PARAPHRASING STRUCTURES

1. REPORTED SPEECH
 Statements  “I love this book” she said.
She said she loved that book.
 Questions  “Did you live in Buenos Aires?” he asked.
He asked if I had lived in Buenos Aires.
 Commands  “Don’t run here!” she ordered me.
She ordered me not to run there.
2. PASSIVE VOICE
 Somebody stole lot of money yesterday.
A lot of money was stolen yesterday
 Do they make cars in Korea?
Are cars made in Korea?
3. CONDITIONALS
 I want to buy a boat but I don’t know how to sail. (Present)
If I knew how to sail, I would buy a boat. (2nd Conditional)
 I didn’t visit you because I was busy. (Past)
If I hadn’t been busy, I would have visited you. (3rd Conditional)
 I didn’t have lunch today so now I’m hungry. (Past and Present)
If I had had lunch today, I wouldn’t be hungry now. (Mixed Conditional)
4. CAUSATIVE HAVE (HAVE STH DONE)
 The mechanic fixed our car last week.
We had our car fixed last week.
5. CONTRAST LINKERS
o ALTHOUGH / EVEN THOUGH + clause
o IN SPITE OF / DESPITE + noun / gerund
 We couldn’t enter the building even though we were early.
We couldn’t enter the building despite being early.
 They played tennis although it was raining.
They played tennis in spite of the rain.
6. COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
 I am better than you.
You aren’t as good as me.
 No sport is as popular in America as football.
Football is the most popular sport in America.
7. MODALS OF DEDUCTION (MUST / CAN’T / MAY / MIGHT)
o PRESENT: modal + inf
o PAST: modal + HAVE + 3rd Col / -ED
 There’s no way that John was in Paris last week.
John can’t have been in Paris last week.
 I’m sure that Sara is at home.
Sara must be at home.
 Perhaps you left your keys at work.
You might have left your keys at work.
8. LET (ACTIVE) = ALLOW (PASSIVE)
 My parents let me go to the cinema.
 I was allowed to go to the cinema.
9. SUCCEED IN + GERUND = MANAGE + TO INFINITIVE
 We succeeded in doing everything at school.
 We managed to do everything at school.
10. TOO + ADJ = NOT ADJ ENOUGH
 You are too young to go clubbing.
You aren’t old enough to go clubbing.
11. SO + ADJ = SUCH (A / AN) + ADJ + NOUN
 The book is so long that I haven’t finished it yet.
It’s such a long book that I haven’t finished it yet.
12. WOULD PREFER = WOULD RATHER
o WOULD PREFER + to inf + RATHER THAN + inf
o WOULD RATHER + inf + THAN + inf
 I’d prefer to cook something rather than eat out.
I’d rather cook something than eat out.
13. STRUCTURES AFTER I WISH / IF ONLY
 What a pity I don’t have a garden.
I wish I had a garden.
 I regret not going to the party.
I wish I had gone to the party.
14. PAST SIMPLE + AGO / IN = PRESENT PERFECT + FOR / SINCE
 I saw her two months ago / in June.
 I haven’t seen her for two months / since June.
15. REPORTING VERBS
o APOLOGISE FOR = “I’m sorry…”
o BLAME SB FOR = “It’s your fault!”
o ACCUSE SB OF = “You did it!”
o SUGGEST = “Let’s do … / Why don’t we do …?”
o ADVISE = “You should / ought to / had better … “
 “Let’s go to the cinema” she said.
She suggested going to the cinema.
16. MODALS OF OBLIGATION (MUST / HAVE TO)
 Students are required to wear a uniform.
Students must / have to wear a uniform.
 It’s against the rules to smoke in a hospital.
You mustn’t smoke in a hospital.
 It’s not necessary for you to do the course.
You don’t have to do the course
17. INDIRECT QUESTIONS
 Where does she work?
Do you know where she works?
 Did you write that article?
I want to know if you wrote that article.
18. RELATIVE CLAUSES
 My mother has an app. It measures her blood pressure.
My mother has an app which / that measures her blood pressure.
 Stratford is a beautiful city. Shakespeare was born there.
Stratford, where Shakespeare was born, is a beautiful city.
19. HABITS IN THE PAST
 I used to walk to school when I was a child.
I would walk to school when I was a child.
20. PHRASAL VERBS
o RUN OUT OF = there’s no more … left
o PUT UP WITH = tolerate.
o GET ON WITH = have a good relationship with
o LOOK AFTER = be in charge of sb or sth
o LOOK FORWARD TO = be excited or pleased about sth
o SET UP = start a new business
o PUT OFF = postpone
o TAKE AFTER = look like / be similar to
o TURN DOWN = reject
o CUT DOWN ON = reduce
o BRING UP = raise a child
o CALL OFF = cancel
o CARRY ON = continue
o LOOK UP TO = admire
 There aren’t any apples left.
We’ve run out of apples.