Blouberg Nature Reserve Visitor Guide

BLOUBERG NATURE RESERVE
A Visitor’s Guide
Jeff W. Morris & Ruan I. Stander
Herp Nomad
Polokwane, Limpopo Province, South Africa
Facebook: facebook.com/herpnomad
E-mail: herp.nomad@gmail.com
First edition, published in South Africa, February 2024.
Copyright © in text, 2024: Jeff Morris & Ruan Stander, unless otherwise indicated.
Copyright © in all photographs, 2024: As credited.
Copyright © in all maps, 2024: Jeff Morris, unless otherwise indicated.
Copyright © in all illustrations, 2024: Jeff Morris, unless otherwise indicated.
Proofreader: Willem van der Merwe
Design and layout: Ruan Stander
Editor: Ruan Stander
All rights reserved. This book is available as an electronic PDF and may be freely distributed
in its unaltered original form. With the exception of personal use, this publication may not
be printed or reproduced in any form or by any means without the prior written permission
of the copyright owners. This version may not in any way or form be sold. The
acknowledgements on p. I constitute an extension of this copyright page.
Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy and factuality of the information
contained in this book at the time of publication. The author, contributors, publisher and/or
printer (hereafter, the producers) cannot accept any responsibility for injury, loss or death
suffered as a result of using this book. The producers do not have any control over, or
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ISBN: 978-0-7961-4912-1 (E-pdf)
This publication is available online at: tinyurl.com/Blouberg-Nature-Reserve.
A separate Tourist Map is at: tinyurl.com/Map-Blouberg-Nature-Reserve.
Cover Images (All images by Ruan Stander unless credited otherwise)

Top: Blouberg’s eastern summit. First row, left to right: Renatiella reticulata; Eastern
Scarlet (Axiocerses tjoane tjoane); Chacma Baboon; Blouberg Flat Lizard (Platysaurus
intermedius parvus). Second row, left to right: Fiery-necked nightjar; Southern Foam-nest
Frog (Chiromantis xerampelina); The ‘Big Tree’ baobab (Adansonia digitata) [Jeff Morris];
Albuca seineri. Bottom: Cape Vulture with Chacma Baboon in the background (Jeff Morris).
Title page: Rapanyane’s Neck as seen from the east, with a young Baobab (Adansonia
digitata) in the foreground.
BLOUBERG NATURE RESERVE
A Visitor’s Guide
Jeff W. Morris
Ruan I. Stander
Contents
Acknowledgements & about the authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
History of the reserve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Biogeography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Centres of endemism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Endemic plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Endemic vertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Endemic invertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Physical environment & geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Present climate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Vegetation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Vertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Mammals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Birds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Reptiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Amphibians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Invertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Butterflies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Beetles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Scorpions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Arachnids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Visitor attractions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Accommodation & amenities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Important notice from reserve management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Blouberg Nature Reserve contact details & further reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Useful internet links. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Bibliography & further reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Tourist map of Blouberg Nature Reserve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Tree checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
Mammal checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Bird checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Reptile checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Amphibian checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Butterfly checklist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Acknowledgements
Jeff Morris is grateful to Adam Bumby, Günther Brandl and Nick Baglow for proofreading
the geology section and making useful comments and suggestions. Warwick Tarboton is
thanked for permission to use a selection of his outstanding bird photographs. Rainfall data
was kindly provided by Johan van Wyk. Temperature records were provided by the South
African Weather Service. The sections on butterflies were kindly written by Jeremy Dobson
of the Lepidopterists’ Society. The reserve manager and staff are thanked for their
encouragement and support. The Friends of Blouberg Nature Reserve, and especially
chairman Gerd Botha, are thanked for encouragement with this project.
Ruan Stander thanks the Lord Jesus Christ for the ability to enjoy creation. Thanks to Johan
Barnard, Pietman Pieterse, Frans Matoro, Rick Hill, Rob Haynes, Mervyn Murray-Smith,
Lukas Mohlabeng and Antonie Kloppers for facilitating or enabling fieldwork. For assistance
in the field and/or sharing their knowledge of the area, thanks to: Vincent Egan, Stefan
Foord, Sarel Swanepoel Sr., Paul Kruger, Johan van Wyk, Barry Fourie, Norbert Hahn, Luke &
Ursula Verburgt, Melissa Petford, Courtney Hundermark, Joubert Heymans and Gary
Nicolau. For sharing their expertise and permitting the use of their photographs, thank you
to Ryan van Huyssteen, Willem van der Merwe, Marcin Kamiński and Colin Schoeman.
Derek Engelbrecht and Jeremy Dobson kindly vetted and/or provided selected checklists.
About the authors

Jeff W. Morris started his career in the 1960's as plant ecologist with the Botanical
Research Institute (now National Biodiversity Institute). He spearheaded the introduction
of quantitative techniques and computerisation in those early days. After some years he
left the scientific field, moving to the corporate world and eventually started his own
computer software house. In his retirement he has written tourist guides for various
North-West Province game reserves and Blouberg NR in Limpopo Province is his latest
guide.
Ruan I. Stander is the author of The Reptiles of the Limpopo Province and Kruger National
Park: Their ecology, behaviour and distribution. He has authored numerous scientific short
articles about African reptiles and has conducted herpetofauna surveys in Ethiopia,
Tanzania and South Africa since 2014. Ruan has 15 years’ experience working with wild
reptiles and has also worked as a field guide throughout the Limpopo Province for nearly
a decade. He was permanently based on the Blouberg Nature Reserve for just over a year.
Please communicate errors and suggestions for improvement to the corresponding

author, Jeff Morris (jeffwmorris@gmail.com).
I 5
Preface
In 2023, the Endangered Wildlife Trust (EWT) published a far-reaching report on the state
of provincial reserves in South Africa. Blouberg Nature Reserve was not highlighted as a low
-scoring or as a high-scoring reserve in terms of the biodiversity management indicators
they used to rank the reserves. However, in a Beeld newspaper article dated 30 May 2023,
Elise Tempelhoff wrote, ‘There are, of course, provincial nature reserves, such as Blouberg
in Limpopo, which with the little government help it receives, are excellently
managed.’ (translated from the original Afrikaans). There is a notable sense of
professionalism and dedication among the reserve staff and an obviously enormous impact
by the volunteer group, Friends of Blouberg.
It is a sad and ignorant affair to spend one’s time in the African bush doing nothing but
chasing the Big Five and enjoying sundowners. There are at least a thousand other things
equally enjoyable and often more fascinating than the big game. Even more – one can
never be bored or disappointed, because around every tree and over every hill awaits
something spectacular in Africa’s plethora of living and geological gems.
Arguably one of the best places on the continent to enjoy Africa’s splendour in all its
diversity is the Soutpansberg and Blouberg. There are not many places where one can
traverse imposing savanna, rugged bushveld, lush evergreen forest, grandiose mountain
plains and arid Kalahari sandveld all in the same day. This diversity of habitats and
landscapes is part of the reason for the area’s jaw-dropping biodiversity. Furthermore, the
region has a rich history and cultural significance, especially the neighbouring Makgabeng
which offers a variety of tourist attractions.
The Blouberg Nature Reserve, in particular, is one of Limpopo’s best-kept secrets and a real
hidden gem among South Africa’s major eco-tourist attractions. It is situated less than two
hours’ drive from the province’s capital city (Polokwane) and en-route to one of the
country’s most iconic and underrated national parks (Mapungubwe National Park). As one
of the most well-managed and best-maintained provincial reserves in Limpopo, it is hard to
believe that so few people visit it.
There is an enormous amount of information available about the Blouberg and adjoining
Soutpansberg mountains. An early synthesis of the environmental, biological and cultural
assets of the Soutpansberg, which included the Blouberg, developed from a Synthesis
Workshop in 2003 (soutpansberg.com/workshop/index.htm). This website contains much
relevant research relative to the wider area and is worth consulting for a start. The reserve
is on the edge of the Vhembe Biosphere Reserve (VBR) (vhembebiosphere.org/about-us),
an initiative dating to 2009. Many scientific publications detailing all aspects of the area’s
natural history have been published for well over a hundred years. Selected references are
provided in the bibliography. This guide is a summary providing an overview of the
reserve’s geology, fauna and flora.
The purpose of this guide is threefold – to provide a doorway to the Blouberg region’s
fascinating biodiversity, to provide tourists with an overview of what to expect from a visit
to Blouberg Nature Reserve, and to give researchers and academics a bird’s eye view and
basic references to the Blouberg’s intricate natural history. We trust that this guide will add
value to your visit to the Blouberg Nature Reserve of the Limpopo Province, South Africa.
6 II
Introduction
The Blouberg Nature Reserve is located in the eastern foothills of the inselberg with the
same name . The mountain itself runs along a southwest–northeast axis for roughly 42 km
and lies west of the much larger Soutpansberg mountain range which stretches from Vivo
to the northern Kruger National Park (a distance of approximately 250 km). The two
mountains are separated by a gap of about 30 km.
The reserve is easy to reach from Polokwane (formerly Pietersburg) via Vivo on the R521
road to Alldays. The access gate to the reserve is located 18 km from Vivo and its
coordinates are 22° 58 '38.1"S, 29° 09' 03.2"E.
Approximate location of Blouberg Nature Reserve (base map from Google Maps).
HISTORY OF THE RESERVE
The Hananwa tribe, under the leadership of Chief Malebogo (Maleboch), occupied the
area from the early 1820s. This tribe arrived in the area as a refugee fragment of the
Bahurutshe tribe from Botswana and displaced the resident Madibana tribe from the area.
The Hananwa tribe later split into two groups, namely the Maleboch tribe to the south and
west, and the Kibi tribe to the north and east.
The greater Blouberg Mountain area, including the portion of land on which the reserve is
situated today, was initially earmarked for inclusion into the former Lebowa homeland and
was later identified as an area that could potentially be developed into a nature reserve.
As a result, the government of South Africa at that time purchased all portions of this land
previously owned by commercial farmers, whereafter it was held in trust with the purpose
of developing its infrastructure up to the point where it could be transferred to the
Lebowa homeland as a fully functional nature reserve.
The reserve was proclaimed in 1983 in terms of the Lebowa Nature Conservation Act and
in 1993 the boundaries were extended to make the reserve a final 9 348 ha in extent. The
custodian of the reserve is currently the Limpopo Department of Economic Development,
Environment and Tourism (LEDET). A land claim by the Manoko community has led to a
cooperative land-use arrangement with the local community, which has been entrusted
with the grounds on which the Blouberg Environmental Education Centre was formerly
located (previously the farm Derry).
7
BIOGEOGRAPHY
Biogeography is the study of patterns in the geographic distribution of living organisms.
The geography, geology, topography, vegetation and climate in a given area all
influence the distribution of any species in that area and constitute its habitat at the
most fundamental level. This is because these factors either provide corridors for, or
barriers to dispersal. Consequently, an organism’s distribution often forms a distinct
and predictable pattern. The biogeographical affinities of the Blouberg’s fauna and flora
are closely tied to its geographic location. Not only is the inselberg located within the
tropics, but it lies at the confluence of all three primary biogeographic regions in South
Africa. This makes the Soutpansberg–Blouberg a truly unique environment in southern
Africa and accounts for its world-renowned biodiversity. It is the only single location in
South Africa where all the biogeographic regions converge. This, combined with the
diversity of geology, topography and associated climatic conditions produces the
phenomenal biodiversity observed on and around these mountains.
Naming conventions of biogeographic regions are not standardised. In the simplest

sense, there are three primary biogeographic zones in South Africa – Arid, Tropical and
Temperate. New species form in the contact zones between these regions, and these
are typically closely related to ‘parent’ species associated with one of the primary
biogeographic zones.
Map source: Google Earth

Tropical
Arid
Temperate
Ruan Stander
Primary biogeographical zones of southern Africa: arid (orange), temperate (blue) and
tropical (green). Location of Blouberg indicated by black square.
8
Centres of Endemism
Endemism is the state of a species being found only in a single defined geographic location,
such as an island, mountain range, state, nation, country or other defined zone. Organisms
that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere. On the
African mainland, the highest levels of endemism are usually observed among plants
(especially succulents), invertebrates, reptiles and amphibians. This is due to the limited
dispersal capabilities of these organisms as speciation typically occurs in response to
geographic isolation, which leads to reproductive isolation. As a result, many taxa closely
resemble their sister species, but are unique in several aspects including genetic structure,
morphology and ecology.
The Galapagos Islands and Madagascar are probably the best-known examples of
endemism. The Blouberg mountain in a ‘sea of sand’ has important examples of endemism
which are highlighted in this section.
The Limpopo Province boasts three major centres of endemism – the Soutpansberg–
Blouberg, Wolkberg (including the eastern escarpment) and Sekhukhune. These areas are
rich in endemic fauna and flora. For the purpose of this book, the Blouberg is treated as a
distinct centre, although together with the Soutpansberg it is sometimes regarded as one
geographic centre of endemism. The Soutpansberg and Blouberg appear to have been
connected historically and they have much in common from a floral perspective. The
habitats and climates of the two mountains are near-identical and endemic species that are
not shared are the result of speciation in response to geographic isolation. It should be
noted that the Blouberg Nature Reserve only conserves a small area of the inselberg; thus
much of the unique fauna and flora that are associated with the mountain do not actually
occur in the reserve.
ENDEMIC PLANTS
Lists of plants in a centre of endemism are not static but change as new species are
described or existing species are found in other localities. Blouberg is no different in this
regard. The highest regions of the mountain contain patches of Northern Escarpment
Afromontane Fynbos – a
unique vegetation zone
found only on the
Soutpansberg, Blouberg
and areas of the eastern
escarpment.
Only three endemic plants
have generally been
recognised from the
Blouberg: Berkheya radyeri,
Cinereria cyanomontana
and Streptocarpus
longiflorus. Ledebouria
Streptocarpus longiflorus is restricted to rocky Jeff Morris
grassland at high elevation on the Blouberg.
9
caesiomontana was added to the list in 2014, but by 2017 it was discovered in the
Soutpansberg along with Berkheya radyeri, leaving only two Blouberg endemics. Although
there are only two strict Blouberg endemics, a further 13 species are endemic to the
Soutpansberg–Blouberg. Examples of these include Euphorbia zoutpansbergensis,
Euphorbia aeruginosa and Huernia whitesloaneana.
B
All images: Ruan Stander

A
E
Examples of
Soutpansberg–Blouberg
endemic plants
A. Euphorbia aeruginosa
B. Euphorbia
zoutpansbergensis
C– D. Huernia whitesloaneana
E. Ledebouria caesiomontana
Ryan van Huyssteen
10
ENDEMIC VERTEBRATES
Endemic reptiles
Blouberg is home to three endemic reptiles which are either confined to the mountain or
have most of their distribution centred around it. These are the Blouberg Flat Lizard
(Platysaurus intermedius parvus), Makgabeng Dwarf Gecko (Lygodactylus montiscaeruli),
which also occurs in the Makgabeng region, and the White-bellied Dwarf Burrowing Skink
(Scelotes albiventris), which also occurs in Makgabeng and the extreme western
Soutpansberg. A further eight endemics are shared with either or both the Soutpansberg
and Makgabeng where they also occur extensively.
B C
D A. White-bellied Dwarf
Burrowing Skink.
B. Blouberg Flat Lizard.
C. Makgabeng Dwarf
Gecko.
D. Broadley’s Flat Gecko
(Afroedura broadleyi) is
endemic to the
Soutpansberg–Blouberg
and Matlala.
11
ENDEMIC INVERTEBRATES
In the field of entomology, there is undoubtedly much waiting to be discovered on the
Blouberg massif. It is currently known to support several endemic taxa of the more
conspicuous invertebrates such as butterflies, beetles and spiders.
Endemic butterflies
Blouberg is home to three endemic butterfly subspecies:
All images: Jeremy Dobson

Dorsal Ventral
Blouberg Silver-barred Emperor (Charaxes druceanus solitaria)

Appears to be confined to the higher forests of the Blouberg (>1 500 m a.s.l.)
Blouberg Forest King (Charaxes xiphares staudei)

Occurs throughout the forested slopes of the mountain.
Dorsal Ventral
Western Soutpansberg Autumn Widow (Dira swanepoeli isolata)

Occupies summit sourveld on the verges of Afromontane forest >1 500 m a.s.l.. on Blouberg.
12
Beetles
Endemic Darkling Beetles include Microstizopus transvaalensis (endemic to Soutpansberg
and Blouberg) and Anaxius bloubergensis, a highly stenotopic endemic beetle that has (to
date) not been recorded outside of the Blouberg Nature Reserve.
Spiders
The unique Vendaphaea lajuma is endemic to the Soutpansberg and Blouberg. Other
range-restricted species that have been recorded from the Blouberg include: Ammoxenus
daedalus (known only from Blouberg, Dendron [Mogwadi] and Louis Trichardt),
Galeosoma vandami, Segregara paucispinulosus and Ballomma neethlingi.
Marcin Kamiński
Colin Schoeman
Two of Blouberg’s endemic beetles: Anaxius bloubergensis (top) and Microstizopus

transvaalensis (above).
13
Physical Environment & Geology
The Blouberg is a true inselberg rising abruptly from the northwestern plains of Limpopo.
At just over 2 050 m a.s.l., it is higher than the Soutpansberg with which it has much in
common geologically and biologically.
The Blouberg mountain around which the reserve is laid out is a towering landmark visible
from many kilometres away (on a clear day after rain, it can be seen all the way from
Polokwane). It is a roughly east–west aligned wedge of rock rising out of an almost
featureless plain. The highest peak in the reserve is 1 491 m a.s.l., immediately above the
vulture colony. The Blouberg’s highest point (2 051 m a.s.l.) is on the eastern plateau,
outside of the reserve. The southern edge of the mountain in the reserve is generally a
steep scarp. The northern edge is bounded by a slightly gentler face and a wide scree
band.
To the north, the elevation drops to about 850 m a.s.l. at the entrance gate. In the south,
the bed of the Brak River, where it flows out of the reserve at the lowest point, is at about
840 m a.s.l.
Superficially, the rocks underlying the reserve are not complex. The rocky component of
the mountain consists mainly of pinkish quartzite of the Wyllie’s Poort Formation that is
cracked into rectangles, with deep vertical fractures manifested as gulleys on the
mountainside. South of the mountain, the soil and clay overburden is underlain by
Archaean gneiss, some of the oldest rocks in South Africa. North of the mountain, the
sandy soil is mostly underlain by Letaba basalt, related to that which formed the Lebombo
Mountains and the high Drakensberg of KwaZulu-Natal and Lesotho.
Long before Africa as a continent existed, two giant

plates of primordial solidified magma called the
Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe cratons met along the so-
called Limpopo Mobile Belt. The plates of Archaean
gneiss jostled relative to each other, upwards and
downwards and ground against each other horizontally
with energy that is impossible to imagine. Shear zones
(horizontal movements) many kilometres in length are
mapped. In some areas the positions of faults indicate
relative up-down movements exceeding 1 700 m in
vertical displacement.
Blouberg is situated on the northern edge of the

Kaapvaal Craton, explaining the source of the Archaean
gneiss south of the mountain. The sedimentary rocks
of the mountain itself were laid down in a fairly Position of Blouberg (indicated
straight, V-shaped valley (technically a Half-graben) with *) on the edge of the
formed in the Archaean basement stretching from Limpopo mobile belt.
Punda Maria to Blouberg. The valley became broader
as it filled with sediment and later the rocks were de-
posited in a wide inland lake.
14
The sediment turned to sandstone and then metamorphosed into the highly erosion-
resistant Wyllie’s Poort quartzite we see today. Millennia later, sediments of other
formations were deposited on top of the quartzite, culminating with an outpouring of
basaltic lava over the area. This is the rock still encountered near the surface north of the
mountain.
An artist’s impression of a theoretical cross-section through the reserve from north to

south is useful in explaining the geology.
Schematic north-south cross-section of Blouberg. After Brandl, 2003.
15
One million years in geological terms is represented by ‘Ma’ (Mega annum). One billion
years (one thousand million) is abbreviated as ‘Ga’ (Giga annum) and a millennium (1 000
years) as ‘Ka’ (Kilo annum).
BEIT BRIDGE COMPLEX / BASEMENT GNEISS

These rocks, some of the oldest known in South Africa, are not exposed in the reserve but
underlie the area south of the mountain. The rocks are dated at an age of at least 3.4 Ga.
SOUTPANSBERG GROUP
The overlying Wyllie’s Poort Formation forms the mountain we see today. Rocks of the
Soutpansberg Group have been dated to approximately 1830 Ma.
The arenaceous (derived from sand) rocks comprise mainly greyish white, pink, red, purple
or brownish quartzite which is medium-to fine-grained. Sedimentary structures are
abundant and include cross-bedding, slumping, symmetric and asymmetric ripple marks.
Good places to look for these sedimentary structures are the track to the Look-out and the
track over Rapanyane’s Neck. The quartzite is thickly bedded. Numerous thin impersistent
horizons of conglomerate or pebble washes are intercalated with the quartzite.
The directions of ripple

marks have been
measured at various
places to determine the
probable source
direction of the rivers
bearing the sandy
sediment into the basin.
A strong easterly source
is proposed.
All images: Jeff Morris
Wyllie’s Poort quartzite along the road to the Look-out in Blouberg’s eastern foothills.
Note the ripple marks clearly visible in the bottom left image.
16
KAROO SUPERGROUP
Clarens Formation and argillaceous (derived from silt or clay) sediments of this Supergroup
occur north of the Blouberg but are not exposed in the reserve. The uppermost rock layer
of the Supergroup is of Letaba Formation basalt which, itself, is covered in places by soil
and scree of recent sediments.
Letaba Formation comprises an almost entirely basaltic lava which is seldom exposed on
the surface. In outcrops, basalt is a fairly massive, blackish-grey rock containing numerous
small yellow-green crystals. It is coarse-textured and very heavy. A thickness of 200 m has
been found from borehole cores and a maximum thickness of 300 m is proposed.
JURASSIC &CRETACEOUS INTRUSIVES

A dolerite plug has been mapped in a small area. There are no outcrops and it is obscured
by a 10 m-thick scree of Wyllie’s Poort quartzite. It has been identified from a detailed
aeromagnetic map. The plug has an estimated diameter of 500–1000 m.
SEDIMENTS & SCREE

The most recent geological formations (Quaternary deposits) include sandy soil, alluvium,
sand, scree, high-level gravels and calcrete dating back 2.5 Ma. North of the
Blouberg, most of the surface is covered with these deposits. A
Aeolian Kalahari sand is widespread north of the range. This is the same sand that
covers vast areas of the Kalahari in sand dunes and sand fields. Local areas of alluvium
occur along the banks of the Brak River, south of the Blouberg.
FAULTS
A number of significant faults criss-cross the reserve, the most dramatic being the scarp of
the northern strand of the Melinda Fault (which marks the northern cliff faces of the
Blouberg Mountain). Another significant fault is the Amo Amas Fault, named
after the farm on which it was first noted. Jeff Morris
A B
Jeff Morrs
C
Ruan Stander
A. Northern aspect of Blouberg. B. Eastern aspect of Rapanyane’s Neck. Note the dip to
the north. C. South scarp face hosting the vulture colony.
17
Geological map of Blouberg Nature Reserve. After Brandl & Bumby, nd.
What is a fault?
A fault is a fracture, or break, in the Earth's crust where sections of crust move past
each other vertically, horizontally or both.
Faulting occurs when shear stress on a rock overcomes the forces which hold it
together. The fracture itself is called a fault plane. When it is exposed at the Earth's
surface, it may form a cliff or steep slope called a fault scarp.
A normal fault is one where the fault dips toward the down-thrown block. Normal
faults occur in rifted terranes such as the African Rift valley.
A reverse fault (if steeply dipping) or thrust fault (if shallowly dipping) is a fault where
the fault plane dips toward the upthrown block. Reverse and thrust faults shorten
(horizontally) and thicken the crust. They are characteristic of collision origins such as
the Limpopo Mobile Belt here.
A strike-slip fault is one where the relative motion is horizontal.
Modified from: Simple English Wikipedia
18
DRAINAGE
The only drainage of note is the ephemeral Brak River flowing through the southeastern tip
of the reserve. It flows northwards through the gap between the Blouberg and
Soutpansberg before joining the Sand River at Bellevue and the Limpopo River near Musina
(formerly Messina).
The Brak River may have been considerably larger in the past, losing headwaters to the
Sand and Mogalakwena rivers. Its extensive floodplain in the reserve adds credence to the
notion that it was historically larger.
There is a notable absence of streams originating around the Blouberg, considering the
relatively high rainfall it receives. A possible explanation is the strong fracture cleavage
(cracks) displayed by the Wyllie’s Poort quartzite of the mountain. Rainfall rapidly
infiltrates these fracture planes to become groundwater. One weak spring occurs beneath
the cliffs of the vulture colony but the water soon disappears underground.
PRESENT CLIMATE
The Blouberg Nature Reserve is situated in a summer rainfall region, with moderately wet
summers and dry, cold winters.
All available historical rainfall records were obtained from reserve management and are
analysed here. The calendar year was not used for summaries but season rainfall based on
periods from 1st July to the following June 30th. The availability of records is summarised in
Table 1. Readings have been taken at nine gauges but only three have a continuous record
from the beginning. No readings are available for the seasons from 1990–91 to 1995–96.
Station ADH was replaced by Office, which is on the same site.
Temperature records from 2010 to 2023 were provided by the South African Weather
Service for the nearest weather station recording temperatures (Venetia Mine).
Season Recording station
From To ADH OFFICE No.4 FRITCHLEY DERRY DEVON NEK MON URK
PLASIER
1989– 90 1989– 90 X X X X X
1990–91 1995–96 No recordings

1996–97 1996–97 X X X X X X
1997–98 1997–98 X X X X X X X
1998–99 1998–99 X X X X X X
1999–00 2005–06 X X X X X X X
2006–07 2022–23 X X X X X X X X
Table showing sources of all rainfall readings.
19
The range in rainfall is significant. Highest averages were recorded at Mon
Plasier south of the mountain and Nêk on Rapanyane’s Neck (>500 mm).
The lowest averages were at ADH, Fritchley and Devon to the north of the
mountain (<420 mm).
Map showing rainfall stations.
Chart showing seasonal averages of rainfall.
20
Climate chart based on readings from the Office weather station on Blouberg Nature
Reserve (rainfall) and Venetia Mine (temperature).
The peak of summer rainfall at the Office station is clearly visible. There is virtually no rain
in June, July and August. The peak in April at the end of summer is of interest and further
study is warranted.
Average daily maximum temperature varies from 25 °C in winter to a maximum of 33 °C in

November and December. Average daily minimum temperature varies from 8 °C in June
and July to a maximum of 21 °C in December.
Ruan Stander
Tortoise activity peaks during rain events, and they are often seen drinking water in the
middle of rain bouts. Pictured here is a Leopard Tortoise (Stigmochelys pardalis) at
Mashatu camp.
21
Vegetation
NORTHERN PLAINS BUSHVELD
This major vegetation type occurs on the northern foot slopes and plains of the reserve.
Diagnostic trees include the Tamboti (Spirostachys africana), White Seringa (Kirkia
acuminata) and Velvet Corkwood (Commiphora mollis). Characteristic grasses include
Lehmann’s Love Grass (Eragrostis lehmanniana lehmanniana), Carrot-seed Grass (Tragus
berteronianus), Common Crowfoot (Dactyloctenium aegyptium) and Herringbone Grass
(Pogonarthria squarrosa). Many herbaceous species are present.
Dominant woody species include several Corkwoods (Commiphora spp.), Sandpaper Raisin
(Grewia flavescens), White Raisin (G. bicolor), Shepherd’s Tree (Boscia albitrunca), Red
Bushwillow (Combretum apiculatum), Knobbly Combretum (Combretum mossambicense),
Knob Thorn (Senegalia nigrescens), Sickle Bush (Dichrostachys cinerea), Puzzle Bush
(Ehretia rigida), Bell-bean Tree (Markhamia zanzibarica) and Marula (Sclerocarya birrea).
Baobab trees (Adansonia digitata) are also common in this area.
It is clear from cursory inspection and study of satellite images that this vegetation type is
not homogenous. Part of the reason may be past land use practices (including clearing for
cultivation).
Ruan Stander
Northern plains bushveld.

SOUTHERN PLAINS BUSHVELD
This major vegetation type is restricted to the plains and foot slopes south of the Blouberg.
Diagnostic woody species are the Leadwood (Combretum imberbe), Mountain Karee (Searsia
leptodictya) and Weeping Boer-bean (Schotia brachypetala). Diagnostic grass species include
Mopane Grass (Enteropogon macrostachyus) and Spreading Three-awn (Aristida congesta
barbicollis).
Dominant woody species include the Umbrella Thorn (Vachellia tortilis heteracantha),
Sandpaper Raisin (Grewia flavescens), Red Bushwillow (Combretum apiculatum), White
Raisin (Grewia bicolor), Scented Thorn (Vachellia nilotica), Magic Guarri (Euclea divinorum),
Knob Thorn (Senegalia nigrescens), Sickle Bush (Dichrostachys cinerea), Puzzle Bush (Ehretia
rigida) and Buffalo Thorn (Ziziphus mucronata).
22
Southern plains bushveld. Ruan Stander
MOUNTAIN BUSHVELD
This major vegetation type is restricted to the higher-lying mountainous terrain of the
Blouberg between the northern and southern plains. Characteristic woody species include
the Mountain Mahogany (Entandrophragma caudatum), Large-fruited Bushwillow
(Combretum zeyheri), and Elephant-root (Elephantorriza burkei). Diagnostic grass species
include Small Rolling Grass (Trichoneura grandiglumis), various Three-awn species (Aristida
spp.) and Loudetia filifolia. Peculiarly, there are also stands of the African Mangosteen
(Garcinia livingstonei) on some of the rocky ridges. The species is usually associated with
deep sand and is typically single-stemmed (e.g., those in the Fig Forest), whereas those on
the rocky ridges grow in extremely shallow soil and are multi-stemmed.
Dominant woody species include Corkwoods (Commiphora spp.), Wild Syringa (Burkea
africana), Kudu Berry (Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia), Black Monkey-orange
(Strychnos madagascariensis), Velvet Bushwillow (Combretum molle), Transvaal Milkplum/
Stamvrug (Englerophytum magalismontanum), Thorny Gardenia (Hyperacanthus
amoenus), Transvaal Red Milkwood/Moepel (Mimusops zeyheri), Mountain Currant
(Searsia magalismontana), Wild Medlar (Vangueria infausta), and Pipe-stem Tree (Vitex
rehmannii). Many of these species also occur in the higher-lying parts of the Waterberg and
Magaliesberg mountains to the south.
Ruan Stander
Mountain bushveld.
23
HIGHVELD GRASSLAND
A small portion of grassland occurs on the higher summit above the vulture colony. Typical
trees in this sourveld habitat include African Beech (Faurea saligna), Velvet Bushwillow
(Combretum molle), Common Hook-thorn (Senegalia caffra), Wild Syringa (Burkea africana)
and Mountain Cabbage Tree (Cussonia paniculata). The dominant grass species in this
habitat is the Common Thatching Grass (Hyparrhenia hirta).
Ruan Stander
Highveld grassland on the summit above the vulture colony.
TREES
A special feature of this reserve is the trees, mentioned as its ‘biggest asset’ on the reserve’s
information sheet. Roughly 120 conspicuous tree species can be spotted from roads within the
reserve (list provided in Appendix 2). There are numerous impressive examples of large trees
which are undamaged due to the absence of elephants on the reserve. A variety of trees are
tagged in the camps, at stopping places and along the roads, making tree-spotting easy.
Ruan Stander
This spectacular Tamboti (Spirostachys africana) specimen is located on the road between
Masahtu Camp and Buffelpan hide.
24
A B
Ruan Stander
Ruan Stander
Jeff Morris
D
Ruan Stander
A. Forest Waterwood (Syzygium legattii). B. Violet Tree (Securidaca longipedunculata).

C. White Seringa (Kirkia acuminata) in autumn colours. D. Baobab (Adansonia digitata).
25
A B
Jeff Morris
C
Ruan Stander
Jeff Morris
D E
Ruan Stander
A. Marula (Sclerocarya
birrea). B. Leadwood
(Combretum imberbe). C. Brown
Ivory (Phyllogeiton [Berchemia]
discolor). D. Silver Cluster-leaf
(Terminalia sericea). E. Apple
Jeff Morris
Leaf (Philenoptera violacea)

with an unusual growth pattern.
26
FLOWERS
In most of the reserve, flower diversity is low compared to the entire mountain, especially at
higher elevation. Below is a selection of flowers from various locations on the mountain.
A B C
D E F
G H
K
J
I
A. Carissa edulis B. Bauhinia petersiana C. Albuca seineri D-E. Gerbera sp. F. Crinum
buphanoides G. Hermbstaedtia odorata H. Plumbago zeylanica I. Striga elegans
J. Cyphostemma lanigerum K. Family Asteraceae L. Osteospermum auriculatum
M. Ruellia cordata
27
SUCCULENTS
Due to the arid influence from the west, a great variety of succulents occur on and around
the Blouberg. Some of the more common and conspicuous species are pictured below.
A B
Willem van der Merwe

C D
All other images: Ruan Stander
A. Adromischus umbraticola
B. Adenia spinosa
C. Aloe chabaudii
D. Aloe littoralis
28
A B
C D
C: Stapelia gigantea
D: Kalanchoe thyrsiflora
E: Tavaresia barklyi
A: Aloe hahnii
F: Anacampseros subnuda
B: Aloe spicata
29
Vertebrates
As a result of the varying topography and associated diversity of habitats, an astonishing
variety of mammalian, avian, reptilian, amphibian and invertebrate species are present on
the reserve.
MAMMALS
Common mammals include Chacma Baboon, Vervet Monkey, Cape Buffalo, Giraffe, Kudu,
Impala, Common Duiker and Warthog. The total tally of observed mammal species
(excluding bats and small rodents) stands at 40 species.
The Blouberg Nature Reserve is one of six provincial nature reserves that are home to a
Southern Sable Antelope (Hippotragus niger niger) breeding program. Naturally-occurring
Sable Antelope are considered rare in South Africa and this species survives mainly in and
around protected areas with low population densities of people and cattle (not including
exotic game breeding farms).
The Blouberg Nature Reserve also hosts a successful Cape Buffalo breeding program. The
reserve’s 2021 game census revealed a healthy population with numbers in excess of 200
disease-free individuals. A checklist of mammals is provided in Appendix 3.
A B
Jeff Morris
C D Ruan Stander
Ruan Stander
Ruan Stander
A. Cape Buffalo. B. Sable Antelope.

C. Eastern Rock Elephant Shrew (Elephantulus myurus). D. Klipspringer.
30
A B
C
A. A Kudu bull asserting its presence. B. A Waterbuck bull that has fought many a battle.
C. A Giraffe enjoying a drink.
31
Jeff Morris
Warthog & Co. (Red-billed Oxpecker) at the waterhole.
The Soutpansberg–Blouberg is a South African bat diversity hotspot and the Blouberg
Nature Reserve is home to at least 21 species. Three of the most commonly-seen species
are the Mauritian Tomb Bat (Taphozous mauritianus), Wahlberg's Epauletted Fruit Bat
(Epomophorus wahlbergi) and Common Slit-faced Bat (Nycteris thebaica).
A B
A. Common Slit-faced Bats roosting in a Baobab tree. B. Wahlberg’s Epauletted Fruit Bat
roosting. C. Mauritian Tomb Bat.
32
BIRDS
As a result of the diverse habitats, good conservation measures and subtropical climate, the
Blouberg Nature Reserve is a true paradise for birders – whether beginners or serious
ornithologists. A total of 292 species are currently recorded in the SABAP2 (Southern
African Bird Atlas Project) database. The 24 most commonly-recorded species are
illustrated below. A checklist of birds is provided in Appendix 4.
All images: Warwick Tarboton
A B
C D
E F
A. Tit, Southern Black B. Camaroptera, Grey-backed C. Bulbul, Dark-capped D. Oriole, Black

-headed E. Hornbill, Southern Red-billed F. Hornbill, Southern Yellow-billed G. Barbet,
Black-collared H. Batis, Chinspot I. Puffback, Black-backed J. Waxbill, Blue K. Sunbird,
White-bellied L. Go-away-bird, Grey M. Drongo, Fork-tailed N. Sparrow-Weaver, White-
browed O. Helmetshrike, White-fronted.
33
G
34
L
J
N
H
I
O
K

The flagship bird for the reserve is the Cape Vulture. The two vulture sub-colonies make up
the world’s largest colony with 1 488 nest sites recorded in 2022, the most to date. White-
backed Vultures are known to visit the reserve and one record of the rare Rüppell’s Vulture
is known – a single individual that has remained in the area for many years and hybridised
with the resident Cape Vultures.
A A B
C D
A. Scrub Robin, White-browed B. Crombec, Long-billed C. Dove, Cape Turtle D. Vulture,

Cape E. Dove, Emerald-spotted Wood F. Dove, Laughing G. Spurfowl, Natal
H. Francolin, Crested I. Guineafowl, Helmeted J. Guineafowl, Crested.
35
All other images: Warwick Tarboton
G H
I J
Ruan Stander
Threatened species (according to IUCN criteria) that have been recorded on the reserve
include the Bateleur (Vulnerable), Black Stork (Near-threatened), Blue Crane (Vulnerable),
Cape Vulture (Vulnerable), Hooded Vulture (Vulnerable), Kori Bustard (Vulnerable), Lanner
Falcon (Near-threatened), Lappet-faced Vulture (Vulnerable), Lesser Kestrel (Vulnerable),
Martial Eagle (Vulnerable), Peregrine Falcon (Near-threatened), Red-billed Oxpecker (Near-
threatened), Saddle-billed Stork (Endangered), Secretary Bird (Near-threatened), Tawny
Eagle (Vulnerable) and White-backed Vulture (Vulnerable). The Martial Eagle and Tawny
Eagle not only have IUCN significance, but are apex predators in their respective
ecosystems and therefore fulfil an ecologically significant role. Similarly, four IUCN-listed
vulture species, also known to fulfil an ecologically significant role within the ecosystem,
have been recorded on Blouberg Nature Reserve. Not all of these are resident on the
reserve; several are vagrants.
Cape, White-backed, Lappet-faced and Hooded Vultures regularly visit the vulture
restaurant on the reserve. Tourists can view these birds at close range, especially during
winter months when they come to bathe at the Vulture Restaurant and feed on bone
fragments (which are always available) as well as carcasses, when provided. Females need
the added calcium in their diet for the production of egg shells in the breeding season
(winter).
36
Other notable resident birds are the Three-banded Courser, Retz's Helmetshrike, Swallow-
tailed Bee-eater and Tropical Boubou.
A
B C
A. Three-banded Courser
B. Tropical Boubou
C. Swallow-tailed Bee-eater
37
REPTILES
The Soutpansberg–Blouberg has the most diverse reptile species assemblage in South
Africa. It owes this diversity to its geographic location within the tropics, as well as the wide
variety of habitats and climatic conditions created by the mountains and their topography.
Furthermore, these mountains are located at the confluence point of southern Africa’s
three primary biogeographic regions, namely the Arid, Temperate and Tropical regions (see
p. 8). Each of these regions are home to fauna and flora species that are closely linked to
that region. Where these regions converge, new species emerge as they adapt to changing
conditions and become isolated from parent groups. The Blouberg Nature Reserve boasts
67 verified reptile species. This diversity is exceptional given the Blouberg’s comparatively
small size.
The complete list of reptiles recorded in the reserve is provided in Appendix 5. The 20 most
commonly-seen reptiles of the reserve are pictured below:
A B
C D

E F
A. African Striped Skink (Trachylepis striata) B. Damara Variable Skink (T. damarana)
C –D. Rainbow Skink (T. margaritifer) E. Bushveld Lizard (Heliobolus lugubris) F. Yellow-
throated Plated Lizard (Gerrhosaurus flavigularis).
38
A B
C D
E F
G
A. Bradfield’s Dwarf Gecko (Lygodactylus bradfieldi) B. Common Dwarf Gecko (L. capensis)
C. White-throated Monitor (Varanus albigularis) D. Breeding male Southern Tree Agama
(Acanthocercus atricollis) E. Turner’s Gecko (Chondrodactylus turneri) F. Male Arnold’s
Velvet Gecko (Homopholis arnoldi) G. Common Tropical House Gecko (Hemidactylus
mabouia).
Harmless Can cause painful wounds Highly venomous
39
A B
C D
E F
A. Central Marsh Terrapin (Pelomedusa subrufa) B. Leopard Tortoise (Stigmochelys pardalis)

C. Puff Adder (Bitis arietans) D. Southern African Python (Python natalensis) E. Spotted Bush
Snake (Philothamnus semivariegatus) F. Black Mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis) G. Western
Stripe-bellied Sand Snake (Psammophis subtaeniatus).
40
The Boomslang (Dispholidus
typus) can be identified by
the large eyes, short &
pointed snout and keeled
scales. Adults are sexually
dichromatic and juveniles
are grey with white lips, a
yellow patch on either side
of the neck and bright green
eyes.
Although rarely seen, the Common Barking Gecko’s (Ptenopus garrulus garrulus) nasal
‘eck-eck-eck-eck-eck’ call is often heard in chorus at sunset during summer (mostly in the
area between the Vulture Restaurant and Modumele camp). Males, like the one pictured
here, perform the calls to attract females.
The Bushveld Lizard (Heliobolus lugubris) undergoes pronounced ontogenetic colour

change. Hatchlings and juveniles are unmistakable and are seen in significant numbers
during spring and summer. When they cross open ground, they will raise their body high
off the substrate and arch their back while performing a rather elaborate walk. This is
41
thought to represent Batesian mimicry of the toxic ‘oogpister’/ground beetles (Anthia &
Termophilum spp.) and possibly also mutillid wasps (often called ‘velvet ants’). The species is
a fantastic example of a Batesian mimic that reinforces its colourative mimicry with
behaviour that resembles that of its model.
Jeff Morris
A
B C
Ruan Stander
Ruan Stander
A. Juvenile Bushveld Lizard (H. lugubris) employing Batesian mimicry. B. Termophilum sp.
C. Anthia sp.
AMPHIBIANS
The presence of 17 amphibian species (Appendix 6) have been verified in the reserve and
up to 25 may occur within its boundaries. This low diversity is a result of the generally
xeric conditions in the region. Amphibian activity in this area is temporal and sporadic,
coinciding with major rain events. After rain, the locally abundant Bushveld Rain Frog
(Breviceps adspersus) emerges en masse from their underground dormancy. Other fre-
quent frog sightings include the Banded Rubber Frog (Phrynomantis bifasciatus), sand
frogs (Tomopterna spp.), African Red Toad (Schismaderma carens), Eastern Olive Toad
(Sclerophrys garmani) and the Southern Foam-nest Frog (Chiromantis xerampelina).
Both images: Ruan Stander
African Red Toad (Schismaderma carens) Eastern Olive Toad (Sclerophrys garmani)
42
A B
C D
E F
G
A. Unidentified sand frog species (Tomopterna sp.) B. African/Edible Bullfrog (Pyxicephalus

adspersus) C. Banded Rubber Frog (Phrynomantis bifasciatus) D. Marbled Shovel-snouted
Frog (Hemisus marmoratus) E. Bushveld Rain Frog (Breviceps adspersus) F. Northern Pygmy
Toad (Poyntonophrunus fenoulheti) G. Mating pair of Bubbling Kassinas (Kassina
senegalensis).
43
Invertebrates
A plethora of invertebrates occur in and around the Blouberg Nature Reserve. Below is a
miscellaneous selection.

A B
C D
E F
A. Long Skimmer (Orthetrum trinacria) B. Caterpillar of a dice moth (Rhanidophora sp.)

C. Transvaal Thick-tail Scorpion feeding on a centipede (Class Chilopoda D. Giant Land Snail
(Family Achatinidae) E. Swollen-legged Leaf Beetle (Sagra bicolor) F. Matabele Ants
(Megaponera analis) raiding a termite colony; a common sight on warm days after rain
when they are visible as black trails over roads.
44
BUTTERFLIES (All images & text by Jeremy Dobson)
The Blouberg is situated in a South African butterfly diversity hotspot. Although the
northern and western Soutpansberg regions are relatively dry, they support numerous
species, especially representatives of the Tips (Colotis spp.), which sometimes swarm in
late summer.
The Lepidopterists’ Society of Africa (LepSoc Africa) lists 111 species for the Blouberg
region (Appendix 7). Based on this list, a ‘top 11’, which includes the three Blouberg
endemics (see p. 12), and eight other commonly-encountered species is provided below.
This selection covers the entire Blouberg inselberg, thus some species might not actually
occur in the reserve.
A B
C D
E F
G H
45
I J
K L
M N

A–B. Pale Spangled Ranger (Dotta callicles) C–D. Glitter Silverline (Cigaritis natalensis) E–F.
African Yellow Pansy (Junonia hierta cebrene) G–H. Citrus Swallowtail (Papilio demodocus
demodocus) I–J. African Migrant (Catopsilia florella) K–L. Scarlet Tip (Colotis annae annae)
M–N. Bushveld Purple Tip (Colotis ione).
The Pioneer Caper White (Belenois aurota) [p. 47] is found throughout the African continent,
extending into Arabia and as far as India and Sri Lanka. It sometimes swarms and ‘migrates’
in huge numbers in a northeasterly direction. This is not a true migration (the butterflies are
not returning), but is rather a mass dispersal event, often following good rains and suitable
breeding conditions.
Outside of migrations, the Pioneer Caper White is a butterfly of savanna and arid savanna.
Males are predominantly white, whereas females have more pronounced dark-brown
markings and veins. As is often the case with common and widespread butterflies, the larvae
feed on a variety of plants, but, in South Africa, predominantly Shepherd’s Tree (Boscia
albitrunca) and Zig-zag Caper-bush (Capparis fascicularis). In warm areas, adult butterflies
may be encountered throughout the year, with peaks from December–March.
46
Both images: Jeremy Dobson
BEETLES
With patience and a keen eye, numerous interesting invertebrates can be found on a visit
to Blouberg. The area boasts a rich diversity of dung beetles (family Scarabaeidae) and
darkling beetles (family Tenebrionidae). After significant rains, the secretive tiger beetles
(Manticora spp.) may be encountered.
Male tiger beetles (Manticora sp.) [left] use the characteristic asymmetrical jaws to clasp
females during copulation (right).
47
Common dung beetles (A–D), darkling beetles (E, F & J), tok-tokkie beetles (H–I) and ground
beetles (G) of Blouberg Nature Reserve.

A B
C D
F
E
A. Plum Dung Beetle (Anachalcos convexus) B. Copper Dung Beetle (Kheper nigroaeneus)
C. Flattened Giant Dung Beetle (Pachylomera femoralis) D. Unidentified dung beetle (Family
Scarabaeidae) E. Large Armoured Darkling (Anomalipus elephas) F. Unidentified darkling
(Gonopus sp.) G. Cypholoba alveolata H. Toktokkus vialis I. Ocnodes scrobicollis J. Anomalipus
seriatus.
48
SCORPIONS
Scorpions are common, including non-dangerous tree creepers (Opisthacanthus spp.), lesser
thick-tails (Uroplectes spp.) and burrowing scorpions (Opistophthalmus spp.). The highly-
venomous Transvaal Thick-tail (Parabuthus transvaalicus) and Mozambique Thick-tail (P.
mossambicensis) occur in the northern and southern plains bushveld, whilst harmless rock
scorpions (Hadogenes spp.) are restricted to rocky areas.
Scorpions fluoresce in a bright yellow under UV light. A walk around any camp at night with
a UV torch is sure to produce at least one or two scorpion species. Scan the trees, the
ground and the walls of buildings at ground level.
Top: Tree Creeper (Opisthacanthus asper) Above: Transvaal Thick-tail (Parabuthus

transvaalicus)
Harmless Painful but non-dangerous sting Highly venomous
49
Top: Mozambique thick-tail (Parabuthus mossambicensis) Above: Kalahari Burrowing

Scorpion (Opistophthalmus wahlbergii) Below: A rock scorpion (Hadogenes sp.) under UV
light (left) and normal light (right).
50
ARACHNIDS
Common arachnids include the harmless solifuges or 'red romans’ (Order Solifugae),
jumping spiders (family Salticidae), wolf spiders (family Lycosidae) and buckspoor spiders
(Seothyra spp.). Common spiders on the high south-facing slopes of the mountain include
vlei spiders (Leucage spp.), bark spiders (Caerostris spp.), kite spiders (Gasteracantha
spp.) and orb-weavers (Trichonephila spp.).
A B
C
A. A large nocturnal solifuge species (Order Solifugae) feeding on an armoured ground

cricket (Acanthoplus sp.). B. A diurnal species of solifuge. C. Horned Baboon Spider
(Ceratogyrus darlingi).
51
A
B C
Top: A Dark Fishing Spider (Nilus margaritatus) ambushing in a rock pool. Centre left:
Ocyale Burrowing Wolf Spider (Hippasosa guttata) carrying its offspring. Centre right:
Unidentified running spider (Family Philodromidae) Above: The pitfalls and trapdoors of
several young buckspoor spiders (Seothyra spp.).
52
Visitor attractions
There are two hides on the reserve – both are in good condition and are open to visitors.
Game sightings will depend on the effort the visitor puts in and the season.
VULTURE RESTAURANT
The Vulture Restaurant hide is a good place to see Cape Vultures up close. Vulture activity
at this site peaks in the winter months.
Jeff Morris
Jeff Morris
53
Jeff Morris
BUFFELPAN
This hide is a must-see. The hide is near eye-level with the water in the pan, making it an
excellent place for animal photography. Double-banded Sandgrouse (bottom right)
regularly visit at dusk. Unfortunately, it is difficult to open the metal camera trap doors
without making loud noises which disturb the animals, so take care.
Jeff Morris
Ruan Stander
Ruan Stander
54
Other main attractions are marked on the map. These include the Big Tree and Fig Forest.
A short walk has been cleared out at the latter.
Tracks in the reserve (Map 3)
are mostly sandy with a few
rocky places on and near the
mountain. Some tracks are
marked as 4x4 only. There are
no serious 4x4 challenges. All
track junctions are numbered
and referenced on the reserve
map. Mention must be made of
the donation of tree tags and
track signs by Leach Printers and
Signs (www.leachprinters.co.za).
Any driving off of demarcated
roads is strictly prohibited. This
can be detrimental to succulents
and other small plants, ground-
nesting birds, reptiles and
invertebrates which are easily
overlooked.
A drive over Rapanyane’s neck

to the southern side of the
reserve is rewarding. The track
is rocky but the steepest
sections have been concreted to
prevent erosion. The drive from
Mashatu, Tamboti and Molope
camps to the vulture colony
viewpoint will take 2.5 to 3
Ruan Stander
hours. The track to the base of

the Cape Vulture breeding
colony passes through tall trees
allowing glimpses of the
The towering Sycamore Figs (Ficus sycomorus) of the Fig impressive cliffs of the
Forest. Blouberg. Perennial streams
cross the track and there is a shady stopping place. To the west, the perennial Brak River
flows through the reserve. The river has a narrow gorge and wide floodplain. The riverbed
is sandy but the soils of the floodplain are of black clay. When wet, the clay is treacherous
and solo travel in the wet season in this area is not advised. It is a very long walk for help!
The Motswiri pan is worth a visit whilst the Phalaphala rock pool is highly seasonal.
Another rewarding destination is the Look-out point on the crest of the Blouberg’s
southeastern foothills (4x4 only). There are views over the southeastern section of the
reserve and unhindered vistas towards Polokwane. The western Soutpansberg is visible to
the east and Makgabeng partially visible to the west.
55
Jeff Morris
The ‘Big Tree’ is the largest baobab tree (Adansonia digitata) on the reserve.
Ruan Stander
The ephemeral Brak River.
56
Jeff Morris
Jeff Morris
Top & above: Look-out point
57
Accommodation & amenities
There is no shop and no fuel available in the reserve. The nearest fuel and convenience
shop is 9 km away at Kgobokanang or Vivo (18 km away). Cell phone reception is bad to
reasonable, depending on the network and one’s location on the reserve.
MODUMELE WILDERNESS CAMP

The camp is booked as an exclusive camp. Apart from a porcelain bowl-fitted pit toilet
(with a view!), fireplace, bucket shower and small shelter in case of inclement weather,
the visitor here must be self-sufficient – even bringing their own water. It is located under
a huge White Seringa (Kirkia acuminata) tree on a slight slope and rather exposed to the
elements. There are views of the mountain behind the camp. Tree roots are exposed in
places which could make moving around a little difficult for the elderly.
Ruan Stander
Jeff Morris
Jeff Morris
Jeff Morris
58
TAMBOTI TENTED CAMP
This camp is also booked as an exclusive camp, has four permanent tents (each sleeping
two persons) around a large lapa. Lighting is by solar and gas is used for a stove and fridges
in a communal kitchenette. Hot water for showers is also heated by gas. There is clearly
attention to detail with everything tidy and in place.
Both images: Jeff Morris
59
60
MOLOPE BUSH CAMP
There are six camp sites which can be booked individually. All the camps are lovely with
tall, spreading trees (mainly Weeping Boer-beans [Schotia brachypetala]). Number 5 un-
der the spreading crown of a Nyala tree (Xanthocercis zambesiaca) is arguably the best.
All the sites have a raised fireplace and loose braai grids. Sites are serviced daily. Ash is
cleared away and the sandy ground is swept of leaves.
61
62
MASHATU CAMP
The camp consists of a small conference centre and four bungalows/chalets, each sleeping
four (double bed and bunker-bed). The bungalows have Eskom electricity and have
everything a visitor should need. There is also clear evidence of good maintenance at this
camp.
63
64
Summary of Blouberg Nature Reserve Accommodation Options (Sept. 2023)
Accommodation type Number of Base rate for: Maximum no.

Units: of persons:
Mashatu Chalets 4 1 persons 2 + 2 children
Tamboti Tented Camp 1 4 persons 8

(single party booking)
with 4 tents
Molope Bush Camp 6 sites 2 persons 6
Modumele Wilderness 1 site 2 persons 10

Camp (single party
booking)
A message from Reserve Management

Before and during your visit – General information
1. Please always observe gate times. Late arrivals must make prior special arrangements.
2. There is limited cellphone network coverage on the nature reserve. MTN is the better
option.
3. The reserve is in a malaria-free area although some cases have been reported in recent
years.
Take note:
4. Firewood is not available on the reserve. Please buy enough wood for your
consumption before your visit. You will not be allowed to collect any wood on the nature
reserve.
5. There is no shop on the nature reserve.
6. Vivo has a SaveMor (Spar) shop that sells general groceries. There is also a butchery and
liquor shop. The NTK Agricultural store sells hardware and some camping equipment. Vivo
is 18 km from the nature reserve.
7. The nearest fuel station is 9 km from the reserve’s main gate.
65
8. Only gas braais are allowed in the bush for picnic/brunch purposes. If you want to treat
yourself to a braai in the veld, please bring along your own gas braai. Currently we do not
have equipment to rent out.
9. Some areas may require four wheel drive but you should be fine with high clearance 4x2
in most places.
10. Due to the sandy nature of roads please deflate your vehicle’s tyres to 1.5 Bar. Firm
tyres cause corrugations on the road and dig in much easier. Softer tyres are also more
comfortable over rocky terrain.
11. The hide at Buffalo Pan does amplify sound within. It is therefore important to keep as
quiet as possible to ensure a wonderful experience. Open the door and windows carefully
and quietly.
12. Vultures are very sensitive to any movement and noise. Please take note of this when
visiting the vulture restaurant. Open the camera holes carefully when you want to take
pictures. Please close all openings after visit as not to allow baboons inside this facility.
13. Think of the people that will use the hides after you as you would appreciate the
people that used it before you.
14. Vervet monkeys and baboons can be a nuisance at times, therefore always store food
items well away from sight and reach.
15. Residents to Tamboti tented camp please make provision for extra lighting. The solar
system may run out of battery power depending on usage and prevailing weather
conditions.
16. The boiler (donkey) at Molope Camp will be fired up late afternoons. Thereafter it
remains the campers’ responsibility. The boiler is very effective and only requires a small
fire. Too big a fire will result in only steam coming from the taps.
17. Please use water conservatively. The nature reserve is situated in an arid area.
18. Please make use of toilets at all points of interest. If in need and going to the bush,
please remove all toilet paper with you. Again think of the experience of people coming
after you and how you have found the reserve. Also think about the wildlife that you came
to appreciate.
19. During winter months game conservation management practices like game capture and
culling might take place during your visit.
20. In case of any emergency please call the Reserve Manager on (+27) 083-251-7071
66
Blouberg Nature Reserve contact details and further reading
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blouberg_Nature_Reserve
The official site from Limpopo Province (http://www.bloubergreserve.co.za/) is

comprehensive and contains bird, mammal and tree lists, amongst others. There is a very
active Facebook group by the Friends of Blouberg (https://tinyurl.com/Friends-of-
Blouberg-FB) in which reserve management plays a leading role.
For reservations please contact the following:
Shadrack Rathlane
Cell: 073 068 3180 / 072 584 7475
Tel: 015 293 8601/8339
E-mail: rathlanes@gmail.com
Gloria Rathogwa
Cell: 076 680 4277
E-mail: rathogwag@ledet.gov.za
Useful internet links
https://www.inaturalist.org/projects/blouberg-nature-reserve is a citizen science

platform which already has almost 200 plant and animal observations of over 130 species
from the reserve. You are welcome to add your observations to this valuable project.
Lepidopterists’ Society of Africa (LepSoc Africa) and LepiMAP. https://

www.lepsocafrica.org/?p=projects&s=lepimap is the official website of the Lepidopterists’
Society of Africa.They are a group of enthusiasts dedicated to the study and conservation
of butterflies and moths in the Afrotropical region.
http://sabap2.birdmap.africa/ Southern African Bird Atlas Project 2.
https://vmus.adu.org.za The ADU Virtual Museum is a citizen science platform similar to

iNaturalist, but focused on African taxa only. It is run jointly by The Biodiversity and
Development Institute (BDI) and FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology.
67
Bibliography and further reading
HISTORY OF THE RESERVE AND GENERAL REFERENCES
Limpopo Provincial Government. 2013. Five-year Strategic Plan for the Blouberg Nature
Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa.
Patel, T., Cowan, O., Little, I., Friedmann, Y. & Blackmore, A. 2023. The State of Provincial
Reserves in South Africa, Challenges and Recommendations. Endangered Wildlife Fund.
https://ewt.org.za/resources/cpsu-programme/
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
Brandl, G. 1986. The Geology of the Alldays Area. Explanation of Sheet 2228 Scale 1:250
000. Geological Survey, Pretoria.
Brandl, G. 2002. The Geology of the Pietersburg Area. Explanation of Sheet 2328 Scale
1:250 000. Council for Geoscience, Pretoria.
Brandl, G. 2003. Geological and structural model for the Tshipise Fault Zone in the Alldays
area; Districts Bochum, Pietersburg and Soutpansberg, Limpopo Province. Unpublished
Report, Council for Geoscience.
Brandl, G. 2007. The Geology of the Ga-Mabelebele and Taaiboschgroet Areas. Explanation
of Sheets 2229CC and 2228DD Scale 1:50 000. Council for Geoscience, Pretoria.
Bumby, A.J. 2000. The Geology of the Blouberg Formation, Waterberg and Soutpansberg
Groups in the area of Blouberg Mountain, Northern Province, South Africa. Unpublished
Ph.D. thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
Bumby, A.J., Eriksson, P.G., Van der Merwe, R. & Maier, W.D. 2001. The stratigraphic
relationship between the Waterberg and Soutpansberg Groups in the Northern Province,
South Africa: Evidence from the Blouberg Area. South African Journal of Geology, 104: 205–
216.
Bumby, A.J., Eriksson, P.G., Van der Merwe, R. & Steyn, G.L. 2002. A Half-graben setting
for the Proterozoic Soutpansberg Group (South Africa): Evidence from the Blouberg Area.
Sedimentary Geology, 147: 37–56.
Cole, M.M. 1966. South Africa. Methuen & Co, London.
Eriksson, P.G., Bumby, A.J., Brümer, J.J. & Van der Neut, M. 2006. Precambrian fluvial
deposits: Enigmatic palaeohydrological data from the c. 2-1.9 Ga Waterberg Group, South
Africa. Sedimentary Geology, 190: 25–46.
King, L.C. 1963. South African Scenery. A Textbook of Geomorphology. Oliver & Boyd,
Edinburgh & London.
PLANTS & VEGETATION

Acocks, J.P.H. 1988. Veld Types of South Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South
68
Africa, 57: 1–146.
Hahn, N. 2006. Floristic diversity of the Soutpansberg, Limpopo Province, South Africa.
Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
Hahn, N. 2017. Endemic flora of the Soutpansberg, Blouberg and Makgabeng. South African
Journal of Botany, 113: 324–336.
Kremer-Köhne, S. 2021. Photographic guide to the wild flowers of the Limpopo Province.
Strelitzia 44. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.
Low, A.B. & Rebelo, A.G. 1996. Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland.
Department of Environmental Affairs & Tourism, Pretoria.
Mostert, T.H.C. 2006. Vegetation Ecology of the Soutpansberg and Blouberg Area in the
Limpopo Province. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
Mostert, T.H.C., Bredenkamp, G.J., Klopper, H.L., Verwey, C., Mostert, R.E. & Hahn, N.
2008. Major vegetation types of the Soutpansberg conservancy and the Blouberg Nature
Reserve, South Africa. Koedoe, 50(1): 32–48.
Mostert, T.H.C., Bredenkamp, G.J. & Mostert, R.E. 2009. Plant communities of the
Soutspanberg Arid Northern Bushveld. Koedoe, 51(1): 1–11.
Mucina, L. & Rutherford, M.C. (eds.). 2006. The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and
Swaziland. Strelitzia 19. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.
Rampheri, M., Dube, T. & Dhau, I. 2022. Use of remotely sensed data to estimate tree
species diversity as an indicator of biodiversity in Blouberg Nature Reserve, South Africa.
Geocarto International, 37(2): 526–542.
Van Jaarsveld, E. & De Lange, A. 1992. The Blouberg Botanical Expedition. Veld & Flora, 78
(1): 27–29.
Van Oudtshoorn, F. 2012. Guide to Grasses of southern Africa. 3rd ed. Briza, Pretoria.
CENTRES OF ENDEMISM
Cron, G.V. & Balkwill, K. 1997. Cineraria cyanomontana and C. argillacea (Senecioneae,
Asteraceae), two new montane endemics from South Africa. South African Journal of
Botany, 63(6): 400–403.
Hahn, N. 2017. Endemic flora of the Soutpansberg, Blouberg and Makgabeng. South African
Journal of Botany, 113: 324–336.
Hankey, A.J., Hahn, N. & Buys, M.H. 2014. Ledebouria caesiomontana A.J. Hankey & N.
Hahn (Hyacinthaceae: Hyacinthoideae): A new species from the Blouberg centre of
endemism, Limpopo, South Africa. Bothalia – African Biodiversity & Conservation, 44(1): 1–4.
69
Raimondo, D. 2009. A survey of rare and threatened species on Blouberg Mountain. Veld &
Flora, 95(2).
VERTEBRATES
Barnes, K. (ed.). 1998. The important bird areas of southern Africa. BirdLife South Africa,
Johannesburg.
Kirchhof, S. Krämer, M. Linden, J. & Richter, K. 2010. The reptile species assemblage of the
Soutpansberg (Limpopo Province, South Africa) and its characteristics. Salamandra, 46(3):
147–166.
Schmidt, A.D., Snyman, P.H. & Gruschwitz, M. 2005. Diversity of reptiles in the bushveld of
the Blouberg Nature Reserve (Limpopo Province, South Africa). Herpetozoa, 18: 35–53.
Stander, R.I. 2023. The Reptiles of the Limpopo Province and Kruger National Park: Their
behaviour, ecology and distribution. Herp Nomad, Polokwane.
Taylor, P.J., Sowler, S., Schoeman, M.C. & Monadjem, A. 2013. Diversity of bats in the
Soutpansberg and Blouberg Mountains of northern South Africa: complementarity of
acoustic and non-acoustic survey methods. South African Journal of Wildlife Research, 43
(1): 12–26.
van Huyssteen, R. 2022. Reptiles of the Soutpansberg: Biogeography, distribution and

communities. Unpublished MA Thesis, University of the Western Cape, Bellville.
INVERTEBRATES
Engelbrecht, I. 2023. Field guide to scorpions of South Africa. Struik Nature, Cape Town.
Foord, S., Dippenaar-Schoeman, A.S., Haddad, C.R., Schoeman, C., Hahn, N. & Lyle, R.
2019. Spider checklist for the Blouberg, in the Vhembe Biosphere Reserve, South Africa.
Bothalia – African Biodiversity & Conservation, 49(1): 1–13.
Mawdsley, J.R., Erwin, T.L., Sithole, H., Mawdsley, J.L. & Mawdsley, A.S. 2011. The genus
Anthia Weber in the Republic of South Africa: Identification, distribution, biogeography,
and behavior (Coleoptera, Carabidae). ZooKeys, 143: 47.
Picker, M., Griffiths, C. & Weaving, A. 2004. Field Guide To Insects of South Africa. Struik
Nature, Cape Town.
Schoeman, C., Cory-Toussaint, D., Foord, S., Tshililo, P. & Hamer, M. 2019. Darkling
beetles of the bushveld: An annotated checklist of the Tenebrionidae of the Vhembe
Biosphere Reserve, South Africa (Coleoptera). University of Venda, Thohoyandou.
Toussaint, D.C., Tshililo, P., Schoeman, C.S., Hamer, M. & Foord, S.H. 2020. Checklist of
the pimeliine darkling beetles of the Vhembe Biosphere Reserve, South Africa (Coleoptera:
Tenebrionidae: Pimeliinae). Bothalia-African Biodiversity & Conservation, 50(1): 1–9.
Woodhall, S. 2005. Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa. Struik Nature, Cape Town.
70
Ruan Stander
A view from Rapanyane’s Neck, looking east. The western extreme of the Soutpansberg is
in the background.
Ruan Stander
The cliffs of the eastern plateau as seen from the northeast at dusk.
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Appendices
Appendix 1: Tourist map of Blouberg Nature Reserve.
72
Appendix 2: Checklist of the trees of Blouberg Nature Reserve.
This list is sorted alphabetically by scientific name, is restricted to the reserve and is
not comprehensive, but includes most species a visitor could expect to see.
Scientific name Common name Distribution on reserve

Adansonia digitata Baobab Widely distributed on the
reserve with larger
specimens found on the
northern plains.
Albizia anthelmintica Worm-bark False-thorn Commonly found on
northern and southern
plains in areas with less
sand.
Albizia harveyi Bushveld False-thorn Widely distributed on
northern plains in deep
sands near the base of
foothills.
Albizia versicolor Large-leaved False-thorn In the vicinity of the
fountain close to the
vulture colony and on
north-eastern slopes.
Balanites maughamii Green Thorn Northern plains close to
the mountain, on sandy
soils.
Bauhinia petersiana Kalahari White/ Coffee Old farmland to the east of
Bauhinia Derry on northern plains in
deep sand.
Berchemia (Phyllogeiton) Brown Ivory Tree trail in Fig Forest.
discolor
Berchemia zeyheri Red Ivory Rapanyane’s Neck and
southern plain in close
proximity to the vulture
colony.
Boscia albitrunca Shepherd's Tree Widely distributed on the
reserve.
Boscia foetida Bushveld/Stink Shepherd's Scattered distribution on
rehmanniana Tree north-western compact
soils.
Brachylaena huillensis Lowveld Silver Oak North western mountain
slopes.
Bridelia mollis Velvet Sweetberry Scattered on northern
plains and southern slopes.
Burkea africana African Wild Syringa Sparsely distributed on
northern sandy plains.
Locally abundant in
sourveld on plateau.
73
Canthium armatum False Turkey-berry Sandy areas on plains.
(Plectroniella armata)
Carissa bispinosa Forest Num-Num Tamboti woodland on the
northern plain; around
Molope Camp.
Cassia abbreviata Sjambok pod Sandy woodland on
northern plains.
Combretum apiculatum Red Bushwillow Occurs widely on northern
and southern sandy plains.
Combretum hereroense Russet Bushwillow Northern foothills.
Combretum imberbe Leadwood Widely distributed on the
reserve.
Combretum molle Velvet Bushwillow Northern mountain slopes.
Combretum Knobbly Creeper Widespread on northern
mossambicense sandy plains.
Combretum zeyheri Large Fruited Bushwillow Northern slopes.
Commiphora africana Hairy Corkwood Widely distributed on the
reserve.
Commiphora glandulosa Tall Common Corkwood North-western area of
reserve.
Commiphora marlothii Paperbark Corkwood Well distributed along
northern mountain slopes.
Commiphora mollis Velvet Corkwood Widely distributed on the
reserve.
Commiphora Fire-thorn/Common Sandveld on northern
pyracanthoides Corkwood plains.
Croton megalobotrys (Large) Fever-berry Fig Forest and Brak River
banks.
Cussonia natalensis Rock Cabbage-tree High northern slopes and
plateau.
Dichrostachys cinerea Sickle Bush Common species
distributed widely on
reserve.
Dombeya rotundifolia Common Wild Pear Mountain slopes and
plateau.
Ehretia amoena Sandpaper Bush Northern plains.
Ehretia rigida Puzzle Bush Northern sandy plains.
Elaeodendron Transvaal/Bushveld Saffron Scattered Tamboti and

transvaalense Mashatu Camps.
Elephantorrhiza burkei Elephant-root/Eland Bean Rocky northern slopes.
74
Englerophytum Transvaal Milkplum Mountain plateau.
magalismontanum
Entandrophragma Mountain Mahogany/ Well distributed along
caudatum Wooden Banana mountain slopes.
Euclea undulata Common Guarri Scattered throughout the
reserve.
Euclea crispa Blue Guarri Scattered on northern
plains.
Euclea divinorum Magic Guarri Tamboti woodland, fig
forest and Brak River
floodplain.
Euclea natalensis Bushveld Hairy Guarri Common in deep sands on
angustifolia northern plains; also occurs
on northern slopes.
Euphorbia cooperi Transvaal/Bushveld Rapanyane’s Neck and
Candelabra Tree western slopes on rocky
outcrops.
Euphorbia ingens Common Tree Euphorbia/ Central reserve to the
Naboom north of Buffelpan.
Faurea saligna Transvaal Beech/ Sourveld on the plateau.
Boekenhout
Ficus abutilifolia Large-leaved Rock Fig Scattered along northern
slopes in Rapanyane’s
Neck.
Ficus glumosa Mountain Fig Rocky outcrops on
mountain slopes.
Ficus ingens Red-leaved (Rock-)fig Rocks on mountain slopes
and on large Baobab trees.
Ficus sycomorus Common Cluster Fig Fig Forest on the northern
plain; at the fountain close
to the vulture colony in the
south.
Ficus tettensis Small-leaved Rock-fig Rocks on mountain slopes.
Flueggea virosa White Berry Bush Scattered throughout the
reserve.
Garcinia livingstonei African Mangosteen Fig Forest. Scattered
stunted forms on northern
rocky ridges.
Gardenia volkensii Bushveld Gardenia Sandy northern plains.
Grewia bicolor White Raisin Low lying areas.
Grewia flava Velvet Raisin Widely distributed on the

reserve.
75
Grewia flavescens Sandpaper Raisin Widely distributed on the
reserve.
Grewia monticola Silver Raisin Widely distributed on the
reserve.
Grewia occidentalis Cross-berry Widely distributed on the
reserve.
Grewia villosa Mallow Raisin Low lying areas.
Gymnosporia buxifolia Common Spike-thorn Tree trail in Fig Forest.
Gymnosporia senegalensis Red Spike-thorn Widely distributed in sandy
areas.
Heteropyxis natalensis Lavender Tree Southern slopes and area
around the fountain.
Hexalobus monopetalus Shakama Plum Northern mountain slopes.
Hippocratea longipetiolata Long-stalk Paddle-pod Widely distributed on
northern slopes and plains.
Hyphaene petersiana Northern Lala Palm Conspicuous specimen
near fountain.
Kirkia acuminata White Seringa Widely distributed on the
reserve (prominent in
Modumele Wilderness
Camp).
Kirkia wilmsii Mountain Seringa Scattered on mountain
slopes.
Lannea discolor Live-long Scattered on the high
slopes and plateau.
Lannea schweinfurthii False Marula Northern central plain to
the west of Buffelpan.
Maerua angolensis Bead-bean Tree Most commonly found on
the open plains north of
the Fig Forest, but
distributed throughout the
reserve.
Markhamia zanzibarica Bell-bean Tree Deep sandy woodland on
northern plains.
Mimusops zeyheri Transvaal Red Milkwood/ Rocky northern slopes.
Moepel
Mundulea sericea Corkbush Rapanyane’s Neck.
Myrothamnus flabellifolius Resurrection Bush Widespread on dry, rocky
northern slopes.
Mystroxylon aethiopicum Bushveld Kooboo-berry Widely distributed along
schlechteri northern mountain slopes.
Ochna inermis Stunted Plane Northern (deep) sandy
plains.
Ochna natalitia Natal Plane Tamboti woodland on the
sandy northern plains.
76
Ochna pulchra Peeling Plane Sandveld in the vicinity of
Vulture Restaurant.
Olea europaea africana Wild Olive Well distributed along
mountain slopes.
Ormocarpum trichocarpum Caterpillar-pod Widely distributed on the
reserve.
Ozoroa paniculosa (Common) Resin-Tree Sandy northern plains.
Pappea capensis Jacket Plum Rapanyane’s Neck and
north-western plains.
Peltophorum africanum Weeping Wattle Widely distributed on
northern sandy plains.
Philenoptera violacea Apple-leaf Widely distributed on the
reserve.
Phyllanthus reticulatus Potato Bush Common and widely
distributed on northern
sandy plains.
Protea caffra Common Sugarbush Western mountain plateau.
Pseudolachnostylis Kudu Berry Common on rocky
maprouneifolia northern slopes.
Ptaeroxylon obliquum Sneezewood Somewhat localised on
northern sandy plains
between Buffelpan and
Mashatu camp.
Rauvolfia caffra Quinine Tree Fountain at the vulture
colony.
Rhigozum zambesiacum Mopane Yellow-thorn Northern sandy plains in
Tamboti woodland.
Rhoicissus tridentata Bushman’s Grape Mountain slopes.
Salvadora australis Narrow-leaved Mustard Brak River floodplain;
Tree Molope camp.
Schotia brachypetala Weeping Boer-bean Widely distributed on the
reserve.
Sclerocarya birrea Marula Well distributed on reserve
in sandy areas.
Searsia (Rhus) leptodictya Mountain Karee Widely distributed on the
reserve.
Searsia (Rhus) pyroides Common Wild Currant/ Widely distributed on the
Firethorn Crowberry reserve.
Securidaca Violet Tree Rare on northern slopes
longepedunculata and foothills in the vicinity
of Rapanyane’s Neck.
Senegalia (Acacia) Flame Thorn Fig Forest and near the
ataxacantha fountain at the vulture
colony.
77
Senegalia (Acacia) burkei Black Monkey Thorn Scattered on northern
plains and in foothills at
Rapanyane’s Neck.
Senegalia (Acacia) caffra Common Hook-thorn South-facing slopes in
Rapanyane’s Neck.
Senegalia (Acacia) galpinii Monkey Thorn Riparian vegetation along
Brak River.
Senegalia (Acacia) mellifera Black Thorn On clay soils around Derry
and near Molope Camp.
Senegalia (Acacia) Knob Thorn Widely distributed on the
nigrescens reserve.
Senegalia (Acacia) senegal Three-hook Thorn Sparsely distributed in
north-western area.
Senna petersiana Eared Senna Seasonal marsh adjacent to
Fig Forest.
Spirostachys africana Tamboti Widely distributed on
sandy areas with a high
density on north-eastern
plain.
Steganotaenia araliacea Carrot Tree Mountain slopes in the
vicinity of Rapanyane’s
Neck.
Sterculia rogersii Common Star-Chestnut Northern mountain slopes.
Strychnos Black Monkey Orange Sandveld on the northern
madagascariensis plains. Common in the area
around the Vulture
Restaurant.
Syzygium cordatum Water Berry Fountain at the vulture
colony.
Syzygium legatii Mountain Waterwood Common in rocky sourveld
on the high plateau.
Tarchonanthus trilobus Broad-leaved Camphor Scattered on plateau.
Bush
Terminalia prunioides Purple-pod Terminalia/ Northern mountain
Cluster-leaf foothills and north western
area of the reserve.
Terminalia sericea Silver Cluster-leaf Widespread and common
on sandy soils.
Vachellia (Acacia) erioloba Camel Thorn Sparsely distributed
between Mashatu and
Modumele.
Vachellia (Acacia) gerrardii Red Thorn Scattered on high south-
facing slopes. Rapanyane’s
Neck.
Vachellia (Acacia) karroo Sweet Thorn Low lying areas on slightly
more compact soils.
78
Vachellia (Acacia) Water Thorn Brak River floodplain.
nebrownii
Vachellia (Acacia) nilotica Scented Thorn Clay soils on the Brak River
floodplain.
Vachellia (Acacia) Paperbark Thorn Best specimen of this tree
sieberiana is at the fountain picnic
site. Smaller trees in
grassland bordering the
fence in the south-west.
Vachellia (Acacia) tortilis Umbrella Thorn Widely distributed on the
reserve.
Vangueria infausta Wild Medlar Mountain slopes and sandy
areas (Mashatu Camp).
Vitex rehmannii Pipe-stem Tree Locally common on
plateau.
Xanthocercis zambesiaca Nyala Tree North eastern plains and
Fig Forest.
Ximenia americana Blue Sourplum Molope camp, scattered on
various soil types in
reserve.
Ximenia caffra Sourplum Southern plains and
scattered throughout north
-eastern slopes and plains.
Ziziphus mucronata Buffalo-thorn Widely distributed on the
reserve.
79
Appendix 3: Checklist of mammals of the Blouberg Nature Reserve.
This list is sorted alphabetically by common name, is restricted to the reserve

and excludes most small rodents and all bats.
Scientific name Common name Status on Census
reserve 2021
Orycteropus afer Aardvark Widespread.
Proteles cristatus Aardwolf Uncommon.
Civettictis civetta African Civet Uncommon.
Felis lybica African Wildcat Widespread.
Mungos mungo Banded Mongoose Common.
Canis mesomelas Black-backed Jackal Widespread.
Hyaena brunnea Brown Hyaena Widespread.
Equus burchellii Burchell’s/Plains Zebra Common and 253
widespread.
Tragelaphus scriptus Bushbuck Common in 9
western section.
Potamochoerus larvatus Bushpig Common around 1
Fig Forest.
Syncerus caffer Cape Buffalo Common and 201
widespread.
Felis caracal Caracal Uncertain.
Papio ursinus Chacma Baboon Common and
widespread.
Acinonyx jubatus Cheetah Rare visitor.
Sylvicapra grimmia Common Duiker Widespread.
Helogale parvula Dwarf Mongoose Uncommon.
Giraffa camelopardalis Giraffe Common and 174
widespread.
Mellivora capensis Honey Badger Uncommon.
Aypyceros melampus Impala Common and 1296
widespread.
Oreotragus oreotragus Klipspringer Common on 26
northern slopes.
Tragelaphus strepsiceros Kudu Common and 153
widespread.
Genetta tigrina Large-spotted Genet Common.
Panthera pardus Leopard Common but rarely
seen.
Galago moholi Lesser Bushbaby Common and
widespread.
80
Redunca fulvorufula Mountain Reedbuck Common on slopes. 38
Oryx gazella Oryx/Gemsbok Uncommon, northern 1
plains.
Hystrix africaeaustralis Porcupine Common.
Alcelaphus buselaphus Red Hartebeest Uncommon. 17
Procavia capensis Rock Hyrax Uncommon, in rocky
areas.
Hippotragus niger Sable Antelope Uncommon. 7
Raphicerus sharpei Sharpe’s Grysbok Rare.
Lepus saxatilis Scrub Hare Common and
widespread.
Galerella sanguinea Slender Mongoose Uncommon.
Genetta genetta Small-spotted Genet Common.
Crocuta crocuta Spotted Hyaena Rare visitor.
Raphicerus campestris Steenbok Common. 21
Manis temminckii Temminck’s Pangolin Rare.
Paraxerus cepapi Tree Squirrel Common and
widespread.
Chlorocebus pygerythrus Vervet Monkey Common and
widespread.
Phacochoerus aethiopicus Warthog Common and 12
widespread.
Kobus ellipsiprymnus Waterbuck Common and 22
widespread.
81
Appendix 4: Checklist of birds of the Blouberg Nature Reserve.
This list, sorted alphabetically by common name, is based on 292 records

retrieved from SABAP2 (Southern African Bird Atlas Project 2) on 2023-01-29 for
the four pentads on which Blouberg Nature Reserve is located (2255_2900-
2300_2905). Species recorded in more than 49 full protocol lists are shown in
bold text and 94 species recorded fewer than five times are omitted.
Status taken from lists prepared by Ruan Stander and Soutpansberg BirdLife for
Friends of Blouberg (when known):
Res Resident Usr Uncommon summer resident
Sm Summer migrant Rv Rare visitor
Scientific name Common name Status
on
reserve
Apalis thoracica Apalis, Bar-throated Res
Apalis flavida Apalis, Yellow-breasted Rv
Turdoides jardineii Babbler, Arrow-marked Res
Turdoides bicolor Babbler, Southern Pied

Tricholaema leucomelas Barbet, Acacia Pied Res
Lybius torquatus Barbet, Black-collared Res
Trachyphonus vaillantii Barbet, Crested Res
Batis molitor Batis, Chinspot Res
Merops apiaster Bee-eater, European Sm
Merops pusillus Bee-eater, Little Res
Merops hirundineus Bee-eater, Swallow-tailed Rv
Laniarius ferrugineus Boubou, Southern Res
Phyllastrephus terrestris Brownbul, Terrestrial Res
Nilaus afer Brubru Res
Pycnonotus tricolor Bulbul, Dark-capped Res
Emberiza tahapisi Bunting, Cinnamon-breasted Res
Emberiza flaviventris Bunting, Golden-breasted Res
Telophorus viridis Bushshrike, Gorgeous Res
Malaconotus blanchoti Bushshrike, Grey-headed Res
Chlorophoneus sulfureopectus Bushshrike, Orange-breasted Res
82
Ardeotis kori Bustard, Kori Res
Turnix sylvaticus Buttonquail, Common
Buteo buteo Buzzard, Common
Kaupifalco monogrammicus Buzzard, Lizard Rv
Camaroptera brevicaudata Camaroptera, Grey-backed Res

Crithagra mozambica Canary, Yellow-fronted Usr
Cisticola chiniana Cisticola, Rattling Res
Cisticola juncidis Cisticola, Zitting Res
Centropus burchellii Coucal, Burchell's Sm
Rhinoptilus chalcopterus Courser, Bronze-winged Res
Rhinoptilus cinctus Courser, Three-banded Res
Sylvietta rufescens Crombec, Long-billed Res
Corvus albus Crow, Pied Res
Cuculus clamosus Cuckoo, Black Sm
Chrysococcyx caprius Cuckoo, Diederik Sm
Clamator jacobinus Cuckoo, Jacobin Sm
Chrysococcyx klaas Cuckoo, Klaas's
Clamator levaillantii Cuckoo, Levaillant's Sm
Cuculus solitarius Cuckoo, Red-chested Sm
Campephaga flava Cuckooshrike, Black Sm
Streptopelia capicola Dove, Cape Turtle Res
Turtur chalcospilos Dove, Emerald-spotted Wood
Spilopelia senegalensis Dove, Laughing Res
Oena capensis Dove, Namaqua Res
Streptopelia semitorquata Dove, Red-eyed Res
Dicrurus adsimilis Drongo, Fork-tailed Res
Bubo lacteus Eagle-Owl, Verreaux's
Haliaeetus vocifer Eagle, African Fish Rv
Circaetus pectoralis Eagle, Black-chested Snake Res
Circaetus cinereus Eagle, Brown Snake
Aquila verreauxii Eagle, Verreaux's Res
83
Hieraaetus wahlbergi Eagle, Wahlberg's Sm
Eremomela usticollis Eremomela, Burnt-necked Res
Falco biarmicus Falcon, Lanner Rv
Amadina fasciata Finch, Cut-throat Res
Lagonosticta rubricata Firefinch, African Res

Lagonosticta rhodopareia Firefinch, Jameson's Res
Lagonosticta senegala Firefinch, Red-billed
Terpsiphone viridis Flycatcher, African Paradise
Muscicapa caerulescens Flycatcher, Ashy Res
Melaenornis mariquensis Flycatcher, Marico Res
Melaenornis pallidus Flycatcher, Pale Res
Melaenornis pammelaina Flycatcher, Southern Black Res
Muscicapa striata Flycatcher, Spotted
Dendroperdix sephaena Francolin, Crested Res
Crinifer concolor Go-away-bird, Grey Res
Alopochen aegyptiaca Goose, Egyptian Rv
Plectropterus gambensis Goose, Spur-winged Rv
Accipiter tachiro Goshawk, African Res
Micronisus gabar Goshawk, Gabar Res
Andropadus importunus Greenbul, Sombre Res?
Chlorocichla flaviventris Greenbul, Yellow-bellied Res
Guttera pucherani Guineafowl, Crested Res
Numida meleagris Guineafowl, Helmeted Res
Scopus umbretta Hamerkop Res
Polyboroides typus Harrier-Hawk, African
Aquila spilogaster Hawk-eagle, African
Prionops retzii Helmetshrike, Retz's
Prionops plumatus Helmetshrike, White-crested
Prodotiscus regulus Honeybird, Brown-backed
Indicator indicator Honeyguide, Greater Res
Indicator minor Honeyguide, Lesser Res
84
Upupa africana Hoopoe, African Res
Lophoceros nasutus Hornbill, African Grey Res
Tockus rufirostris Hornbill, Southern Red-billed Res
Tockus leucomelas Hornbill, Southern Yellow-billed Res
Bostrychia hagedash Ibis, Hadada

Vidua purpurascens Indigobird, Purple Rv?
Falco rupicolus Kestrel, Rock Res
Halcyon albiventris Kingfisher, Brown-hooded Res
Halcyon chelicuti Kingfisher, Striped Res
Halcyon senegalensis Kingfisher, Woodland Sm
Elanus caeruleus Kite, Black-winged
Lophotis ruficrista Korhaan, Red-crested Res
Vanellus armatus Lapwing, Blacksmith Rv
Vanellus coronatus Lapwing, Crowned Res
Mirafra africana Lark, Rufous-naped Res
Calendulauda sabota Lark, Sabota Res
Delichon urbicum Martin, Common House
Ptyonoprogne fuligula Martin, Rock Res
Urocolius indicus Mousebird, Red-faced Res
Colius striatus Mousebird, Speckled Res
Acridotheres tristis Myna, Common
Cisticola fulvicapilla Neddicky Res
Caprimulgus pectoralis Nightjar, Fiery-necked Res
Caprimulgus tristigma Nightjar, Freckled Res
Oriolus larvatus Oriole, Black-headed Res
Struthio camelus Ostrich, Common Res
Otus senegalensis Owl, African Scops Res
Ptilopsis granti Owl, Southern White-faced Scops
Tyto alba Owl, Western Barn
Glaucidium perlatum Owlet, Pearl-spotted Res
Buphagus erythrorynchus Oxpecker, Red-billed Res
85
Columba guinea Pigeon, Speckled
Prinia flavicans Prinia, Black-chested Res?
Prinia subflava Prinia, Tawny-flanked Res
Dryoscopus cubla Puffback, Black-backed Res
Pytilia melba Pytilia, Green-winged Res

Ortygospiza atricollis Quailfinch
Quelea quelea Quelea, Red-billed Res
Corvus albicollis Raven, White-necked Res?
Cossypha natalensis Robin-Chat, Red-capped Res
Cossypha heuglini Robin-Chat, White-browed Res
Cossypha humeralis Robin-Chat, White-throated Res
Coracias garrulus Roller, European Sm
Coracias caudatus Roller, Lilac-breasted Res
Coracias naevius Roller, Purple Rv
Pterocles bicinctus Sandgrouse, Double-banded Res
Rhinopomastus cyanomelas Scimitarbill, Common Res
Cercotrichas quadrivirgata Scrub Robin, Bearded
Cercotrichas paena Scrub Robin, Kalahari
Cercotrichas leucophrys Scrub Robin, White-browed
Accipiter badius Shikra Res
Laniarius atrococcineus Shrike, Crimson-breasted Res
Lanius minor Shrike, Lesser Grey Sm
Urolestes melanoleucus Shrike, Magpie Res
Lanius collurio Shrike, Red-backed Sm
Eurocephalus anguitimens Shrike, Southern White-crowned Res
Plocepasser mahali Sparrow-Weaver, White-browed Res
Passer melanurus Sparrow, Cape
Passer diffusus Sparrow, Southern Grey-headed Res
Gymnoris superciliaris Sparrow, Yellow-throated Bush
Accipiter minullus Sparrowhawk, Little Res
Pternistis natalensis Spurfowl, Natal Res
86
Pternistis swainsonii Spurfowl, Swainson's Res
Lamprotornis nitens Starling, Cape
Lamprotornis chalybaeus Starling, Greater Blue-eared Res
Onychognathus morio Starling, Red-winged Res
Cinnyricinclus leucogaster Starling, Violet-backed Sm

Creatophora cinerea Starling, Wattled Rv
Leptoptilos crumeniferus Stork, Marabou Rv
Chalcomitra amethystina Sunbird, Amethyst Rv
Hedydipna collaris Sunbird, Collared Res
Cinnyris mariquensis Sunbird, Marico Res
Cinnyris talatala Sunbird, White-bellied Res
Hirundo rustica Swallow, Barn Sm
Cecropis cucullata Swallow, Greater Striped Sm
Cecropis abyssinica Swallow, Lesser Striped Sm
Cecropis semirufa Swallow, Red-breasted Sm
Apus barbatus Swift, African Black Res
Cypsiurus parvus Swift, African Palm
Tachymarptis melba Swift, Alpine Res
Apus affinis Swift, Little
Apus caffer Swift, White-rumped Res
Tchagra senegalus Tchagra, Black-crowned Res
Tchagra australis Tchagra, Brown-crowned Res
Burhinus capensis Thick-knee, Spotted Res
Turdus litsitsirupa Thrush, Groundscraper Res
Turdus libonyana Thrush, Kurrichane Res
Pogoniulus chrysoconus Tinkerbird, Yellow-fronted Res
Myioparus plumbeus Tit-Flycatcher, Grey
Anthoscopus caroli Tit, Grey Penduline
Melaniparus niger Tit, Southern Black Res
Gyps coprotheres Vulture, Cape Res
Torgos tracheliotos Vulture, Lappet-faced Rv
87
Gyps rueppelli Vulture, Rüppell's
Gyps africanus Vulture, White-backed Res
Curruca subcoerulea Warbler, Chestnut-vented
Phylloscopus trochilus Warbler, Willow Sm
Brunhilda erythronotos Waxbill, Black-faced Res

Uraeginthus angolensis Waxbill, Blue Res
Granatina granatina Waxbill, Violet-eared Res
Ploceus intermedius Weaver, Lesser Masked
Bubalornis niger Weaver, Red-billed Buffalo
Anaplectes rubriceps Weaver, Red-headed Res
Sporopipes squamifrons Weaver, Scaly-feathered
Ploceus velatus Weaver, Southern Masked
Ploceus ocularis Weaver, Spectacled Res
Ploceus cucullatus Weaver, Village
Zosterops virens White-eye, Cape Res
Vidua paradisaea Whydah, Long-tailed Paradise
Euplectes albonotatus Widowbird, White-winged Res
Phoeniculus purpureus Wood Hoopoe, Green
Chloropicus namaquus Woodpecker, Bearded Res
Dendropicos fuscescens Woodpecker, Cardinal Res
Campethera abingoni Woodpecker, Golden-tailed Res
Calamonastes fasciolatus Wren-Warbler, Barred
88
Appendix 5: Checklist of reptiles of the Blouberg Nature Reserve.
This list is sorted alphabetically by scientific name (within Order and Sub-order)
and is restricted to the reserve.
Scientific name Common name Status on reserve
Sub-order Sauria Lizards

Acanthocercus atricollis Southern Tree Agama Common but localised.
Agama armata Tropical Spiny Agama Uncommon on northern
plains.
Chamaeleo dilepis dilepis Common Flap-neck Uncommon but
Chameleon widespread.
Chondrodactylus turneri Turner’s (Tubercled) Gecko Common and widespread.
Cordylus jonesii Jones’ Girdled Lizard Common in Tamboti
woodland on northern
plains.
Gerrhosaurus flavigularis Yellow-throated Plated Common and widespread.
Lizard
Heliobolus lugubris Bushveld Lizard Common and widespread.
Hemidactylus mabouia Common Tropical House Common around buildings.
Gecko
Homopholis arnoldi Arnold’s Velvet Gecko Widespread on northern
plains.
Homopholis wahlbergii Wahlberg’s Velvet Gecko Uncertain. More common
on southern plains.
Lygodactylus capensis Cape Dwarf Gecko Widespread.
Lygodactylus bradfieldi Bradfield’s Dwarf Gecko Common on northern
plains.
Lygodactylus montiscaeruli Makgabeng Dwarf Gecko Locally common on plateau
and high slopes. Micro-
endemic.
Matobosaurus validus Giant Plated Lizard Uncommon on northern
rocky slopes.
Mochlus sundevallii Sundevall’s Writhing Skink Common and widespread.
Monopeltis infuscata Dusky Spade-snouted Uncommon and localised.
Worm Lizard
Nucras intertexta Spotted Sandveld Lizard Uncommon.
Pachydactylus affinis Transvaal Thick-toed Gecko Common on rocky
northern slopes and
summit.
Pachydactylus capensis Cape Thick-toed Gecko Uncertain.
89
Pachydactylus punctatus Spotted Thick-toed Gecko Uncommon on northern
plains. Common on gentle
rocky slopes.
Pachydactylus tigrinus Tiger Thick-toed Gecko Doubtful. Single record
reported in 2000; probably
a misidentified P. affinis.
Panaspis wahlbergii Wahlberg’s Snake-eyed Widespread on high slopes
Skink and summit.
Platysaurus intermedius Blouberg Flat Lizard Locally common micro-
parvus endemic.
Ptenopus garrulus garrulus Common Barking Gecko Common but localized on
north-eastern sandy plains.
Scelotes albiventris White-bellied Dwarf Widespread on northern
Burrowing Skink slopes and plains. Endemic.
Trachylepis capensis Cape Skink Uncertain.
Trachylepis damarana Damara Variable Skink Common in rocky areas
and around buildings.
Trachylepis margaritifer Rainbow Skink Common and widespread
in rocky areas.
Trachylepis striata Striped Skink Common and widespread.
Trachylepis varia Common Variable Skink Uncommon on high
summit.
Varanus albigularis White-throated/Rock Common.
albigularis Monitor
Sub-order Serpentes Snakes
Afrotyphlops schlegelii Schlegel’s Beaked Blind Uncertain.

Snake
Aparallactus capensis Cape Centipede-eater Uncommon.
Aspidelaps scutatus Common Shield-nosed Uncommon on northern

scutatus Snake plains.
Atractaspis bibronii Bibron’s/Southern Stiletto Uncommon.
Snake
Bitis arietans Puff Adder Common and widespread.
Boaedon capensis Brown House Snake Uncommon but
widespread.
Causus defilippii Snouted Night Adder Uncertain. Single record in
2000.
Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia Herald/Red-lipped Snake Uncommon.
Dasypeltis scabra Common/Rhombic Egg- Surprisingly uncommon.

eater
Dendroaspis polylepis Black Mamba Widespread.
90
Dispholidus typus viridis Northern Boomslang Common and widespread.
Elapsoidea sundevallii Long-tailed Garter Snake Locally common on
longicauda northern plains.
Hemirhagerrhis nototaenia Eastern Bark/Mopane Uncommon.
Snake
Leptotyphlops distanti Distant’s Thread Snake Common.
Leptotyphlops scutifrons Peter’s Thread Snake Common.
Lycophidion capense Cape/Common Wolf Snake Uncertain.
capense
Lycophidion variegatum Variegated Wolf Snake Uncommon.
Naja annulifera Snouted Cobra Uncommon but
widespread, mostly on
southern plains.
Naja mossambica Mozambique Spitting Cobra Common and widespread.
Philothamnus Spotted Bush Snake Common.
semivariegatus
Prosymna bivittata Two-lined Shovel-Snout Common on northern
plains.
Psammophis brevirostris Short-snouted Grass Snake Uncertain.
Psammophis mossambicus Olive Grass Snake Uncommon.
Psammophis subtaeniatus Yellow/Stripe-bellied Sand Common and widespread.
Snake
Psammophylax tritaeniatus Striped Skaapsteker Uncommon.
Pseudaspis cana Mole Snake Uncommon.
Python natalensis Southern African Python Common and widespread.
Rhinotyphlops lalandei Delalande’s Beaked-Blind Uncertain. Two recorded
Snake from Molope Camp.
Telescopus semiannulatus Eastern Tiger Snake Uncertain.
semiannulatus
Thelotornis capensis Vine/Twig Snake Uncertain.
capensis
Xenocalamus bicolor Lined Quill-snouted Snake Locally common on
lineatus northern plains.
Order Testudines Tortoises & Terrapins
Kinixys spekii Speke’s Hinged Tortoise Uncommon on southern
plains.
Pelomedusa subrufa Central Marsh Terrapin Locally common around
seasonal pans and
waterholes.
Pelusios sinuatus Serrated Hinged Terrapin Uncertain.
Psammobates oculifer Kalahari Tent Tortoise Uncommon on northern
plains.
Stigmochelys pardalis Leopard Tortoise Common and widespread.
91
Appendix 6: Checklist of amphibians of the Blouberg Nature Reserve.
This list is sorted alphabetically by scientific name and is restricted to the reserve.
Scientific name Common name
Breviceps adspersus Bushveld Rain Frog
Cacosternum boettgeri Bottger’s Caco/Dainty Frog
Chiromantis xerampelina Southern Foam-nest Frog
Hemisus marmoratus Marbled Shovel-snouted Frog
Hyperolius marmoratus Painted Reed Frog
Kassina senegalensis Bubbling Kassina/Senegal Running Frog
Phrynobatrachus natalensis Snoring Puddle Frog
Phrynomantis bifasciatus Banded Rubber Frog
Poyntonophrynus fenoulheti Northern Pygmy Toad
Ptychadena anchietae Plain Grass Frog
Ptychadena mossambica Broad-banded Grass Frog
Pyxicephalus edulis African/Edible Bullfrog
Schismaderma carens African Red Toad
Sclerophrys garmani Eastern Olive/Garman’s Toad
Tomopterna adiastola/T. tandyi* Tandy’s Sand Frog/ Southern Sand Frog*
Tomopterna marmorata Russet-backed Sand Frog
Xenopus laevis Common Platanna/African Clawed Frog
*These are both valid species that cannot be distinguished from one another based
on appearance, and the identity of animals from the Blouberg Nature Reserve has
not been confirmed.
92
Appendix 7: Checklist of butterflies of the Blouberg Nature Reserve.
Compiled by Jeremy Dobson
This list is sorted alphabetically by scientific Family, Subfamily and Species names,
respectively. The list covers the entire Blouberg massif.
Family Subfamily Scientific name Common name
HESPERIIDAE COELIADINAE Coeliades forestan Striped Policeman

forestan
HESPERIIDAE HESPERIINAE Dotta callicles Pale Spangled
Ranger
HESPERIIDAE HESPERIINAE Kedestes lepenula Sun-burst Ranger
HESPERIIDAE HESPERIINAE Trida barberae barberae Freckled Ranger
HESPERIIDAE HESPERIINAE Afrogegenes letterstedti Brown Dodger
HESPERIIDAE HESPERIINAE Borbo borbonica Olive-haired Swift
borbonica
HESPERIIDAE HESPERIINAE Gegenes pumilio gambica African Dark
Dodger
HESPERIIDAE PYRGINAE Ernsta (Ernsta) colotes Eastern Bushveld
transvaaliae Sandman
HESPERIIDAE PYRGINAE Gomalia elma elma Green-marbled
Sandman
HESPERIIDAE PYRGINAE Spialia (Platygnathia) Striped Sandman
ferax
HESPERIIDAE PYRGINAE Spialia (Spialia) spio Blotched Sandman
HESPERIIDAE TAGIADINAE Sarangesa phidyle Small Elfin
HESPERIIDAE TAGIADINAE Sarangesa ruona Ruona Elfin
HESPERIIDAE TAGIADINAE Abantis (Abantis) levubu White-cloaked
Paradise Skipper
HESPERIIDAE TAGIADINAE Abantis (Caprona) Common Paradise
paradisea Skipper
HESPERIIDAE TAGIADINAE Abantis (Caprona) Ragged Paradise
pillaana Skipper
LYCAENIDAE APHNAEINAE Aloeides damarensis Northern Damara
mashona Russet
LYCAENIDAE APHNAEINAE Aloeides molomo molomo Mottled Russet
LYCAENIDAE APHNAEINAE Axiocerses amanga Bush Scarlet

amanga
LYCAENIDAE APHNAEINAE Axiocerses tjoane tjoane Eastern Scarlet
93
LYCAENIDAE APHNAEINAE Cigaritis natalensis Glitter Silverline
LYCAENIDAE POLYOMMATINAE Anthene definita definita Defined Hairtail
LYCAENIDAE POLYOMMATINAE Anthene dulcis dulcis Dwarf Hairtail
LYCAENIDAE POLYOMMATINAE Anthene livida livida Pale Hairtail
LYCAENIDAE POLYOMMATINAE Anthene minima minima Little Hairtail
LYCAENIDAE POLYOMMATINAE Anthene otacilia otacilia Black-tipped

Hairtail
LYCAENIDAE POLYOMMATINAE Azanus jesous Topaz Babul Blue
LYCAENIDAE POLYOMMATINAE Azanus moriqua Black-bordered

Babul Blue
LYCAENIDAE POLYOMMATINAE Euchrysops malathana Grey Smoky Blue
LYCAENIDAE POLYOMMATINAE Euchrysops osiris Tailed Smoky Blue
LYCAENIDAE POLYOMMATINAE Lampides boeticus Pea Blue
LYCAENIDAE POLYOMMATINAE Lepidochrysops glauca Silvery Giant Cupid

glauca
LYCAENIDAE POLYOMMATINAE Lepidochrysops vansoni Bushveld Giant
Cupid
LYCAENIDAE POLYOMMATINAE Leptotes pirithous Common Zebra
pirithous Blue
LYCAENIDAE POLYOMMATINAE Pseudonacaduba sichela Dusky Lineblue
sichela
LYCAENIDAE POLYOMMATINAE Tarucus bowkeri Northern
transvaalensis Chequered Pierrot
LYCAENIDAE POLYOMMATINAE Uranothauma nubifer Black Heart
nubifer
LYCAENIDAE POLYOMMATINAE Zintha hintza hintza Blue Pied Pierrot
LYCAENIDAE POLYOMMATINAE Freyeria trochylus Brown Grass Jewel
LYCAENIDAE THECLINAE Myrina silenus ficedula Eastern Amber Fig-

tree Blue
LYCAENIDAE THECLINAE Hypolycaena philippus Purple-brown
philippus Hairstreak
LYCAENIDAE THECLINAE Leptomyrina henningi Plain Black-eye
henningi
NYMPHALIDAE BIBLIDINAE Byblia ilithyia Spotted Joker
94
NYMPHALIDAE CHARAXINAE Charaxes (Charaxes) Southern White-
brutus natalensis barred Emperor
NYMPHALIDAE CHARAXINAE Charaxes (Charaxes) Blouberg Silver-
druceanus solitaria barred Emperor
NYMPHALIDAE CHARAXINAE Charaxes (Charaxes) Painted Emperor
saturnus
NYMPHALIDAE CHARAXINAE Charaxes (Charaxes) White Pearl
varanes varanes Emperor
NYMPHALIDAE CHARAXINAE Charaxes (Charaxes) Blouberg Forest
xiphares staudei King
NYMPHALIDAE CHARAXINAE Charaxes (Eriboea) Variegated Princess
achaemenes achaemenes
NYMPHALIDAE CHARAXINAE Charaxes (Eriboea) Orange Pearl-
jahlusa rex spotted Princess
NYMPHALIDAE CHARAXINAE Charaxes (Eriboea) Dusky Black Prince
phaeus
NYMPHALIDAE CHARAXINAE Charaxes (Polyura) Club-tailed Squire
zoolina
NYMPHALIDAE DANAINAE Danaus chrysippus African Plain Tiger /
orientis African Monarch
NYMPHALIDAE HELICONIINAE Acraea horta Garden Acraea
NYMPHALIDAE HELICONIINAE Acraea neobule Wandering Donkey
Acraea
NYMPHALIDAE HELICONIINAE Stephenia aglaonice Clear-spotted
Acraea
NYMPHALIDAE HELICONIINAE Stephenia axina Little Acraea
NYMPHALIDAE HELICONIINAE Stephenia lygus Nomad Acraea
NYMPHALIDAE HELICONIINAE Stephenia natalica Black-based Acraea
NYMPHALIDAE HELICONIINAE Stephenia oncaea oncaea Impala Acraea
NYMPHALIDAE HELICONIINAE Stephenia stenobea Suffused Acraea
NYMPHALIDAE HELICONIINAE Telchinia burni Pale-yellow Amber
NYMPHALIDAE HELICONIINAE Telchinia serena Dancing Amber
NYMPHALIDAE HELICONIINAE Tildia acara Warrior Acraea
NYMPHALIDAE HELICONIINAE Tildia anemosa Broad-bordered
Acraea
NYMPHALIDAE HELICONIINAE Tildia barberi Nkosi Acraea
NYMPHALIDAE LIBYTHEINAE Libythea laius African Snout
NYMPHALIDAE LIMENITIDINAE Hamanumida daedalus Guineafowl
NYMPHALIDAE NYMPHALINAE Hypolimnas misippus Mimic Diadem
NYMPHALIDAE NYMPHALINAE Junonia hierta cebrene African Yellow

Pansy
95
NYMPHALIDAE NYMPHALINAE Junonia natalica natalica Spotted Brown
Pansy
NYMPHALIDAE NYMPHALINAE Junonia oenone oenone Blue-spot Pansy
NYMPHALIDAE NYMPHALINAE Precis antilope Darker Commodore
NYMPHALIDAE NYMPHALINAE Precis archesia archesia Garden
Commodore
NYMPHALIDAE NYMPHALINAE Vanessa cardui Painted Lady
NYMPHALIDAE SATYRINAE Dira swanepoeli isolata Western
Soutpansberg
Autumn Widow
NYMPHALIDAE SATYRINAE Melanitis leda Common Evening
Brown
NYMPHALIDAE SATYRINAE Bicyclus ena Grizzled Bush
Brown
NYMPHALIDAE SATYRINAE Bicyclus safitza safitza Variable Bush
Brown
NYMPHALIDAE SATYRINAE Coenyropsis natalii natalii Orange-lined
Shadefly
NYMPHALIDAE SATYRINAE Stygionympha wichgrafi Rocky Hillside
wichgrafi Brown
PAPILIONIDAE PAPILIONINAE Graphium (Arisbe) Large Striped
antheus Swordtail
PAPILIONIDAE PAPILIONINAE Graphium (Arisbe) Crescent White
morania Lady
PAPILIONIDAE PAPILIONINAE Papilio (Druryia) Shade Swallowtail
constantinus constantinus
PAPILIONIDAE PAPILIONINAE Papilio (Druryia) dardanus Southern Mocker
cenea Swallowtail
PAPILIONIDAE PAPILIONINAE Papilio (Nireopapilio) Southern Narrow-
nireus lyaeus banded Malachite
PAPILIONIDAE PAPILIONINAE Papilio (Princeps) Common Citrus
demodocus demodocus Swallowtail
PIERIDAE COLIADINAE Catopsilia florella African Migrant
PIERIDAE COLIADINAE Terias brigitta brigitta Broad-bordered
Grass Yellow
PIERIDAE COLIADINAE Terias hecabe solifera African Savanna
Grass Yellow
PIERIDAE PIERINAE Nepheronia buquetii Green-eyed Vagrant
buquetii
PIERIDAE PIERINAE Belenois aurota Pioneer Caper
White / Brown-
veined White
PIERIDAE PIERINAE Belenois creona severina Southern African
Caper White
96
PIERIDAE PIERINAE Belenois gidica abyssinica Eastern Pointed
Caper White
PIERIDAE PIERINAE Mylothris agathina Eastern Dotted
agathina Border
PIERIDAE PIERINAE Mylothris rueppellii Southern Twin
haemus Dotted Border
PIERIDAE PIERINAE Colotis annae annae Scarlet Tip
PIERIDAE PIERINAE Colotis antevippe gavisa Southern Red Tip
PIERIDAE PIERINAE Colotis calais calais Topaz Arab
PIERIDAE PIERINAE Colotis celimene amina Southern Lilac Tip
PIERIDAE PIERINAE Colotis euippe omphale Southern Round-

winged Orange Tip
PIERIDAE PIERINAE Colotis evagore antigone African Small
Orange Tip
PIERIDAE PIERINAE Colotis evenina evenina African Orange Tip
PIERIDAE PIERINAE Colotis ione Bushveld Purple Tip

PIERIDAE PIERINAE Colotis pallene Bushveld Orange
Tip
PIERIDAE PIERINAE Colotis regina Queen Purple Tip
PIERIDAE PIERINAE Colotis vesta argillaceus Southern Veined

Arab
PIERIDAE PIERINAE Pinacopteryx eriphia Zebra White
eriphia
PIERIDAE PIERINAE Teracolus agoye agoye Speckled Sulphur
Tip
PIERIDAE PIERINAE Teracolus eris eris Banded Gold Tip
PIERIDAE PIERINAE Teracolus subfasciatus Lemon Traveller
97
“Friends of Blouberg supports management with conservation projects”
https://www.friendsofblouberg.org.za/Home.php
Ruan Stander
Cape Vultures departing from the colony.
98

Blouberg Nature Reserve Visitor Guide

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Blouberg Nature Reserve Visitor Guide

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BLOUBERG NATURE RESERVE

First edition, published in South Africa, February 2024.

ISBN: 978-0-7961-4912-1 (E-pdf)

This publication is available online at: tinyurl.com/Blouberg-Nature-Reserve.

A separate Tourist Map is at: tinyurl.com/Map-Blouberg-Nature-Reserve.

Cover Images (All images by Ruan Stander unless credited otherwise)

Physical environment & geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Accommodation & amenities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Important notice from reserve management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Blouberg Nature Reserve contact details & further reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

Useful internet links. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

Bibliography & further reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68

About the authors

Please communicate errors and suggestions for improvement to the corresponding

Naming conventions of biogeographic regions are not standardised. In the simplest

Map source: Google Earth

All images: Ruan Stander

Ryan van Huyssteen

All images: Ruan Stander

All images: Jeremy Dobson

Blouberg Silver-barred Emperor (Charaxes druceanus solitaria)

Blouberg Forest King (Charaxes xiphares staudei)

Western Soutpansberg Autumn Widow (Dira swanepoeli isolata)

Two of Blouberg’s endemic beetles: Anaxius bloubergensis (top) and Microstizopus

Long before Africa as a continent existed, two giant

Blouberg is situated on the northern edge of the

An artist’s impression of a theoretical cross-section through the reserve from north to

Schematic north-south cross-section of Blouberg. After Brandl, 2003.

BEIT BRIDGE COMPLEX / BASEMENT GNEISS

The directions of ripple

All images: Jeff Morris

JURASSIC &CRETACEOUS INTRUSIVES

SEDIMENTS & SCREE

Modified from: Simple English Wikipedia

1990–91 1995–96 No recordings

Map showing rainfall stations.

Chart showing seasonal averages of rainfall.

Average daily maximum temperature varies from 25 °C in winter to a maximum of 33 °C in

Northern plains bushveld.

A. Forest Waterwood (Syzygium legattii). B. Violet Tree (Securidaca longipedunculata).

Leaf (Philenoptera violacea)

Willem van der Merwe

All other images: Ruan Stander

A. Cape Buffalo. B. Sable Antelope.

All images: Ruan Stander

A. Tit, Southern Black B. Camaroptera, Grey-backed C. Bulbul, Dark-capped D. Oriole, Black

All images: Warwick Tarboton

A. Scrub Robin, White-browed B. Crombec, Long-billed C. Dove, Cape Turtle D. Vulture,

All images: Ruan Stander

A. Central Marsh Terrapin (Pelomedusa subrufa) B. Leopard Tortoise (Stigmochelys pardalis)

The Bushveld Lizard (Heliobolus lugubris) undergoes pronounced ontogenetic colour

A. Unidentified sand frog species (Tomopterna sp.) B. African/Edible Bullfrog (Pyxicephalus

All images: Ruan Stander

A. Long Skimmer (Orthetrum trinacria) B. Caterpillar of a dice moth (Rhanidophora sp.)

All images: Jeremy Dobson

All images: Ruan Stander

Top: Tree Creeper (Opisthacanthus asper) Above: Transvaal Thick-tail (Parabuthus

Harmless Painful but non-dangerous sting Highly venomous

Top: Mozambique thick-tail (Parabuthus mossambicensis) Above: Kalahari Burrowing

A. A large nocturnal solifuge species (Order Solifugae) feeding on an armoured ground

All images: Ruan Stander

A drive over Rapanyane’s neck

hours. The track to the base of

The ephemeral Brak River.