4 37.2 20.6 (44.6) 0.8 19.1 17.2 (10.2) 22.7 32.3 58.2 80.2 0.1 6.2 9.3 50.3
1006 Rice 35.1 80.2 47.9 (40.3) 0.7 0.5 1.1 106.1 136.6 258.3 251.4 (2.6) 27.1 85.4 5.6 (93.4) 2.4 24.1 2.0 (91.5)
1101 Wheat or meslin flour 0.9 3.6 2.9 (19.0) 0.1 0.0 0.1 299.4 4.1 0.4 2.2 478.6 1.0 4.4 0.1 (98.5) 0.0 0.1 2.5 2,564.3
1102 Cereal flours, (excl. wheat or meslin) 0.0 0.1 0.0 (26.5) 0.4 0.2 0.1 (24.8) 0.0 0.0 0.0 (16.8) 5.0 7.9 56.9 616.6 2.5 5.5 2.3 (58.0)
1701 Cane or beet sugar and chemically
pure sucrose, in solid form 64.3 101.9 74.6 (26.8) 130.3 108.4 123.8 14.2 170.8 216.6 165.3 (23.7) 53.3 104.6 3.5 (96.7) 10.2 23.8 0.5 (97.8)
2203 Beer made from malt 1.6 1.4 2.4 75.0 13.5 16.3 14.4 (11.5) - - - - 5.4 5.8 0.1 (98.7) - 1.7 0.5 (71.5)
2402 Cigars, cigarillos, cigarettes, etc, of tobacco
or tobacco substitutes 0.5 0.6 0.6 9.5 2.4 0.8 0.9 6.4 1.6 1.4 2.0 40.2 3.2 3.4 0.0 (98.7) 0.1 0.1 - (100.0)
2403 Other manufactured tobacco and
substitutes; homogenized tobacco, etc 0.1 0.1 0.2 13.2 0.1 0.0 1.6 5,129.6 - - - - 0.0 0.0 0.947,163.1 0.0 0.0 - (100.0)
2523 Portland cement, aluminous cement,
501
Table 9b (Ctd): Imports of Sensitive Products from Non-EAC Countries, 2016 to 2018 (US$
million)

heading
2016 2017 2018 % 2016 2017 2018 % 2016 2017 2018 % 2016 2017 2018 % 2016 2017 2018 %
persulphate 49.2 53.2 89.4 68.2 27.7 9.5 17.3 81.5 - - - - 56.8 39.0 0.9 (97.6) 7.5 7.0 8.3 17.9
3303 Perfumes and toilet water 1.5 1.8 1.9 5.5 1.7 1.3 0.8 (33.7) - - - - 0.5 0.7 0.8 11.3 - 0.2 0.0 (99.5)
3307 Shaving preparations, personal
deodorants, etc, 1.8 1.7 2.1 24.8 1.8 1.6 1.8 12.6 - - - - 0.8 0.9 1.5 63.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 (99.3)
3605 Matches (excl. pyrotechnic articles of 36.04) 1.4 0.8 0.8 (0.2) 1.5 0.6 2.4 317.6 0.3 0.0 0.1 61.8 0.9 2.1 0.3 (84.4) 0.0 0.0 0.1 855.9
4421 Other articles of wood 0.4 0.2 0.2 3.4 2.7 2.1 1.9 (10.0) - - - - 0.3 0.4 2.6 568.3 - 0.1 0.0 (99.2)
5208 Woven fabrics of cotton, with >=85%
cotton, etc 6.7 3.5 2.3 (33.8) 33.6 25.8 31.7 23.2 0.0 0.4 0.2 (57.4) 1.2 2.3 0.2 (91.7) 0.4 2.9 0.0 (99.4)
5209 Woven fabric of cotton containing >=85%
weight of cotton, etc 0.0 0.0 0.3 592.7 7.7 9.5 10.7 12.2 - - - - 0.2 0.1 0.7 695.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 (94.0)
5210 Woven fabric of cotton containing <85%
weight of cotton, <=200g/m2 2.1 9.5 9.3 (2.7) 0.2 0.6 0.6 (10.0) - - 0.0 - 0.0 0.1 0.0 (69.8) - 0.0 0.0 (99.4)
fibres,etc 0.2 0.0 0.0 (90.0) 0.2 0.2 0.1 (39.2) - - 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 0.2 2,533.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 (99.8)
5212 Other woven fabrics of cotton, not
elsewhere specified 0.0 0.1 0.0 (90.6) 0.3 0.1 0.0 (77.3) - 0.0 0.377,944.6 0.2 0.1 1.5 2,369.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 (67.2)
5513 Woven fabrics, <85% synthetic staple fibres,
with cotton, =<170g/m2 9.0 10.5 16.4 55.8 1.4 1.0 0.4 (57.3) 0.0 - 0.0 - 1.3 1.8 4.6 154.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 (73.7)
502
Table 9b (Ctd): Imports of Sensitive Products from Non-EAC Countries, 2016 to 2018 (US$
million)

heading
2016 2017 2018 % 2016 2017 2018 % 2016 2017 2018 % 2016 2017 2018 % 2016 2017 2018 %
5514 Woven fabrics, <85% synthetic fibres,
mixed etc 0.9 1.6 1.6 (2.6) 0.9 1.5 0.7 (53.2) 0.0 - 0.8 - 3.1 5.4 0.4 (92.4) 0.1 0.1 0.1 (27.3)
6211 Track suits, ski suits and swimwear; etc 0.3 0.3 0.6 90.0 2.4 1.0 1.9 93.0 0.3 0.4 2.3 539.7 0.6 0.6 1.8 181.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 26.9
6302 Bed linen, table linen, toilet linen and kitchen 3.6 3.7 3.3 (8.7) 6.3 5.0 5.2 3.5 0.4 0.9 0.3 (61.7) 2.2 2.0 1.4 (29.0) 0.8 0.1 0.1 3.3
6305 Sacks and bags, used for packing goods 5.1 4.8 5.0 3.5 8.2 10.1 7.3 (28.1) 3.1 3.2 1.5 (53.4) 3.8 5.7 18.4 224.5 0.3 0.4 2.3 435.9
6309 Worn clothing and other worn articles 72.2 66.1 83.5 26.3 62.1 47.8 81.5 70.4 126.4 126.0 167.1 32.6 17.6 22.4 1.9 (91.5) 8.9 11.5 0.0 (99.6)
8309 Stoppers, caps and lids, capsules for
bottles of base metal 0.6 0.6 0.6 (5.6) 7.7 5.7 10.9 91.3 - 0.3 2.8 729.5 2.6 4.5 6.9 55.4 0.2 0.9 0.6 (28.8)
8506 Primary cells and primary batteries 8.8 6.1 7.3 19.1 20.4 18.2 14.6 (19.5) 0.4 6.2 21.5 246.9 5.4 8.6 36.6 323.2 2.1 1.8 0.0 (98.2)
8704 Motor vehicles for the transport of goods 116.3 144.7 131.6 (9.0) 141.5 122.7 195.4 59.3 7.3 - - - 42.0 63.6 281.0 341.6 - 12.9 0.1 (99.5)
Total 512.2 645.3 639.2 (0.9) 686.5 588.4 566.8 (3.7) 739.9 1,062.5 1,064.9 0.2 295.3 473.8 562.1 18.6 53.6 118.8 29.0 (75.6)
503
Table 10: Values of Imported Products Attracting Excise Duty
for 2017 to 2018 (US$ Million)
Uganda
not elsewhere specified 1,013.90 1,136.44 12.1
accessories thereof - 63.42 -
15 Animal/veg fats and oils and their cleavage products; etc - 34.39 -
33 Essential oils and resinoids; perfumes, cosmetic/toilet preparations 45.07 18.06 -59.9
18 Cocoa and cocoa preparations 2.32 2.42 4.5
39 Plastic and articles thereof 171.27 1.00 -99.4
85 Electrical machinery equipment parts thereof; sound recorders, etc 9.11 0.00 -100.0
Subtotal 1,551.4 1,425.0 91.9
Kenya
20 Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts or other parts of plants. 5.26 6.43 22.4
21 Miscellaneous edible preparations. 27.09 35.34 30.4
22 Beverages, spirits and vinegar. 69.83 76.62 9.7
24 Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes. 0.13 0.11 -14.2
27 Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation 2418.13 2977.84 23.1
29 Organic chemicals. 0.05 0.04 -14.8
33 Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations. 23.66 30.83 30.3
39 Plastics and articles thereof. 0.00 0.00 -
44 Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal. 0.00 0.00 -
48 Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, of paper or of paperboard. 0.00 0.00 -
54 Man-made filaments. 0.00 0.00 -
504
Table 10 (Ctd): Values of Imported Products Attracting Excise
Duty for 2017 to 2018 (US$ Million)
61 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories knitted or crocheted. 0.00 0.01 5441.2
63 Other made up textile articles; worn clothing and worn textile articles 0.11 0.11 6.8
68 Articles of stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica or similar materials. 0.05 0.01 -81.6
70 Glass and glassware. 0.00 0.00 -
metals, metals clad with precious metals 0.00 0.00 -
accessories thereof. 706.45 774.42 9.6
95 Toys, games and sports requisites; parts and accessories thereof. 0.14 0.17 24.6
Subtotal 3250.89 3901.94 20.0
Tanzania
27 Mineral fuels, oils and products of their distillation; etc 1,530.68 1,772.73 15.8
Subtotal 2,613.99 3,137.95 20.0
Rwanda
04 Milk and cream, concentrated or sweetened (powdered milk) 13.5 13.0 -3.7
20 Fruit juices (incl. grape must) and vegetable juices, 4.1 3.3 -19.7
27 Petroleum oils, etc, (excl. crude); preparations thereof 496.6 552.4 11.2
Subtotal 772.11 782.47 1.3
Burundi
17 Sugar and sugar confectionery 26.1 23.5 -9.9
505
Table 10 (Ctd): Values of Imported Products Attracting Excise
Duty for 2017 to 2018 (US$ Million)
Subtotal 228.2 244.9 7.4
506
Table 11: Customs Revenue Collected by EAC Partner States,
2016-2018, Values in US$ million
Partner Tax head 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 2018
state
Target Actual Target Actual Target Actual Performance rate %
change
Uganda
Import 306.7 287.3 330.5 307.4 349.3 351.0 93.66 93.02 100.49 14.2
Excise Duty 481.75 504.60 547.44 540.63 599.60 570.35 104.74 98.76 95.12 5.5
VAT Imports 623.80 560.93 630.70 610.79 644.15 704.29 89.92 96.84 109.34 15.3
Other 160.59 110.31 155.23 142.29 151.93 164.63 68.69 91.67 108.36 15.7
Total Trade taxes 1,572.8 1,463.1 1,663.8 1,601.1 1,745.0 1,790.2 93.02 96.23 102.59 11.8
8 3 3 2 1 9
Total Revenue 3,568.4 3,459.3 3,902.5 3,725.1 4,264.4 4,282.4 96.94 95.45 100.42 15.0
7 0 3 0 5 9
%age of Trade 42.3 43.0 41.8
taxes to Total
Revenue
Kenya
Import Duty 798.93 885.83 930.89 859.47 1,096.46 853.54 110.88 92.33 77.85 -0.7
Excise Duty 746.53 769.19 813.69 803.94 987.63 695.97 103.04 98.80 70.47 -13.4
VAT Imports 1,283.58 1,594.45 1,509.12 1,442.57 1,812.03 1,391.90 124.22 95.59 76.81 -3.5
Other 1,141.31 1,555.03 1,315.34 1,347.17 1,391.80 1,233.48 136.25 102.42 88.62 -8.4
Total Trade taxes 3,970.34 4,804.50 4,498.07 4,453.15 5,287.92 4,174.90 121.0 99.00 78.95 -6.2
1
Total Revenue 12,539. 13,322. 14,481. 13,763. 16,460. 12,718. 106.2 95.05 77.27 -7.6
84 73 23 73 33 54 4
%age of Trade 36.06 32.35 32.83
taxes to Total
Revenue
Tanzania
Import Duty 580.05 649.74 547.86 478.89 519.06 517.97 112.01 87.41 99.79 8.2
Excise Duty 547.77 628.48 707.01 481.64 333.00 133.65 114.73 68.12 40.14 -72.3
VAT 963.36 820.16 1,019.24 893.62 971.33 964.36 85.14 87.68 99.28 7.9
Other 587.74 561.69 858.78 826.62 23.73 36.79 95.57 96.26 155.04 -95.5
Total Trade taxes 2,678.9 2,660.0 3,132.8 2,680.7 2,945.4 2,629.2 99.30 85.57 89.26 -1.9
2 7 8 7 6 0
Total Revenue 6,715.6 6,491.5 7,653.3 6,736.7 7,560.4 6,726.8 96.66 88.02 88.97 -0.1
0 7 1 5
%age of Trade 40.98 39.79 39.09
taxes to Total
Revenue
Rwanda
Import 86.23 91.46 95.25 97.10 82.0 96.9 106.07 101.94 118.10 -0.2
Excise Duty 81.47 87.38 92.91 83.95 93.3 87.0 107.25 90.35 93.30 3.7
VAT Imports 144.80 150.31 152.93 149.83 137.0 146.8 103.81 97.97 107.15 -2.0
Other 59.29 53.61 57.70 57.18 37.9 38.6 90.42 99.10 102.00 -32.5
Total Trade taxes 371.79 382.75 398.79 388.06 350.2 369.4 102.9 97.31 105.47 -4.8
5
Total Revenue 1,274.1 1,302.1 1,376.2 1,397.7 1,235.0 1,278.8 102.2 101.5 103.54 -8.5
3 5 5 0 0 6
%age of Trade 29.39 27.76 28.88
taxes to Total
Revenue
Burundi Import Duty 21.34 21.43 21.58 25.76 20.48 31.22 100.42 119.36 152.47 21.2
VAT 15.24 21.00 27.06 37.70 76.78 94.37 137.77 139.32 122.91 150.3
Excise Duty 81.51 81.28 83.82 88.38 28.83 41.98 99.72 105.44 145.61 -52.5
Other 17.31 26.86 36.18 32.44 53.50 31.77 155.12 89.67 59.37 -2.1
Total cutoms 135.41 150.57 168.64 184.28 179.59 199.33 111.2 109.2 110.99 8.2
revenue 0 8
Total Tax Revenue 335.01 353.31 416.57 436.14 442.66 469.40 105.4 104.7 106.04 7.6
6 0
%age of Trade 42.62 42.25 42.46
taxes to Total
Revenue

Table 12: Total Exemptions and Remissions Granted by EAC
Partner States for 2018 Compared to 2017, US$ Millions
Partner States Heading 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Annual Annual
%age %age
change change
2017 2018
Uganda
Value of 295.6 305.9 322.0 286.8 373.8 -10.93 30.32
Exemptions
Revenue Foregone 53.2 70.1 81.8 70.6 88.2 -13.71 24.88
Total Trade taxes 1,505. 1,486. 1,463.1 1,601. 1,790.3 9.43 11.81
9 8 1
%age Foregone 3.41 4.5 5.6 4.4 4.9
Tanzania
Value of 3,940. 2,868. 7,069.2 2,255. 1,826.52 -21.36 -19.02
Exemptions 80 14 9 44
Revenue Foregone 730.88 592.6 444.12 475.42 440.75 7.05 -7.29
2
Total Trade taxes 2,315. 2,338. 2,541.9 2,680 2,673.7 5.46 -0.26
31 34 5 .72 8
%age Foregone 23.99 20.22 14.87 15.06 14.15
Kenya
Value of 3,032. 3,126. 2,619.3 3,087. 3,009.14 17.86 -2.53
Exemptions 79 48 3 09
8
Total Trade taxes 3,885. 3,838. 4,804.5 4,453. 4,174.90 -7.31 -6.25
43 59 0 15
%age Foregone 13.78 14.75 11.07 14.86 14.95
Rwanda
Value of 684.34 646.5 576.64 558.09 624.5 -3.22 11.91
Exemptions 5
Revenue Foregone 189.42 182.2 157.31 166.04 179.2 5.55 7.96
2
Total Trade taxes 342.7 369.3 382.75 388.06 428.4 1.39 10.40
0 6
%age Foregone 55.27 49.33 41.10 42.79 41.84
Burundi
Value of 77.76 340.7 203.90 370.47 341.67 81.69 -7.77
Exemptions 7
Total customs 147.47 143.2 150.57 184.28 199.33 22.39 8.16
revenue 2
%age Foregone 5.12 56.12 36.06 49.54 42.19
Source: Partner State Revenue Authorities

Table 13: Tariff Bands, 2014- 2018, US$ Millions
Partner Tariff 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 % % %

state band chang chang chang
status e 2016 e e 2018
2017
Kenya 0% 4,258.60 3,992.18 3,323.15 4,437.91 5,471.60 -16.8 33.5 23.3
2% - - - - - - - -
4% 2.49 0.11 0.81 1.50 5.87 625.9 84.3 291.9
6% 38.27 11.52 16.95 21.57 18.09 47.1 27.2 -16.1
10% 650.60 561.66 556.40 556.21 552.10 -0.9 0.0 -0.7
25% 883.71 754.11 712.86 437.57 511.84 -5.5 -38.6 17.0
>25% 239.86 208.53 219.28 141.14 169.93 5.2 -35.6 20.4
Total 6,073.5 5,528.1 4,829.4 5,595.9 6,729.4 -12.6 15.9 20.3
3 2 6 0 4
Kenya 0% 11,995.1 9,652.30 8,121.88 10,073.7 9,942.42 -15.9 24.0 -1.3
5 7
10% 2,352.88 2,248.24 2,035.74 1,993.06 2,237.72 -9.5 -2.1 12.3
25% 3,137.52 3,257.21 3,137.07 3,447.43 3,685.75 -3.7 9.9 6.9
>25% 920.64 842.70 810.32 1,172.78 1,512.16 -3.8 44.7 28.9
Total 18,406. 16,000. 14,105. 16,687. 17,378. -11.8 18.3 4.1
19 44 01 05 05
Tanzania 0% 7,539.03 5,862.26 4,184.11 5,008.90 5,356.25 -28.6 19.7 6.9
10% 2,309.82 2,071.97 1,531.87 1,084.92 1,281.31 -26.1 -29.2 18.1

25% 2,663.14 2,373.45 1,852.51 1,608.05 1,878.35 -21.9 -13.2 16.8
>25% 255.26 237.80 267.21 78.04 64.00 12.4 -70.8 -18.0
Total 12,767. 10,545. 7,835.6 7,779.9 8,516.1 -25.7 -0.7 9.5
25 48 9 1 8
Rwanda 0% 2,042.69 2,088.50 2,113.41 2,451.08 2,555.43 -13.1 57.6 4.3
5% 73.57 - - - - - - -
10% 182.20 195.63 191.05 205.22 188.08 -13.3 210.7 -8.4
15% - - - - - - - -
25% 206.16 246.29 264.39 262.61 201.75 -5.3 36.0 -23.2
>25% 46.27 44.15 38.43 24.74 9.14 -10.4 -100.0 -63.0
Total 1,704.3 1,982.7 1,780.2 2,875.7 2,954.4 -10.2 61.5 2.7
9 6 4 1 1
Burundi 0% 597.78 619.77 468.00 582.11 419.99 -24.5 24.4 -27.9
5% - - - - - - - -
10% 57.45 58.12 42.80 52.92 97.76 -26.4 23.6 84.7
15% - - - - - - - -
25% 116.22 102.76 103.80 105.84 220.11 1.0 2.0 108.0
>25% 10.45 12.20 13.60 15.12 55.62 11.5 11.2 267.8
Total 781.90 792.85 628.20 755.99 793.47 -20.8 20.3 5.0
Source: Partner States' Revenue Authorities

East African Community
P.O. Box 1096
Tel: +255 (0)27 216 2100
Fax: +255 (0)27 216 2190
Email: eac@eachq.org
Arusha United Republic of Tanzania
www.eac.int

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THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY

EAC TRADE AND INVESTMENT REPORT 2018

The East African Community

East African Community Secretariat Arusha, Tanzania

1.3. Merchandise Trade Trends .......................................................................... 14

1.4. Investment Trends......................................................................................... 16

2.3. Country Speciﬁc Trade Trends .................................................................... 26

ii EAC Trade and Investment Report 2018 www.eac.int

2.5. Prospects for Growth of EAC Merchandise Trade ..................................... 62

EAC Trade and Investment Report 2018 www.eac.int iii

Table 2.4: Burundi: Intra-EAC Exports, 2014-2018 (US$ million) 29

Table 2.6: Kenya Intra-EAC Exports, 2014-2018 (US$ million) 36

Table 2.13: Tanzania’s Intra-EAC Exports, 2014-2018 (US$ million) 52

Table 2.17: Uganda’s Total Informal Exports, 2014-2018, (US$ million) 62

Table 3.7: Burundi’s Sectoral Distribution of Foreign Investment 2016-2018 79

Table 3.12: Kenya's Major Sources of Foreign Direct Investment, 2016-2018 84

Table 3.17: Number of jobs Created by Foreign Direct Investment, 2014-2018 88

iv EAC Trade and Investment Report 2018 www.eac.int

Table 3.24: Tanzania: Major Sources of Foreign Direct Investments, 2017-2018 96

EAC Trade and Investment Report 2018 www.eac.int v

Figure 1.1: Economic Growth in Selected African Economies, 2014-2018 (percentage) 7

Figure 2.3: Burundi's Imports by Country/ Region of Origin, 2017-2018 32

Figure 2.5: Burundi's Re-Exports Share of Total Exports 2014-2018 (percent) 33

Figure 2.8: Kenya’s imports by country/region of origin, 2017-2018 (percent share) 38

Figure 2.12: Rwanda Exports by destination, 2017-2018 (U$ millions) 44

Figure 2.16: South Sudan's Imports by Country/Region of Origin (percentage shares) 49

Figure 2.20: Tanzania’s Imports by Country/Region of Origin, 2017-2018 (percentage share) 53

Figure 2.21: Tanzania’s Domestic Exports by Destination, 2017-2018 (percentage share) 54

vi EAC Trade and Investment Report 2018 www.eac.int

AEO Approved Economic Operator

EAC Trade and Investment Report 2018 www.eac.int vii

viii EAC Trade and Investment Report 2018 www.eac.int

EAC Trade and Investment Report 2018 www.eac.int ix

1 EAC Trade and Investment Report 2018 www.eac.int

EAC Trade and Investment Report 2018 www.eac.int 2

3 EAC Trade and Investment Report 2018 www.eac.int

1.1. The East African Community

1.2. Macroeconomic Context

Table 1.1: Summary of Global Output Growth 2014-2018 (percentage change)

Region/ Country 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Global 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.8 3.6

5 EAC Trade and Investment Report 2018 www.eac.int

1.2.2. Africa Economic Outlook

Figure 1.1: Economic Growth in Selected African Economies, 2014-2018 (percentage)

Source: AfDB- AEO 2019

EAC Trade and Investment Report 2018 www.eac.int 6

Figure 1.2: EAC- GDP Growth, 2014-2018 (annual percent)

Source: Compiled from Partner States Central Bank data 2019

7 EAC Trade and Investment Report 2018 www.eac.int

EAC Exchange Rate

EAC Trade and Investment Report 2018 www.eac.int 8

EAC Balance of Payments

9 EAC Trade and Investment Report 2018 www.eac.int

EAC Trade and Investment Report 2018 www.eac.int 10

EAC National Savings

EAC External debt

11 EAC Trade and Investment Report 2018 www.eac.int

EAC and Global Value Chains

EAC Trade and Investment Report 2018 www.eac.int 12

Integrating EAC into Regional Markets

African Continental Free Trade Area

The Common Market for East and Southern Africa

13 EAC Trade and Investment Report 2018 www.eac.int

1.3. Merchandise Trade Trends