Studying the Chemical

composition of a Neutron Star

BY USING THE RADIATION THEORY

D Y Brooks | MIT | June 27, 2010

Parliamentary procedure is the accepted rules, ethics, and customs governing meetings
of an assembly or organization. Its object is to allow orderly deliberation upon questions
of interest to the organization and thus to arrive at the sense or the will of the majority of
the assembly upon these questions.[1] Self-governing organizations follow parliamentary
procedure to debate and reach group decisions, usually by vote, with the least possible
friction.

In the United Kingdom, Canada, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and
other English-speaking countries, parliamentary procedure is often called chairmanship,
chairing, the law of meetings, procedure at meetings or the conduct of meetings. In the
United States, it is referred to as parliamentary law, parliamentary practice, legislative
procedure, rules of order, or Robert's rules of order.[2]

Rules of order consist of rules written by the body itself (often referred to as bylaws),
usually supplemented by a published parliamentary authority adopted by the body.
Typically, national, state or provincial and other full-scale legislative assemblies have
extensive internally written rules of order, whereas non-legislative bodies write and adopt
a limited set of specific rules as the need arises.

CONTENTS

 1 History

o 1.1 Westminster procedures

o 1.2 American procedures
o 1.3 Other

 2 Parliamentary authority usage patterns

o 2.1 Organizations and civic groups

o 2.2 Legislatures

 3 Parliamentarians
 4 See also
 5 References
 6 External links

HISTORY
Main article: History of parliamentary procedure

PAGE 1
The term parliamentary procedure gets its name from its use in the parliamentary system
of government.[3]

In the 16th and 17th century, the parliaments of England began adopting rules of order.[4]
In the 1560s Sir Thomas Smyth began the process of writing down accepted procedures
and published a book about them for the House of Commons in 1583.[4] Early rules
included:

 One subject should be discussed at a time (adopted 1581)[4][5]

 Personal attacks are to be avoided in debate (1604)[4]
 Debate must be limited to the merits of the question (1610)[4]
 Division of a question into parts to be voted on separately (1640)[4]

Westminster procedures

The Westminster parliamentary procedures are followed in several Commonwealth

countries, including the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, and
South Africa.

In Canada, for example, the House of Commons uses House of Commons Procedure and
Practice as its primary procedural authority. Others include Arthur Beauchesne's
Parliamentary Rules and Forms of the House of Commons of Canada, Sir John George
Bourinot's Parliamentary Procedure and Practice in the Dominion of Canada, and
Erskine May's The Law, Privileges, Proceedings and Usage of Parliament from Britain.[6]

American procedures

The rules of the United States Congress were developed from parliamentary procedures
used in Britain.[7] Many nations' legislatures follow American parliamentary procedures,
including Indonesia, the Philippines, Mexico and South Korea.

Other

The procedures of the Diet of Japan moved away from the British parliamentary model,
when in Occupied Japan, there were efforts to align Japanese parliamentary procedures
with American congressional practices.[8] In Japan, informal negotiations are more
important than formal procedures.[9]

In Italy, written rules govern the Houses of the Parliament. The Constitutional Court
judges the limits beyond which these regulations cannot go, exceeding the parliamentary
or political function (judgement n. 120 of 2014)[10] and on their bad application when a
law is passed.[11]

PARLIAMENTARY AUTHORITY USAGE PATTERNS

Main articles: Parliamentary authority and Principles of parliamentary procedure

PAGE 2
Parliamentary procedure is based on the principles of allowing the majority to make
decisions effectively and efficiently (majority rule), while ensuring fairness towards the
minority and giving each member or delegate the right to voice an opinion.[12] Voting
determines the will of the assembly. While each assembly may create their own set of
rules, these sets tend to be more alike than different. A common practice is to adopt a
standard reference book on parliamentary procedure and modify it through special rules
of order that supersede the adopted authority.

A parliamentary structure conducts business through motions, which cause actions.

Members bring business before the assembly by introducing main motions. "Members
use subsidiary motions to alter a main motion, or delay or hasten its consideration."[13]
Parliamentary procedure also allows for rules in regards to nomination, voting, debate,
disciplinary action, appeals, and the drafting of organization charters, constitutions, and
bylaws.

Organizations and civic groups

Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised[14] aspires to be a comprehensive guide: "New

editions have marked the growth of parliamentary procedure as cases occurring in
assemblies have pointed to a need for further rules or additional interpretations to go
by."[15] Robert's Rules of Order The Modern Edition,[16] and The Standard Code of
Parliamentary Procedure[17] aspire to be concise. "This book is a basic reference book but
does not claim to be comprehensive. For most organization and for most meetings, it will
prove very adequate."[18] "Alice Sturgis believed that confusing or unnecessary motions
and terminology should be eliminated. Her goal was to make the process simpler, fairer,
and easier to understand, and The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure did just that
..."[19]

Some parliamentary guides, in order from most to least best selling according to
Amazon's "Best Seller's Rank",[20] as viewed on Amazon's web site March 9, 2022:
Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised;[21] Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised in
Brief;[22] Robert's Rules of Order The Modern Edition;[23] Robert's Rules of Order: The
Original Manual;[24] The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure;[25] Demeter's Manual
of Parliamentary Law and Procedure: Blue Book Edition.[26]

A common text in use in the UK, particularly within trade unions, is Lord Citrine's ABC
of Chairmanship.

In English-speaking Canada, popular authorities include Kerr & King's Procedures for
Meeting and Organizations. The Conservative Party of Canada uses Wainberg's Society
meetings including rules of order to run its internal affairs.

In French-speaking Canada, commonly used rules of order for ordinary societies include
Victor Morin's Procédures des assemblées délibérantes (commonly known as the Code
Morin)[27] and the Code CSN.

PAGE 3
Functions

Committees can serve several different functions:

Governance

In organizations considered too large for all the members to participate in decisions
affecting the organization as a whole, a smaller body, such as a board of directors, is given
the power to make decisions, spend money, or take actions. A governance committee is
formed as a separate committee to review the performance of the board and board policy
as well as nominate candidates for the board.[4]

Coordination and administration

A large body may have smaller committees with more specialized functions. Examples are
an audit committee, an elections committee, a finance committee, a fundraising
committee, and a program committee. Large conventions or academic conferences are
usually organized by a coordinating committee drawn from the membership of the
organization.

Research and recommendations

Committees may be formed to do research and make recommendations on a potential or

planned project or change. For example, an organization considering a major capital
investment might create a temporary working committee of several people to review
options and make recommendations to upper management or the board of directors.

Discipline

A committee on discipline may be used to handle disciplinary procedures on members of

the organization.[5]

As a tactic for indecision

As a means of public relations by sending sensitive, inconvenient, or irrelevant matters to

committees, organizations may bypass, stall, or disacknowledge matters without declaring
a formal policy of inaction or indifference. However, this could be considered a dilatory
tactic.[6]

PAGE 4
Power and authority

Generally, committees are required to report to their parent body. Committees do not
usually have the power to act independently unless the body that created it gives it such
power.[3]

PROCEDURES

Meeting of the Constitutional Law Committee of the Finnish Parliament [fi] (Finnish:

Perustuslakivaliokunta) at the House of the Estates in Helsinki, Finland in 1918. The chairman of
the committee, K. J. Ståhlberg, at the left end of the table with his back to the camera.

When a committee is formed, a chairman (or "chair" or "chairperson") is designated for

the committee.[7] Sometimes a vice-chairman (or similar name) is also appointed.[8] It is
common for the committee chairman to organize its meetings. Sometimes these meetings
are held through videoconferencing or other means if committee members are not able to
attend in person, as may be the case if they are in different parts of the country or the
world.

The chairman is responsible for running meetings. Duties include keeping the discussion
on the appropriate subject, recognizing members to speak, and confirming what the
committee has decided (through voting or by unanimous consent). Using Roberts Rules
of Order Newly Revised (RONR), committees may follow informal procedures (such as
not requiring motions if it's clear what is being discussed).[9] The level of formality
depends on the size and type of committee, in which sometimes larger committees
considering crucial issues may require more formal processes.

Minutes are a record of the decisions at meetings. They can be taken by a person
designated as the secretary. For most organizations, committees are not required to keep
formal minutes.[9] However, some bodies require that committees take minutes, especially
if the committees are public ones subject to open meeting laws.

Committees may meet on a regular basis, such as weekly or more often, or meetings may
be called irregularly as the need arises. The frequency of the meetings depends on the
work of the committee and the needs of the parent body.

PAGE 5
When the committee completes its work, it provides the results in a report to its parent
body. The report may include the methods used, the facts uncovered, the conclusions
reached, and any recommendations.[10] If the committee is not ready to report, it may
provide a partial report or the assembly may discharge the committee of the matter so that
the assembly can handle it. Also, if members of the committee are not performing their
duties, they may be removed or replaced by the appointing power.[11] Whether the
committee continues to exist after presenting its report depends on the type of committee.
Generally, committees established by the bylaws or the organization's rules continue to
exist, while committees formed for a particular purpose go out of existence after the final
report.

PAGE 6
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Photograph, upload & engage with India's cultural treasures & museum collections! (16
Aug - 30 Sep 2022)

Moves towards registration of plant names;

extensive re-arrangement of the nomenclature
code; official version of the code only in (British)
English; later translations in Chinese, French,
XV 1993 Tokyo  Japan Yes German, Italian, Japanese, Russian, and Slovak;
conservation extended to all species names;
rejection permitted for any name that would
cause a disadvantageous nomenclatural change;
epitype concept introduced.

Refinement of type requirements; illustrations as

 United types mostly forbidden from 1958; morphotaxa for
XVI 1999 St. Louis Yes
States fossils. Proposals defeated included the BioCode
and registration of plant names.

Morphotaxa and regular taxa for fossils;

XVII 2005 Vienna  Austria Yes illustrations as types mostly forbidden from 2007;
glossary added to the code of nomenclature.

Electronic publication permitted; registration of

fungal names; English or Latin descriptions (or
Melbourn
XVIII 2011  Australia Yes diagnoses) from 2012; the concepts of anamorph
e
and teleomorph (for fungi) and morphotaxa (for
fossils) eliminated.

XIX 2017 Shenzhen  China Yes

The 2023 IBC in Brazil was cancelled due to the

XX 2024 Madrid Spain pandemic. It will be held in Madrid in July 2024.
Details to follow soon.

PAGE 7
COMMITTEES

Nomenclature Committee for Fungi

The Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF) is a permanent committee of the IBC,
appointed to discuss the international rules applied to fungi, especially their taxonomy.
The members of the NCF are elected every six years. The internationally agreed rules
that regulate how fungi are named are examined and revised at each International
Botanical Congress, held every six years. As of 2021, Scott Alan Redhead chairs the
committee.[14]

NOTES

1.

 "The proposals concerning the question of possible nomina specifica conservanda c.q. rejicienda
did not result in any legislative action but were followed by an attempt to assess first the real scope
of the problem before changing the rules. This may seem a minor step forward. In fact I believe it is
the first real progress that has been made towards solving this difficult problem. [11] Preface by J.
Lanjouw

2.  "As before, the Nomenclature Section decided that the Code should be published in
English, French and German languages. The three texts are all official, but, should there be
any inconsistency between the versions, it is agree to regard the English one arbitrarily as
correct."[11] Preface by J. Lanjouw

REFERENCES

1.

 "IBC2011 - Melbourne Australia 23 - 30 July 2011". Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved
2009-06-15.
  "IBC2017 - Shenzhen China 23 - 29 July 2017". Archived from the original on 2012-03-28. Retrieved
2011-07-25.

  Stafleu, F.A. (1970). "A century of botanical congresses". In R.C. Starr (ed.). XI International
Botanical Congress, University of Washington, Seattle, U.S.A., August 24-September 2, 1969.
Proceedings. Washington, D.C.: XI International Botanical Congress, Inc. pp. 9–21.

  Alphonse de Candolle (1867). Actes du Congrés international de botanique tenu a Paris en août
1867, sous les auspices de la Société botanique de France (1867).

  International Botanical Congress (February 11, 1893). "Atti del Congresso botanico internazionale
di Genova 1892". Genoa: Genova, Tip. del R. Istituto sordo-muti – via Internet Archive.

  "History of IBC". Archived from the original on 2006-10-11. Retrieved 2006-08-10.

PAGE 8
  Nicolson, D.H. (1991). "A History of Botanical Nomenclature". Annals of the Missouri Botanical
Garden. 78 (1): 33–56. doi:10.2307/2399589. JSTOR 2399589.

  Rickett, H.W.; Stafleu, F.A. (1959). "Nomina generica conservanda et rejicienda

spermatophytorum". Taxon. 8 (7): 213–243. doi:10.2307/1217883. JSTOR 1217883.

  Weatherby, C.A. (1949). "Botanical Nomenclature Since 1867". American Journal of Botany. 36
(1): 5–7. doi:10.2307/2438113. JSTOR 2438113. PMID  18124191.

  Stafleu, F.A. (1954). "Nomenclature at the Paris Congress". Taxon. 3 (8): 217–225.
doi:10.2307/1216598. JSTOR 1216598.

  Lanjouw, J.; Baehni, C.; Robyns, W.; Ross, R.; Rousseau, J.; Schopf, J.M.; Schulze, G.M.; Smith,
A.C.; Vilmorin, R.d.; Stafleu, F.A.; et  al. (1961), Code International de la Nomenclature
Botanique/International Code of Botanical Nomenclature/Internationaler Code der botanischen
Nomenklatur, Utrecht: International Bureau for Plant Taxonomy and Nomenclature of the
International Association for Plant Taxonomy

  Stafleu, F.A. (1964). "Nomenclature at Edinburgh". Taxon. 13 (8): 273–282. doi:10.2307/1216194.

JSTOR 1216194.

  This is a contrast to the ICZN.

14.  "Nomenclature Committee for Fungi". International Mycological Association. 2018.

Retrieved 2021-09-25.

EXTERNAL LINKS

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The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) is the set of
rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names that are given to
plants, fungi and a few other groups of organisms, all those "traditionally treated as algae,
fungi, or plants".[1]: Preamble, para. 8  It was formerly called the International Code of Botanical
Nomenclature (ICBN); the name was changed at the International Botanical Congress in
Melbourne in July 2011 as part of the Melbourne Code[2] which replaced the Vienna
Code of 2005.

The current version of the code is the Shenzhen Code adopted by the International
Botanical Congress held in Shenzhen, China, in July 2017. As with previous codes, it
took effect as soon as it was ratified by the congress (on 29 July 2017), but the
documentation of the code in its final form was not published until 26 June 2018.

PAGE 11
The name of the Code is partly capitalized and partly not. The lower-case for "algae,
fungi, and plants" indicates that these terms are not formal names of clades, but indicate
groups of organisms that were historically known by these names and traditionally
studied by phycologists, mycologists, and botanists. This includes blue-green algae
(Cyanobacteria); fungi, including chytrids, oomycetes, and slime moulds; photosynthetic
protists and taxonomically related non-photosynthetic groups. There are special
provisions in the ICN for some of these groups, as there are for fossils.

The ICN can only be changed by an International Botanical Congress (IBC), with the
International Association for Plant Taxonomy providing the supporting infrastructure.
Each new edition supersedes the earlier editions and is retroactive back to 1753, except
where different starting dates are specified.[1]: Principle VI 

For the naming of cultivated plants there is a separate code, the International Code of
Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants, which gives rules and recommendations that
supplement the ICN.

The rules governing botanical nomenclature have a long and tumultuous history, dating
back to dissatisfaction with rules that were established in 1843 to govern zoological
nomenclature.[3] The first set of international rules was the Lois de la nomenclature
botanique ("Laws of botanical nomenclature") that was adopted as the "best guide to
follow for botanical nomenclature"[3] at an "International Botanical Congress" convened
in Paris in 1867.[4][5] Unlike modern Codes, it contained recommendations for naming to
serve as the basis for discussions on the controversial points of nomenclature, rather than
obligatory rules for validly published and legitimate names within the Code.[6] It was
organized as six sections with 68 articles in total.

Multiple attempts to bring more "expedient" or more equitable practice to botanical

nomenclature resulted in several competing codes, which finally reached a compromise
with the 1930 congress.[3] In the meantime, the second edition of the international rules
followed the Vienna congress in 1905. These rules were published as the Règles
internationales de la Nomenclature botanique adoptées par le Congrès International de
Botanique de Vienne 1905 (or in English, International rules of Botanical Nomenclature
adopted by the International Botanical Conference of Vienna 1905). Informally they are
referred to as the Vienna Rules (not to be confused with the Vienna Code of 2006).

Some but not all subsequent meetings of the International Botanical Congress have
produced revised versions of these Rules, later called the International Code of Botanical
Nomenclature, and then International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants.

The Nomenclature Section of the 18th International Botanical Congress in Melbourne,

Australia (2011) made major changes:[2][7][8][9]

 The Code now permits electronic-only publication of names of new taxa; no

longer will it be a requirement to deposit some paper copies in libraries.

PAGE 12
 The requirement for a Latin validating diagnosis or description was changed to
allow either English or Latin for these essential components of the publication of
a new name (Article 39).
 "One fungus, one name" and "one fossil, one name" are important changes; the
concepts of anamorph and teleomorph (for fungi) and morphotaxa (for fossils)
have been eliminated.
 As an experiment with "registration of names", new fungal descriptions require
the use of an identifier from "a recognized repository"; there are two recognized
repositories so far, Index Fungorum[10] and MycoBank.

PAGE 13