Name:

Waqar Ahmad
Regestration:
2019-ag-8981
Degree:
BSC Agricultural Engineering
Submitted to:
DR. USMAN FARID

TOPIC:
Cement Replacement Materials

Abstract:
Rapid reduction of natural resources, huge amount of energy consumption, and environmental
degradation involved in the production of cement . The use of solid waste in valuable products
becomes a worthwhile deal for individuals, organizations and countries themselves. Waste glass
powder was also considered one of the world's leading waste materials. It examines
the morphological characteristics of waste glass powder, as part of its use for cement
replacement. The fine glass powder pozzolanic qualities make it suited for concrete applications.
Extensive testing of cement repla age 7 and 28 days in the range of 5 to 15% by waste glass
powder has been carried out in terms of the Compressive Strength Test (CST) and Slump Test. It
improved economic aspects of concrete with the utilization of waste glass powder.
Some Basic Examples of cement replacement materials are;
1-Silica Fume
2-Sludge
3-Sugarcane bagasse ash
4-Rice husk ash
 Powder glass as cementitious materials replacement:
Mainly glass products are the by-product of recycled material and also repeat this recycled
process many times without changing their chemical phases or configuration. The recycling of
glass starts by melting a mixture containing materials such as: soda ash, silica, calcium carbonate
(CaCO3), and recycled glass pieces. Glass powder also shows pozzolanic behaviour by reacting
with calcium hydroxide and the same enhances with larger surface area for the reactions.
 An experimental investigation has been carried out with Waste Glass Powder (WGP) as
replacement of ordinary cement up to 15% to produce sustainable concrete.

Cement Glass Powder Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate

Mx-0 100 % 0% 100% 100%

Mx-1 95% 5% 100% 100%
Mx-2 90% 10% 100% 100%
Mx-3 85% 15% 100% 100%

Utilization of sugarcane bagasse ash:

It is approximated that the worldwide production of sugarcane is more than 1500 million tons per
year. Around 26% of fibrous bagasse waste is produced from Each ton of sugarcane and
annually, 400–500 million tons of bagasse is generating as a waste from this industry. It means
260–290 kg of fibrous bagasse produced from each ton of processed sugarcane. When fibrous
bagasse is burnt at around 600–800 °C temperature it produces ash possessing large amount of
amorphous silica which have excellent pozzolanic properties [19]. This amorphous silica content
in the bagasse ash makes a suitable cement replacement material in concrete.

a) Sugarcane b) Bagasse c) Bagasse

Rice husk ash as a partial replacement of cement:

RHA generally referred to an agricultural by-product of burning husk under controlled
temperature of below 800 °C. The process produces about 25% ash containing 85% to 90%
amorphous silica plus about 5% alumina.
 Rice husk ash obtained from Indian paddy when reburnt at 650°C for a period of 1 h
transformed itself into an efficient pozzolanic material rich in amorphous silica content (87%)
with a relatively low loss on ignition value (2.1%) . There are two ways to burn rice hush:
controlled and uncontrolled methods. Initially rice husk was converted into ash by open heap
village burning method at a temperature, ranging from 300 °C to 450 °C. When the husk was
converted to ash by uncontrolled burning below 500 °C, the ignition was not completed and
considerable amount of unburnt carbon was found in the resulting ash. The ash produced under
controlled burning conditions between 550 °C and 700 °C by incinerating temperature for 1 h
possibly transforms the silica of the ash into amorphous phase. Burning duration varied between
15 m to 24 h, while according to various investigation the optimum time would be 6 h with
680 °C.

Methodology:
The existing research focused on replacement of small fraction of port land cement through
waste material from glass milling or WGP only. The level of water content was unchanged
through this replacement or as it was in common concrete.

Advantages Of Cement Replacement Materials:

 Substantial reduction in carbon footprints, due to reduction in cement content.
 Reduce cost of raw materials.
 May Improve Durability.
 Reducing heat in cities.
 Reducing road noise.

Disadvantages of Cement Replacement:

 Low early strength.
 Increase cost of production and possibility of errors in mix proportions.
 Require better curing and therefore increase cost of placing. GGBS (Ground granulated
blast furnace slag) can cause bleeding, but PFA (Perfluoroa lkoxy) generally improves
cohesion.
 PFA and CSF produce a darker colour mix which may be fades away soon.