TLMce eQ Cedhedhg

 
8 GGCK 8Q T7R LAF NAS8ER L
LZtleage
H
Hrerace
7 FGLE GF KGMR9EK
7c‘nokledgaents
 
cHT aTASINGS

‘cHT LOeT OF A FOScTa1MOcHTa’

‘cHIS HAcTFdL STaeIcdST’
‘AN TLTMTNc OF KINSNTSS’
‘I rAS ScAacLTS cO STT A FdaIOdS FACT TMTaGT’
‘I SHALL SAeT LONSON ANS TNGLANS FaOM
SISAScTa’
‘cO eLdNGT Oa NOc cO eLdNGT0 cHAc rAS cHT
QdTScION’
‘NOr I SAr STAcH AS NTAa AS I BTLITeT I HAeT TeTa
STTN HIM’
‘A aAGGTS eOLLTh aANG Odc FaOM cHT TSGT OF cHT
FOaTSc’
‘A SHAae ANS eTCdLIAa raTNCH’
‘I aTSOLeTS cO aTAS HIScOah0 eHILOSOeHh0
TCONOMICS’
‘cHT aISING cIST OF cOah STMOCaACh’
‘STLIGHcTS cO GTc SAFT HOMT AGAIN’
‘cHT COLLISION rAS eaOSIGIOdS’
‘Ac SdCH SIGHcS cHT caIdMeH OF eICcOah FASTS ON
cHT MINS’
‘OSS ANS BIZAaaT eOcTNcAcTS’
‘NO ScaONGTa aTcaOGaAST FOaCT TgIScS IN cHT
rOaLS’
‘STAcH ScOOS BTFOaT MT0 GaIM SdLLTN STAcH’
‘I cHTaTFOaT aTSOLeTS cO TSCAeT’
‘I HAS BTccTa cTLL hOd cHT cadcH’
‘I BTCAMT FOa cHT cIMT QdIcT FAMOdS’
‘AH0 HOaaIBLT rAa’
‘rT rTaT NTAaLh cHaOdGH cHT SANGTaOdS
GaOdNS’
‘aTeTNGT MAh BT SrTTc0 Bdc Ic IS ALSO MOSc
TgeTNSIeT’
‘BAaaTN SeOILS’
‘I HAeT ZTALOdSLh caITS cO AeOIS ALL SANGTa’
‘cHT aTSdLcS rTaT SdBScANcIAL’
‘rT HAeT NO CAdST cO BT ASHAMTS’
‘cHT rAaS OF eTOeLTS rILL BT MOaT cTaaIBLT
cHAN cHOST OF KINGS’
‘NTeTa cO LTc cHT rAa eASS Odc OF hOda MINSS
FOa A SAh’
‘AN TNGLANS OF rIST MTN’
‘cHT CAdST OF cHT eOOa ANS cHT rTAK ALL OeTa
cHT rOaLS’
‘cIMT cO STT cHTIa HOMTS Bh SAhLIGHc’
‘HdMANIch rILL NOc BT CASc SOrN’
‘cHT SAaK rAcTaS OF A FaITNSLTSS rOaLS’
‘cHT dNNAcdaAL GAe BTcrTTN aICH ANS eOOa’
‘cHT SAaK ANGTL’
‘rT eaOeOST cO cAg NOc rAGTS Bdc rTALcH’
‘cHT NOBLT ScAcdS OF CIcIZTNSHIe’
‘A CONScANc HTAac1STAaCHING’
‘A CAcAScaOeHT IN Oda NAcIONAL LIFT’
‘AN ISLANS rTLL1GdAaSTS HIcHTacO0 Ac LASc
STFTNCTLTSS’
‘cHT TNOaMOdS NdMBTa OF HAZAaSS’
‘AN dLcIMAcdM SdCH AS HAS NTeTa BTTN eTNNTS
IN MOSTaN cIMTS’
‘cHT rAa rILL BT LONG ANS SOMBaT’
‘NO aTASON cO STSeAIa’
‘ANgITch rILL MAKT IcS ABOST IN Oda BaAIN’
‘AN TeTNc SHOCKING ANS dNNAcdaAL IN IcS
CHAaACcTa’
‘cHT SOaaOr OF hOdcH ABOdc cO SIT’
‘adGGTS KINSNTSS ANS rAaM1HTAacTS COdacTSh’
‘cadSc cHT eTOeLT’
‘I STIZTS cHT LAaGTSc BadSH ANS FTLL deON Mh
eICcIM’
‘cHIS dNHAeeh Bdc NOc INGLOaIOdS GTNTaAcION’
‘I HAeT A CLTAa CONSCITNCT’
‘rT AaT eASSING cHaOdGH A BAS cIMT NOr’
‘Ic rAS A COMFOac cO BT rIcH cHTST FINT caOOeS’
‘STNSING cHT rOdNSTS SOLSITaS BACK cHaTT Oa
FOda cIMTS’
‘IF hOd CAN’c GaIN KTTe Odc OF cHT rAh cILL hOd
CAN’
‘A STFINIcT ANS eaACcICAL eaOeOSAL cO MAKT’
‘cHTaT CAN BT NO TgCdST’
‘rHAcTeTa IS SONT MdSc BT SONT IN cHT COLS
LIGHc OF SCITNCT’
‘MAachaS NOc LTSS cHAN SOLSITaS’
‘cHT caIALS OF Oda LAccTa1SAh GTNTaALS’
‘I0 rHO SAr HIM ON crTNch OCCASIONS’
‘cHT cOILS0 eTaILS0 SdFFTaINGS ANS eASSIONS OF
MILLIONS OF MTN’
‘cHT MTANING OF rAa rIcH cHT AMTaICAN dNION’
‘cHT COdNcah IS IN SANGTa’
‘cHT MOSc caTMTNSOdS CANNONAST I SHALL TeTa
HTAa’
‘AN dccTa ABSTNCT OF TgCIcTMTNc Oa BdScLT’
‘SdCH A chaANc ANS SdCH A CHAMeION’
‘A GaTAc ACcOa ON cHT ScAGT’
‘cHTaT rAS NO aIGMAaOLT Oa FOaMALISM’
‘eICcOah HAS COMT AFcTa ALL cHT HAZAaSS’
‘cHT ACHT FOa cHOST rHO rOdLS NTeTa COMT
HOMT’
‘cHT SAdNcLTSS ANS STeOcTS eTOeLT’
‘aTBdILS cHT adINS2 HTAL cHT rOdNSS’
‘cHT HTAac OF cHT adSSIAN eTOeLT’
‘cHT FdcdaT rAS HTAeh rIcH FOaTBOSING’
‘A FaIGHcFdL ANS OeTarHTLMING FOaCT’
‘cHT AGONh OF adSSIA’
‘cHT CLTMTNCh OF cHT CONQdTaOa’
‘cHOaOdGHLh cIaTS OF rAa’
‘A MTASdaTLTSS AaaAh OF cOILS ANS eTaILS’
‘FaOM cHT CONFdSION OF chaANNh cO A aTIGN OF
LAr’
‘STScadCcIeT cTNSTNCITS HAeT NOc hTc adN
cHTIa COdaST’
‘I AM NOc GOING cO BT MdZZLTS’
‘I HAeT ALrAhS ScdCK cO cHT MISSLT aOAS’
‘I AM cOO OLS A CAMeAIGNTa cO BT SISHTAacTNTS’
‘cHT eOrTaS NOr IN cHT HANSS OF MAN’
‘cHT AMBdLANCTS OF ScAcT AIS’
‘rHAc SHALL I SO rIcH ALL Mh BOOKSN’
‘rILL Oda CHILSaTN BLTTS ANS GASe AGAINN’
‘Ic IS TQdALLh eAIN cO eaOeHTSh Oa BOASc’
‘AN dNLIMIcTS CAeACIch OF ASAecIeTNTSS’
‘ALAaMING ANS ALSO NAdSTAcING’
‘I CTacAINLh SdFFTaTS TeTah eANG’
‘rT OF cHT TNGLISH1SeTAKING LANSS’
‘cHTST BANSS OF ScdaSh cTdcONIC hOdcHS’
‘rHTN rT aTAS ABOdc GTaMANh’
‘cHT MONScaOSIch OF cHT cOcALIcAaIAN ScAcT’
‘I rAS dNSTa HIS SeTLL’
‘HAdNcING FTAaS ANS SdSeICIONS’
‘SO hOd NOc caTMBLT FOa hOda CHILSaTNN’
‘SOMTBOSh HAS cO ScAcT cHT cadcH’
‘TeTah KINS OF eTaSTCdcION’
‘STCISTS ONLh cO BT dNSTCISTS’
‘rT AaT rIcH TdaOeT Bdc NOc OF Ic’
‘cHT ABANSONMTNc ANS adIN OF CZTCHOSLOeAKIA’
‘ONT HTALcHh GaOrL’
‘rHTaT I FAILTS0 FOa ALL Mh BaILLIANc GIFcS’
‘ANOcHTa CONFaONcAcION ANS caIAL OF ScaTNGcH’
‘A SCALT IMMTNSTLh GaTAcTa’
‘A STeOcTS eANGdAaS OF cHT BaIcISH NAcION’
‘cHT AMBASSASOa SHOdLS NOc HAeT SeOKTN SO’
‘A MOSc FOaMISABLT TgeaTSSION OF cHT BaIcISH
NAcIONAL rILL’
‘cHT aTSdaGTNCT OF cHT ONT1MAN eOrTa’
‘A rAa cO TScABLISH ANS aTeIeT cHT ScAcdaT OF
MAN’
‘rT MdSc TgeTCc FdacHTa LOSSTS’
‘aOdGH cIMTS LIT AHTAS’
‘cHT ScOaM rILL NOc eASS2 Ic rILL aAGT ANS Ic
rILL aOAa’
‘CTASTLTSS caIAL ANS eIGILANCT ON COLS0 SAaK0
ScOaMh STAS’
‘I FTLc AS IF I rTaT rALKING rIcH STScINh’
‘NdMBTa ONT’
‘BLOOS0 cOIL0 cTAaS ANS SrTAc’
‘I SANG Mh dSdAL SONG’
‘rT SHALL NOc FLAG Oa FAIL2 rT SHALL GO ON cO
cHT TNS2’
‘rT SHALL FIGHc ON dNCONQdTaABLT’
‘rT HAeT cO cHINK OF cHT FdcdaT ANS NOc OF cHT
eASc’
‘IF HIcLTa FAILS cO INeAST’
‘cHT SdeaTMT HOda’
‘rT SHALL NOc FAIL IN Oda Sdch0 HOrTeTa eAINFdL’
‘A rAa OF cHT dNKNOrN rAaaIOaS’
‘NTeTa IN cHT FITLS OF HdMAN CONFLICc’
‘LTc GOS STFTNS cHT aIGHc’
‘cHTST NTgc FTr rTTKS AaT GaAeT ANS ANgIOdS’
‘MAN’S INScINCcIeT STFIANCT OF chaANNh’
‘SLTTe cO GAcHTa ScaTNGcH FOa cHT MOaNING’
‘cHT ONLh GdIST cO A MAN IS HIS CONSCITNCT’
‘GIeT dS cHT cOOLS0 ANS rT rILL FINISH cHT ROB’
‘rONSTaFdL TgTacIONS HAeT BTTN MAST’
‘Oda edLSTS cHaOB ANS BTAc AS ONT’
‘rT SHALL GIeT rHAcTeTa HTLe rT CAN cO adSSIA’
‘NTeTa GIeT IN’
‘rT HAS rON cHT rAa’
‘A ScaANGT CHaIScMAS TeT’
‘eaOSIGIOdS HAMMTa1ScaOKTS HAeT BTTN NTTSTS’
‘SOMT CHICKTN! SOMT NTCK!’
‘HAeOC CONcINdTS cO aTIGN’
‘cONIGHc cHT RAeANTST AaT caIdMeHANc’
‘cTScING0 cahING0 ASeTaST0 eAINFdL cIMTS LIT
AHTAS’
‘CAaahING A LAaGT LdMe OF ICT cO cHT NOacH
eOLT’
‘cHTST eILT CaIMTS’
‘I CANNOc FTTL cHAc ST GAdLLT IS FaANCT’
‘hOda FTAcS rILL GLTAM ANS GLOr’
‘cHT HTAac OF AdScaIA’
‘cHT TNTMh IS ScILL eaOdS ANS eOrTaFdL’
‘I HAeT NO ISTA rHAc I SAIS’
‘chaANNh IS Oda FOT’
‘I ASMIaTS cHT ASMIaAL’S SeOacING SeIaIc’
‘AN IMeaTSSIeT eTaFOaMANCT’
‘cHT SOdL OF FaANCT SIS NOc SIT’
‘HAeT cHT eTOeLT cHT aIGHc cO cdaN Odc A
GOeTaNMTNcN’
‘cHT FOdNSAcION OF ALL STMOCaACh’
‘HT ScOOS0 rHTN Ac HIS ZTNIcH0 rIcHOdc A aIeAL’
‘eICcOah HAS CASc IcS SdaT ANS ScTASh BTAM
deON HIM’
‘cHT GTaMAN rAa IS cHTaTFOaT Ac AN TNS’
‘hOd NTeTa FLINCHTS Oa rAeTaTS’
‘Ic IS cHT eICcOaS rHO MdSc STAaCH cHTIa
HTAacS’
‘TNOaMOdS eaOBLTMS LIT BTFOaT dS’
‘SOMT FOaM OF GTScAeO’
‘NOcHING IS TASITa cHAN cO eaTeTNc FaTT SeTTCH’
‘STAa STSTac aAcS’
‘Mh eaOFOdNS GaAcIcdST’
‘NO BOh Oa GIaL SHOdLS TeTa BT SISHTAacTNTS’
‘AN IaON CdacAIN HAS STSCTNSTS’
‘GaTAcHTAac MdSc HAeT HIS SrOaS ANS AaMOda’
‘LTc GTaMANh LIeT’
‘Oda crO COdNcaITS HAeT ScadGGLTS ALONG
cOGTcHTa’
‘cHT dNIcTS ScAcTS OF TdaOeT’
‘rHTN SIS edNISHMTNc BTGINN’
‘NO crO aACTS HAeT STc SdCH A MAaK deON cHT
rOaLS’
‘cHT dNNTCTSSAah rAa’
‘A SCTNT OF MAcTaIAL adIN ANS MOaAL HAeOC’
‘rT CANNOc aTSc deON BTNTeOLTNc eLAcIcdSTS’
‘cHTh GAeT ALL cHTh HAS’
‘cHT dNSTaLhING eaINCIeLTS OF RdScICT ANS
FaTTSOM’
‘IF rT eOOL Oda LdCK ANS SHAaT Oda FOacdNTS’
‘eTOeLTS IN BONSAGT NTTS NTeTa STSeAIa’
‘AeeTASTMTNc FaOM ScaTNGcH IS MAGNANIMOdS
ANS NOBLT’
‘cHT MAIN FOdNSAcION OF eTACT’
‘BaIcAIN ANS cHT dNIcTS ScAcTS AaT rOaKING
cOGTcHTa’
‘rT IN cHIS SMALL ISLANS’
‘I rTLCOMT GTaMANh BACK’
‘cHT MOSc MTMOaABLT edBLIC OCCASION OF Mh
LIFT’
‘SAFTch rILL BT cHT ScdaSh CHILS OF cTaaOa’
‘cHT NAcION CLOSTS IcS aANKS’
‘cHT ANgIOdS ANS SAaKLING AGT’
‘dNIcTS FOaCTS ANS COMMON eaINCIeLTS’
‘cHT eASc SHOdLS GIeT dS HOeT’
‘cHT ONLh SOLdcION IS SISAaMAMTNc’
‘Oda FdcdaT IS ONT OF HIGH HOeT’
 
T7HK
KGMR9EK MGR E79@ GM L@E RE7KAFNK
HA9LMRE 79CFGOSEKNETEFLK
AFKEe
9opyrZght age
H
 1 @@KS 1 R MAC T8N 68E1EC T

ctq Appqasqrs (wutt auotarp Gott,

ctq Turopqaz eowqrs0 19AA – 19E5
ctq aoots or Appqasqyqzt
Ctuxprqz’s Ixxustratqp Bunxq Atxas
Atxas or Brutust Ctarutuqs
ctq HoxooaustK Maps azp etotosrapts
ctq Rqws or Aran LazpsK ctqur Hustory uz Maps
ctq Rqws or aussuaK ctqur Hustory uz Maps
Sur Horaoq auynoxpK eortraut or a Supxoyat
RqrusaxqyK aqnurtt or a Cuty
Rqrusaxqy uz ttq cwqztuqtt Cqztury
Txuxq azp aqturzK ctq Strussxq ror Rqwust Statqtoop
IsraqxK A Hustory
ctq Story or Israqx
Ausotwutz azp ttq Axxuqs
ctq Rqws or HopqK ctq exustt or Sovuqt Rqwry copay
StotarazskyK Hqro or Our cuyq
ctq HoxooaustK ctq Rqwust crasqpy
KrustaxxzaottK erqxupq to Sqstruotuoz
ctq BoysK cruuypt ovqr Apvqrsuty
ctq Furst rorxp rar
SoyyqK ctq Hqrousy azp Horror or rar
ctq Sqoozp rorxp rar
S1Say
ctq Say ttq rar Tzpqp
Typurqs uz CozfluotK A Hustory or ttq cwqztuqtt Cqztury0
19AA – 1933
Sqsoqzt uzto BarnarusyK A Hustory or ttq cwqztuqtt
Cqztury0 193E – 1951
Ctaxxqzsq to CuvuxuzatuozK A Hustory or ttq cwqztuqtt
Cqztury0 195C – 1999
Nqvqr AsauzK A Hustory or ttq Hoxooaust
 ctq Rqws uz ttq cwqztuqtt CqzturyK Az Ixxustratqp Hustory
Lqttqrs to Auztuq ForuK ctq 50AAA1hqar Hustory or ttq
Rqwust eqopxq azp ctqur Fautt
ctq austtqousK ctq dzsuzs Hqroqs or ttq Hoxooaust
Iz Istyaqx’s HousqK ttq 10EAA1hqar Hustory or Rqws uzpqr
Musxuy auxq
Iz Sqarot or Cturotuxx
Cturotuxx azp Ayqruoa
Cturotuxx azp ttq Rqws
ctq ruxx or ttq eqopxqK Cturotuxx azp earxuayqztary
Sqyooraoy

T7E C7FCC78EE 18@6CAA7R

eoxuyq IIIK ctq Ctaxxqzsq or rar0 191E – 1916 Soouyqzt

eoxuyq III (uz two parts,
eoxuyq IeK rorxp uz coryqzt0 1917 – 19CC Soouyqzt
eoxuyq Ie (uz ttrqq parts,
eoxuyq eK ctq Coyuzs or rar0 19CC – 1939
Soouyqzt eoxuyq eK ctq Txotqquqr hqars0 19CC – 19C9
Soouyqzt eoxuyq eK ctq ruxpqrzqss hqars0 19C9 – 1935
Soouyqzt eoxuyq eK ctq Coyuzs or rar0 1936 – 1939
eoxuyq eIK Fuzqst Hour0 1939 – 19E1
Cturotuxx rar eapqrs IK At ttq Apyuraxty0 Sqptqynqr 1939
– May 19EA
Cturotuxx rar eapqrs IIK Nqvqr Surrqzpqr0 May –
Sqoqynqr 19EA
Cturotuxx rar eapqrs IIIK ctq Tvqr1rupqzuzs rar0 19E1
eoxuyq eIIK aoap to euotory0 19E1 – 19E5
eoxuyq eIIIK Nqvqr Sqspaur0 19E5 – 1965
CturotuxxK A etotosraptuo eortraut
CturotuxxK A Lurq

ATEASES
Atxas or Ayqruoaz Hustory
Atxas or ttq Aran – Israqxu Cozfluot
Atxas or Brutust Hustory
Atxas or ttq Furst rorxp rar
Atxas or ttq Hoxooaust
Hustoruoax Atxas or Rqrusaxqy
Atxas or Rqwust Hustory
Atxas or aussuaz Hustory
Atxas or ttq Sqoozp rorxp rar

E38T8@NS @5 3@CFMENTS

Brutauz azp Gqryazy nqtwqqz ttq rars

exoust My Owz FurrowK ctq Lurq or Lorp Axxqz or
Hurtwoop
Sqrvazt or IzpuaK Suaruqs or ttq euoqroy’s eruvatq
Sqorqtary0 19A5 – 191A
Survuvuzs ttq HoxooaustK ctq Kovzo Gtqtto Suary or
Avratay cory
ruzstoz Cturotuxx azp Tyqry aqvqsK Corrqspozpqzoq
1937 – 196E
 ACE5 ACE

erqsupqzt Rotz F2 Kqzzqpy0 uz yakuzs ruzstoz Cturotuxx az

Hozorary Cutuzqz or ttq dzutqp Statqs uz Aprux 19630 saup or
tuyK ‘Hq yonuxusqp ttq Tzsxust xazsuasq azp sqzt ut uzto
nattxq2’
Cturotuxx puqp uz 19650 a rqw wqqks artqr tus zuzqtuqtt
nurttpay2 ctroustout tus sux pqoapqs uz ttq punxuo qyq azp
uz punxuo xurq0 tq uzpqrstoop azp wuqxpqp ttq powqr or
worps2 Iz tus spqqotqs0 nooks0 azp zqwspapqr azp
yasazuzq artuoxqs0 tq qxprqssqp tus rqqxuzss azp xaup out tus
vusuoz ror ttq ruturq2 Froy tus first qxpqruqzoqs or war
nqtwqqz 1895 azp 19AA0 tus vuvup zarratuvq styxq azp
ttousttrux rqflqotuozs wqrq rqap wutt rasouzatuoz uz Brutauz
azp nqyozp2 rtuxq stuxx uz tus twqztuqs0 tq was a yuot
soustt1artqr spqakqr uz Brutauz azp ttq dzutqp Statqs2
I tavq otosqz CAA qxtraots rroy tus nooks0 artuoxqs azp
spqqotqs ttat sqqy to yq to qxprqss ttq qssqzoq or tus
ttoustts0 azp to pqsorunq – uz tus owz worps – ttq yauz
apvqzturqs or tus xurq0 ttq yauz orusqs or tus oarqqr0 tus
yauz parxuayqztary uztqrvqztuozs azp uzutuatuvqs0 azp tus
ptuxosopty or xurq azp tuyaz qxustqzoq2 ctqsq qxtraots
razsq rroy tus yqyoruqs or tus otuxptoop azp sotooxpays
to tus ooztrunutuozs0 puruzs yorq ttaz firty yqars0 to
pqnatqs oz soouax poxuoy azp oz war2 ctqy oovqr tus
ooztrunutuozs to ttq pusooursq azp qvqzts or two worxp
wars0 azp tus topqs azp qfforts to sqq ttq worxp qyqrsq a
nqttqr pxaoq2
Cturotuxx usqp worps ror puffqrqzt purposqsK to arsuq ror
yorax azp poxutuoax oausqs0 to apvooatq ooursqs or aotuoz uz
ttq soouax0 zatuozax azp uztqrzatuozax sptqrqs0 azp to tqxx
ttq story or tus owz xurq azp ttat or Brutauz azp uts pxaoq uz
ttq worxp2 Hq was ttq auttor or firty1qustt nooksK sqvqz
nooks or yqyours0 suxtqqz voxuyqs or tustory (wtuot
ooztauzqp wuttuz ttqy tus pqrsozax yqyoruqs or nott worxp
wars,0 twqzty1two voxuyqs or tus owz spqqotqs0 rour
sqxqotuozs or tus zqwspapqr azp yasazuzq artuoxqs0 two
voxuyqs or qssays0 sux nuosraptuoax voxuyqs (rour anout tus
uxxustruous yuxutary azoqstor Rotz Cturotuxx0 first Sukq or
Marxnoroust0 azp two anout tus rattqr Lorp aazpoxpt
Cturotuxx, azp ozq zovqx (rroy wtuot ttq first rqapuzs uz
ttus ooxxqotuoz us takqz,2
Cturotuxx’s zqwspapqr azp yasazuzq artuoxqs tavq zqvqr
nqqz punxustqp uz nook rory uz ttqur totaxuty2 Hq wrotq 8EC
artuoxqs uz axx0 C1C or ttqy tus qyq1wutzqss rqports rroy
ttqatrqs or war uz Cuna0 ttq Nortt1rqst Froztuqr0 Supaz
azp Soutt Arruoa2 ctq first0 sqzt rroy Cuna0 was punxustqp
uz Lozpoz oz 13 Sqoqynqr 18950 two wqqks artqr tus
twqzty1first nurttpay2
Cturotuxx was az aoooypxustqp storytqxxqr2 Hq xovqp ttq
qnn azp flow or zarratuvq0 azp uz yazy or tus nooks0 azp
axso uz tus spqqotqs0 portrayqp ttq prayatuo qvqzts ttat tq
tap wutzqssqp0 azp tap ortqz nqqz a part or2 Hus suyyary
or Brutauz’s roxq uz ttq Sqoozp rorxp rar0 uz tus nroapoast
oz 13 May 19E50 sux pays artqr ttq Gqryaz surrqzpqr0 us a
yastqrpuqoq or oozousuoz ooynuzqp wutt qyotuoz2
ctq qxtraots ttat I tavq otosqz arq yy ravourutqsE ozqs
ttroust wtuot I oayq to sqq ttq razsq azp uypaot or
Cturotuxx’s uztqrqsts0 oozoqrzs0 azp ooztrunutuozs to Brutust
xurq azp to ttq uztqrzatuozax oozfluots azp topqs or ttq first
taxr or ttq twqztuqtt oqztury2 I nqsaz ooxxqotuzs ttus
yatqruax uz 196C0 ttq yqar uz wtuot I first nqsaz work oz
ttq Cturotuxx nuosrapty as a youzs rqsqarot assustazt to
Cturotuxx’s soz aazpoxpt0 wtoy I suooqqpqp as nuosraptqr
oz tus pqatt uz 19682
I tavq put ttq qxtraots uz otrozoxosuoax orpqr0 azp uz ttqur
ooztqxt0 so ttat0 rqap sqquqztuaxxy0 ttqy rory a nuosraptuoax
zarratuvq2 aqap uz wtatqvqr orpqr0 ttqy suvq a flavour or
Cturotuxx’s wupq1razsuzs uztqrqsts azp uzvoxvqyqzt uz
zatuozax azp worxp qvqzts0 nott as az onsqrvqr azp as a
partuoupazt0 ortqz at ttq oqztrq or sovqrzyqzt or at uts tqap
as eruyq Muzustqr2 Hus nroapoast or 16 Ruzq 19E1 to ttq
dzutqp Statqs us punxustqp tqrq uz ruxx0 wutt a zotq or ttq
worps azp ptrasqs tq otazsqp2
Cturotuxx’s punxustqp wrutuzss spaz qvqry aspqot or tus
xurq azp oarqqr0 uz pqaoq azp uz war2 Hus spqqotqs0 uz
earxuayqzt azp uz punxuo0 rqflqot ttq oozfluots azp
ooztrovqrsuqs wutt wtuot tq was uzvoxvqp puruzs tus xozs
yqars or punxuo xurq2 ‘Ir I rouzp ttq rustt worps’0 tq toxp
ttosq sattqrqp uz rqstyuzstqr Haxx to oqxqnratq tus
qusttuqtt nurttpay uz 195E0 ‘you yust rqyqynqr ttat I tavq
axways qarzqp yy xuvuzs ny yy pqz azp ny yy tozsuq2’
As ozq or ttq tustqst1paup vourzaxusts or tus sqzqratuoz0
azp as a oazpupatq – fivq tuyqs uzsuooqssruxxy – at twqzty1
ozq parxuayqztary qxqotorax ooztqsts nqtwqqz 1899 azp
19550 Cturotuxx oouxp wrutq ayup ttq story or ttq
nattxqfiqxp azp uz ttq oaxy or tus stupy0 azp spqak uz ttq out
azp ttrust or vusorous punxuo azp parxuayqztary pqnatq2
rorps wqrq tus yost pqrsuasuvq wqapoz2 Taot or ttq
qxtraots uz ttqsq pasqs apps to our uzpqrstazpuzs or
Cturotuxx’s xurq azp ttoustt0 azp provupqs az uzsustt uzto
tow tq yapq tus yark oz ttq Brutust azp ttq worxp stasq2 I
topq you qzvoy rqapuzs – azp rq1rqapuzs – ttqy as yuot as
I tavq2
 
Martuz Guxnqrt
1A Razuary CA1C
 A N@TE @N S@FCCES

ctqsq rqapuzss arq takqz rroy a razsq or souroqs uz wtuot

ozq oaz fizp Cturotuxx’s aotuax worps0 wruttqz or spokqzE
pqtauxs or ttqsq souroqs arq suvqz uz ttq ‘Souroqs ror qaot
or ttq rqapuzss’ at ttq qzp or ttq nook2
ctq xarsqst suzsxq zuynqr or Cturotuxx’s spqqotqs – ttosq
ttat tq yapq uz ttq Housq or Coyyozs nqtwqqz 19A1 azp
1955 – arq to nq rouzp uz @ansard(ttq vqrnatuy rqoorp or
pqnatqs uz ttq Housq or Coyyozs,2 Hus spqqotqs
qxsqwtqrq wqrq yostxy pruztqp uz ooztqyporary zatuozax
azp xooax zqwspapqrs0 uz tus owz ooxxqotqp voxuyqs or
spqqotqs0 azp uz O Znston K, 9hurchZll6 @Zs 9oaplete
Kpeeches, 1E 53 s 15C3 0 qputqp ny aonqrt atopqs Rayqs
(qustt voxuyqs0 197E,2 Cturotuxx’s spqqot to ttq offioqrs or
tus nattaxuoz uz Fxazpqrs uz 1916 us uz a xqttqr ttat tq wrotq
to tus wurq oz ttq roxxowuzs payE ttus xqttqr0 azp tus spqqot
zotqs oz ttq ‘tqrrunxq’ twqztuqtt oqztury0 arq uz ttq
Cturotuxx eapqrs at ttq Cturotuxx Arotuvqs Cqztrq0
Cturotuxx Coxxqsq0 Caynrupsq2 Hus spqqot or E Ootonqr
19A1 us rroy a prqss outtuzs uz ttq Cturotuxx eapqrs2 Hus
spqqot zotqs ror tus nroapoast or 16 Ruzq 19E1 to ttq
dzutqp Statqs arq rroy a pruvatq ooxxqotuoz2
Mazy or Cturotuxx’s owz punxustqp nooks ooztauz tus
pqrsozax yqyoruqs azp rqflqotuozs2 Ayozs ttqsq nooks arq
Lhe Ktory orthe Tala‘and MZeld Morce (1898,0 Lhe RZver
O ar (1899,0 Sondon to SadysaZth vZa HretorZa(19AA,0 Lhe
O orld 9rZsZs (fivq voxuyqs0 19C3 – 31,0 Ty Early SZre (193A,
azp Lhe Kecond Oorld Oar (sux voxuyqs0 19E8 – 53,2
Cturotuxx’s xqttqr or rqsuszatuoz uz Novqynqr 1915 was
punxustqp uz ttq Brutust zatuozax zqwspapqrs at ttq tuyq2
Hus pqsoruptuoz or a ooyyazpqr1uz1otuqr oz ttq rqstqrz
Frozt uz ttq Furst rorxp rar – a xuttxq1kzowz portrayax or
Fuqxp Marstax Sur Sousxas Haus – us tuokqp pusorqqtxy away
uz eoxuyq cwo or tus rour1voxuyq nuosrapty0 TarlSorough6
@Zs SZre and LZaes 2
Cturotuxx’s rqtort to Aynassapor Kqzzqpy’s pqrqatusy oz
ttq qvq or war uz 1939 was rqoorpqp ny two or ttosq
prqsqzt0 Haroxp Nuooxsoz azp raxtqr Luppyazz0 uz ttqur
puaruqs2 Hus rqyarks uz 19EC anout Gqzqrax pq Gauxxq uz a
Sqorqt Sqssuoz spqqot uz ttq Housq or Coyyozs – rqyarks
ttat Cturotuxx pqoupqp to oyut rroy ttq spqqot wtqz ut was
punxustqp artqr ttq war – arq uz ttq Cturotuxx Arotuvqs
Cqztrq at Cturotuxx Coxxqsq0 Caynrupsq0 as arq ttq
rqooxxqotuozs or Sur Murxazp pq Grassq Tvazs or a
oozvqrsatuoz wutt Cturotuxx at Harrow uz 18912
 ACKN@HEE36EMENTS

I ay sratqrux first or axx to ttq Hoz2 aazpoxpt Cturotuxx

MBT (Muxutary Suvusuoz,0 ror wtoy I workqp as ozq or tus
rqsqarot assustazts nqtwqqz 196C azp tus pqatt uz 1968E ut
was tq wto qzoourasqp yq to rqap axoup rroy tus rattqr’s
wrutuzss0 azp to po so stazpuzs at ttq pqsk ttat tap ozoq
nqxozsqp to Susraqxu0 azp xatqr to ruzstoz Cturotuxx2
‘aqapuzs axoup’ was a rqsuxar rqaturq or qvqzuzss at
aazpoxpt Cturotuxx’s tousq uz Suffoxk2 Mazy or ttq qxtraots
ttat I tavq otosqz uz ttus nook wqrq ozqs to wtuot I was
uztropuoqp at ttat tuyq2 Ottqrs wqrq ozqs ttat I otosq wutt
erorqssor Ruy Mqrruwqattqr0 or ttq dzuvqrsuty or Soutt
CaroxuzaE tq azp I spqzt yazy qvqzuzss rqapuzs ttqy axoup
puruzs yy sannatuoax tqry uz ttq dzutqp Statqs uz 19652 Iz
ttq rorty1sux yqars suzoq ttqz0 I tavq qzvoyqp rqapuzs qaot
or ttq qxtraots uz ttus nook nott oz yy owz azp wutt
zuyqrous rruqzps0 uzoxupuzs ttat yastqr or orax yuxutary
tustory0 yy Nortt Lozpoz zqustnour Max Arttur2
I ay sratqrux ror tqxtuax yatqruax provupqp ny erqqtu
Ctavpa0 ctq Cuvuo Cqztrq aqrqrqzoq Lunrary0 HarrowE ny
Mr Axxqz eaokwoop azp Sr Lyzsqy aonqrtsoz0 Cturotuxx
Arotuvqs Cqztrq0 Cturotuxx Coxxqsq0 CaynrupsqE azp ny ttq
Cturotuxx nunxuosraptqr0 aozaxp I2 Cotqz0 wtosq work us
uzpuspqzsanxq ror azyozq workuzs uz ttq Cturotuxx vuzqyarp2
auotarp Lazswortt CBT (Hoz2, us0 as axways0 a wusq suupq
oz souroqs2 Cayqroz Hazxqturst savq yq ttq nqzqfit or tus
wupq kzowxqpsq or Cturotuxx’s qarxy poxutuoax oarqqr2
For tqxp uz trazsorunuzs yazy or ttqsq qxtraots0 I ay
sratqrux to Txa Gottwaxp azp Kay ctoysoz2 ctq fizax tqxt
sauzqp uyyqzsqxy rroy ttq qasxq qyq or Guxxuaz
Soyqrsoaxqs0 azp ttq sqxqotuoz or ptotosrapts rroy ttq
skuxx azp qzttusuasy or Stquxa Lqq2
 At qvqry stasq uz ttq ooypuxatuoz or wtat tas nqqz a yost
ruxfixxuzs task0 I ay uzpqntqp to yy wurq Tsttqr ror tqr
qzttusuasy azp qzoourasqyqzt2
T7 E CE A 3 8N 6 S
 ‘T7 E E @GE @5 A 5@STE C0M @T7 E Cl

ruzstoz Cturotuxx was norz oz 3A Novqynqr 187E0 uz

Bxqztquy eaxaoq0 Oxrorpsturq2 Hus rattqr0 Lorp aazpoxpt
Cturotuxx0 was ttq soz or a pukq0 azp tap poxutuoax
aynutuozsK first qztqruzs earxuayqzt uz ttq yqar or ruzstoz’s
nurtt0 tq rosq uz qxqvqz yqars to Canuzqt razk0 qvqztuaxxy
sqrvuzs as Ctazoqxxor or ttq Txotqquqr2 Hus yottqr was
Ayqruoaz0 norz Rqzzuq Rqroyq uz Brookxyz2 Froy ttq asq or
two uztux ttq asq or sqvqz0 Cturotuxx was xookqp artqr ny tus
zursq0 Mrs Tvqrqst0 wto was pqvotqp to tuy0 azp to wtoy
tq was uz turz pqvotqp2 Hus yottqr0 tq wrotq uz Ty Early
SZre0 ‘stozq ror yq xukq ttq Tvqzuzs Star2 I xovqp tqr pqarxy
– nut at a pustazoq 2 2 2 My zursq was yy oozfipaztq2 Mrs
Tvqrqst ut was wto xookqp artqr yq azp tqzpqp axx yy
wazts2 It was to tqr I pourqp out yy yazy trounxqs2’ Mrs
Tvqrqst rqyauzqp a wqxooyq souroq or support azp apvuoq
to Cturotuxx uztux tus tqqzs2 Iz ttq ozxy zovqx ttat tq wrotq0
Kavrola0 punxustqp uz 19AA0 tq pqsorunqp a yoyqzt wtqz
ttq tqro’s zursq qztqrs ttq rooyK
Hus ttoustts wqrq uztqrruptqp ny ttq qztrazoq or ttq
oxp woyaz wutt a tray2 Hq was turqp0 nut ttq
pqoqzouqs or xurq tap to nq onsqrvqpE tq rosq0 azp
passqp uzto ttq uzzqr rooy to otazsq tus oxottqs azp
yakq tus touxqt2
rtqz tq rqturzqp0 ttq tanxq was xaupE ttq soup tq
tap askqp ror tap nqqz qxpazpqp ny ttq oarq or tus
tousqkqqpqr uzto a yorq qxanoratq yqax2 Stq wautqp
oz tuy0 pxyuzs tuy ttq wtuxq wutt quqstuozs azp
watotuzs tus appqtutq wutt azxuous pxqasurq2
Stq tap zursqp tuy rroy tus nurtt up wutt a
pqvotuoz azp oarq wtuot kzqw zo nrqak2 It us a
strazsq ttuzs0 ttq xovq or ttqsq woyqz2 eqrtaps ut us
ttq ozxy pusuztqrqstqp affqotuoz uz ttq worxp2 ctq
yottqr xovqs tqr otuxpE ttat us yatqrzax zaturq2 ctq
youtt xovqs tus swqqttqartE ttat too yay nq
qxpxauzqp2 ctq pos xovqs tus yastqrE tq rqqps tuyE a
yaz xovqs tus rruqzpE tq tas stoop ny tuy pqrtaps at
pountrux yoyqzts2 Iz axx ttqrq arq rqasozsE nut ttq
xovq or a rostqr1yottqr ror tqr otarsq appqars
ansoxutqxy urratuozax2 It us ozq or ttq rqw proors0 zot to
nq qxpxauzqp qvqz ny ttq assoouatuoz or upqas0 ttat
ttq zaturq or yazkuzp us supqruor to yqrq
utuxutaruazusy0 azp ttat tus pqstuzuqs arq tust2
ctq xustt azp rrusax suppqr fizustqp0 ttq oxp woyaz
pqpartqp wutt ttq pxatqs0 azp tq rqxx to tus yusuzss
asauz2
 ‘T7 8S 7 ATE 5F E SE CG8TF 3 E l

Four wqqks nqrorq tus qusttt nurttpay0 Cturotuxx’s parqzts

sqzt tuy to a noarpuzs sotoox0 St Gqorsq’s0 Asoot0 outsupq
Lozpoz2 Hq rqoaxxqp tus tuyq at ttat sotoox uz tus nook Ty
Early SZre
K
How I tatqp ttus sotoox0 azp wtat a xurq or azxuqty I
xuvqp – ttqrq ror yorq ttaz two yqars2 I yapq vqry
xuttxq prosrqss at yy xqssozs0 azp zozq at axx at
sayqs2 I oouztqp ttq pays azp ttq tours to ttq qzp or
qvqry tqry0 wtqz I stouxp rqturz toyq rroy ttus
tatqrux sqrvutupq azp razsq yy soxpuqrs uz xuzq or
nattxq oz ttq zursqry floor2
ctq srqatqst pxqasurq I tap uz ttosq pays was
rqapuzs2 rtqz I was zuzq azp a taxr yy rattqr savq
yq Lreasure Asland 0 azp I rqyqynqr ttq pqxustt wutt
wtuot I pqvourqp ut2 My tqaotqrs saw yq at ozoq
naokwarp azp prqooouous0 rqapuzs nooks nqyozp yy
yqars azp yqt at ttq nottoy or ttq Fory2 ctqy wqrq
offqzpqp2 ctqy tap xarsq rqsouroqs or ooypuxsuoz at
ttqur pusposax0 nut I was stunnorz2 rtqrq yy rqasoz0
uyasuzatuoz or uztqrqst wqrq zot qzsasqp0 I wouxp zot
or I oouxp zot xqarz2 Iz axx ttq twqxvq yqars I was at
sotoox zo ozq qvqr suooqqpqp uz yakuzs yq wrutq a
Latuz vqrsq or xqarz azy Grqqk qxoqpt ttq axptanqt2 I
po zot at axx qxousq yysqxr ror ttus rooxust zqsxqot or
opportuzutuqs proourqp at so yuot qxpqzsq ny yy
parqzts azp nroustt so rorounxy to yy attqztuoz ny yy
erqoqptors2 eqrtaps ur I tap nqqz uztropuoqp to ttq
azouqzts ttroust ttqur tustory azp oustoys0 uzstqap
or ttroust ttqur srayyar azp syztax0 I yustt tavq
tap a nqttqr rqoorp2
 ‘A N E E E M E N T @5 K 8N 3 N E SSl

As a youzs noy Cturotuxx suffqrqp rroy rqpqatqp nouts or

uxx1tqaxtt0 so yuot so ttat ttq rayuxy pootor apvusqp ttat tq
stouxp xqavq St Gqorsq’s (wtuot Cturotuxx oaxxqp St Rayqs’s
uz tus yqyours, azp so to a sotoox ny ttq sqa2 ctus was a
noarpuzs sotoox at Brusttoz0 or wtuot Cturotuxx xatqr wrotq
uz Ty Early SZre K
I rqxx uzto a xow statq or tqaxtt at St2 Rayqs’s Sotoox0
azp fizaxxy artqr a sqruous uxxzqss yy parqzts took yq
away2 Our rayuxy pootor0 ttq oqxqnratqp aonsoz
aoosq0 ttqz praotusqp at BrusttozE azp as I was zow
supposqp to nq vqry pqxuoatq0 ut was ttoustt pqsuranxq
ttat I stouxp nq uzpqr tus oozstazt oarq2 I was
aooorpuzsxy0 uz 18830 trazsrqrrqp to a sotoox at
Brusttoz kqpt ny two xapuqs2
ctus was a syaxxqr sotoox ttaz ttq ozq I tap xqrt2 It
was axso otqapqr azp xqss prqtqztuous2 But ttqrq was
az qxqyqzt or kuzpzqss azp or syypatty wtuot I tap
rouzp oozspuouousxy xaokuzs uz yy first qxpqruqzoqs2
Hqrq I rqyauzqp ror ttrqq yqarsE azp ttoust I vqry
zqarxy puqp rroy az attaok or pounxq pzquyozua0 I sot
srapuaxxy yuot strozsqr uz ttat nraouzs aur azp
sqztxq surrouzpuzss2 At ttus sotoox I was axxowqp to
xqarz ttuzss wtuot uztqrqstqp yqK Frqzot0 Hustory0
xots or eoqtry ny tqart0 azp anovq axx aupuzs azp
Swuyyuzs2 ctq uyprqssuoz or ttosq yqars yakqs a
pxqasazt puoturq uz yy yuzp0 uz strozs ooztrast to yy
qarxuqr sotooxpay yqyoruqs2
‘8 H A S STA CTE E 3 T@ SE E A 5F C8@F S
5A C E E M E C6 E l

Cturotuxx’s zqxt sotoox was Harrow0 otosqz ror tuy ny tus

parqzts – asauz oz ttqur pootor’s apvuoq – as ut was sqt oz a
tuxx azp ttus oozsupqrqp tqaxttuqr ttaz Ttoz0 ny ttq auvqr
ctayqs2 Cturotuxx xuvqp at Harrow as a noarpqr0 rroy 18880
wtqz tq was tturtqqz0 uztux tq was qusttqqz0 uz 189C2
ctqrq tq qxoqxxqp at Hustory azp Tzsxust0 azp woz nott ttq
Harrow Sotoox azp eunxuo Sotooxs rqzouzs otaypuozstups2
As tq wrotq uz Ty Early SZreK
I first wqzt to Harrow uz ttq suyyqr tqry2 ctq
sotoox possqssqp ttq nussqst swuyyuzs natt I tap
qvqr sqqz2 It was yorq xukq ttq nqzp or a ruvqr ttaz a
natt0 azp ut tap two nrupsqs aoross ut2 ctuttqr wq
usqp to rqpaur ror tours at a tuyq0 azp nask nqtwqqz
our pups0 qatuzs qzoryous nuzs0 oz ttq tot asptaxt
yarsuz2 Naturaxxy ut was a soop vokq to ooyq up
nqtuzp soyq zakqp rruqzp0 or qvqz qzqyy0 azp pust
tuy uz2 I yapq quutq a tanut or ttus wutt noys or yy
owz suzq or xqss2
Ozq pay wtqz I tap nqqz zo yorq ttaz a yoztt uz
ttq sotoox0 I saw a noy stazpuzs uz a yqputatuvq
posturq wrappqp uz a towqx oz ttq vqry nruzk2 Hq was
zo nussqr ttaz I was0 so I ttoustt tuy raur sayq2
Coyuzs stqaxttuxy nqtuzp0 I pustqp tuy uz0 toxpuzs oz
to tus towqx out or tuyazuty0 so ttat ut stouxp zot sqt
wqt2 I was startxqp to sqq a ruruous raoq qyqrsq rroy
ttq roay0 azp a nquzs qvupqztxy or qzoryous strqzstt
yakuzs uts way ny fiqroq strokqs to ttq storq2 I flqpE
nut uz vauz2 Swurt as ttq wuzp yy pursuqr ovqrtook
yq0 squzqp yq uz a rqroouous srup azp turxqp yq uzto
ttq pqqpqst part or ttq poox2 I sooz soraynxqp out oz
ttq ottqr supq0 azp rouzp yysqxr surrouzpqp ny az
asutatqp orowp or youzsqr noys2 ‘hou’rq uz ror ut0’ ttqy
saup2 ‘So you kzow wtat you tavq pozqN It’s AyqryE
tq’s uz ttq Suxtt Fory2 Hq us Hqap or tus HousqE tq us
otaypuoz at GyyE tq tas sot tus rootnaxx ooxours2’
ctqy ooztuzuqp to rqoouzt tus yazy tutxqs to rayq
azp rqvqrqzoq0 azp to puxatq upoz ttq awrux
rqtrunutuoz ttat wouxp raxx upoz yq2 I was oozvuxsqp
zot ozxy wutt tqrror0 nut wutt ttq suuxt or saoruxqsq2
How oouxp I tqxx tus razk wtqz tq was uz a natt1towqx
azp so syaxxN I pqtqryuzqp to apoxosusq uyyqpuatqxy2
I approaotqp ttq potqztatq uz xuvqxy trqpupatuoz2 ‘I ay
vqry sorry0’ I saup2 ‘I yustook you ror a Fourtt Fory
noy2 hou arq so syaxx2’ Hq pup zot sqqy at axx pxaoatqp
ny ttusE so I appqp uz a yost nruxxuazt rqoovqry0 ‘My
rattqr0 wto us a srqat yaz0 us axso syaxx’2 At ttus tq
xaustqp0 azp artqr soyq sqzqrax rqyarks anout yy
‘otqqk’ azp tow I tap nqttqr nq oarqrux uz ttq ruturq0
suszufiqp ttat ttq uzoupqzt was oxosqp2
I tavq nqqz rortuzatq to sqq a soop pqax yorq or
tuy0 uz tuyqs wtqz ttrqq yqars’ puffqrqzoq uz asq us
zot so uyportazt as ut us at sotoox2 rq wqrq
artqrwarps to nq Canuzqt ooxxqasuqs ror a soop yazy
yqars2
 ‘8 S7 A E E SAGE E @N 3 @N A N 3
E N 6 E A N 3 5C@M 3 8SA STE Cl

Iz 18910 wtuxq at Harrow0 ttq suxtqqz1yqar1oxp Cturotuxx

wouxp ortqz spqak anout tus ruturq wutt ttq ottqr noys0 ozq
or wtoy0 Murxazp (xatqr Sur Murxazp, pq Grassq Tvazs –
wto was Cturotuxx’s asq0 azp xuvqp to sqq tuy nqooyq
eruyq Muzustqr – xatqr rqoaxxqp a oozvqrsatuoz ozq Suzpay
qvqzuzs artqr otapqxK ‘rq rrazkxy pusoussqp our ruturqs2
Artqr pxaouzs yq uz ttq Supxoyatuo Sqrvuoq0 pqrtaps
nqoausq or yy Frqzot pqsoqzt rroy Apyurax pq Grassq wto
was pqrqatqp ny Lorp aopzqy uz ttq Battxq or ttq Sauzts0
178CE or axtqrzatuvqxy uz fizazoq0 roxxowuzs yy rattqr’s
oarqqr0 wq oayq to tus owz ruturq’K
‘ruxx you so uzto ttq aryyN’ I askqp2
‘I poz’t kzow0 ut us pronanxq0 nut I staxx tavq srqat
apvqzturqs nqsuzzuzs sooz artqr I xqavq tqrq2’
‘Arq you souzs uzto poxutuosN Foxxowuzs your rayous
rattqrN’
‘I poz’t kzow0 nut ut us yorq ttaz xukqxy nqoausq0
you sqq0 I ay zot arraup to spqak uz punxuo2’
‘hou po zot sqqy at axx oxqar anout your uztqztuozs
or pqsurqs2’
‘ctat yay nq0 nut I tavq a wozpqrrux upqa or wtqrq
I staxx nq qvqztuaxxy2 I tavq prqays anout ut2’
‘rtqrq us ttatN’ I qzquurqp2
‘rqxx0 I oaz sqq vast otazsqs ooyuzs ovqr a zow
pqaoqrux worxpE srqat uptqavaxs0 tqrrunxq strussxqsE
wars suot as ozq oazzot uyasuzqE azp I tqxx you
Lozpoz wuxx nq uz pazsqr – Lozpoz wuxx nq attaokqp
azp I staxx nq vqry proyuzqzt uz ttq pqrqzoq or
Lozpoz2’
 ‘How oaz you taxk xukq ttatN’ I saupE ‘wq arq ror qvqr
sarq rroy uzvasuoz0 suzoq ttq pays or Napoxqoz2’
‘I sqq rurttqr atqap ttaz you po2 I sqq uzto ttq
ruturq2 ctus oouztry wuxx nq sunvqotqp soyqtow0 to a
trqyqzpous uzvasuoz0 ny wtat yqazs I po zot kzow0
nut (waryuzs up to tus sunvqot, I tqxx you I staxx nq uz
ooyyazp or ttq pqrqzoqs or Lozpoz azp I staxx savq
Lozpoz azp Tzsxazp rroy pusastqr2’
‘ruxx you nq a sqzqrax ttqz0 uz ooyyazp or ttq
troopsN’
‘I poz’t kzowE prqays or ttq ruturq arq nxurrqp nut
ttq yauz onvqotuvq us oxqar2 I rqpqat – Lozpoz wuxx nq
uz pazsqr azp uz ttq tust posutuoz I staxx oooupy0 ut
wuxx raxx to yq to savq ttq Caputax azp savq ttq
Typurq2’
 ‘T@ AE F N 6 E @C N @T T@ AE F N 6 E ,
T7 AT H A S T7 E B F E ST8@N l

Cturotuxx was to tavq sqvqrax zarrow qsoapqs rroy pqatt

puruzs tus xurqK at sotoox wtqz tq axyost suoouynqp to
pzquyozua0 uz ttq Aryy0 wtuxq flyuzs0 uz ttq watqr0 azp
wtuxq orossuzs ttq strqqt uz Nqw hork2 ctq sqoozp or ttqsq
qsoapqs – roxxowuzs ttq pzquyozua – took pxaoq qarxy uz
18930 wtqz tq was qusttqqz0 as tq pqsorunqp uz Ty Early
SZreK
My auzt0 Lapy ruynorzq0 tap xqzt us tqr
ooyrortanxq qstatq at Bourzqyoutt ror ttq wuztqr2
Forty or firty aorqs or puzq rorqst pqsoqzpqp ny sazpy
uzpuxatuozs tqryuzatuzs uz oxuffs to ttq syoott nqaot
or ttq Tzsxust Ctazzqx2 It was a syaxx0 wuxp pxaoq azp
ttroust ttq yuppxq ttqrq rqxx to ttq sqa xqvqx a pqqp
oxqrt oaxxqp a ‘otuzq’2 Aoross ttus ‘otuzq’ a rustuo
nrupsq zqarxy 5A yarps xozs tap nqqz ttrowz2 I was
vust 18 azp oz yy toxupays2 My youzsqr nrottqr asqp
1C azp a oousuz asqp 1E proposqp to otasq yq2 Artqr
I tap nqqz tuztqp ror twqzty yuzutqs azp was rattqr
stort or nrqatt0 I pqoupqp to oross ttq nrupsq2 Arruvqp
at uts oqztrq I saw to yy oozstqrzatuoz ttat ttq
pursuqrs tap puvupqp ttqur roroqs2 Ozq stoop at qaot
qzp or ttq nrupsqE oapturq sqqyqp oqrtauz2 But uz a
flast ttqrq oayq aoross yq a srqat provqot2 ctq otuzq
wtuot ttq nrupsq spazzqp was ruxx or youzs fir trqqs2
ctqur sxqzpqr tops rqaotqp to ttq xqvqx or ttq
rootway2 ‘rouxp ut zot’ I askqp yysqxr ‘nq possunxq to
xqap oz to ozq or ttqy azp sxup powz ttq poxq1xukq
stqy0 nrqakuzs off qaot tuqr or nrazotqs as ozq
pqsoqzpqp0 uztux ttq raxx was nrokqzN’ I xookqp at ut2 I
ooyputqp ut2 I yqputatqp2 Mqazwtuxq I oxuynqp ovqr
ttq naxustrapq2 My youzs pursuqrs stoop wozpqr1
struok at quttqr qzp or ttq nrupsq2 co pxuzsq or zot to
pxuzsq0 ttat was ttq quqstuoz! Iz a sqoozp I tap
pxuzsqp0 ttrowuzs out yy arys to qynraoq ttq
suyyut or ttq fir trqq2 ctq arsuyqzt was oorrqotE ttq
pata wqrq ansoxutqxy wrozs2 It was ttrqq pays nqrorq
I rqsauzqp oozsououszqss azp yorq ttaz ttrqq
yoztts nqrorq I orawxqp rroy yy nqp2
ctq yqasurqp raxx was C9 rqqt oz to tarp srouzp2
But zo pount ttq nrazotqs tqxpqp2 My yottqr0
suyyozqp ny ttq axaryuzs yqssasq or ttq otuxprqz0
‘Hq vuypqp ovqr ttq nrupsq azp tq woz’t spqak to
us0’ turruqp powz wutt qzqrsqtuo aup azp uzopportuzq
nrazpy2 It was az axuoy wutt yy parqzts ttat uz
sqruous aooupqzt or uxxzqss ttq tustqst yqpuoax aup
stouxp nq uzvokqp0 rqsarpxqss or oost2 Tyuzqzt
spqouaxusts stoop anout yy nqp2
Latqr oz wtqz I oouxp uzpqrstazp asauz0 I was
stookqp azp axso flattqrqp to tqar or ttq qzoryous
rqqs ttqy tap nqqz paup2 My rattqr travqxxqp ovqr at
ruxx qxprqss rroy Sunxuz wtqrq tq tap nqqz spqzpuzs
tus Ctrustyas at ozq or oxp Lorp Futzsunnoz’s ozoq1
oqxqnratqp partuqs2 Hq nroustt ttq srqatqst or
Lozpoz sursqozs wutt tuy2 I tap ayozs ottqr
uzvuruqs a rupturqp kupzqy2 It us to ttq sursqoz’s art
azp to yy owz prozouzoqp wuxx1to1xuvq ttat ttq rqapqr
us uzpqntqp ror ttus story2 But ror a yqar I xookqp at
xurq rouzp a oorzqr2
 ‘N @H 8 SAH 3 E AT7 A S N E A C A S 8
1 E E 8E GE 8 7 AGE E GE C SE E N 7 8M l

Cturotuxx’s zqxt zarrow qsoapq rroy pqatt oayq qusttqqz

yoztts xatqr0 uz ttq suyyqr or 189E0 wtqz tq was ozoq
asauz oz toxupay0 ttus tuyq wutt tus nrottqr Raok0 oz Lakq
Gqzqva2 Cturotuxx0 ttqz zuzqtqqz0 was az aryy oapqt at
Sazpturst2 Hq pqsorunqp wtat tappqzqp uz Ty Early SZre,
zot yqztuozuzs ttat ttq ‘noy a xuttxq youzsqr ttaz yysqxr’
was tus nrottqrK
I wqzt ror a row wutt azottqr noy a xuttxq youzsqr
ttaz yysqxr2 rtqz wq wqrq yorq ttaz a yuxq rroy
ttq storq0 wq pqoupqp to tavq a swuy0 puxxqp off our
oxottqs0 vuypqp uzto ttq watqr azp sway anout uz
srqat pqxustt2 rtqz wq tap tap qzoust0 ttq noat was
pqrtaps 1AA yarps away2 A nrqqzq tap nqsuz to stur
ttq watqrs2 ctq noat tap a syaxx rqp awzuzs ovqr uts
stqrz sqats2 ctus awzuzs aotqp as a saux ny oatotuzs
ttq nrqqzq2 As wq sway towarps ttq noat0 ut prurtqp
rarttqr off2 Artqr ttus tap tappqzqp sqvqrax tuyqs wq
tap pqrtaps taxvqp ttq pustazoq2 But yqazwtuxq ttq
nrqqzq was rrqstqzuzs azp wq nott0 qspqouaxxy yy
ooypazuoz0 nqsaz to nq turqp2
dp to ttus pouzt zo upqa or pazsqr tap orossqp yy
yuzp2 ctq suz pxayqp upoz ttq sparkxuzs nxuq watqrsE
ttq wozpqrrux pazoraya or youztauzs azp vaxxqys0
ttq say totqxs azp vuxxas stuxx syuxqp2 But I zow saw
Sqatt as zqar as I nqxuqvq I tavq qvqr sqqz tuy2 Hq
was swuyyuzs uz ttq watqr at our supq0 wtuspqruzs
rroy tuyq to tuyq uz ttq rusuzs wuzp wtuot ooztuzuqp
to oarry ttq noat away rroy us at anout ttq sayq
spqqp wq oouxp swuy2 No tqxp was zqar2 dzaupqp wq
oouxp zqvqr rqaot ttq storq2 I was zot ozxy az qasy0
nut a rast swuyyqr0 tavuzs rqprqsqztqp yy Housq at
Harrow0 wtqz our tqay pqrqatqp axx ooyqrs2
I zow sway ror xurq2 cwuoq I rqaotqp wuttuz a yarp
or ttq noat azp qaot tuyq a sust oarruqp ut vust
nqyozp yy rqaotE nut ny a suprqyq qffort I oaustt
toxp or uts supq uz ttq zuok or tuyq nqrorq a stuxx
strozsqr sust nuxsqp ttq rqp awzuzs asauz2 I
soraynxqp uz0 azp rowqp naok ror yy ooypazuoz wto0
ttoust turqp0 tap zot apparqztxy rqaxusqp ttq puxx
yqxxow sxarq or yortax pqrux ttat tap so suppqzxy
pxayqp arouzp us2 I saup zottuzs to ttq tutor anout
ttus sqruous qxpqruqzoqE nut I tavq zqvqr rorsottqz utE
azp pqrtaps soyq or yy rqapqrs wuxx rqyqynqr ut
too2
 ‘A CA 6 6 E 3 G@E E E R CA N 6 @F T
5C@M T7 E E 3 6 E @5 T7 E 5@CE STl

Cturotuxx’s rattqr puqp oz CE Razuary 18950 ttrqq wqqks

nqrorq tus rorty1suxtt nurttpay2 Cturotuxx was vust twqzty
yqars oxp2 Four wqqks artqr tus rattqr’s pqatt0 Cturotuxx
qztqrqp ttq oavaxry as a sqoozp xuqutqzazt2 ctat Ootonqr tq
azp a rqxxow offioqr wqzt to Cuna0 as suqsts or ttq Spazust
Aryy0 to wutzqss ttq Spazust attqypt to orust ttq Cunaz
zatuozaxust rqnqxxuoz2 Cturotuxx was axso suvqz az
uztqxxusqzoq task ny ttq Brutust AryyK to rqport oz ttq
pqzqtratuzs powqr or a zqw Spazust nuxxqt2 Oz C Sqoqynqr
18950 uz Cuna0 tq was uz aotuoz ror ttq first tuyq0
pqsorunuzs ttq soqzq uz ozq or tus rqsuxar rqports naok to
Lozpoz ror ttq KaZly NraphZc K
Bqtoxp zqxt yorzuzs a pustuzot sqzsatuoz uz ttq xurq or
a youzs offioqr! It us stuxx park0 nut ttq sky us paxuzs2
rq arq uz wtat a nruxxuazt ttoust xuttxq1kzowz wrutqr
tas oaxxqp ‘ctq puy yystqruous tqypxq or ttq Sawz2’
rq arq oz our torsqs0 uz uzuroryE our rqvoxvqrs arq
xoapqp2 Iz ttq pusk azp taxr1xustt0 xozs fixqs or aryqp
azp xapqz yqz arq stuffluzs off towarps ttq qzqyy2
Hq yay nq vqry zqarE pqrtaps tq us wautuzs ror us a
yuxq away2 rq oazzot tqxxE wq kzow zottuzs or ttq
quaxutuqs quttqr or our rruqzps or roqs2 rq tavq
zottuzs to po wutt ttqur quarrqxs2 Txoqpt uz pqrsozax
sqxr1pqrqzoq wq oaz takq zo part uz ttqur ooynats2 But
wq rqqx ut us a srqat yoyqzt uz our xuvqs – uz raot0 ozq
or ttq nqst wq tavq qvqr qxpqruqzoqp2 rq ttuzk ttat
soyqttuzs us souzs to tappqzE wq topq pqvoutxy ttat
soyqttuzs wuxx tappqzE yqt at ttq sayq tuyq wq po
zot wazt to nq turt or kuxxqp2
 rtat us ut ttqz ttat wq po waztN It us ttat xurq or
youtt – apvqzturq0 azp apvqzturq ror apvqzturq’s
sakq2 hou yustt oaxx ut toyrooxqry2 co travqx ttousazps
or yuxqs wutt yozqy ozq oouxp uxx afforp0 azp sqt up at
rour o’oxook uz ttq yorzuzs uz ttq topq or sqttuzs uzto
a sorapq uz ttq ooypazy or pqrrqot strazsqrs0 us
oqrtauzxy tarpxy a ratuozax prooqqpuzs2 hqt wq kzqw
ttqrq wqrq vqry rqw sunaxtqrzs uz ttq Brutust Aryy
wto wouxp zot tavq suvqz a yoztt’s pay to sut uz our
sappxqs2
[···‘
Oz ttus pay wtqz wq taxtqp ror nrqakrast qvqry yaz
sat ny tus torsq azp atq wtat tq tap uz tus pookqt2 I
tap nqqz provupqp wutt taxr a skuzzy otuokqz2 I was
qzsasqp uz szawuzs ttq pruystuok wtqz suppqzxy0
oxosq at tazp0 axyost uz our raoqs ut sqqyqp0 a rassqp
voxxqy razs out rroy ttq qpsq or ttq rorqst2 ctq torsq
uyyqpuatqxy nqtuzp yq – zot yy torsq – savq a
nouzp2 ctqrq was qxoutqyqzt azp ooyyotuoz2 A party
or soxpuqrs rustqp to ttq pxaoq wtqzoq ttq voxxqy tap
nqqz firqp0 azp or ooursq rouzp zottuzs qxoqpt a rqw
qypty oartrupsq oasqs2
Mqazwtuxq I tap nqqz yqputatuzs upoz ttq
wouzpqp torsq2 It was a otqstzut2 ctq nuxxqt tap
struok nqtwqqz tus runs0 ttq nxoop pruppqp oz ttq
srouzp0 azp ttqrq was a ouroxq or park rqp oz tus
nrustt otqstzut ooat anout a root wupq2 Hq tuzs tus
tqap0 nut pup zot raxx2 Tvupqztxy towqvqr tq was
souzs to puq0 ror tus sappxq azp nrupxq wqrq sooz
takqz off tuy2 As I watotqp ttqsq prooqqpuzss I oouxp
zot tqxp rqflqotuzs ttat ttq nuxxqt wtuot tap struok
ttq Ctqstzut tap oqrtauzxy passqp wuttuz a root or yy
tqap2 So at azy ratq I tap nqqz ‘uzpqr firq2’ ctat was
soyqttuzs2 Nqvqrttqxqss0 I nqsaz to takq a yorq
ttousttrux vuqw or our qztqrprusq ttaz I tap tuttqrto
pozq2
 [2 2 2 ‘
ctq zqxt payK
ctq pay was tot0 azp yy ooypazuoz azp I pqrsuapqp
a ooupxq or offioqrs oz ttq Staff to ooyq wutt us azp
nattq uz ttq ruvqr2 ctq watqr was pqxusttrux0 nquzs
wary azp oxqar0 azp ttq spot vqry nqauturux2 rq wqrq
prqssuzs oz ttq nazk wtqz0 suppqzxy0 wq tqarp a stot
firqp2 Azottqr azp azottqr roxxowqpE ttqz oayq a
voxxqy2
ctq nuxxqts wtustxqp ovqr our tqaps2 It was qvupqzt
ttat az attaok or soyq sort was uz prosrqss2 A sqztry0
suttuzs oz a trqq anout firty yarps tustqr up strqay0
poppqp ovqr ut0 azp0 kzqqxuzs powz nqtuzp0 nqsaz to
firq at ttq apvazouzs qzqyy0 wto wqrq zow zot CAA
yarps away2 rq puxxqp oz our oxottqs azytow0 azp
ozq or ttq offioqrs0 uz a taxr1prqssqp statq0 raz azp
ooxxqotqp anout firty yqz wto wqrq nuuxpuzs stqxtqrs
ror ttq zustt oxosq ny2 Or ooursq ttqy tap ttqur ruflqs0
uz ttus war zo soxpuqr qvqr soqs a yarp wuttout tus
wqapoz0 azp ttqsq yqz pounxqp up uz tust pqxustt
azp savq ttq rqnqxs a voxxqy rroy ttqur Mausqrs
wtuot otqokqp ttq qzqyy’s apvazoq2
rq rqturqp axozs ttq ruvqr as sraoqruxxy as yustt
nq0 azp rqturzqp to ttq sqzqrax’s quartqrs2 rtqz wq
arruvqp ttqrq was a rqsuxar skuryust souzs oz taxr a
yuxq away0 azp ttq nuxxqts wqrq raxxuzs ovqr ttq oayp2
ctq rqnqxs0 wto usq aqyuzstozs0 firqp uzpqpqzpqztxy0
azp ttq pqqp zotq or ttqur puqoqs ooztrastqp
strazsqxy wutt ttq struxx rattxq or ttq yasazuzq ruflqs
or ttq Spazuarps2 Artqr anout taxr az tour ttq
uzsursqzts tap qzoust0 azp wqzt off oarryuzs ttqur
wouzpqp azp pqap away wutt ttqy2
At qxqvqz ttat zustt ttqy oayq naok azp firqp at us
ror anout az tour2 ctus tuyq ttqy qypxoyqp voxxqys0
azp kuxxqp azp wouzpqp sqvqrax soxpuqrs anout ttq
oayp2 Ozq nuxxqt oayq ttroust ttq ttatot or ttq tut
uz wtuot wq wqrq sxqqpuzs azp azottqr wouzpqp az
orpqrxy vust outsupq2
 ‘A S7 A CA A N 3 AE C F E 8A C H CE N C 7 l

Oz 11 Sqptqynqr 18960 Sqoozp Luqutqzazt Cturotuxx sauxqp

wutt tus rqsuyqzt to Izpua2 ctrqq wqqks xatqr0 oz Ootonqr 10
tus stup rqaotqp Boynay2 Iz Ty Early SZre 0 tq rqoaxxqp tus
arruvaxK
A stoax or tuzy noats tap nqqz xyuzs arouzp us axx pay
xozs0 rusuzs azp raxxuzs wutt ttq swqxx2 rq qasqrxy
suyyozqp soyq or ttqsq2 It took anout a quartqr or
az tour to rqaot ttq quays or ttq Sassooz Sook2 Gxap
I was to nq ttqrqE ror ttq xuvqxy yotuoz or ttq skuff to
wtuot I azp two rruqzps tap ooyyuttqp oursqxvqs was
rast nqooyuzs our yauz prqoooupatuoz2
rq oayq axozssupq or a srqat stozq waxx wutt
pruppuzs stqps azp uroz ruzss ror tazp1toxps2 ctq
noat rosq azp rqxx rour or fivq rqqt wutt ttq sursqs2 I
put out yy tazp azp sraspqp at a ruzsE nut nqrorq I
oouxp sqt yy rqqt oz ttq stqps ttq noat swuzs away0
suvuzs yy rustt stouxpqr a starp azp pqouxuar
wrqzot2 I soraynxqp up axx rustt0 yapq a rqw rqyarks
or a sqzqrax otaraotqr0 yostxy nqsuzzuzs wutt ttq
qarxuqr xqttqrs or ttq axptanqt0 tussqp yy stouxpqr
azp sooz ttoustt zo yorq anout ut2
Lqt yq oouzsqx yy youzsqr rqapqrs to nqwarq or
pusxooatqp stouxpqrs2 Iz ttus0 as uz so yazy ottqr
ttuzss0 ut us ttq first stqp ttat oouzts2 Quutq az
qxoqptuozax strauz us rqquurqp to tqar ttq oapsuxq
wtuot toxps ttq stouxpqr vouzt tosqttqrE nut ozoq ttq
pqqp us pozq0 a tqrrunxq xuanuxuty rqyauzs2 Axttoust yy
stouxpqr pup zot aotuaxxy so out0 I tap sustauzqp az
uzvury wtuot was to xast yq yy xurq0 wtuot was to
oruppxq yq at poxo0 to prqvqzt yq rroy qvqr pxayuzs
tqzzus0 azp to nq a sravq qynarrassyqzt uz yoyqzts
or pqrux0 vuoxqzoq azp qffort2 Suzoq ttqz0 at urrqsuxar
uztqrvaxs yy stouxpqr tas pusxooatqp oz ttq yost
uzqxpqotqp prqtqxtsE sxqqpuzs wutt yy ary uzpqr ttq
puxxow0 takuzs a nook rroy ttq xunrary stqxvqs0
sxuppuzs oz a stauroasq0 swuyyuzs0 qto2 Ozoq ut vqry
zqarxy wqzt out ttroust a too qxpazsuvq sqsturq uz
ttq Housq or Coyyozs0 azp I ttoustt tow
astozustqp ttq yqynqrs wouxp tavq nqqz to sqq ttq
spqakqr to wtoy ttqy wqrq xustqzuzs0 suppqzxy ror zo
rqasoz ttrow tuysqxr upoz ttq floor uz az uzstuzotuvq
qffort to takq ttq strauz azp xqvqrasq off ttq puspxaoqp
ary1nozq2
ctus aooupqzt was a sqruous puqoq or nap xuok2
Howqvqr0 you zqvqr oaz tqxx wtqttqr nap xuok yay
zot artqr axx turz out to nq soop xuok2 eqrtaps ur uz ttq
otarsq or Oypuryaz I tap nqqz anxq to usq a sworp0
uzstqap or tavuzs to apopt a yopqrz wqapoz xukq a
Mausqr pustox0 yy story yustt zot tavq sot so rar as
ttq tqxxuzs2 Ozq yust zqvqr rorsqt wtqz yusrortuzqs
ooyq ttat ut us quutq possunxq ttqy arq savuzs ozq
rroy soyqttuzs yuot worsqE or ttat wtqz you yakq
soyq srqat yustakq0 ut yay vqry qasuxy sqrvq you
nqttqr ttaz ttq nqst1apvusqp pqousuoz2 Lurq us a wtoxq0
azp xuok us a wtoxq0 azp zo part or ttqy oaz nq
sqparatqp rroy ttq rqst2
 ‘8 CE S@E GE 3 T@ CE A 3 7 8ST@CR ,
A7 8E @S@A7 R , E C @N @M 8C Sl

As a soxpuqr uz Izpua0 nasqp uz Bazsaxorq0 Cturotuxx spqzt

sqvqrax tours qaot pay rqapuzs2 Hq tap askqp tus yottqr
to sqzp tuy nooks oz tustory0 poxutuos azp poxutuoax qoozoyy2
Iz Ty Early SZre tq rqoaxxqpK
I tap axways xukqp tustory at sotoox2 But ttqrq wq
wqrq suvqz ozxy ttq puxxqst0 pruqst0 pqyyuoazusqp
rorys xukq Lhe Ktudentts @uae2 Ozoq I tap a tuzprqp
pasqs or Lhe Ktudentts@uae as a toxupay task2 Quutq
uzqxpqotqpxy0 nqrorq I wqzt naok to sotoox0 yy rattqr
sqt out to qxayuzq yq upoz ut2 ctq pqruop was
Ctarxqs I2 Hq askqp yq anout ttq Grazp
aqyozstrazoqE wtat pup I kzow anout ttatN I saup
ttat uz ttq qzp ttq earxuayqzt nqat ttq Kuzs azp out
tus tqap off2 ctus sqqyqp to yq ttq srazpqst
rqyozstrazoq uyasuzanxq2 It was zo soop2 ‘Hqrq’0
saup yy rattqr0 ‘us a sravq parxuayqztary quqstuoz
affqotuzs ttq wtoxq struoturq or our oozstututuozax
tustory0 xyuzs zqar ttq oqztrq or ttq task you tavq
nqqz sqt0 azp you po zot uz ttq sxusttqst pqsrqq
apprqouatq ttq ussuqs uzvoxvqp2’
I was puzzxqp ny tus oozoqrzE I oouxp zot sqq at ttq
tuyq wty ut stouxp yattqr so yuot2 Now I waztqp to
kzow yorq anout ut2 So I rqsoxvqp to rqap tustory0
ptuxosopty0 qoozoyuos0 azp ttuzss xukq ttatE azp I
wrotq to yy yottqr askuzs ror suot nooks as I tap
tqarp or oz ttqsq topuos2 Stq rqspozpqp wutt axaoruty0
azp qvqry yoztt ttq yaux nroustt yq a sunstaztuax
paokasq or wtat I ttoustt wqrq stazparp works2
 Iz tustory I pqoupqp to nqsuz wutt Gunnoz2 Soyqozq
tap toxp yq ttat yy rattqr tap rqap Gunnoz wutt
pqxusttE ttat tq kzqw wtoxq pasqs or ut ny tqart0 azp
ttat ut tap srqatxy affqotqp tus styxq or spqqot azp
wrutuzs2 So wuttout yorq apo I sqt out upoz ttq qustt
voxuyqs or Sqaz Muxyaz’s qputuoz or Gunnoz’s KeclZne
and Mall orthe Roaan EapZre 2 I was uyyqpuatqxy
poyuzatqp nott ny ttq story azp ttq styxq2 Axx
ttroust ttq xozs sxustqzuzs yuppxq tours or ttq
Izpuaz pay0 rroy wtqz wq quuttqp stanxqs tuxx ttq
qvqzuzs stapows prooxauyqp ttq tour or eoxo0 I
pqvourqp Gunnoz2 I ropq truuyptaztxy ttroust ut rroy
qzp to qzp azp qzvoyqp ut axx2 I sorunnxqp axx yy
opuzuozs oz ttq yarsuzs or ttq pasqs0 azp vqry sooz
rouzp yysqxr a vqtqyqzt partusaz or ttq auttor
asauzst ttq pusparasqyqzts or tus poypous1puous
qputor2 I was zot qvqz qstrazsqp ny tus zaustty
rootzotqs2
[…‘
So pxqasqp was I wutt Lhe KeclZne and Mall ttat I
nqsaz at ozoq to rqap Gunnoz’s 7utoSZography 0 wtuot
xuokuxy was nouzp up uz ttq sayq qputuoz2 rtqz I
rqap tus rqrqrqzoq to tus oxp zursqK ‘Ir ttqrq nq azy0
as I trust ttqrq arq soyq0 wto rqvouoq ttat I xuvq0 to
ttat pqar azp qxoqxxqzt woyaz ttqur sratutupq us puq’0
I ttoustt or Mrs2 Tvqrqst [Cturotuxx’s zazzy‘E azp ut
staxx nq tqr qputapt2
 ‘T7 E C8S8N 6 T83 E @5 T@CR
3 E M @C CA C R l

Iz May 18970 Cturotuxx rqturzqp to Brutauz ror ttrqq

yoztts’ xqavq rroy Izpua2 Oz rqaotuzs Lozpoz0 tq uzroryqp
Cozsqrvatuvq Cqztrax Offioq ttat tq wouxp wqxooyq az
qarxy opportuzuty or nqooyuzs a parxuayqztary oazpupatq2
Hq xatqr wrotq0 uz Ty Early SZre K ‘It appqarqp ttqrq wqrq
tuzprqps or uzpoor yqqtuzss azp outpoor rqtqs0 or nazaars
azp raxxuqs axx or wtuot wqrq oxayazt ror spqakqrs2 I
survqyqp ttus prospqot wutt ttq qyq or az urotuz xookuzs
ttroust a pastry oook’s wuzpow2 Fuzaxxy wq sqxqotqp Batt
as ttq soqzq or yy (offiouax, yaupqz qffort2’ Oz C6 Ruxy 18970
tq spokq at Cxavqrtoz Mazor (zow ttq Ayqruoaz Musquy,
zqar Batt2 Aooorpuzs to Lhe Sady yasazuzq tqz pays xatqrK
‘Az auspuouous pqnut oz ttq pxatrory was yapq ttq ottqr
pay ny Mr ruzstoz Cturotuxx0 qxpqr soz or ttq xatq Lorp
aazpoxpt Cturotuxx2 Hq spokq at a xarsq eruyrosq Lqasuq
yqqtuzs0 azp pqxusttqp tus aupuqzoq ny ttq roroq azp
yqztax asuxuty tq puspxayqp2 Mr Cturotuxx0 wto us ozxy
twqzty1ttrqq0 aspurqs to a sqat uz earxuayqzt2 Hq us uz ttq
Ett Hussars at prqsqzt0 azp us strukuzsxy xukq tus xatq rattqr
uz rqaturqs azp ooxouruzs2’ Cturotuxx – uz raot ozxy twqzty1
two – toxp tus first poxutuoax aupuqzoq0 spqakuzs first anout
ttq Cozsqrvatuvqs’ rorkyqz’s Coypqzsatuoz BuxxK
rtqz ttq aapuoaxs nroustt uz ttqur Buxx azp rauxqp0
ttqy oaxxqp ut az Typxoyqrs’ Luanuxuty Buxx2 Onsqrvq
tow yuot nqttqr ttq coruqs po ttqsq ttuzss2 ctqy oaxx
ttus Buxx ttq rorkyqz’s Coypqzsatuoz Buxx0 azp ttat us
a yuot zuoqr zayq2
[…‘
I po zot say ttat workyqz tavq zot nqqz trqatqp wqxx
uz ttq past ny ttq kuzpzqss azp oozsupqratuoz or ttqur
qypxoyqrs0 nut ttus yqasurq rqyovqs ttq quqstuoz
rroy ttq sturtuzs sazps or otaruty azp pxaoqs ut oz ttq
firy nqprook or xaw2
So rar ttq Buxx ozxy appxuqs to pazsqrous trapqs2
aapuoaxs0 azp Lunqraxs0 axways xunqrax wutt ottqr
pqopxq’s yozqy0 askqp wty ut was zot appxuqp to axx
trapqs2 ctus was vust xukq a aapuoax0 vust ttq sxappast0
wtoxqsaxq0 taruy1soaruy poxuoy or ttq aapuoax2 It
rqyuzps yq or ttq yaz wto0 oz nquzs toxp ttat
vqztuxatuoz was az qxoqxxqzt ttuzs0 wqzt azp syastqp
qvqry wuzpow uz tus tousq2 ctat us zot Cozsqrvatuvq
poxuoy2 Cozsqrvatuvq poxuoy us qssqztuaxxy a tqztatuvq
poxuoy0 a xook1nqrorq1you1xqap poxuoy0 azp ut us a poxuoy
or poz’t xqap at axx ur ttqrq us a xappqr2
[…‘
Brutust workyqz tavq yorq to topq ror rroy ttq
rusuzs tupq or cory Sqyooraoy ttaz rroy ttq pruqp1up
prauzpupq or aapuoaxusy2
Ozq or ttq quqstuozs wtuot poxutuouazs tavq to raoq
us tow to avoup pusputqs nqtwqqz Caputax azp Lanour2
I topq ttat uxtuyatqxy ttq xanourqr yay nqooyq a
starqtoxpqr uz ttq profits azp yay zot nq uzwuxxuzs to
starq ttq xossqs or a nap yqar nqoausq tq starqp ttq
profits or a soop ozq2
Iz 188A ttq cory earty was orustqp0 nrokqz0
puspurutqp2 Its srqat xqapqr0 Lorp Bqaoozsfiqxp0 was
axrqapy touotqp ny ttq fizsqr or Sqatt2 Its pruzoupxqs
wqrq uzpopuxarE uts zuynqrs wqrq rqwE azp ut
appqarqp oz ttq vqrsq or qxtuzotuoz2 Onsqrvq ut zow2
ctat strussxuzs rqyzazt or coryusy tas swoxxqz uzto
ttq strozsqst Govqrzyqzt or yopqrz tuyqs2 Azp ttq
srqat Lunqrax earty wtuot uz 188C was vusorous0
uzutqp0 suprqyq0 us struzk to a rqw pusoorpazt
raotuozs or pusorqputqp rappusts0 wuttout zuynqrs0
wuttout poxuoy0 wuttout oozoorp0 wuttout ootqsuoz0
arouzp wtosq zqoks us nouzp ttq yuxxstozq or Hoyq
auxq2 Iz axx ttus rqvoxutuoz or punxuo opuzuoz ttq
eruyrosq Lqasuq tas norzq uts starq2 It tas kqpt
pqssuzs away0 pruvuzs ttq pruzoupxqs or ttq cory earty
uzto ttq tqaps or ttq pqopxq or ttus oouztry0 azp0
ttoust ttq task tas nqqz tqavy azp ttq xanour xozs0
ttqy tavq tap uz ttq qzp a sxoruous rqwarp2
 ‘3 E E 86 7 TE 3 T@ 6 E T SA 5E 7 @M E
A 6 A 8N l

ctrqq wqqks artqr spqakuzs at Batt0 Cturotuxx was naok uz

Izpua0 uz Bazsaxorq2 Oz C8 Ausust 18970 nrqakuzs off work
oz a zovqx ttat tq was wrutuzs0 qztutxqp Kavrola – a poxutuoax
royazoq stuyuxatqp ny tus Cunaz qxpqruqzoqs – tq xqrt
Bazsaxorq ror ttq Nortt1rqst Froztuqr or Izpua0 wtqrq a
rqnqxxuoz tap nrokqz out ny ttosq wtoy tq pqsorunqp uz a
xqttqr to tus yottqr as ‘fiqroq wuxp warxukq trunqs or Arstaz
stook’2 Cturotuxx was uz aotuoz oz ttq Nortt1rqst Froztuqr
ror fivq wqqks uz Sqptqynqr azp Ootonqr 18972 ctq
uyprqssuozs ttat ttosq fivq wqqks fisttuzs ttq easttuz
trunqsyqz uz ttq Motyazp eaxxqy yapq oz tuy wqrq vuvup0
as was tus sqzsq or ttq upqaxs ror wtuot ttq trunqsyqz wqrq
fisttuzs2 Hq sqt powz tus ttoustts uz tus nook Lhe Ktoryor
the Tala‘and MZeld orceK
M
I wouxp ttat ut wqrq uz yy powqr to oozvqy to ttq
rqapqr0 wto tas zot tap ttq rortuzq to xuvq wutt
troops oz sqrvuoq0 soyq vust apprqouatuoz or ttq
ooypqzsatuozs or war2 ctq tqaxtty0 opqz1aur xurq0 ttq
vuvup uzoupqzts0 ttq qxoutqyqzt0 zot ozxy or
rqaxusatuoz0 nut or aztuoupatuoz0 ttq sqzqrous azp
otqqry rruqzpstups0 ttq otazoqs or pustuzotuoz wtuot
arq opqz to axx0 uzvqst xurq wutt kqqzqr uztqrqsts0 azp
rarqr pxqasurqs2
ctq uzoqrtauzty azp uyportazoq or ttq prqsqzt
rqpuoq ttq past azp ruturq to ooyparatuvq
uzsuszufioazoq0 azp oxqar ttq yuzp or yuzor worruqs2
Azp wtqz axx us ovqr0 yqyoruqs rqyauz wtuot rqw
yqz po zot toxp prqouous2 As to ttq tarpstups0 ttqsq
ttoust sqvqrq yay nq qzpurqp2 Asoqtuos azp rqoxusqs
 tavq uz ttqur qzpqavours to xook nqyozp ttq sravq
suffqrqp worsq ttuzss2 Nor wuxx ttq soxpuqr uz ttq
pursuut or rayq azp ttq qzvoyyqzt or ttq pxqasurqs or
war nq qxposqp to srqatqr pusooyrorts ttaz Suosqzqs
uz tus tun0 or ttq crappusts uz ttqur yozastqry2
Bqsupqs axx ttus0 tus otazoqs or xqarzuzs anout ttq
zqxt worxp arq uzfizutqxy srqatqr2
Azp yqt0 wtqz axx tas nqqz saup0 wq arq oozrroztqp
wutt a yourzrux nut stunnorz raot2 Iz ttus ooztrary
xurq0 so prosauo us ttq yuzp or yaz0 so yatqruax tus
soux0 so poor tus spurut0 ttat ttqrq us zo ozq wto tas
nqqz sux yoztts oz aotuvq sqrvuoq wto us zot
pqxusttqp to sqt sarq toyq asauz0 to ttq ooyrortanxq
yozotozuqs or pqaoq2
aqflqotuzs oz ttq apvqrsaruqs or Brutauz oz ttq Nortt1rqst
Froztuqr0 tq wrotqK
hqt ttq xurq qvqz or ttqsq narnarous pqopxq us zot
wuttout yoyqzts wtqz ttq xovqr or ttq puoturqsquq
yustt syypattusq wutt ttqur topqs azp rqars2 Iz ttq
ooox or ttq qvqzuzs0 wtqz ttq suz tas suzk nqtuzp
ttq youztauzs or Arstazustaz0 azp ttq vaxxqys arq
fixxqp wutt a pqxuouous twuxustt0 ttq qxpqrs or ttq
vuxxasq xqap ttq way to ttq otqzar trqqs ny ttq
watqr’s supq0 azp ttqrq0 wtuxq ttq yqz arq oxqazuzs
ttqur ruflqs0 or syokuzs ttqur tookas0 azp ttq woyqz
arq yakuzs rupq orzayqzts rroy nqaps0 azp oxovqs0
azp zuts0 ttq Muxxat prozqs ttq qvqzuzs prayqr2
Fqw wtutq yqz tavq sqqz0 azp rqturzqp to tqxx ttq
taxq2 But wq yay uyasuzq ttq oozvqrsatuoz passuzs
rroy ttq pruoqs or arys azp oattxq0 ttq prospqots or
ttq tarvqst0 or ttq vuxxasq sossup0 to ttq srqat eowqr0
ttat xuqs to ttq souttwarp0 azp ooyqs zqarqr yqar ny
yqar2 eqrtaps soyq roryqr Sqpoy0 or Bqxuotus or
eattazs0 wuxx rqoouzt tus apvqzturqs uz ttq nazaars or
eqstawar0 or tqxx or ttq wtutq offioqrs tq tas roxxowqp
azp roustt ror uz ttq past2
Hq wuxx spqak or ttqur oarqxqss nravqry azp ttqur
strazsq sportsE or ttq rar1rqaotuzs powqr or ttq
Govqrzyqzt0 ttat zqvqr rorsqts to sqzp tus pqzsuoz
rqsuxarxy as ttq yoztts pass nyE azp tq yay qvqz
prqpuot to ttq xustqzuzs ouroxq ttq pay wtqz ttqur
vaxxqys wuxx nq uzvoxvqp uz ttq ooyprqtqzsuvq srasp or
ttat srqat yaotuzq0 azp vupsqs0 ooxxqotors azp
ooyyussuozqrs staxx rupq to sqssuozs at Aynqyxa0 or
vaxuq ttq xazp tax oz ttq soux or Nawasau2
ctqz ttq Muxxat wuxx rausq tus vouoq azp rqyuzp
ttqy or ottqr pays wtqz ttq sozs or ttq proptqt
provq ttq uzfipqx rroy ttq pxauzs or Izpua0 azp ruxqp at
Sqxtu0 as wupq az Typurq as ttq Kafir toxps topayK
wtqz ttq truq rqxusuoz stropq proupxy ttroust ttq
qartt azp soorzqp to xuq tuppqz azp zqsxqotqp ayozs
ttq tuxxsK wtqz yustty pruzoqs ruxqp uz Bastpap0 azp
axx yqz kzqw ttat ttqrq was ozq Gop0 azp Matoyqt
was Hus proptqt2
Azp ttq youzs yqz tqaruzs ttqsq ttuzss wuxx srup
ttqur Martuzus0 azp pray to Axxat0 ttat ozq pay Hq wuxx
nruzs soyq Satun – nqst pruzq or axx – aoross ttqur xuzq
or sustt at sqvqz tuzprqp yarps so ttat0 at xqast0 ttqy
yay strukq a nxow ror uzsuxtqp azp ttrqatqzqp Isxay2
‘T7 E C @E E 8S8@N H A S AC@3 86 8@F Sl

Lqavuzs Izpua uz Ruxy 18980 Cturotuxx vouzqp ttq

Txpqputuozary Foroq asauzst ttq Musxuy Sqrvust uzsursqzts
uz ttq Supaz2 Oz Sqptqynqr C0 at Oypuryaz0 tq took part
uz ttq oavaxry otarsq ny ttq C1st Lazoqrs asauzst ttq
Sqrvust xuzqs0 a otarsq ttat tq pqsorunqp uz tus nook Lhe
RZver O ar0 wtuot was punxustqp a yqar xatqrK
cwo tuzprqp azp firty yarps away ttq park1nxuq yqz
wqrq firuzs yapxy uz a ttuz fixy or xustt1nxuq syokq2
ctqur nuxxqts struok ttq tarp sravqx uzto ttq aur0 azp
ttq troopqrs0 to stuqxp ttqur raoqs rroy ttq stuzsuzs
pust0 nowqp ttqur tqxyqts rorwarp0 xukq ttq
Cuurassuqrs at ratqrxoo2 ctq paoq was rast azp ttq
pustazoq stort2 hqt0 nqrorq ut was taxr oovqrqp0 ttq
wtoxq aspqot or ttq affaur otazsqp2 A pqqp orqasq uz
ttq srouzp – a pry watqrooursq0 a ktor – appqarqp
wtqrq axx tap sqqyqp syoott0 xqvqx pxauzE azp rroy ut
ttqrq sprazs0 wutt ttq suppqzzqss or a paztoyuyq
qffqot azp a tust1putotqp yqxx0 a pqzsq wtutq yass or
yqz zqarxy as xozs as our rrozt azp anout twqxvq
pqqp2
A soorq or torsqyqz azp a pozqz nrustt flass rosq
as ur ny yasuo rroy ttq qartt2 Tasqr warruors sprazs
rorwarp to aztuoupatq ttq stook2 ctq rqst stoop firy
to yqqt ut2 ctq Lazoqrs aokzowxqpsqp ttq apparutuoz
ozxy ny az uzorqasq or paoq2 Taot yaz waztqp
suffiouqzt yoyqztuy to pruvq ttroust suot a soxup
xuzq2 ctq flazk troops0 sqquzs ttat ttqy ovqrxappqp0
ourvqp uzwarps xukq ttq torzs or a yooz2 But ttq
wtoxq qvqzt was a yattqr or sqoozps2 ctq ruflqyqz0
firuzs nravqxy to ttq xast0 wqrq swqpt tqap ovqr tqqxs
uzto ttq ktor0 azp vuypuzs powz wutt ttqy0 at ruxx
saxxop azp uz ttq oxosqst orpqr0 ttq Brutust squaprozs
struok ttq fiqroq nrusapq wutt ozq xoup ruruous stout2
ctq ooxxusuoz was propusuous2 Nqarxy tturty Lazoqrs0
yqz azp torsqs0 azp at xqast two tuzprqp Arans wqrq
ovqrttrowz2 ctq stook was stuzzuzs to nott supqs
azp ror pqrtaps tqz wozpqrrux sqoozps zo yaz
tqqpqp tus qzqyy2 cqrrufiqp torsqs wqpsqp uz ttq
orowp or nruusqp azp stakqz yqz0 sprawxuzs uz
tqaps0 strussxqp0 pazqp azp stupup0 to ttqur rqqt0
paztqp0 azp xookqp anout ttqy2 Sqvqrax raxxqz
Lazoqrs tap qvqz tuyq to rqyouzt2 Mqazwtuxq ttq
uypqtus or ttq oavaxry oarruqp ttqy oz2 As a rupqr
tqars ttroust a nuxxfizot0 ttq offioqrs roroqp ttqur
way ttroust ttq prqssE azp as az uroz rakq yustt nq
prawz ttroust a tqap or stuzsxq0 so ttq rqsuyqzt
roxxowqp2 ctqy stattqrqp ttq Sqrvust array0 azp0 ttqur
paoq rqpuoqp to a waxk0 soraynxqp out or ttq ktor oz
ttq rurttqr supq0 xqavuzs a soorq or troopqrs nqtuzp
ttqy0 azp prassuzs oz wutt ttq otarsq yorq ttaz a
ttousazp Arans2 ctqz0 azp zot tuxx ttqz0 ttq kuxxuzs
nqsazE azp ttqrqartqr qaot yaz saw ttq worxp axozs
tus xazoq0 uzpqr tus suarp0 or ttroust ttq naoksustt
or tus pustoxE azp qaot tap tus owz strazsq taxq to
tqxx2
Stunnorz azp uzstakqz uzraztry tarpxy qvqr yqqt
stunnorz azp uzstakqz oavaxry2 Tuttqr ttq uzraztry
ruz away azp arq out powz uz flustt0 or ttqy kqqp
ttqur tqaps azp pqstroy zqarxy axx ttq torsqyqz ny
ttqur yuskqtry2 Oz ttus oooasuoz two xuvuzs waxxs tap
aotuaxxy orastqp2 ctq Sqrvustqs roustt yazruxxy2 ctqy
truqp to taystruzs ttq torsqs2 ctqy firqp ttqur ruflqs0
prqssuzs ttq yuzzxqs uzto ttq vqry nopuqs or ttqur
oppozqzts2 ctqy out rquzs azp sturrup xqattqrs2 ctqy
fluzs ttqur ttrowuzs1spqars wutt srqat pqxtqruty2 ctqy
truqp qvqry pqvuoq or ooox0 pqtqryuzqp yqz praotusqp
uz war azp rayuxuar wutt oavaxryE azp0 nqsupqs0 ttqy
swuzs starp0 tqavy sworps wtuot nut pqqp2
ctq tazp1to1tazp fisttuzs oz ttq rurttqr supq or ttq
ktor xastqp ror pqrtaps ozq yuzutq2 ctqz ttq torsqs
sot uzto ttqur strupq asauz0 ttq paoq uzorqasqp0 azp
ttq Lazoqrs prqw out rroy ayozs ttqur aztasozusts2
ruttuz two yuzutqs or ttq ooxxusuoz qvqry xuvuzs yaz
was oxqar or ttq Sqrvust yass2 Axx wto tap raxxqz
wqrq out at wutt sworps tuxx ttqy stoppqp quuvqruzs0
nut zo artustuo yutuxatuozs wqrq attqyptqp2 cwo
tuzprqp yarps away ttq rqsuyqzt taxtqp0 raxxuqp0
raoqp anout0 azp uz xqss ttaz fivq yuzutqs wqrq rq1
roryqp azp rqapy ror a sqoozp otarsq2 ctq yqz wqrq
azxuous to out ttqur way naok ttroust ttqur qzqyuqs2
rq wqrq axozq tosqttqr – ttq oavaxry rqsuyqzt azp
ttq Sqrvust nrusapq2
ctq rupsq tuzs xukq a ourtauz nqtwqqz us azp ttq
aryy2 ctq sqzqrax nattxq was rorsottqz0 as ut was
uzsqqz2 ctus was a pruvatq quarrqx2 ctq ottqr yustt
tavq nqqz a yassaorqE nut tqrq ttq fistt was raur0 ror
wq too roustt wutt sworp azp spqar2 Izpqqp ttq
apvaztasq or srouzp azp zuynqrs xay wutt ttqy2 Axx
prqparqp to sqttxq ttq pqnatq at ozoq azp ror qvqr2
But soyq rqaxusatuoz or ttq oost or our wuxp rupq
nqsaz to ooyq to ttosq wto wqrq rqspozsunxq2
aupqrxqss torsqs saxxopqp aoross ttq pxauz2 Mqz0
oxuzsuzs to ttqur sappxqs0 xurotqp tqxpxqssxy anout0
oovqrqp wutt nxoop rroy pqrtaps a pozqz wouzps2
Horsqs0 strqayuzs rroy trqyqzpous sastqs0 xuypqp
azp stassqrqp wutt ttqur rupqrs2 Iz 1CA sqoozps fivq
offioqrs0 65 yqz0 azp 119 torsqs out or rqwqr ttaz
EAA tap nqqz kuxxqp or wouzpqp2
ctq Sqrvust xuzq0 nrokqz ny ttq otarsq0 nqsaz to
rqrory at ozoq2 ctqy oxosqp up0 stook ttqysqxvqs
tosqttqr0 azp prqparqp wutt oozstazoy azp oourasq
ror azottqr stook2 But oz yuxutary oozsupqratuozs ut
was pqsuranxq to turz ttqy out or ttq ktor first azp
ttus pqpruvq ttqy or ttqur vaztasq1srouzp2 ctq
rqsuyqzt asauz prawz up0 ttrqq squaprozs uz xuzq azp
ttq rourtt uz ooxuyz0 zow wtqqxqp to ttq rustt0 azp0
saxxopuzs rouzp ttq Sqrvust flazk0 pusyouztqp azp
opqzqp a tqavy firq wutt ttqur yasazuzq oarnuzqs2
dzpqr ttq prqssurq or ttus firq ttq qzqyy otazsqp
rrozt to yqqt ttq zqw attaok0 so ttat nott supqs wqrq
roryqp at rustt azsxqs to ttqur orusuzax xuzqs2 rtqz
ttq Sqrvust otazsq or rrozt was ooypxqtqp0 ttqy
nqsaz to apvazoq asauzst ttq pusyouztqp yqz2 But
ttq firq was aoouratq0 azp ttqrq oaz nq xuttxq pount
ttat ttq yorax qffqot or ttq otarsq tap nqqz vqry
srqat0 azp ttat ttqsq nravq qzqyuqs wqrq zo xozsqr
uzstakqz2 Bq ttus as ut yay0 ttq raot rqyauzs ttat
ttqy rqtrqatqp swurtxy0 ttoust uz soop orpqr0 towarps
ttq rupsq or Surstay Huxx0 wtqrq ttq Ktaxura’s Bxaok
Fxas stuxx wavqp0 azp ttq C1st Lazoqrs rqyauzqp uz
possqssuoz or ttq srouzp – azp or ttqur pqap2
‘AT SF C 7 S86 7 TS T7 E TC8F M A7 @5
G8C T@CR 5A 3 E 3 @N T7 E M 8N 3 l

rtat Cturotuxx saw artqr ttq Battxq or Oypuryaz stookqp

azp appaxxqp tuy2 Hq pqsorunqp ttq soqzq oz ttq nattxqfiqxp
uz Lhe RZver O arK
Axx ovqr ttq srouzp – oz ttq avqrasq ttrqq yarps
apart – wqrq pqap yqz0 oxap uz ttq wtutq azp patotqp
syooks or rauttrux Sqrvustqs2 ctrqq pays or nurzuzs
suz tap pozq ttqur work2 ctq nopuqs wqrq swoxxqz to
axyost susaztuo proportuozs2 cwuoq as xarsq as xuvuzs
yqz0 ttqy appqarqp uz qvqry sqzsq yozstrous2 ctq
yorq apvazoqp oorpsqs tarpxy rqsqynxqp tuyaz
nquzss0 nut rattqr srqat nxappqrs suot as zatuvqs usq
to float powz ttq Nuxq oz2 Frusttrux sastqs soarrqp
ttqur xuyns0 azp srqat nxaok stauzs0 ozoq oruysoz0
oovqrqp ttqur saryqzts2 ctq sustt was appaxxuzs2 ctq
syqxx rqpounxqp ttq torror2
rq saxxopqp oz2 A strozs0 tot wuzp nxqw rroy ttq
wqst aoross ttq srqat pxauz azp turruqp roux azp
tauztqp to ttq ruvqr2 Kqqpuzs to wuzpwarp or ttq
ttuokqst oxustqrs0 wq puokqp our way0 azp ttq story or
ttq fistt uzroxpqp utsqxr2 Hqrq was wtqrq ttq artuxxqry
tap opqzqp oz ttq swaryuzs yassqs2 Mqz tap raxxqz
uz xuttxq sroups or fivq or sux to qaot stqxx2 Nqarqr to
ttq zqruna – anout 10AAA yarps rroy ut – ttq yuskqtry
tap nqsuz to tqxx0 azp ttq pqap xay qvqzxy soattqrqp
anout – ozq qvqry tqz yarps2 cwo tuzprqp yarps
rurttqr ttq ruxx roroq or ttq firq – artuxxqry0 Maxuys0
azp ruflqs – tap nurst oz ttqy2 Iz pxaoqs pqspqratq
rustqs to sqt oz at axx oosts tap nqqz yapq ny
pqvotqp0 rqarxqss yqz2 Iz suot pxaoqs ttq nopuqs xay
so ttuokxy as to tupq ttq srouzp2 Oooasuozaxxy ttqrq
wqrq pounxq xayqrs or ttus tupqous oovqruzs2 Ozoq I
saw ttqy xyuzs ttrqq pqqp2 Iz a spaoq zot qxoqqpuzs
a tuzprqp yarps squarq yorq ttaz EAA oorpsqs xay
rqstqruzs2
It us puffiouxt to uyasuzq ttq posturqs uzto wtuot
yaz0 ozoq orqatqp uz ttq uyasq or tus Makqr0 tap
nqqz twustqp2 It us zot wusq to try0 ror tq wto
suooqqps wuxx ask tuysqxr wutt yqK ‘Caz I qvqr
rorsqtN’
I tavq truqp to suxp war0 azp to soxaoq yysqxr ror ttq
xoss or pqar azp saxxazt rruqzps0 wutt ttq ttoustt ttat
a soxpuqr’s pqatt ror a oausq ttat tq nqxuqvqs uz wuxx
oouzt ror yuot0 wtatqvqr yay nq nqyozp ttus worxp2
rtqz ttq soxpuqr or a ouvuxusqp eowqr us kuxxqp uz
aotuoz0 tus xuyns arq ooyposqp azp tus nopy us norzq
ny rruqzpxy arys rqvqrqztxy to ttq sravq2 ctq waux or
ttq firqs0 ttq roxx or ttq pruys0 ttq truuyptazt worps
or ttq Fuzqrax Sqrvuoq0 axx puvqst ttq aot or uts
squaxor0 azp ttq spqotator syypattusqs wutt0 pqrtaps
axyost qzvuqs0 ttq ooyrapq wto tas rouzp ttus
tozouranxq qxut2 But ttqrq was zottuzs puxoq qt
pqooruy anout ttq Sqrvust pqapE zottuzs or ttq
puszuty or uzoozquqranxq yaztoopE axx was fixtty
oorruptuoz2 hqt ttqsq wqrq as nravq yqz as qvqr
waxkqp ttq qartt2 ctq oozvuotuoz was norzq uz oz yq
ttat ttqur oxauy nqyozp ttq sravq uz rqspqot or a
vaxuazt pqatt was zot xqss soop ttaz ttat wtuot azy
or our oouztryyqz oouxp yakq2 ctq ttoustt yay zot
nq orusuzaxE ut yay tappuxy nq uztruqE ut sqqyqp
oqrtauzxy yost uzwqxooyq2
[…‘
ctq wtutq1oxap nopuqs or ttq yqz wqrq uztqryuzsxqp
wutt ttq nrowz azp nay torsqs0 so ttat ttus part or
ttq fiqxp xookqp xqss wtutq1spqokxqp ttaz ttq rqst2
ctqy tap ruppqz straustt at ttq soxup xuzq or nayozqts
azp uz ttq tqqtt or ttq story or provqotuxqs2 Tvqry
yaz tap saxxopqp at ruxx spqqp0 azp wtqz tq rqxx tq
stot yazy xqzstts uz rrozt or tus torsq0 roxxuzs ovqr
azp ovqr – pqstroyqp0 zot oozquqrqp ny yaotuzqry2
At suot sustts ttq truuypt or vuotory rapqp oz ttq
yuzp azp a yourzrux rqqxuzs or pussust srqw strozsqr2
Axx ttus was nap to sqq0 nut worsq rqyauzqpE artqr ttq
pqap0 ttq wouzpqp2 ctq offioqr or soxpuqr wto
qsoapqs rroy ttq fiqxp wutt a wouzp tas a oxauy oz
tus oouztry2 co ttq pruvatq ut yay yqaz a pqzsuozE to
ttq offioqr a sratuuty0 pqrtaps a ‘yqztuoz uz
pqspatotqs’0 oqrtauzxy apvazoqyqzt uz tus prorqssuoz2
ctq soar yay qvqz0 wtqz ttq stuzk tas pqpartqp0 nq a
souroq or prupq – az qxousq to rqtqxx ttq story2 co
soottq ttq pauz ttqrq arq azaqsttqtuosE to tqax ttq
uzvury ttq rqsouroqs or souqzoq arq at tazp2 It was
ottqrwusq wutt ttq Sqrvust wouzpqp2
rouxp ttq rqapqr nq rurttqr suokqzqp wutt ttq
torrors or ttq fiqxpN ctqrq was a yaz ttat tap
orawxqp a yuxq uz ttrqq pays0 nut was yqt two yuxqs
rroy ttq ruvqr2 Hq tap ozq rootE ttq ottqr rqyauzqp
nqtuzp2 I wozpqr ur tq qvqr rqaotqp ttq watqr tq tap
strussxqp so tarp to attauz! ctqrq was a yaz wutt
nott xqss stattqrqpE tq tap prassqp tuysqxr axozs uz
a suttuzs posturq0 yakuzs pqrtaps rour tuzprqp yarps
a pay2 ctq qxtraorpuzary vutaxuty or ttqsq poor
wrqtotqs ozxy proxozsqp ttqur toryqzts2
So tqrrunxq wqrq ttq sustts azp syqxxs ttat ttq
nrauz rauxqp to rqaxusq ttq suffqruzs azp asozy ttqy
prooxauyqp2 As a yaz rauzts azp tus nopy rqrusqs to
suffqr nqyozp a oqrtauz pqsrqq uzpqr torturq0 so ttq
yuzp was uzanxq to apprqouatq ttat az arrazsqyqzt
or xuzq azp ooxour xyuzs oz ttq srouzp was a tuyaz
nquzs0 partxy putrqfiqp nut stuxx axuvq2 eqrtaps stqrz
Naturq0 yorq yqrourux ttaz stqrz ouvuxusatuoz0 xqzt a
kuzpxy pqxuruuy2 But I yust rqoorp ttq raot ttat yost
or ttq yqz I saw wqrq sazq azp oapanxq or rqqxuzs
qvqry pazs2 Azp yqazwtuxq ttqy axx strussxqp
towarps ttq Nuxq0 ttq srqat ruvqr or ttqur oouztry0
wuttout wtuot ttq uzvapqrs oouxp zqvqr tavq ooyq
upoz ttqy0 nut wtuot ttqy zqvqrttqxqss pup zot
rqproaot2 Ozq yaz tap rqaotqp ut azp xay qxtaustqp0
nut ooztqzt0 oz ttq nazk2 Azottqr tap attauzqp ttq
watqr azp tap puqp at uts nruy2 Lqt us topq tq tap tus
pruzk first2
ctq statqyqzt ttat ‘ttq wouzpqp Sqrvustqs
rqoquvqp qvqry pqxuoaoy azp attqztuoz’ us so uttqrxy
pqvoup or trutt ttat ut trazsoqzps ttq xuyuts or
yqzpaouty azp passqs uzto ttq rqaxys or ttq
rupuouxous2 I was uypatuqzt to sqt naok to ttq oayp2
ctqrq was zottuzs to nq sauzqp ny paxxyuzs oz ttq
fiqxp0 uzxqss a yaz wqrq azxuous to nqooyq quutq
oaxxous0 so ttat zo uyasuzanxq yusqry wtuot oouxp
ooyq to tuyaz flqst wouxp qvqr tavq yovqp tuy
asauz2 I yay tavq wruttqz uz ttqsq pasqs soyqttuzs or
vqzsqazoq azp or ttq payuzs or a pqnt2 It yay nq ttat
vqzsqazoq us swqqt0 azp ttat ttq sops rornapq
vqzsqazoq to yqz nqoausq ttqy rqsqrvqp ror
ttqysqxvqs so pqxuouous azp uztoxuoatuzs a pruzk2 But
zo ozq stouxp prauz ttq oup to ttq nottoy2 ctq prqss
arq ortqz fixtty1tastuzs2
[…‘
So as ttq tazq pqqpqzqp uzto ttq sxooy or ttq zustt0
azp ttq uzoqrtauz outxuzqs or ttq pustazt tuxxs rapqp
axtosqttqr rroy ttq vuqw0 wq ropq naok to oayp –
‘toyq to Oypuryaz’ azp xqrt ttq fiqxp or nattxq to uts
suxqzt oooupazts2 ctqrq ttqy xuq0 ttosq vaxuazt
warruors or a raxsq rautt azp raxxqz poyuzatuozE ttqur
ozxy tustory prqsqrvqp ny ttqur oozquqrorsE ttqur ozxy
yozuyqzt0 ttqur nozqs – azp ttqsq ttq prurtuzs sazp
or ttq pqsqrt wuxx nury uz a rqw stort yqars2 ctrqq
pays nqrorq I tap sqqz ttqy rusq – qasqr0 oozfipqzt0
rqsoxvqp2 ctq roar or ttqur stoutuzs tap swqxxqp xukq
ttq surr oz a rooky storq2 ctq flastuzs or ttqur nxapqs
tap puspxayqp ttqur zuynqrs0 ttqur vutaxuty0 ttqur
rqroouty2 ctqy wqrq oozfipqzt uz ttqur strqzstt0 uz ttq
vustuoq or ttqur oausq0 uz ttq support or ttqur rqxusuoz2
Now ozxy ttq tqaps or oorruptuoz uz ttq pxauz0 azp
ttq rusutuvqs puspqrsqp azp soattqrqp uz ttq
wuxpqrzqss0 rqyauzqp2 ctq tqrrunxq yaotuzqry or
souqztufio war tap pozq uts work2 ctq Sqrvust tost
was soattqrqp azp pqstroyqp2 ctqur qzp0 towqvqr0
ozxy aztuoupatqs ttat or ttq vuotorsE ror cuyq0 wtuot
xausts at souqzoq0 as souqzoq xausts at vaxour0 wuxx uz
puq ooursq ooztqyptuousxy nrust nott ooynatazts
away2
 ‘@3 3 A N 3 1 8KA CCE A@TE N TATE Sl

Iz Lhe RZver O ar0 Cturotuxx0 asqp twqzty1rour0 rqflqotqp oz

ttosq ruxqrs asauzst wtoy Brutauz was fisttuzs ttroustout
uts vast TypurqK
rq yay oozsupqr tow strazsq azp varuqp arq ttq
puvqrsuozs or az Iypqruax pqopxq2 hqar artqr yqar0 azp
strqtotuzs naok to az uzpqfizutq toruzoz0 wq sqq ttq
fisurqs or ttq opp azp nuzarrq potqztatqs asauzst
wtoy ttq Brutust arys ooztuzuaxxy arq turzqp2 ctqy
pass uz a xozs prooqssuozK ctq Aktuzp or SwatE
Cqtqwayo0 nrazpustuzs az assqsau as zakqp as
tuysqxrE Krusqr0 suzsuzs a psaxy or vuotoryE Osyaz
Susza0 ttq Iyyortax azp ttq IrrqtruqvanxqE ctqqnaw0
wutt tus dynrqxxaE Lonqzsuxa0 sazuzs rozpxy at ttq
pasqs or cruttE erqypqt0 anasuzs tuysqxr uz ttq pustE
ttq Map Muxxat0 oz tus wtutq assE azp0 xatqst or axx0
ttq Ktaxura uz tus ooaot or statq2 It us xukq a
paztoyuyq soqzq at Srury Lazq2 ctqsq qxtraorpuzary
rorqusz fisurqs0 qaot wutt tus ooypxqtq sqt or oruyqs0
torrunxq oustoys0 azp ‘yuzor pqouxuarutuqs’0 yarot
ozq ny ozq rroy ttq park wuzss or narnarusy up to
ttq nrustt rootxustts or ouvuxusatuoz2
For a spaoq ttqur zayqs arq oz ttq wurqs oz ttq
worxp azp ttq tozsuqs or yqz2 ctq Sovqrqusz oz ttq
ctrozq0 ttq Muzustqr uz tus Canuzqt0 ttq Gqzqrax uz
tus tqzt0 prozouzoq or yusprozouzoq ttqur styxqs azp
tutxqs2 A ttousazp ooyposutors yakq ttq sayq
ooynuzatuoz or xqttqrs2 ctq uzusuax syxxanxqs nqooyq
tousqtoxp worps2 ctq strqqt1noy nqxxows ttqy uz our
qars2 ctq artusaz xausts ovqr ttqy at zustt uz tus
oottasq2 ctq otuxp uz ttq zursqry us oavoxqp uzto vurtuq
or suxqzoq ny ttq rqpqtutuoz or ttq prqap aooqzts2
Azp ttqz ttq worxp1aupuqzoq oxap ttqur tazps0
ayusqp yqt uypatuqzt0 azp ttq potqztatqs azp ttqur
trauzs pass oz0 soyq to qxuxq0 soyq to prusoz0 soyq to
pqatt – ror ut us a sruy vqst ror ttqy – azp ttqur
oozquqrors0 takuzs ttqur possqssuozs0 rorsqt qvqz
ttqur zayqs2 Nor wuxx tustory rqoorp suot trast2
eqrtaps ttq tuyq wuxx ooyq wtqz ttq suppxy wuxx nq
qxtaustqp0 azp ttqrq wuxx nq zo yorq royax rrqaks to
oozquqr2 Iz ttat sxooyy pqruop ttqrq wuxx nq zo yorq
or ttqsq zuoq qxpqputuozs – ‘ttq uyasq or war wuttout
uts suuxt azp ozxy fivq1azp1twqzty pqroqzt uts pazsqr’E
zo yorq yqpaxs ror ttq soxpuqrs0 zo yorq pqqrasqs
ror ttq Gqzqraxs0 zo yorq oopy ror ttq vourzaxusts2
ctq soop oxp tuyqs wuxx tavq passqp away0 azp ttq
yost oyzuoax ptuxosoptqr wuxx nq roroqp to apyut ttat0
ttoust ttq worxp yay nq yuot yorq prospqrous0 ut
oaz soaroqxy nq so yqrry2
 ‘N @ STC@N 6 E C CE TC@6 CA 3 E
5@CC E E I 8STS 8N T7 E H @CE 3 l

Iz Lhe RZver O ar0 ttq youzs Cturotuxx sqt powz tus

ttoustts oz Isxay0 wtuot tq tap sqqz uz aotuoz nott oz ttq
Nortt1rqst Froztuqr or Izpua azp uz ttq Supaz0 azp anout
wtuot tq tap pqvqxopqp pqousuvq vuqws0 wtuot tq pqoupqp
to put nqrorq tus rqapqrsK
How prqaprux arq ttq oursqs wtuot Motayyqpazusy
xays oz uts votaruqs2 Bqsupqs ttq razatuoax rrqzzy0
wtuot us as pazsqrous uz a yaz as typroptonua uz a
pos0 ttqrq us ttus rqarrux rataxustuo apatty2 ctq qffqots
arq apparqzt uz yazy oouztruqs2 Iyprovupqzt tanuts0
sxovqzxy systqys or asruouxturq0 sxussust yqttops or
ooyyqroq0 azp uzsqouruty or propqrty qxust wtqrqvqr
ttq roxxowqrs or ttq eroptqt ruxq or xuvq2 A pqsrapqp
sqzsuaxusy pqpruvqs ttus xurq or uts sraoq azp
rqfizqyqztE ttq zqxt or uts puszuty azp sazotuty2 ctq
raot ttat uz a Motayyqpaz xaw qvqry woyaz yust
nqxozs to soyq yaz as tus ansoxutq propqrty – quttqr
as a otuxp0 a wurq or a oozounuzq – yust pqxay ttq fizax
qxtuzotuoz or sxavqry uztux ttq rautt or Isxay tas
oqasqp to nq a srqat powqr ayozs yqz2
Izpuvupuax Mosxqys yay stow spxqzpup quaxutuqs2
ctousazps nqooyq ttq nravq azp xoyax soxpuqrs or ttq
QuqqzE axx kzow tow to puqE nut ttq uzfluqzoq or
rqxusuoz paraxysqs ttq soouax pqvqxopyqzt or ttosq
wto roxxow ut2 No strozsqr rqtrosrapq roroq qxusts uz
ttq worxp2 Far rroy nquzs yorunuzp0
Motayyqpazusy us a yuxutazt azp prosqxytusuzs rautt2
It tas axrqapy sprqap ttroustout Cqztrax Arruoa0
rausuzs rqarxqss warruors at qvqry stqpE azp wqrq ut
zot ttat Ctrustuazuty us stqxtqrqp uz ttq strozs arys or
souqzoq – ttq souqzoq asauzst wtuot ut tap vauzxy
strussxqp – ttq ouvuxusatuoz or yopqrz Turopq yustt
raxx0 as rqxx ttq ouvuxusatuoz or azouqzt aoyq2
 ‘3 E AT7 ST@@3 1 E 5@CE M E , 6 C8M
SF E E E N 3 E AT7 l

Iz Marot 18990 Cturotuxx savq up soxpuqruzs – as tq

ttoustt0 ror qvqr – azp uz Ruxy 1899 tq stoop ror
earxuayqzt0 as a Cozsqrvatuvq0 ror ttq xarsqxy workuzs1oxass
oozstutuqzoy or Oxptay2 Hq was pqrqatqp0 nut ozxy
zarrowxy0 azp pqtqryuzqp to stazp asauz at ttq zqxt
possunxq opportuzuty2 ctat Sqptqynqr tq was askqp to so to
Soutt Arruoa as a war oorrqspozpqzt ror ttq TornZng Host0
to rqport oz ttq sqoozp Azsxo1Boqr rar2 Oz Novqynqr 150
two wqqks nqrorq tus twqzty1firtt nurttpay0 tq was
aoooypazyuzs az aryourqp trauz wtqz0 at Frqrq0 zqar
Tstoourt0 ut was aynustqp ny ttq Boqrs2 As tq pqsorunqp uz
tus nook Sondon to SadysaZth vZa HretorZa 0 tq tqxpqp
rqsouq ttosq trappqp oz ttq trauz0 azp ttqz rqturzqp to sqq
ur ttqrq was yorq tq oouxp poK
I rouzp yysqxr axozq uz a staxxow outtuzs azp zozq or
our soxpuqrs0 wto tap axx surrqzpqrqp oz ttq way0 to
nq sqqz2 ctqz suppqzxy ttqrq appqarqp oz ttq xuzq at
ttq qzp or ttq outtuzs two yqz zot uz uzurory2
‘exatqxayqrs’0 I saup to yysqxr0 azp ttqz0 wutt a sursq
or rqaxusatuoz0 ‘Boqrs’2 My yuzp rqtauzs a yoyqztary
uyprqssuoz or ttqsq taxx fisurqs0 ruxx or azuyatqp
yovqyqzt0 oxap uz park flappuzs oxottqs0 wutt sxouot0
story1pruvqz tats posuzs oz ttqur ruflqs tarpxy a
tuzprqp yarps away2 I turzqp azp raz nqtwqqz ttq
rauxs or ttq traok0 azp ttq ozxy ttoustt I aotuqvqp was
ttus0 ‘Boqr yarksyazstup’2
cwo nuxxqts passqp0 nott wuttuz a root0 ozq oz
quttqr supq2 I fluzs yysqxr asauzst ttq nazks or ttq
outtuzs2 But ttqy savq zo oovqr2 Azottqr sxazoq at ttq
fisurqsE ozq was zow kzqqxuzs to auy2 Asauz I partqp
rorwarp2 Movqyqzt sqqyqp ttq ozxy otazoq2 Asauz
two sort kussqs suokqp uz ttq aur0 nut zottuzs struok
yq2 ctus oouxp zot qzpurq2 I yust sqt out or ttq
outtuzs – ttat payzanxq oorrupor2 I soraynxqp up ttq
nazk2 ctq qartt sprazs up nqsupq yq0 azp soyqttuzs
touotqp yy tazp0 nut outsupq ttq outtuzs was a tuzy
pqprqssuoz2 I orouotqp uz ttus0 strussxuzs to sqt yy
wuzp2 Oz ttq ottqr supq or ttq rauxway a torsqyaz
saxxopqp up0 stoutuzs to yq azp wavuzs tus tazp2 Hq
was soaroqxy rorty yarps off2 rutt a ruflq I oouxp tavq
kuxxqp tuy qasuxy2
I kzqw zottuzs or wtutq flass0 azp ttq nuxxqts tap
yapq yq savasq2 I rqaotqp powz ror yy Mausqr
pustox2 ‘ctus ozq at xqast0’ I saup0 azp uzpqqp ut was a
oqrtauztyE nut axas! I tap xqrt ttq wqapoz uz ttq oan or
ttq qzsuzq uz orpqr to nq rrqq to work at ttq
wrqokasq2 rtat ttqzN ctqrq was a wurq rqzoq
nqtwqqz yq azp ttq torsqyaz2 Stouxp I ooztuzuq to
flyN ctq upqa or azottqr stot at suot a stort razsq
pqoupqp yq2 Sqatt stoop nqrorq yq0 sruy suxxqz
Sqatt wuttout tus xustt1tqartqp ooypazuoz0 Ctazoq2
So I tqxp up yy tazp0 azp xukq Mr2 Rorrooks’s roxqs0
oruqp ‘Capuvy’2 ctqz I was tqrpqp wutt ttq ottqr
prusozqrs uz a yusqranxq sroup0 azp anout ttq sayq
tuyq I zotuoqp ttat yy tazp was nxqqpuzs0 azp ut
nqsaz to pour wutt rauz2
cwo pays nqrorq I tap wruttqz to az offioqr uz tust
ooyyazp at toyq0 wtosq rruqzpstup I tavq ttq
tozour to qzvoyK ‘ctqrq tas nqqz a srqat pqax too
yuot surrqzpqruzs uz ttus war0 azp I topq pqopxq
wto po so wuxx zot nq qzoourasqp2’ Fatq tap
uztqrvqzqp0 yqt ttoust tqr tozq was ruxx or urozy stq
sqqyqp to say0 as I ttuzk auskuz ozoq saup0 ‘It yattqrs
vqry xuttxq wtqttqr your vupsyqzts or pqopxq arq truq
or uztruq0 azp vqry yuot wtqttqr ttqy arq kuzp or
uzkuzp0’ azp rqpqatuzs ttat I wuxx yakq az qzp2
 ‘8 T7 E CE 5@CE CE S@E GE 3 T@
E SC A AE l

cakqz prusozqr uz ttq rauxway outtuzs zqar Tstoourt0

Cturotuxx was takqz ny trauz to erqtorua wtqrq tq was
oozfizqp uz ttq Statqs Mopqx Sotoox0 a prusozqr1or1war
oayp2 Sqsputq tus protqst ttat tq was a vourzaxust (as
uzpqqp tq was, wtqz oapturqp0 azp zot ttqrqrorq a
ooynatazt0 tus rqquqst ror rqxqasq was rqvqotqp2 Oz 1C
Sqoqynqr 1899 – artqr twqzty1sqvqz pays uz oaptuvuty0
uzoxupuzs tus twqzty1firtt nurttpay – tq qsoapqp0 yakuzs tus
way wutt srqat puffiouxty azp ayup yuot pazsqr to ttq
sarqty or ttq Izpuaz Ooqaz port or Lourqzço Marquqs0 uz
eortusuqsq Tast Arruoa2 Froy ttqrq0 tq tqxqsraptqp az
artuoxq to Lozpoz2 It appqarqp uz HearsontsAllustrated O ar
Feks oz 3A Sqoqynqr 18990 wutt ttq qputoruax zotqK ‘ctq
Morzuzs eost tas rqoquvqp ttq roxxowuzs tqxqsray rroy Mr
ruzstoz Spqzoqr Cturotuxx0 uts war oorrqspozpqzt0 wto was
takqz prusozqr ny ttq Boqrs azp qsoapqp rroy erqtorua2’
ctq artuoxq was patqp azp tuyqpK ‘Lourqzço Marquqs0
Sqoqynqr C1st0 1A p2y2’K
I was oozoqaxqp uz a rauxway truok uzpqr srqat saoks2
I tap a syaxx storq or soop watqr wutt yq2
I rqyauzqp tuppqz0 otazouzs pusoovqry2
ctq Boqrs sqarotqp ttq trauz at Koyatu eoort0 nut
pup zot sqarot pqqp qzoust0 so artqr suxty tours or
yusqry I oayq sarqxy tqrq2
I ay vqry wqak0 nut I ay rrqq2
I tavq xost yazy pouzps wqustt0 nut I ay xusttqr uz
tqart2
I staxx axso avaux yysqxr or qvqry opportuzuty rroy
ttus yoyqzt to ursq wutt qarzqstzqss az uzfluzotuzs
azp uzooyproyusuzs prosqoutuoz or ttq war2
Oz ttq artqrzooz or ttq 1Ctt ttq crazsvaax
Govqrzyqzt’s Sqorqtary ror rar uzroryqp yq ttat
ttqrq was xuttxq otazoq or yy rqxqasq2
I ttqrqrorq rqsoxvqp to qsoapq ttq sayq zustt0 azp
xqrt ttq Statq Sotooxs erusoz at erqtorua ny oxuynuzs
ttq waxx wtqz ttq sqztruqs’ naoks wqrq turzqp
yoyqztaruxy2
I waxkqp ttroust ttq strqqts or ttq towz wuttout
azy pussuusqs0 yqqtuzs yazy nurstqrs0 nut I was zot
otaxxqzsqp uz ttq orowp2
I sot ttroust ttq puokqts or ttq cowz Guarp0 azp
struok ttq Sqxasoa Bay aauxroap2
I waxkqp axozs ut0 qvapuzs ttq watotqrs at ttq
nrupsqs azp ouxvqrts2
I wautqp ror a trauz nqyozp ttq first statuoz2
ctq out 1121A soops trauz rroy erqtorua arruvqp0
azp nqrorq ut tap rqaotqp ruxx spqqp I noarpqp wutt
srqat puffiouxty0 azp tup yysqxr uzpqr ooax saoks2
I vuypqp rroy ttq trauz nqrorq pawz0 azp stqxtqrqp
puruzs ttq pay uz a syaxx woop0 uz ooypazy wutt a
tusq vuxturq0 wto puspxayqp a xuvqxy uztqrqst uz yq2
I waxkqp oz at pusk2
ctqrq wqrq zo yorq trauzs ttat zustt2
ctq pazsqr or yqqtuzs ttq suarps or ttq rauxway
xuzq ooztuzuqpE nut I was onxusqp to roxxow ut0 as I tap
zo ooypass or yap2
I tap to yakq wupq dptours to avoup ttq nrupsqs0
statuozs azp tuts2
My prosrqss was vqry sxow0 azp otoooxatq us zot a
satusryuzs roop2
ctq outxook was sxooyy0 nut I pqrsqvqrqp0 wutt
Gop’s tqxp0 ror fivq pays2
ctq roop I tap was vqry prqoaruous2
I was xyuzs up at payxustt0 azp waxkuzs oz at zustt
tuyq0 azp0 yqazwtuxq0 yy qsoapq tap nqqz
pusoovqrqp azp yy pqsoruptuoz tqxqsraptqp
qvqrywtqrq2
Axx ttq trauzs wqrq sqarotqp2
Tvqryozq was oz ttq watot ror yq2
Four wrozs pqopxq wqrq arrqstqp2
But oz ttq suxtt pay I yazasqp to noarp a trauz
nqyozp Muppqxnurs0 wtqzoq ttqrq us a purqot sqrvuoq
to Sqxasoa2
 ‘8 7 A 3 1 E TTE C TE E E R @F T7 E
TCF T7 l

Cturotuxx was uzanxq to uzoxupq uz tus tqxqsray ttq yost

qxtraorpuzary qpusopq or tus qsoapqK tow0 as tq wazpqrqp
anout ttq vqxpt0 xost azp tuzsry0 azp rqarrux or pusoovqry ny
ttq Boqrs0 tq rouzp stqxtqr uz a ooax yuzq2 Hq wrotq
zottuzs anout ttus at ttq tuyq uz orpqr to protqot ttq yuzq1
owzqr azp ottqrs wto tap tuppqz tuy pqqp uzpqrsrouzp
uztux tq oouxp syussxq tuysqxr anoarp a soops trauz out or
Boqr1tqxp tqrrutory to Lourqzço Marquqs0 azp rroy ttqrq
ny stup to Brutust1tqxp Surnaz2 cturty yqars xatqr0 uz Ty
Early SZre0 tq pqsorunqp tus arruvax uz ttq yuppxq or ttq
zustt at wtat tq first ttoustt wqrq ttq xustts or a zatuvq
vuxxasqK
Artqr anout az tour or az tour azp a taxr ttqy stuxx
sqqyqp axyost as rar off as qvqr2 But I pqrsqvqrqp0
azp prqsqztxy nqtwqqz two azp ttrqq o’oxook uz ttq
yorzuzs I pqroquvqp ttat ttqy wqrq zot ttq firqs or a
Kaffir kraax2 ctq azsuxar outxuzq or nuuxpuzss nqsaz to
praw out asauzst ttqy0 azp sooz I saw ttat I was
approaotuzs a sroup or tousqs arouzp ttq youtt or a
ooax1yuzq2 ctq wtqqx wtuot workqp ttq wuzpuzs sqar
was pxauzxy vusunxq0 azp I oouxp sqq ttat ttq firqs
wtuot tap xqp yq so rar wqrq rroy ttq rurzaoqs or
ttq qzsuzqs2 Harp ny0 surrouzpqp ny ozq or two
sxusttqr struoturqs0 stoop a syaxx nut sunstaztuax
stozq tousq two storqys tust2
I taxtqp uz ttq wuxpqrzqss to survqy ttus soqzq azp
to rqvoxvq yy aotuoz2 It was stuxx possunxq to turz naok2
But uz ttat purqotuoz I saw zottuzs nut ttq prospqot or
rurttqr rutuxq wazpqruzss tqryuzatqp ny tuzsqr0
rqvqr0 pusoovqry0 or surrqzpqr2 Oz ttq ottqr tazp0
tqrq uz rrozt was a otazoq2 I tap tqarp ut saup nqrorq
I qsoapqp ttat uz ttq yuzuzs pustruot or rutnazk azp
Muppqxnurs ttqrq wqrq a oqrtauz zuynqr or Tzsxust
rqsupqzts wto tap nqqz suffqrqp to rqyauz uz ttq
oouztry uz orpqr to kqqp ttq yuzqs workuzs2 Hap I
nqqz xqp to ozq or ttqsqN rtat pup ttus tousq wtuot
rrowzqp park azp uzsorutanxq upoz yq ooztauzN A
Brutoz or a BoqrE a rruqzp or a roqN Nor pup ttus
qxtaust ttq possunuxutuqs2 I tap yy sqvqzty1fivq
pouzps uz Tzsxust zotqs uz yy pookqt2 Ir I rqvqaxqp
yy upqztuty0 I ttoustt ttat I oouxp suvq rqasozanxq
assurazoq or a ttousazp2 I yustt fizp soyq
uzpuffqrqzt zqutrax1yuzpqp pqrsoz wto out or soop
zaturq or ror a xarsq suy or yozqy wouxp aup yq uz
yy nuttqr azp pqspqratq zqqp2 Cqrtauzxy I wouxp try to
yakq wtat narsauz I oouxp zow – zow wtuxq I stuxx tap
ttq strqzstt to pxqap yy oausq azp pqrtaps to
qxtruoatq yysqxr ur ttq rqsuxts wqrq apvqrsq2 Stuxx ttq
opps wqrq tqavy asauzst yq0 azp ut was wutt raxtqruzs
azp rqxuotazt stqps ttat I waxkqp out or ttq
stuyyqruzs sxooy or ttq vqxpt uzto ttq xustt or ttq
rurzaoq firqs0 apvazoqp towarps ttq suxqzt tousq0 azp
struok wutt yy fist upoz ttq poor2
ctqrq was a pausq2 ctqz I kzookqp asauz2 Azp
axyost uyyqpuatqxy a xustt sprazs up anovq azp az
uppqr wuzpow opqzqp2
‘rqr ust paN’ oruqp a yaz’s vouoq2
I rqxt ttq stook or pusappouztyqzt azp
oozstqrzatuoz to yy fizsqrs2
‘I wazt tqxpE I tavq tap az aooupqzt0’ I rqpxuqp2
Soyq yuttqruzs roxxowqp2 ctqz I tqarp stqps
pqsoqzpuzs ttq staurs0 ttq noxt or ttq poor was prawz0
ttq xook was turzqp2 It was opqzqp anruptxy0 azp uz
ttq parkzqss or ttq passasq a taxx yaz tastuxy atturqp0
wutt a paxq raoq azp park youstaotq0 stoop nqrorq
yq2
‘rtat po you waztN’ tq saup0 ttus tuyq uz Tzsxust2
I tap zow to ttuzk or soyqttuzs to say2 I waztqp
anovq axx to sqt uzto parxqy wutt ttus yaz0 to sqt
yattqrs uz suot a statq ttat uzstqap or rausuzs az
axary azp suyyozuzs ottqrs tq wouxp pusouss ttuzss
quuqtxy2
‘I ay a nurstqr0’ I nqsaz2 ‘I tavq tap az aooupqzt2 I
was souzs to vouz yy ooyyazpo at Koyatu eoort2 I
tavq raxxqz off ttq trauz2 rq wqrq skyxarkuzs2 I tavq
nqqz uzoozsouous ror tours2 I ttuzk I tavq pusxooatqp
yy stouxpqr2’
It us astozustuzs tow ozq ttuzks or ttqsq ttuzss2
ctus story xqapt out as ur I tap xqarzt ut ny tqart2 hqt I
tap zot ttq sxusttqst upqa wtat I was souzs to say or
wtat ttq zqxt sqztqzoq wouxp nq2
ctq strazsqr rqsarpqp yq uztqztxy0 azp artqr soyq
tqsutatuoz saup at xqzstt0 ‘rqxx0 ooyq uz2’ Hq
rqtrqatqp a xuttxq uzto ttq parkzqss or ttq passasq0
ttrqw opqz a poor oz ozq supq or ut0 azp pouztqp wutt
tus xqrt tazp uzto a park rooy2 I waxkqp past tuy azp
qztqrqp0 wozpqruzs ur ut was to nq yy prusoz2 Hq
roxxowqp0 struok a xustt0 xut a xayp0 azp sqt ut oz ttq
tanxq at ttq rar supq or wtuot I stoop2 I was uz a syaxx
rooy0 qvupqztxy a puzuzs rooy azp offioq uz ozq2 I
zotuoqp nqsupqs ttq xarsq tanxq0 a roxx pqsk0 two or
ttrqq otaurs0 azp ozq or ttosq yaotuzqs ror yakuzs
sopa1watqr0 oozsustuzs or two sxass sxonqs sqt ozq
anovq ttq ottqr azp qzoasqp uz ttuz wurq1zqttuzs2 Oz
tus qzp or ttq tanxq yy tost tap xaup a rqvoxvqr0 wtuot
tq tap tuttqrto prqsuyanxy nqqz toxpuzs uz tus rustt
tazp2
‘I ttuzk I’p xukq to kzow a xuttxq yorq anout ttus
rauxway aooupqzt or yours0’ tq saup0 artqr a
oozsupqranxq pausq2
 ‘I ttuzk0’ I rqpxuqp0 ‘I tap nqttqr tqxx you ttq trutt2’
‘I ttuzk you tap0’ tq saup0 sxowxy2
So I took ttq pxuzsq azp ttrqw axx I tap upoz ttq
noarp2
‘I ay ruzstoz Cturotuxx0 rar Corrqspozpqzt or ttq
TornZng Host2 I qsoapqp xast zustt rroy erqtorua2 I ay
yakuzs yy way to ttq rroztuqr2’ (Makuzs yy way!, ‘I
tavq pxqzty or yozqy2 ruxx you tqxp yqN’
ctqrq was azottqr xozs pausq2 My ooypazuoz rosq
rroy ttq tanxq sxowxy azp xookqp ttq poor2 Artqr ttus
aot0 wtuot struok yq as uzproyusuzs0 azp was
oqrtauzxy aynusuous0 tq apvazoqp upoz yq azp
suppqzxy tqxp out tus tazp2
‘ctazk Gop you tavq ooyq tqrq! It us ttq ozxy
tousq ror twqzty yuxqs wtqrq you wouxp zot tavq
nqqz tazpqp ovqr2 But wq arq axx Brutust tqrq0 azp wq
wuxx sqq you ttroust2’
It us qasuqr to rqoaxx aoross ttq suxr or yqars ttq
spasy or rqxuqr wtuot swqpt ovqr yq0 ttaz ut us to
pqsorunq ut2 A yoyqzt nqrorq I tap ttoustt yysqxr
trappqpE azp zow rruqzps0 roop0 rqsouroqs0 aup0 wqrq
axx at yy pusposax2 I rqxt xukq a prowzuzs yaz puxxqp
out or ttq watqr azp uzroryqp tq tas woz ttq Sqrny!
My tost zow uztropuoqp tuysqxr as Mr2 Rotz
Howarp0 yazasqr or ttq crazsvaax Coxxuqruqs2 Hq tap
nqooyq a zaturaxusqp nurstqr or ttq crazsvaax soyq
yqars nqrorq ttq war2 But out or oozsupqratuoz ror tus
Brutust raoq azp soyq uzpuoqyqzts wtuot tq tap
offqrqp to ttq xooax Fuqxp Corzqt0 tq tap zot nqqz
oaxxqp up to fistt asauzst ttq Brutust2 Izstqap tq tap
nqqz axxowqp to rqyauz wutt ozq or two ottqrs oz ttq
yuzq0 kqqpuzs ut puypqp out azp uz soop orpqr uztux
ooax outtuzs oouxp nq rqsuyqp2 Hq tap wutt tuy at
ttq yuzq1tqap0 nqsupqs tus sqorqtary0 wto was
Brutust0 az qzsuzq1yaz rroy Lazoasturq azp two
Soottust yuzqrs2 Axx ttqsq rour wqrq Brutust sunvqots
azp tap nqqz axxowqp to rqyauz ozxy upoz suvuzs
ttqur paroxq to onsqrvq struot zqutraxuty2 Hq tuysqxr as
nurstqr or ttq crazsvaax aqpunxuo wouxp nq suuxty or
trqasoz uz tarnouruzs yq0 azp xuanxq to nq stot ur
oaustt at ttq tuyq or rouzp out xatqr oz2
‘Nqvqr yuzp0’ tq saup0 ‘wq wuxx fix ut up soyqtow2’
Azp appqp0 ‘ctq Fuqxp Corzqt was rouzp tqrq ttus
artqrzooz askuzs anout you2 ctqy tavq sot ttq tuq
azp ory out axx axozs ttq xuzq azp axx ovqr ttq pustruot2’
I saup ttat I pup zot wust to ooyproyusq tuy2
Lqt tuy suvq yq roop0 a pustox0 a suupq0 azp ur
possunxq a pozy0 azp I wouxp yakq yy owz way to ttq
sqa0 yarotuzs ny zustt aoross oouztry rar away rroy
ttq rauxway xuzq or azy tanutatuoz2
Hq wouxp zot tqar or ut2 Hq wouxp fix up soyqttuzs2
But tq qzvouzqp ttq utyost oautuoz2 Spuqs wqrq
qvqrywtqrq2 Hq tap two Sutot sqrvazt1yaups
aotuaxxy sxqqpuzs uz ttq tousq2 ctqrq wqrq yazy
Kaffirs qypxoyqp anout ttq yuzq prqyusqs azp oz ttq
puypuzs1yaotuzqry or ttq yuzq2 Survqyuzs ttqsq
pazsqrs0 tq nqoayq vqry ttousttrux2
ctqzK ‘But you arq rayustuzs2’
I pup zot ooztrapuot tuy2 Iz a yoyqzt tq tap
nustxqp off uzto ttq kutotqz0 tqxxuzs yq yqazwtuxq to
tqxp yysqxr rroy a wtusky nottxq azp ttq sopa1watqr
yaotuzq wtuot I tavq axrqapy yqztuozqp2 Hq
rqturzqp artqr az uztqrvax wutt ttq nqst part or a ooxp
xqs or yuttoz azp varuous ottqr pqxqotanxq
ooyyoputuqs0 azp0 xqavuzs yq to po ruxx vustuoq to
ttqsq0 quuttqp ttq rooy azp xqt tuysqxr out or ttq
tousq ny a naok poor2
Nqarxy az tour passqp nqrorq Mr2 Howarp
rqturzqp2 Iz ttus pqruop yy ptysuoax wqxx1nquzs tap
nqqz nroustt uzto taryozy wutt ttq uyprovqyqzt uz
yy prospqots2 I rqxt oozfipqzt or suooqss azp qquax to
azyttuzs2
 ‘It’s axx rustt0’ saup Mr2 Howarp2 ‘I tavq sqqz ttq
yqz0 azp ttqy arq axx ror ut2 rq yust put you powz
ttq put tozustt0 azp ttqrq you wuxx tavq to stay tuxx wq
oaz sqq tow to sqt you out or ttq oouztry2 Ozq
puffiouxty0’ tq saup0 ‘wuxx nq ttq skoff (roop,2 ctq Sutot
surx sqqs qvqry youttrux I qat2 ctq oook wuxx wazt to
kzow wtat tas tappqzqp to tqr xqs or yuttoz2 I staxx
tavq to ttuzk ut axx out puruzs ttq zustt2 hou yust sqt
powz ttq put at ozoq2 rq’xx yakq you ooyrortanxq
qzoust2’
Aooorpuzsxy0 vust as ttq pawz was nrqakuzs0 I
roxxowqp yy tost aoross a xuttxq yarp uzto ttq
qzoxosurq uz wtuot stoop ttq wuzpuzs1wtqqx or ttq
yuzq2 Hqrq a stout yaz0 uztropuoqp as Mr2 Sqwszap0
or Oxptay0 xookqp yy tazp uz a srup or orustuzs
vusour2
‘ctqy’xx axx votq ror you zqxt tuyq0’ tq wtuspqrqp2
A poor was opqzqp azp I qztqrqp ttq oasq2 Sowz
wq stot uzto ttq nowqxs or ttq qartt2 At ttq nottoy or
ttq yuzq wqrq ttq two Soottust yuzqrs wutt xaztqrzs
azp a nus nuzpxq wtuot artqrwarps provqp to nq a
yattrqss azp nxazkqts2 rq waxkqp ror soyq tuyq
ttroust ttq putoty xanyruztt0 wutt rrqquqzt turzs0
twusts0 azp axtqratuozs or xqvqx0 azp fizaxxy stoppqp uz
a sort or otaynqr wtqrq ttq aur was ooox azp rrqst2
Hqrq yy suupq sqt powz tus nuzpxq0 azp Mr2 Howarp
tazpqp yq a ooupxq or oazpxqs0 a nottxq or wtusky0
azp a nox or ousars2
‘ctqrq’s zo puffiouxty anout ttqsq0’ tq saup2 ‘I kqqp
ttqy uzpqr xook azp kqy2 Now wq yust pxaz tow to
rqqp you toyorrow2’
‘Soz’t you yovq rroy tqrq0 wtatqvqr tappqzs0’ was
ttq partuzs uzvuzotuoz2 ‘ctqrq wuxx nq Kaffirs anout ttq
yuzq artqr payxustt0 nut wq staxx nq oz ttq xook1out
ttat zozq or ttqy wazpqrs ttus way2 Nozq or ttqy
tas sqqz azyttuzs so rar2’
 My rour rruqzps troopqp off wutt ttqur xaztqrzs0 azp
I was xqrt axozq2 euqwqp rroy ttq vqxvqty parkzqss or
ttq put0 xurq sqqyqp nattqp uz rosy xustt2 Artqr ttq
pqrpxqxuty azp qvqz pqspaur ttroust wtuot I tap
passqp I oouztqp upoz rrqqpoy as oqrtauz2 Izstqap or
a tuyuxuatuzs rqoapturq azp xozs yoztts or
yozotozous uyprusozyqzt0 pronanxy uz ttq ooyyoz
vaux0 I saw yysqxr ozoq yorq rqvouzuzs ttq Aryy wutt a
rqax qxpxout to yy orqput0 azp uz ttat ruxx qzvoyyqzt or
rrqqpoy azp kqqz pursuut or apvqzturq pqar to ttq
tqart or youtt2 Iz ttus ooyrortanxq yoop0 azp
spqqpqp ny uztqzsq ratusuq0 I sooz sxqpt ttq sxqqp or
ttq wqary – nut or ttq truuyptazt2
 ‘8 1 E C A M E 5@C T7 E T8M E B F 8TE
5A M @F Sl

Oz tus arruvax uz Surnaz0 Cturotuxx pusoovqrqp ttat tq was

suppqzxy rayous2 As tq rqoaxxqp uz Ty Early SZreK
I rouzp ttat puruzs ttq wqqks I tap nqqz a prusozqr
or war yy zayq tap rqsouzpqp at toyq2 ctq part I
tap pxayqp uz ttq aryourqp trauz tap nqqz
qxassqratqp ny ttq rauxway yqz azp ttq wouzpqp
wto tap ooyq naok sarqxy oz ttq qzsuzq2 ctq taxq
was trazsyuttqp to Tzsxazp wutt yazy orupq or
puoturqsquq apputuozs ny ttq erqss oorrqspozpqzts
sattqrqp at Tstoourt2 ctq papqrs tap ttqrqrorq nqqz
fixxqp wutt qxtravasazt prausq or yy nqtavuour2 ctq
zqws or yy qsoapq ooyuzs oz ttq top or axx ttus0 artqr
zuzq pays’ suspqzsq azp ruyours or rqoapturq0
provokqp azottqr outnurst or punxuo quxosy2
houtt sqqks Apvqzturq2 Rourzaxusy rqquurqs
Apvqrtusqyqzt2 Cqrtauzxy I tap rouzp nott2 I nqoayq
ror ttq tuyq quutq rayous2 ctq Brutust zatuoz was
syartuzs uzpqr a sqruqs or yuxutary rqvqrsqs suot as
arq so ortqz zqoqssary to qvokq ttq qxqrousq or uts
strqzstt0 azp ttq zqws or yy outwuttuzs ttq Boqrs
was rqoquvqp wutt qzoryous azp zo pount
pusproportuozatq satusraotuoz2 ctus propuoqp ttq
uzqvutanxq rqaotuoz0 azp az uzpqrourrqzt or
pusparasqyqzt0 qquaxxy uzpqsqrvqp0 nqsaz to yuzsxq
wutt ttq sustuzs trunutqs2
 ‘A 7 , 7 @CC81 E E H A Cl

Froy Surnaz0 Cturotuxx travqxxqp ny trauz to

euqtqryarutznurs0 wtqrq tq rqvouzqp ttq Brutust Aryy as a
xuqutqzazt uz ttq Soutt Arruoaz Lustt Horsq2 Ozoq yorq0 as
uz Izpua azp ttq Supaz0 tq rouzp tuysqxr uz aotuoz0 sqzpuzs
pqtauxqp rqports to ttq TornZng Host artqr qaot nattxqE
ttqsq wqrq xatqr rqpruztqp uz tus nook Sondon to SadysaZth
vZa HretorZa 2 Oz CC Razuary 19AA tq rqportqp oz ttq
artqryatt or ttat wqqk’s nattxqK
ctqz wq sqarotqp ttq srouzp0 fizpuzs tqz pqap or
pyuzs azp twqzty xoosq torsqs0 tqz pqap azp qustt
napxy wouzpqp yqz2 ctq soxpuqrs orowpqp rouzp
ttqsq xast0 oovqruzs ttqy up wutt nxazkqts or
yaokuztostqs0 proppuzs ttqur tqaps wutt sappxqs ror
puxxows0 azp suvuzs ttqy watqr azp nusouuts rroy
ttqur nottxqs azp tavqrsaoks2
Azsqr tap turzqp to puty uz az uzstazt2 ctq pqsurq
to kuxx was sozq2 ctq pqsurq to ooyrort rqpxaoqp ut2 A
xuttxq axqrt offioqr – Hunqrt Goust0 zow a oaptauz0
sooz to ooyyazp a rqsuyqzt – oayq up to yq2 cwo
yuzutqs nqrorq tus qyqs wqrq nrustt azp voyous wutt
ttq qxoutqyqzt or ttq yaz tuzt2 Hq tap saxxopqp a
yuxq – yostxy uzpqr firq – to nruzs ttq rquzroroqyqzts
to surrouzp ttq Boqrs2 ‘Bas ttq xot0 you kzow2’ Now
tq was vqry sap2 ‘ctqrq’s a poor noy pyuzs up ttqrq –
ozxy a noy0 azp so ooxp – wto’s sot a nxazkqtN’ So ttq
soxpuqrs suooourqp ttq Boqr wouzpqp0 azp wq toxp
ttq prusozqrs ttat ttqy wouxp nq stowz oourtqsy azp
kuzpzqss wortty or nravq yqz azp a rayous quarrqx2
ctq Boqr pqap wqrq ooxxqotqp azp a flas or truoq was
sqzt to ttq qzqyy’s xuzqs to uzvutq a nuryuzs azp
upqztufioatuoz party at pawz2
I tavq ortqz sqqz pqap yqz0 kuxxqp uz war –
ttousazps at Oypuryaz – soorqs qxsqwtqrq0 nxaok
azp wtutq0 nut ttq Boqr pqap arousqp ttq yost
pauzrux qyotuozs2 Hqrq ny ttq rook uzpqr wtuot tq
tap roustt xay ttq Fuqxp Corzqt or Hquxnrozz0 Mr pq
Mqztz – a srqy1taurqp yaz or ovqr suxty yqars0 wutt
firy aquuxuzq rqaturqs azp a stort nqarp2 ctq stozy
raoq was sruyxy oaxy0 nut ut norq ttq stayp or
uzaxtqranxq rqsoxvqE ttq xook or a yaz wto tap
ttoustt ut axx out0 azp was quutq oqrtauz ttat tus
oausq was vust0 azp suot as a sonqr outuzqz yustt suvq
tus xurq ror2
Nor was I surprusqp wtqz ttq Boqr prusozqrs toxp
yq ttat Mqztz tap rqrusqp axx sussqstuozs or
surrqzpqr0 azp ttat wtqz tus xqrt xqs was syastqp ny
a nuxxqt tq tap ooztuzuqp to xoap azp firq uztux tq
nxqp to pqattE azp ttqy rouzp tuy0 paxq azp
nxoopxqss0 toxpuzs tus wurq’s xqttqr uz tus tazp2 Bqsupq
tuy was a noy or anout sqvqztqqz stot ttroust ttq
tqart2 Furttqr oz xay our owz two poor ruflqyqz wutt
ttqur tqaps syastqp xukq qssstqxxsE azp I supposq
ttqy tap yottqrs or wuvqs rar away at ttq qzp or ttq
pqqp1sqa oanxqs2 At0 torrunxq war0 ayazuzs yqpxqy or
ttq sxoruous azp ttq squaxup0 ttq puturux azp ttq
sunxuyq0 ur yopqrz yqz or xustt azp xqapuzs saw your
raoq oxosqr0 suypxq roxk wouxp sqq ut tarpxy qvqr2
 ‘H E H E CE N E A CE R T7 C@F 6 7 T7 E
3 A N 6 E C@F S 6 C@F N 3 l

Oz C8 Fqnruary 19AA0 Cturotuxx was ayozs ttq first Brutust

soxpuqrs to qztqr Lapysyutt0 wtuot tap nqqz nqsuqsqp ny
ttq Boqr roroqs ror rour yoztts2 Cturotuxx’s rqport to ttq
TornZng Host was punxustqp oz Marot 3 (azp xatqr
rqpruztqp uz tus nook Sondon to SadysaZth vZa HretorZa
,K
Nqvqr staxx I rorsqt ttat rupq2 ctq qvqzuzs was
pqxuouousxy ooox2 My torsq was strozs azp rrqst0 ror I
tap otazsqp tuy at yuppay2 ctq srouzp was roust
wutt yazy stozqs0 nut wq oarqp xuttxq ror ttat2 Bqyozp
ttq zqxt rupsq0 or ttq rusq nqyozp ttat0 or arouzp ttq
oorzqr or ttq tuxx0 was Lapysyutt – ttq soax or axx our
topqs azp aynutuozs puruzs wqqks or axyost
oqasqxqss fisttuzs2 Lapysyutt – ttq oqztrq or ttq
worxp’s attqztuoz0 ttq soqzq or rayous pqqps0 ttq
oausq or yustty qfforts – Lapysyutt was wuttuz our
rqaot at xast2 rq wqrq souzs to nq uzsupq ttq towz
wuttuz az tour2
ctq qxoutqyqzt or ttq yoyqzt was uzorqasqp ny
ttq qxtuxaratuoz or ttq saxxop2 Ozwarp wuxpxy0
rqokxqssxy0 up azp powz tuxx0 ovqr ttq nouxpqrs
ttroust ttq sorun0 Hunqrt Goust wutt tus two
squaprozs0 Maokqzzuq’s Natax Caranuzqqrs azp ttq
Iypqruax Lustt Horsq0 wqrq oxqar or ttq rupsqs
axrqapy2 rq turzqp ttq stouxpqr or a tuxx0 azp ttqrq
nqrorq us xay ttq tuz tousqs azp park trqqs wq tap
ooyq so rar to sqq azp savq2 ctq Brutust suzs oz
Caqsar’s Cayp wqrq firuzs stqapuxy uz sputq or ttq
twuxustt2
 rtat was tappqzuzsN Nqvqr yuzp0 wq wqrq zqarxy
ttroust ttq pazsqrous srouzp2 Now wq wqrq axx oz
ttq flat2 Brusapuqr0 staff0 azp troops xqt ttqur torsqs
so2 rq raoqp ttroust ttq ttorz nustqs ny Iztoynu
Spruut2 Suppqzxy ttqrq was a otaxxqzsq2 ‘Haxt0 wto
soqs ttqrqN’ ‘ctq Lapysyutt aqxuqr Coxuyz’0 azp
ttqrqat rroy out or trqzotqs azp ruflq puts artruxxy
oozoqaxqp uz ttq sorun a soorq or tattqrqp yqz oayq
ruzzuzs0 otqqruzs rqqnxy0 azp soyq wqrq oryuzs2 Iz
ttq taxr1xustt ttqy xookqp stastxy paxq azp ttuz2 A
poor0 wtutq1raoqp offioqr wavqp tus tqxyqt to azp rro0
azp xaustqp rooxustxy0 azp ttq taxx0 strozs ooxozuax
torsqyqz0 stazpuzs up uz ttqur sturrups0 rausqp a xoup
rqsouzpuzs otqqr0 ror ttqz wq kzqw wq tap rqaotqp
ttq Lapysyutt puokqt xuzq2
‘CE GE N 6 E M AR 1 E SH E E T, 1 F T 8T 8S
A E S@ M @ST E I AE N S8GE l

Iz az artuoxq punxustqp uz ttq FatalO Ztnessoz C9 Marot

19AA0 Cturotuxx rqflqotqp oz ttq pqyazp uz Brutauz ror
rqvqzsq asauzst ttq Boqr qzqyyK
A ory0 srowuzs uzto a oxayouruzs0 wtuot I oaz
pqrrqotxy uzpqrstazp0 tas arusqz ttat stqrz
rqtrunutuoz stouxp nq yqtqp out to ttqsq suuxty azp
yusqranxq pqopxq2 I rqap your zqwspapqrs azp ttq
rqports or rqoqzt yqqtuzss uzpustruousxy azp axx
rqvqax ttq sayq spurut2 ‘Guvq ttqy a xqssoz ttqy wuxx
zqvqr rorsqt2’ ‘Makq az qxaypxq2’ ‘Cozpusz
puzustyqzt2’ ‘Our turz zow2’ ctqsq arq ttq ptrasqs
or upqas wtuot rqour2 It us ttq spurut or rqvqzsq2 It us
wrozs0 first or axx nqoausq ut us yoraxxy wuokqpE azp
sqoozpxy nqoausq ut us praotuoaxxy rooxust2 aqvqzsq
yay nq swqqt0 nut ut us axso yost qxpqzsuvq2
rtuxq wq ooztuzuq to prosqoutq ttq war wutt
turqxqss qzqrsy azp rqyorsqxqssxy nqat powz axx wto
rqsust – to ttq xast yaz ur zqoqssary – wq yust axso
yakq ut qasy ror ttq qzqyy to aooqpt pqrqat2 rq yust
tqypt as wqxx as ooypqx2 Oz ttq ozq tazp ttq
Sutotyaz yay sqq vast aryuqs qquuppqp wutt axx ttq
tqrrunxq yaotuzqry or war apvazouzs urrqsustunxyE oz
ttq ottqr ttq quuqt tuz1roorqp rary taxr nuruqp uz ttq
trqqs rar rroy ttq roar or oozfluot azp ttq prqap or
pqatt2
 ‘1 A CCE N SA@8E Sl

Iz az artuoxq punxustqp uz ttq TornZng Host oz 31 Marot

19AA0 Cturotuxx warzqp tus rqxxow1Brutozs asauzst ttq
pqyazp ror rqvqzsq asauzst ttq Boqrs2 Hus warzuzs qzpqpK
Lastxy0 nqwarq or pruvuzs yqz to pqspqratuozK qvqz a
oorzqrqp rat us pazsqrous2
rq pqsurq a spqqpy pqaoq0 azp ttq xast ttuzs wq
wazt us ttat ttus war stouxp qztqr oz a suqrruxxa
ptasq2
ctosq wto pqyazp ‘az qyq ror az qyq azp a toott
ror a toott’ stouxp ask ttqysqxvqs wtqttqr suot
narrqz spouxs arq wortt fivq yqars’ nxoopy partusaz
warrarq2
eqaoq azp tappuzqss oaz ozxy ooyq to Soutt Arruoa
ttroust ttq uzuoz azp oozoorp or ttq Sutot azp
Brutust raoqs0 wto yust ror qvqr xuvq supq ny supq
uzpqr ttq suprqyaoy or Grqat Brutauz2
rq tavq roustt ttus war nqoausq ut was oqrtauz ttat
as xozs as ttq Boqr aqpunxuos qxustqp ttqur yaxuszazt
uzfluqzoq wouxp prqvqzt axx rusuoz2
ctq Boqr aqpunxuos0 azp wutt ttqy ttq prqay or
Sutot poyuzuoz0 wuxx sooz tavq vazustqp uzto ttq
stapqs or ttq past2
Axrqapy wq yay sqq a zonxqr azp wqaxttuqr Soutt
Arruoa0 sqrqzq azp prospqrous uz ttq suzxustt or
pqaoq2
‘8 7 AGE KE A E @F SE R TC8E 3 T@ AG@83
A E E 3 A N 6 E Cl

Cturotuxx’s yazy zqar1qsoapqs rroy pqatt0 uzoxupuzs uz

ttrqq savasq wars – uz Izpua0 Supaz azp Soutt Arruoa – xqp
tuy to soynrq rqflqotuoz oz ttq pazsqrs tq tap raoqp azp
tus owz survuvax2 rtuxq sqrvuzs as a war oorrqspozpqzt
wutt Gqzqrax Sur Iaz Hayuxtoz’s aryy uz Soutt Arruoa0 tq
tap az qxpqruqzoq or wtuot tq wrotq to tus yottqrK ‘I po
zot ttuzk I tavq qvqr nqqz so zqar pqstruotuoz2’ Hq
pqsorunqp tus rqflqotuozs0 azp ttq uzoupqzt utsqxr0 uz ozq or
tus xqttqrs to ttq TornZng HostK
rtqttqr I ay to sqq ttq wtutq oxuffs or Sovqr asauz I
kzow zot0 zor wuxx I attqypt to prqpuot2 But ut sqqys
ttat yy rortuzqs uz ttus xazp arq to nq a suooqssuoz or
apvqzturqs azp qsoapqs0 azy ozq or wtuot wouxp
suffioq ror a pqrsozax qxpqruqzoq or ttq oaypausz2 I
aoquut yysqxr or axx pqsurq to sqqk ror ttqsq2 Izpqqp0 I
tavq zqaxousxy truqp to avoup axx pazsqr qxoqpt wtat
yust attqzp a rar Corrqspozpqzt’s prqoaruous
qxustqzoq2 ctus I rqooszusq as a zqoqssary qvux0 ror ttq
xot or ttq wrutqr uz ttq fiqxp us a tarp azp tqavy ozq2
‘Axx ttq pazsqr or war azp ozq1taxr pqr oqzt0 ttq
sxory’K suot us our yotto0 azp ttat us ttq rqasoz wty
wq qxpqot xarsq saxaruqs2 But ttqsq tazarps swoop oz
yq out or a oxoupxqss sky0 azp ttat I tavq tuttqrto
ooyq uzsoattqp ttroust ttqy0 wtuxq ut fixxs yy tqart
wutt ttazkruxzqss to Gop ror Hus yqrouqs0 yakqs yq
wozpqr wty I yust nq so ortqz ttrust to ttq nruzk azp
ttqz wuttprawz2
[···‘
Cturotuxx ttqz pqsorunqp ttq qpusopqK
rq arruvqp at a wurq rqzoq 1AA yarps – to nq aoouratq0
1CA yarps – rroy ttq orqst or ttq kopvq0 pusyouztqp0
azp0 outtuzs ttq wurq0 wqrq anout to squzq ttq
prqouous rooks wtqz – as I tap sqqz ttqy uz ttq
rauxway outtuzs at Frqrq0 sruy0 taury0 azp tqrrunxq –
ttq tqaps azp stouxpqrs or a pozqz Boqrs appqarqpE
azp tow yazy yorq yust nq oxosq nqtuzp ttqyN
ctqrq was a quqqr0 axyost uzqxpxuoanxq0 pausq0 or
pqrtaps ttqrq was zo pausq at axxE nut I sqqy to
rqyqynqr yuot tappqzuzs2 Furst ttq Boqrs – ozq
rqxxow wutt a xozs0 proopuzs0 nxaok nqarp0 azp a
otoooxatq1ooxourqp ooat0 azottqr wutt a rqp soarr
rouzp tus zqok2 cwo soouts outtuzs ttq wurq rqzoq
stupupxy2 Ozq yaz takuzs auy aoross tus torsq0 azp
MoNquxx’s vouoq0 quutq stqapyK ‘coo xatqE naok to ttq
ottqr kopvq2 Gaxxop!’
ctqz ttq yuskqtry orastqp out0 azp ttq ‘swust’ azp
‘wturr’ or ttq nuxxqts fixxqp ttq aur2 I put yy root uz ttq
sturrup2 ctq torsq0 tqrrufiqp at ttq firuzs0 pxuzsqp
wuxpxy2 I truqp to spruzs uzto ttq sappxqE ut turzqp
uzpqr ttq azuyax’s nqxxy2 Hq nrokq away0 azp saxxopqp
yapxy off2 Most or ttq soouts wqrq axrqapy CAA yarps
off2 I was axozq0 pusyouztqp0 wuttuz ttq oxosqst razsq0
azp a yuxq at xqast rroy oovqr or azy kuzp2
Ozq oozsoxatuoz I tap – yy pustox2 I oouxp zot nq
tuztqp powz uzaryqp uz ttq opqz as I tap nqqz
nqrorq2 But a pusanxuzs wouzp was ttq nrusttqst
prospqot2 I turzqp0 azp0 ror ttq sqoozp tuyq uz ttus
war0 raz ror yy xurq oz root rroy ttq Boqr yarksyqz0
azp I ttoustt to yysqxr0 ‘Hqrq at xast I takq ut2’
Suppqzxy0 as I raz0 I saw a soout2 Hq oayq rroy ttq
xqrt0 aoross yy rroztE a taxx yaz0 wutt skuxx azp
orossnozqs napsq0 azp oz a paxq torsq2 Sqatt uz
aqvqxatuoz0 nut xurq to yq2
I stoutqp to tuy as tq passqpK ‘Guvq yq a sturrup2’
co yy surprusq tq stoppqp at ozoq2 ‘hqs0’ tq saup
stortxy2 I raz up to tuy0 pup zot nuzsxq uz ttq
nusuzqss or youztuzs0 azp uz a yoyqzt rouzp yysqxr
nqtuzp tuy oz ttq sappxq2
ctqz wq ropq2 I put yy arys rouzp tuy to oatot a
srup or ttq yazq2 My tazp nqoayq soakqp wutt
nxoop2 ctq torsq was tarp tutE nut0 saxxazt nqast0 tq
qxtqzpqp tuysqxr zonxy2 ctq pursuuzs nuxxqts pupqp
azp wtustxqp – ror ttq razsq was srowuzs xozsqr –
ovqrtqap2
‘Soz’t nq rrusttqzqp0’ saup yy rqsouqrE ‘ttqy woz’t
tut you2’ ctqz0 as I pup zot rqpxy0 ‘My poor torsq0 ot0
yy poor torsqE stot wutt az qxpxosuvq nuxxqt2 ctq
pqvuxs! But ttqur tour wuxx ooyq2 Ot0 yy poor torsq!’
I saup0 ‘Nqvqr yuzp0 you’vq savqp yy xurq2’ ‘At0’ tq
rqvouzqp0 ‘nut ut’s ttq torsq I’y ttuzkuzs anout2’ ctat
was ttq wtoxq or our oozvqrsatuoz2
Rupsuzs rroy ttq zuynqr or nuxxqts I tqarp I pup zot
qxpqot to nq tut artqr ttq first 5AA yarps wqrq
oovqrqp0 ror a saxxopuzs torsq us a puffiouxt tarsqt0 azp
ttq Boqrs wqrq nrqattxqss azp qxoutqp2 But ut was
wutt a rqqxuzs or rqxuqr ttat I turzqp ttq oorzqr or ttq
rurttqr kopvq azp rouzp I tap ttrowz pounxq suxqs
asauz2
‘T7 E CE SF E TS H E CE SF 1 STA N T8A E l

Cturotuxx xqrt Soutt Arruoa0 azp soxpuqruzs0 oz 7 Ruxy 19AA2

cwo wqqks xatqr tq was naok uz Tzsxazp0 azp fivq pays
artqr ttat tq was apoptqp as ttq prospqotuvq Cozsqrvatuvq
oazpupatq ror Oxptay at ttq ooyuzs Gqzqrax Txqotuoz2 Hq
was pqtqryuzqp to rqvqrsq tus zarrow pqrqat ttqrq uz Ruxy
18992 ctqrq was srqat qxoutqyqzt puruzs tus qxqotuoz
spqqot at ttq ctqatrq aoyaxK artqr tq tap pqsorunqp tow
Mr Sqwszap or Oxptay tap wouzp tuy powz ttq yuzq
sqvqz yoztts qarxuqr0 ttq aupuqzoq stoutqp ‘Hus wurq’s uz
ttq saxxqry!’0 wtqrqupoz0 as Cturotuxx rqoaxxqp0 ttqrq was
‘sqzqrax vunuxatuoz’2
Oz 1 Ootonqr 19AA0 Cturotuxx was qxqotqp to earxuayqzt2
ctqz0 fivq wqqks nqrorq tus twqzty1suxtt nurttpay0 tq
qynarkqp oz az qxtqzpqp xqoturq tour or Brutauz0 ttq
dzutqp Statqs azp Cazapa0 taxkuzs anout tus Soutt Arruoaz
qxpqruqzoqs2 Hus Brutust tour was uz two parts0 rroy C5
Ootonqr to 3A Novqynqr 19AA0 azp rroy 5 Marot to 8 May
19A1 (sqq Map 1C,2 rtuxq uz rastuzstoz0 tq was uzvutqp to
ttq rtutq Housq to yqqt erqsupqzt MoKuzxqy – wto was
sooz artqrwarps to nq assassuzatqp2 Iz Ty Early SZre
Cturotuxx rqoaxxqpK
For fivq wqqks I tap wtat sqqyqp to yq a truuyptax
prosrqss ttroust ttq oouztry2 ctq party yazasqrs
sqxqotqp ttq orutuoax sqats0 azp quutq a xot or vuotoruqs
roxxowqp uz yy trauz2 I was twqzty1sux2 ras ut
wozpqrrux ttat I stouxp tavq ttoustt I tap arruvqpN
But xuokuxy xurq us zot so qasy as axx ttatK ottqrwusq wq
stouxp sqt to ttq qzp too quuokxy2
ctqrq sqqyqp towqvqr to nq stuxx two uyportazt
stqps to nq takqz2 ctq first was to sattqr suffiouqzt
yozqy to qzanxq yq to oozoqztratq yy attqztuoz
upoz poxutuos wuttout tavuzs to po azy ottqr work2
ctq saxqs or Lhe RZver O ar azp or yy two nooks or
war oorrqspozpqzoq rroy Soutt Arruoa0 tosqttqr wutt
ttq tqz yoztts’ saxary ayouztuzs to £C05AA rroy ttq
TornZng Host0 tap xqrt yq uz possqssuoz or yorq ttaz
£E0AAA2 Az opportuzuty or uzorqasuzs ttus rqsqrvq was
zow at tazp2 I tap pxazzqp to xqoturq axx ttq autuyz
azp wuztqr at toyq azp uz Ayqruoa2
ctq Tzsxust tour nqsaz as sooz as ttq qxqotuoz was
ovqr2 Havuzs axrqapy spokqz qvqry zustt ror fivq
wqqks0 I tap zow to uzpqrso two azp a taxr yoztts
or suyuxar xanours uztqrruptqp ozxy ny ttq wqqk’s
voyasq aoross ttq ooqaz2 ctq xqoturqs uz Tzsxazp
wqrq suooqssrux2 Lorp roxsqxqy prqsupqp ovqr ttq
first0 azp ttq srqatqst pqrsozasqs uz ttq ttrqq
kuzspoys oz nott supqs or poxutuos took ttq otaur as I
yovqp rroy ozq outy to azottqr2 Axx ttq xarsqst taxxs
wqrq orowpqp wutt rruqzpxy aupuqzoqs to wtoy0 aupqp
ny a yasuo xaztqrz0 I uzroxpqp yy apvqzturqs azp
qsoapq0 axx sqt uz ttq sqzqrax rrayqwork or ttq war2 I
tarpxy qvqr qarzqp xqss ttaz £1AA a zustt0 azp ortqz
yuot yorq2 At ttq etuxtaryozuo Haxx uz Luvqrpoox I
sattqrqp ovqr £3AA2 Axtosqttqr uz ttq yoztt or
Novqynqr I nazkqp sarqxy ovqr £E05AA0 tavuzs tourqp
xuttxq yorq ttaz taxr or Grqat Brutauz2
earxuayqzt was to yqqt uz ttq opqzuzs pays or
Sqoqynqr0 azp I xozsqp to takq yy sqat uz ttq Housq
or Coyyozs2 I tap towqvqr uzstqap0 to oross ttq
Atxaztuo to ruxfix yy qzsasqyqzts2 A puffqrqzt
atyosptqrq prqvauxqp uz ttq dzutqp Statqs2 I was
surprusqp to fizp ttat yazy or ttqsq ayuanxq azp
tosputanxq Ayqruoazs wto spokq ttq sayq xazsuasq
azp sqqyqp uz qssqztuaxs vqry xukq oursqxvqs0 wqrq
zot zqarxy so qxoutqp anout ttq Soutt Arruoaz rar as
wq wqrq at toyq2 Morqovqr a srqat yazy or ttqy
ttoustt ttq Boqrs wqrq uz ttq rusttE azp ttq Irust
qvqrywtqrq stowqp ttqysqxvqs aotuvqxy tostuxq2
ctq aupuqzoqs varuqp rroy pxaoq to pxaoq2 At
Baxtuyorq ozxy a rqw tuzprqps assqynxqp uz a taxx
wtuot wouxp tavq tqxp 50AAA2 At Bostoz0 oz ttq ottqr
tazp0 az qzoryous pro1Brutust pqyozstratuoz was
stasqp0 azp qvqz ttq approaotqs to ttq Frqyozt Haxx
wqrq ttrozsqp2 ctq pxatrory tqrq was ooyposqp or
3AA Ayqruoazs uz rqp uzurorys nqxozsuzs to az
Azsxo1Ayqruoaz Soouqty0 azp ttq aspqot or ttq
yqqtuzs was yaszufioqzt2 Iz Ctuoaso I qzoouztqrqp
voourqrous opposutuoz2 Howqvqr0 wtqz I yapq a rqw
vokqs asauzst yysqxr0 azp paup a suzoqrq trunutq to ttq
oourasq azp tuyazuty or ttq Boqrs0 ttqy wqrq
pxaoatqp2 Oz ttq wtoxq I rouzp ut qasy to yakq
rruqzps wutt Ayqruoaz aupuqzoqs2 ctqy wqrq ooox azp
orutuoax0 nut axso urnazq azp soop1zaturqp2
ctroustout yy vourzqyuzss I rqoquvqp ttq tqxp or
qyuzqzt Ayqruoazs2 Mr2 Bourkq Cookraz0 Mr2
Ctauzoqy Sqpqw0 azp ottqr xqapuzs poxutuouazs
prqsupqp0 azp yy opqzuzs xqoturq uz Nqw hork was
uzpqr ttq auspuoqs or zo xqss a pqrsozasq ttaz ‘Mark
cwauz’ tuysqxr2 I was ttruxxqp ny ttus rayous
ooypazuoz or yy youtt2 Hq was zow vqry oxp azp
szow1wtutq0 azp ooynuzqp wutt a zonxq aur a yost
pqxusttrux styxq or oozvqrsatuoz2 Or ooursq wq arsuqp
anout ttq war2 Artqr soyq uztqrotazsqs I rouzp
yysqxr nqatqz naok to ttq outapqx ‘My oouztry rustt or
wrozs’2 ‘At’0 saup ttq oxp sqztxqyaz0 ‘rtqz ttq poor
oouztry us fisttuzs ror uts xurq0 I asrqq2 But ttus was
zot your oasq2’ I ttuzk towqvqr I pup zot puspxqasq
tuyE ror tq was soop qzoust at yy rqquqst to susz
qvqry ozq or ttq tturty voxuyqs or tus works ror yy
nqzqfitE azp uz ttq first voxuyq tq uzsorunqp ttq
roxxowuzs yaxuy uztqzpqp0 I parqsay0 to oozvqy a
sqztxq apyozutuozK ‘co po soop us zonxqE to tqaot
ottqrs to po soop us zonxqr0 azp zo trounxq2’
Axx ttus quuqt toxqrazoq otazsqp wtqz wq orossqp
ttq Cazapuaz norpqr2 Hqrq asauz wqrq prqsqzt ttq
qzttusuastuo ttrozss to wtuot I tap so qasuxy
aooustoyqp yysqxr at toyq2 Axas0 I oouxp ozxy spqzp
tqz pays uz ttqsq uzspuruzs soqzqs2 Iz ttq yuppxq or
Razuary I rqturzqp toyq azp rqsuyqp yy tour or our
outuqs2 I vusutqp qvqry ozq or ttqy2 rtqz I spokq uz
ttq dxstqr Haxx0 ttq vqzqranxq Lorp Suffqruz
uztropuoqp yq2 No ozq oouxp turz a ooypxuyqzt so
wqxx as tq2 I oaz tqar tuy zow sayuzs wutt tus oxp1
rastuozqp prozuzouatuoz0 ‘Azp ttus youzs yaz – at az
asq wtqz yazy or tus ooztqyporaruqs tavq tarpxy
xqrt ttqur stupuqs – tas sqqz yorq aotuvq sqrvuoq ttaz
taxr ttq sqzqrax oxcers uz Turopq2’ I tap zot ttoustt
or ttus nqrorq2 It was soop2
rtqz yy tour oayq to az qzp uz ttq yuppxq or
Fqnruary0 I was qxtaustqp2 For yorq ttaz fivq yoztts
I tap spokqz ror az tour or yorq axyost qvqry zustt
qxoqpt Suzpays0 azp ortqz twuoq a pay0 azp tap
travqxxqp wuttout oqasuzs0 usuaxxy ny zustt0 rarqxy
sxqqpuzs twuoq uz ttq sayq nqp2 Azp ttus tap roxxowqp
a yqar or yarotuzs azp fisttuzs wutt rarqxy a roor or
a nqp at axx2 But ttq rqsuxts wqrq sunstaztuax2 I tap uz
yy possqssuoz zqarxy £1A0AAA2 I was qzturqxy
uzpqpqzpqzt azp tap zo zqqp to worry anout ttq
ruturq0 or ror yazy yqars to work at azyttuzs nut
poxutuos2
 ‘H E 7 AGE N @ C A F SE T@ 1 E
A S7 A M E 3 l

Cturotuxx tap nqqz qxqotqp to earxuayqzt oz 1 Ootonqr

19AA2 Hq took tus sqat uz ttq Housq or Coyyozs0 oz ttq
Cozsqrvatuvq nqzotqs0 oz 1E Fqnruary 19A12 Hq was
twqzty1sux yqars oxp2 Four pays xatqr0 tq yapq tus yaupqz
spqqot0 puruzs a pqnatq oz ttq oozpuot or ttq Boqr rar2
Cturotuxx’s worps0 ttq TornZng Host rqportqp0 wqrq
xustqzqp to ny az aupuqzoq ‘wtuot vqry rqw yqynqrs tavq
ooyyazpqp’0 uzoxupuzs two ruturq Lunqrax eruyq Muzustqrs0
Hqzry Caypnqxx1Bazzqryaz azp H2 H2 Asquutt0 uzpqr nott
or wtoy Cturotuxx wouxp xatqr sqrvq2 Cturotuxx spokq
uyyqpuatqxy artqr ozq or ttq war’s pruzoupax parxuayqztary
orutuos0 ttq youzs Lunqrax Me Savup Lxoyp GqorsqK
I uzpqrstoop ttat ttq toz2 Mqynqr to wtosq spqqot
ttq Housq tas vust xustqzqp0 tap uztqzpqp to yovq az
Ayqzpyqzt to ttq Apprqss2 ctq tqxt or ttq
Ayqzpyqzt0 wtuot tap appqarqp uz ttq papqrs0 was
suzsuxarxy yuxp azp yopqratq uz tozqE nut yuxp azp
yopqratq as ut was0 zquttqr ttq toz2 Mqynqr zor tus
poxutuoax rruqzps tap oarqp to qxposq ut to orutuousy or
to otaxxqzsq a puvusuoz upoz ut0 azp0 uzpqqp0 wtqz wq
ooyparq ttq yopqratuoz or ttq Ayqzpyqzt wutt ttq
vqry nuttqr spqqot wtuot ttq toz2 Mqynqr tas vust
pqxuvqrqp0 ut us puffiouxt to avoup ttq oozoxusuoz ttat
ttq yopqratuoz or ttq Ayqzpyqzt was ttq
yopqratuoz or ttq toz2 Mqynqr’s poxutuoax rruqzps azp
xqapqrs0 azp ttat ttq nuttqrzqss or tus spqqot us axx tus
owz2
It tas nqqz sussqstqp to yq ttat ut yustt pqrtaps
tavq nqqz nqttqr0 upoz ttq wtoxq0 ur ttq toz2
Mqynqr0 uzstqap or yakuzs tus spqqot wuttout
yovuzs tus Ayqzpyqzt0 tap yovqp tus Ayqzpyqzt
wuttout yakuzs tus spqqot2 I wouxp zot ooypxauz or
azy rqyarks or ttq toz2 Mqynqr wqrq I oaxxqp upoz
to po so2
Iz yy opuzuoz0 nasqp upoz ttq qxpqruqzoq or ttq
yost rayous yqz wtosq zayqs tavq aporzqp ttq
rqoorps or ttq Housq0 zo zatuozax qyqrsqzoy stort0
xqt us say0 or ttq aotuax uzvasuoz or ttus oouztry utsqxr
oustt uz azy way to rqstruot or prqvqzt ttq qzturq
rrqqpoy or earxuayqztary pusoussuoz2 Morqovqr0 I po
zot nqxuqvq ttat ttq Boqrs wouxp attaot partuouxar
uyportazoq to ttq uttqrazoqs or ttq toz2 Mqynqr2 No
pqopxq uz ttq worxp rqoquvqp so yuot vqrnax
syypatty azp so xuttxq praotuoax support as ttq Boqrs2
Ir I wqrq a Boqr fisttuzs uz ttq fiqxp – azp ur I wqrq a
Boqr I topq I stouxp nq fisttuzs uz ttq fiqxp – I wouxp
zot axxow yysqxr to nq takqz uz ny azy yqssasq or
syypatty0 zot qvqz ur ut wqrq suszqp ny a tuzprqp
toz2 Mqynqrs2
ctq toz2 Mqynqr pwqxt at srqat xqzstt upoz ttq
quqstuoz or rary nurzuzs2 I po zot proposq to pusouss
ttq qttuos or rary nurzuzs zowE nut toz2 Mqynqrs
stouxp0 I ttuzk0 oast ttqur qyqs naok to ttq raot ttat
zo oozsupqratuozs or tuyazuty prqvqztqp ttq Gqryaz
aryy rroy ttrowuzs uts stqxxs uzto pwqxxuzs tousqs uz
earus0 azp starvuzs ttq uztanutazts or ttat srqat outy
to ttq qxtqzt ttat ttqy tap to xuvq upoz rats azp xukq
atroouous roops uz orpqr to ooypqx ttq sarrusoz to
surrqzpqr2
I vqzturq to ttuzk Hus Mavqsty’s Govqrzyqzt wouxp
zot tavq nqqz vustufiqp uz rqstruotuzs ttqur
ooyyazpqrs uz ttq fiqxp rroy azy yqttops or warrarq
wtuot arq vustufiqp ny prqoqpqzts sqt ny Turopqaz
azp Ayqruoaz sqzqraxs puruzs ttq xast firty or suxty
yqars2 I po zot asrqq vqry ruxxy wutt ttq otarsqs or
trqaotqry oz ttq ozq supq azp narnaruty oz ttq ottqr2
Froy wtat I saw or ttq war – azp I soyqtuyqs saw
soyqttuzs or ut – I nqxuqvq ttat as ooyparqp wutt
ottqr wars0 qspqouaxxy ttosq uz wtuot a ouvux
popuxatuoz took part0 ttus war uz Soutt Arruoa tas
nqqz oz ttq wtoxq oarruqp oz wutt uzusuax tuyazuty
azp sqzqrosuty2
ctq toz2 Mqynqr ror Carzarvoz Borousts tas
prawz attqztuoz to ttq oasq or ozq sqzqrax offioqr0
azp axttoust I pqprqoatq pqnatqs upoz ttq
otaraotqrs or uzpuvupuax sqzqrax offioqrs wto arq
sqrvuzs ttq oouztry at ttus yoyqzt0 nqoausq I kzow
pqrsozaxxy Gqzqrax Bruoq Hayuxtoz0 wtoy ttq toz2
Mqynqr wutt apyuranxq rqqxuzs pqsorunqp as Gqzqrax
Brutq Hayuxtoz0 I rqqx uzanxq to apprqss ttq Housq
wuttout offqruzs yy tuynxq tqstuyozy to ttq raot ttat
uz axx Hus Mavqsty’s Aryy ttqrq arq rqw yqz wutt
nqttqr rqqxuzs0 yorq kuzpzqss or tqart0 or wutt tustqr
oourasq ttaz Gqzqrax Bruoq Hayuxtoz2
ctqrq us a pouzt or puffqrqzoq wtuot tas nqqz rausqp
ny ttq rustt toz2 Gqztxqyaz ttq Lqapqr or ttq
Opposutuoz upoz ttq quqstuoz or ttq poxuoy to nq
pursuqp uz Soutt Arruoa artqr ttus war tas nqqz
nroustt to a oozoxusuoz2 So rar as I tavq nqqz anxq to
yakq out ttq puffqrqzoq nqtwqqz ttq Govqrzyqzt azp
ttq Opposutuoz oz ttus quqstuoz us ttat wtqrqas Hus
Mavqsty’s Govqrzyqzt proposq ttat wtqz tostuxutuqs
arq nroustt to a oozoxusuoz ttqrq staxx nq az uztqrvax
or ouvux sovqrzyqzt nqrorq ruxx rqprqsqztatuvq rustts
arq qxtqzpqp to ttq pqopxqs or ttqsq oouztruqs0 oz ttq
ottqr tazp ttq rustt toz2 Gqztxqyaz ttq Lqapqr or
ttq Opposutuoz nqxuqvqs ttat ttqsq rqprqsqztatuvq
uzstututuozs wuxx nq yorq quuokxy ontauzqp ur ttq
yuxutary sovqrzyqzt nq proxozsqp as a tqyporary
yqasurq azp zo uztqrvax or ouvux sovqrzyqzt nq
uztqrposqp2 I topq I ay zot yusuztqrprqtuzs ttq rustt
toz2 Gqztxqyaz uz azy way2 Ir I ay0 I trust tq wuxx zot
tqsutatq to oorrqot yq0 nqoausq I stouxp nq vqry sorry
uz azy way to yusstatq tus vuqws2 Ir ttat us ttq
sutuatuoz0 I wuxx rqspqotruxxy ask ttq Housq to axxow
yq to qxayuzq ttqsq axtqrzatuvq proposutuozs2
I po zot wust yysqxr to xay powz ttq xaw0 or ttrust
yy vuqws upoz toz2 Mqynqrs2 I tavq travqxxqp a soop
pqax anout Soutt Arruoa puruzs ttq xast tqz yoztts
uzpqr varyuzs ourouystazoqs0 azp I stouxp xukq to xay
nqrorq ttq Housq soyq or ttq oozsupqratuozs wtuot
tavq nqqz vqry rorounxy norzq uz upoz yq puruzs ttat
pqruop2
Iz ttq first pxaoq I wouxp xukq to xook naok to ttq
orusuzax oausq ror wtuot wq wqzt to war2 rq wqzt to
war – I yqaz or ooursq wq wqrq sozq to war wutt – uz
oozzqotuoz wutt ttq qxtqzsuoz or ttq rrazotusq2 rq
nqsaz zqsotuatuozs wutt ttq Boqrs uz orpqr to qxtqzp
ttq rrazotusq to ttq pqopxq or ttq crazsvaax2 rtqz I
say ttq pqopxq or ttq crazsvaax0 I yqaz ttq wtoxq
pqopxq or ttq crazsvaax0 azp zot zqoqssaruxy ttosq
wto arruvqp ttqrq first2 At ttat tuyq ttqrq wqrq
zqarxy two azp a taxr tuyqs as yazy Brutust azp zoz1
Sutot as ttqrq wqrq Boqrs0 nut puruzs ttq rqw wqqks
nqrorq ttq outnrqak or ttq war qvqry trauz was
orowpqp wutt Brutust sunvqots wto wqrq
qzpqavouruzs to qsoapq rroy ttq approaotuzs
oozfluot0 azp so ut was ttat ttq dutxazpqrs wqrq
soattqrqp axx ovqr ttq worxp2
It sqqys to yq ttat wtqz ttq war us ovqr wq oustt
zot to rorsqt ttq orusuzax onvqot wutt wtuot wq
uzpqrtook ttq zqsotuatuozs wtuot xqp to ttq war2 Ir I
yay xay powz azyttuzs I wouxp ask ttq Housq to
qstanxust ttq pruzoupxq ttat ttqy oustt zot to qxtqzp
azy rqprqsqztatuvq uzstututuozs to ttq pqopxq or ttq
crazsvaax uztux suot tuyq as ttq popuxatuoz tas
rqsauzqp uts orpuzary xqvqx2 rtat oouxp nq yorq
pazsqrous0 rupuouxous or rutuxq0 ttaz to ttrow ttq
rqspozsunxq sovqrzyqzt or a ruuzqp oouztry oz ttat
rqyzazt or ttq popuxatuoz0 ttat partuouxar sqotuoz or
ttq popuxatuoz0 wtuot us aotuvqxy tostuxq to ttq
ruzpayqztax uzstututuozs or ttq StatqN I ttuzk ttqrq
oustt to nq zo pount azp zo puffqrqzoq or opuzuoz oz
ttq pouzt ttat nqtwqqz ttq firuzs or ttq xast stot azp
ttq oastuzs or ttq first votq ttqrq yust nq az
apprqouanxq uztqrvax2 I uzvutq ttq Housq to oozsupqr
wtuot rory or sovqrzyqzt – ouvux sovqrzyqzt or
yuxutary sovqrzyqzt – us yost xukqxy to nq oozpuouvq
to ttq rqstoratuoz or ttq nazustqp prospqruty or ttq
oouztry azp yost xukqxy to qzoourasq ttq rqturz or
ttq popuxatuoz zow soattqrqp rar azp wupq2 I
uzpqrstazp ttat ttqrq arq toz2 Mqynqrs wto arq uz
topqs ttat rqprqsqztatuvq uzstututuozs yay purqotxy
roxxow yuxutary sovqrzyqzt0 nut I ttuzk ttqy oazzot
rqaxusq ttoroustxy tow vqry urksoyq suot yuxutary
sovqrzyqzt us2
I tavq ttq srqatqst rqspqot ror Brutust offioqrs0 azp
wtqz I tqar ttqy attaokqp0 as soyq toz2 Mqynqrs
tavq pozq uz ttqur spqqotqs0 ut yakqs yq vqry sorry0
azp vqry azsry too2 Axttoust I rqsarp Brutust offioqrs
uz ttq fiqxp or war0 azp uz pqaxuzs wutt zatuvq raoqs0 as
ttq nqst offioqrs uz ttq worxp0 I po zot nqxuqvq ttat
quttqr ttqur trauzuzs or ttqur tanuts or ttoustt quaxury
ttqy to qxqrousq arnutrary auttoruty ovqr ouvux
popuxatuozs or Turopqaz raoq2
I tavq ortqz yysqxr nqqz vqry yuot astayqp to sqq
rqspqotanxq oxp Boqr raryqrs – ttq Boqr us a ouruous
ooynuzatuoz or ttq squurq azp ttq pqasazt0 azp uzpqr
ttq roust ooat or ttq raryqr ttqrq arq vqry ortqz to
nq rouzp ttq uzstuzots or ttq squurq – I tavq nqqz
astayqp to sqq suot yqz orpqrqp anout pqrqyptoruxy
ny youzs sunaxtqrz offioqrs0 as ur ttqy wqrq pruvatq
soxpuqrs2 I po zot tqsutatq to say ttat as xozs as you
tavq azyttuzs xukq purqot yuxutary sovqrzyqzt ttqrq
wuxx nq zo rqvuvax or trapq0 zo rqturz or ttq dutxazpqr
popuxatuoz0 zo uzflux or uyyusrazts rroy ottqr parts
or ttq worxp – zottuzs nut pqspaur azp pusooztqzt oz
ttq part or ttq Boqr popuxatuoz0 azp srowuzs
rqsqztyqzt oz ttq part or our owz Brutust sqttxqrs2
Ir ttqrq was a systqy or ouvux sovqrzyqzt oz ttq
ottqr tazp0 wtuot I ttuzk wq tavq az ansoxutq yorax
rustt to qstanxust ur ozxy rroy ttq raot ttat ttus
oouztry ttroust ttq Iypqruax Txotqquqr wuxx tavq to
provupq ttq yozqy – ur you tap a ouvux sovqrzyqzt
uzpqr suot az apyuzustrator as Sur Axrrqp Muxzqr –
[Cruqs or ‘Hqar0 tqar0’ azp ‘Ot’‘ – ut us zot ror yq to
quxosusq ttat pustuzsuustqp apyuzustrator0 I ay surq
tq qzvoys ttq oozfipqzoq or ttq wtoxq or ttq
Cozsqrvatuvq earty0 azp ttqrq arq a srqat yazy
Mqynqrs oz ttq ottqr supq or ttq Housq wto po zot
fizp ut oozvqzuqzt uz ttqur owz yuzps to pusrqsarp Sur
Axrrqp Muxzqr’s pqxunqratq opuzuoz oz Soutt Arruoaz
affaurs2
As sooz as ut us kzowz ttat ttqrq us uz ttq crazsvaax
a sovqrzyqzt uzpqr wtuot propqrty azp xunqrty arq
sqourq0 so sooz as ut us kzowz ttat uz ttqsq oouztruqs
ozq oaz xuvq rrqqxy azp sarqxy0 ttqrq wouxp nq a rust
or uyyusrazts rroy axx parts or ttq worxp to pqvqxop
ttq oouztry azp to profit ny ttq srqat rqvuvax or trapq
wtuot usuaxxy roxxows war or axx kuzps2 Ir I yay vupsq
ny yy owz qxpqruqzoq ttqrq arq yazy Mqynqrs or
ttus Housq wto tavq rqoquvqp xqttqrs rroy ttqur
oozstutuqzts askuzs wtqttqr ut was apvusanxq to so
out to Soutt Arruoa2 rtqz ttus poxuoy or uyyusratuoz
us wqxx apvazoqp wq staxx asauz tavq ttq srqat
yavoruty or ttq pqopxq or ttq crazsvaax firyxy
attaotqp azp pqvotqp to ttq Iypqruax oozzqotuoz0 azp
wtqz you oaz qxtqzp rqprqsqztatuvq uzstututuozs to
ttqy you wuxx fizp ttqy rqposuzs sqourqxy upoz ttq
nroap nasus or ttq oozsqzt or ttq sovqrzqp0 wtuxq ttq
rustts or ttq yuzoruty wuxx nq qffqotuvqxy protqotqp azp
prqsqrvqp ny ttq taotrux azp vupuouous uztqrvqztuoz or
ttq Iypqruax auttoruty2 May I say ttat ut was ttus
prospqot or a xoyax azp Azsxuousqp crazsvaax turzuzs
ttq soaxq uz our ravour uz Soutt Arruoa0 wtuot yust
tavq nqqz ttq orusuzax ‘soop topq’ rroy wtuot ttq
Capq tas takqz uts zayq2
It us zot ror yq to orutuousq ttq proposaxs wtuot
ooyq rroy suot a pustuzsuustqp auttoruty as ttq
Lqapqr or ttq Opposutuoz0 nut I fizp ut uypossunxq zot
to say ttat uz ooyparuzs ttqsq two axtqrzatuvq pxazs
ozq wutt ttq ottqr I yust prooxauy yy strozs
prqrqrqzoq ror ttq ooursq Hus Mavqsty’s Govqrzyqzt
proposq to apopt2 I pass zow rroy ttq quqstuoz or ttq
uxtuyatq sqttxqyqzt or ttq two xatq aqpunxuos to ttq
uyyqpuatq zqoqssutuqs or ttq sutuatuoz2 rtat oustt to
nq ttq prqsqzt poxuoy or ttq GovqrzyqztN I takq ut
ttat ttqrq us a prqtty sqzqrax oozsqzsus or opuzuoz uz
ttus Housq ttat ut oustt to nq to yakq ut qasy azp
tozouranxq ror ttq Boqrs to surrqzpqr0 azp pauzrux
azp pqruxous ror ttqy to ooztuzuq uz ttq fiqxp2 Lqt ttq
Govqrzyqzt prooqqp oz nott ttosq xuzqs oozourrqztxy
azp at ruxx spqqp2
I syypattusq vqry tqartuxy wutt yy toz2 rruqzp ttq
sqzuor Mqynqr ror Oxptay0 wto0 uz a spqqot
pqxuvqrqp xast yqar0 stowqp srqat azxuqty ttat
qvqryttuzs stouxp nq pozq to yakq ttq Boqrs
uzpqrstazp qxaotxy wtat tqrys wqrq offqrqp to ttqy0
azp I qarzqstxy topq ttat ttq rustt toz2 Gqztxqyaz
ttq Coxozuax Sqorqtary wuxx xqavq zottuzs uzpozq to
nruzs toyq to ttosq nravq azp uztappy yqz wto arq
fisttuzs uz ttq fiqxp ttat wtqzqvqr ttqy arq prqparqp
to rqooszusq ttat ttqur syaxx uzpqpqzpqzoq yust nq
yqrsqp uz ttq xarsqr xunqrtuqs or ttq Brutust Typurq0
ttqrq wuxx nq a ruxx suaraztqq ror ttq sqouruty or ttqur
propqrty azp rqxusuoz0 az assurazoq or qquax rustts0 a
proyusq or rqprqsqztatuvq uzstututuozs0 azp xast or axx0
nut zot xqast or axx0 wtat ttq Brutust Aryy wouxp yost
rqapuxy aooorp to a nravq azp qzpuruzs roq – axx ttq
tozours or war2 I topq ttq rustt toz2 Gqztxqyaz wuxx
zot axxow tuysqxr to nq pusoourasqp ny azy rqnuffs
wtuot tus qzvoys yay yqqt wutt0 nut wuxx pqrsqvqrq uz
qzpqavouruzs to nruzs nqrorq ttqsq pqopxq ttq
oozputuozs oz wtuot at azy yoyqzt ttqy yay ontauz
pqaoq azp ttq rruqzpstup or Grqat Brutauz2 Or ooursq0
wq oaz ozxy proyusq0 azp ut rqsts wutt ttq Boqrs
wtqttqr ttqy wuxx aooqpt our oozputuozs2 ctqy yay
rqrusq ttq sqzqrous tqrys offqrqp ttqy0 azp stazp or
raxx ny ttqur oxp ory0 ‘Sqatt or uzpqpqzpqzoq!’
[Natuozaxust otqqrs2‘
I po zot sqq azyttuzs to rqvouoq at uz ttat prospqot0
nqoausq ur ut nq so0 ttq war wuxx qztqr upoz a vqry sap
azp sxooyy ptasq2 Ir ttq Boqrs rqyauz pqar to ttq
vouoq or rqasoz0 azp nxuzp to ttq tazp or rruqzpstup0 ur
ttqy rqrusq axx ovqrturqs azp puspauz axx tqrys0 ttqz0
wtuxq wq oazzot tqxp apyuruzs ttqur pqtqryuzatuoz
azp qzpurazoq0 wq oaz ozxy topq ttat our owz raoq0
uz ttq pursuut or wtat ttqy rqqx to nq a rusttqous
oausq0 wuxx stow pqtqryuzatuoz as strozs azp
qzpurazoq as xastuzs2
It us wozpqrrux ttat toz2 Mqynqrs wto rory ttq
Irust party stouxp fizp ut uz ttqur tqarts to spqak azp
aot as ttqy po uz rqsarp to a war uz wtuot so yuot
tas nqqz aoooypxustqp ny ttq oourasq0 ttq saorufioqs0
azp0 anovq axx0 ny ttq yuxutary oapaouty or Irustyqz2
ctqrq us a praotuoax rqasoz0 wtuot I trust toz2
Mqynqrs wuxx zot ttuzk ut prqsuyptuous uz yq to
nruzs to ttqur zotuoq0 wtuot us ttat ttqy wouxp nq wqxx
apvusqp oorpuaxxy to oo1opqratq wutt Hus Mavqsty’s
Govqrzyqzt uz nruzsuzs ttq war to a spqqpy
oozoxusuoz0 nqoausq ttqy yust kzow ttat zo Irust
quqstuoz or asutatuoz oaz possunxy takq azy toxp oz
ttq uyasuzatuoz or ttq pqopxq or Grqat Brutauz so xozs
as axx our ttoustts arq wutt ttq soxpuqrs wto arq
fisttuzs uz Soutt Arruoa2
rtat arq ttq yuxutary yqasurqs wq oustt to takqN I
tavq zo pount ttat ottqr opportuzutuqs wuxx nq
prqsqztqp to ttq Housq to pusouss ttqy0 nut so rar as
I tavq nqqz anxq to uzpqrstazp ttq wtuspqrs I tavq
tqarp uz ttq aur ttqrq arq0 oz ttq wtoxq0 oozsupqranxq
suszs or possunxq uyprovqyqzt uz ttq Soutt Arruoaz
sutuatuoz2 ctqrq arq appqarazoqs ttat ttq Boqrs arq
wqakqzuzs0 azp ttat ttq pqspqratq azp rqvqrust
qfforts ttqy tavq yapq so xozs oazzot nq uzpqfizutqxy
sustauzqp2 Ir ttat nq so0 zow us ttq tuyq ror ttq
Govqrzyqzt azp ttq Aryy to rqpounxq ttqur qfforts2 It
us uzouynqzt oz Mqynqrs xukq yysqxr0 wto rqprqsqzt
xarsq workuzs oxass oozstutuqzouqs0 to nruzs toyq to
ttq Govqrzyqzt ttq raot ttat ttq oouztry poqs zot
wazt to oouzt ttq oost or ttq war uztux ut us woz2 I
ttuzk wq axx rqvouoqp to sqq ttq azzouzoqyqzt uz ttq
papqrs ttat 3A0AAA yorq youztqp yqz wqrq nquzs
pqspatotqp to Soutt Arruoa2 I oazzot tqxp zotuouzs
wutt uztqzsq satusraotuoz ttat0 zot ooztqzt wutt
sqzpuzs xarsq zuynqrs or yqz0 ttq Sqorqtary or Statq
ror rar tas rouzp soyq qxoqxxqzt Izpuaz offioqrs0
proyuzqzt ayozs wtoy us Sur Buzpoz Bxoop0 wto wuxx
so out to Soutt Arruoa azp nruzs ttqur kzowxqpsq or
suqruxxa warrarq oz ttq Izpuaz rroztuqr to nqar oz ttq
pqouxuar kuzp or warrarq – I wuxx zot oaxx ut suqruxxa
warrarq – zow souzs oz uz Soutt Arruoa2 I staxx axways
uzpuxsq ttq topq ttat0 srqat as ttqsq prqparatuozs
arq0 ttqy wuxx zot nq axx0 azp ttat soyq fizq artqrzooz
ttq Sqorqtary or Statq ror rar wuxx ooyq powz to ttq
Housq wutt a nrazp1zqw sotqyq0 zot ozxy ror sqzpuzs
axx ttq rquzroroqyqzts zqoqssary ror kqqpuzs ttq
Aryy up to a fixqp stazparp or C5A0AAA yqz0 uz sputq
or ttq xossqs ny nattxq azp pusqasq0 nut axso ror
uzorqasuzs ut ny a rqsuxar yozttxy quota or C0AAA or
30AAA yqz0 so ttat ttq Boqrs wuxx nq ooypqxxqp0 wutt
qvqr1puyuzustuzs rqsouroqs0 to yakq tqap asauzst
qvqr1uzorqasuzs puffiouxtuqs0 azp wuxx zot ozxy nq
qxposqp to ttq nqatuzs or ttq wavqs0 nut to ttq roroq
or ttq rusuzs tupq2
Soyq toz2 Mqynqrs tavq sqqz fit0 quttqr uz ttus
pxaoq or qxsqwtqrq0 to stusyatusq ttus war as a war or
srqqp2 I rqsrqt ttat I rqqx nouzp to rqpupuatq ttat
pxqasazt sussqstuoz2 Ir ttqrq wqrq pqrsozs wto
rqvouoqp uz ttus war0 azp wqzt out wutt topqs or
qxoutqyqzt or ttq xust or oozfluot0 ttqy tavq tap
qzoust azp yorq ttaz qzoust to1pay2 Ir0 as ttq toz2
Mqynqr ror Norttayptoz tas sqvqrax tuyqs
sussqstqp0 oqrtauz oaputaxusts spqzt yozqy uz
nruzsuzs oz ttus war uz ttq topq ttat ut wouxp
uzorqasq ttq vaxuq or ttqur yuzuzs propqrtuqs0 ttqy
kzow zow ttat ttqy yapq az uzooyyozxy nap
narsauz2 rutt ttq yass or ttq zatuoz0 wutt ttq wtoxq
pqopxq or ttq oouztry0 ttus war rroy nqsuzzuzs to qzp
tas ozxy nqqz a war or puty2 ctqy nqxuqvq0 azp ttqy
tavq stowz uz ttq yost rqyarkanxq yazzqr ttat ttqy
nqxuqvq0 ttat Hus Mavqsty’s Govqrzyqzt azp ttq
Coxozuax Sqorqtary tavq ttroustout nqqz aotuatqp ny
ttq sayq tust azp patruotuo yotuvqs2 ctqy kzow ttat
zo ottqr uzspuratuoz oouxp sustauz azp azuyatq ttq
aqsuxars azp eoxuztqqrs0 wto ttroust axx ttqsq tarp
yoztts tavq tap to nqar ttq nruzt or ttq punxuo
ooztqztuoz2 ctqy yay uzpqqp tavq to rqsrqt0 as I
yysqxr tavq0 ttq xoss or a srqat yazy soop rruqzps uz
ttq war2 rq oazzot tqxp rqqxuzs sorry ror yazy or ttq
uzoupqzts or ttq war0 nut ror axx ttat I po zot fizp ut
possunxq oz rqflqotuoz to aoousq ttq sqzqrax poxuoy
wtuot xqp to ttq warE wq tavq zo oausq to nq
astayqp or azyttuzs ttat tas passqp puruzs ttq war0
zor tavq wq azy rustt to nq poxqrux or xusunruous2
I ttuzk ur azy toz2 Mqynqrs arq rqqxuzs uztappy
anout ttq statq or affaurs uz Soutt Arruoa I wouxp
rqooyyqzp ttqy a rqoqupt rroy wtuot I yysqxr
pqruvqp yuot qxtuxaratuoz2 Lqt ttqy xook to ttq ottqr
srqat pqpqzpqzouqs azp ooxozuqs or ttq Brutust
Typurq azp sqq wtat ttq qffqot or ttq war tas nqqz
ttqrq2 rtatqvqr wq yay tavq xost uz pountrux rruqzps
uz Capq Coxozy wq tavq sauzqp tqz tuyqs0 or pqrtaps
twqzty tuyqs0 ovqr uz Cazapa azp Austraxua0 wtqrq
ttq pqopxq – powz to ttq tuynxqst raryqr uz ttq yost
pustazt provuzoqs – tavq ny ttqur qffqotuvq
partuoupatuoz uz ttq oozfluot nqqz anxq to rqaxusq0 as
ttqy zqvqr oouxp rqaxusq nqrorq0 ttat ttqy nqxozs to
ttq Typurq0 azp ttat ttq Typurq nqxozss to ttqy2
I oazzot sut powz wuttout sayuzs tow vqry sratqrux
I ay ror ttq kuzpzqss azp patuqzoq wutt wtuot ttq
Housq tas tqarp yq0 azp wtuot tavq nqqz qxtqzpqp
to yq0 I wqxx kzow0 zot oz yy owz aooouzt0 nut
nqoausq or a oqrtauz spxqzpup yqyory wtuot yazy
toz2 Mqynqrs stuxx prqsqrvq2
 ‘T7 E H A CS @5 AE @AE E S H 8E E 1 E
M @CE TE CC81 E E T7 A N T7 @SE @5
K 8N 6 Sl

Oz 13 May 19A10 to ttq axary or tus owz Cozsqrvatuvq

earty xqapqrs0 Cturotuxx spokq orutuoaxxy uz ttq Housq or
Coyyozs or ttq Cozsqrvatuvq Govqrzyqzt’s pqsurq to rausq
ttq suzq or ttq Brutust AryyK
rq yust zot rqsarp war wutt a yopqrz eowqr as a
kuzp or sayq uz wtuot wq yay takq a tazp0 azp wutt
soop xuok azp soop yazasqyqzt yay pxay aproutxy
ror az qvqzuzs azp ooyq sarq toyq wutt our
wuzzuzss2 It us zot ttat0 azp I rqvouoq ttat ut oazzot nq
ttat2 A Turopqaz war oazzot nq azyttuzs nut a oruqx0
tqart1rqzpuzs strussxq0 wtuot0 ur wq arq qvqr to qzvoy
ttq nuttqr rruuts or vuotory0 yust pqyazp0 pqrtaps ror
sqvqrax yqars0 ttq wtoxq yaztoop or ttq zatuoz0 ttq
qzturq suspqzsuoz or pqaoqrux uzpustruqs0 azp ttq
oozoqztratuzs to ozq qzp or qvqry vutax qzqrsy uz ttq
ooyyuzuty2
I tavq rrqquqztxy nqqz astozustqp suzoq I tavq nqqz
uz ttus Housq to tqar wutt wtat ooyposurq azp tow
sxunxy Mqynqrs0 azp qvqz Muzustqrs0 taxk or a
Turopqaz war2 I wuxx zot qxpatuatq oz ttq torrors or
war0 nut ttqrq tas nqqz a srqat otazsq wtuot ttq
Housq stouxp zot oyut to zotuoq2 Iz roryqr pays0
wtqz wars arosq rroy uzpuvupuax oausqs0 rroy ttq
poxuoy or a Muzustqr or ttq passuoz or a Kuzs0 wtqz
ttqy wqrq roustt ny syaxx rqsuxar aryuqs or
prorqssuozax soxpuqrs0 azp wtqz ttqur ooursq was
rqtarpqp ny ttq puffiouxtuqs or ooyyuzuoatuoz azp
suppxy0 azp ortqz suspqzpqp ny ttq wuztqr sqasoz0 ut
was possunxq to xuyut ttq xuanuxutuqs or ttq ooynatazts2
But zow0 wtqz yustty popuxatuozs arq uypqxxqp oz
qaot ottqr0 qaot uzpuvupuax sqvqraxxy qynuttqrqp azp
uzflayqp0 wtqz ttq rqsouroqs or souqzoq azp
ouvuxusatuoz swqqp away qvqryttuzs ttat yustt
yutusatq ttqur rury0 a Turopqaz war oaz ozxy qzp uz
ttq ruuz or ttq vazquustqp azp ttq soaroqxy xqss ratax
ooyyqrouax pusxooatuoz azp qxtaustuoz or ttq
oozquqrors2 Sqyooraoy us yorq vuzpuotuvq ttaz
Canuzqts2 ctq wars or pqopxqs wuxx nq yorq tqrrunxq
ttaz ttosq or kuzss2
[…‘
Forqusz zatuozs kzow wtat war us2 ctqrq us soaroqxy a
oaputax uz Turopq wtuot tas zot nqqz takqz uz ttq xast
ozq tuzprqp yqars0 azp ut us ttq xuvqxy rqaxusatuoz or
ttq awrux oozsqquqzoqs or war wtuot yauztauzs ttq
pqaoq or Turopq2 rq po zot kzow wtat war us2 rq
tavq tap a sxuypsq or ut uz Soutt Arruoa2 Tvqz uz
yuzuaturq ut us tupqous azp appaxxuzsE nut0 ror axx our
qxpqruqzoq0 war to us poqs zot yqaz wtat ut yqazs to
ttq Frqzotyaz0 or ttq Gqryaz0 or ttq Austruaz2 Arq
wq zot aryuzs oursqxvqs wutt ttqur wqapozs wuttout
nquzs uzpqr ttqur rqstrauztsN
rtat I rqar us ttat ttqsq ttrqq oostxy azp nqauturux
aryy oorps wtuot arq to nq kqpt rqapy axyost at a
yoyqzt’s zotuoq ror rorqusz war wuxx pqvqxop uz ttq
oouztry0 ur ttqy zqqp pqvqxopuzs0 rqqxuzss or prupq azp
powqr0 wtuot wuxx zot ozxy nq rouzpqp uz aotuax
yuxutary supqruoruty0 nut axso oz ttq appqarazoq or ut2
Azp uz ttqsq pays0 wtqz popuxar zqwspapqrs0
appqaxuzs wutt auttoruty to oouztxqss rqapqrs0 arq
prqparqp axyost qvqry yorzuzs to ursq us uzto war
asauzst ozq or ottqr azp soyqtuyqs sqvqrax or ttq
Grqat eowqrs or ttq qartt0 surqxy wq oustt zot to
yakq ut sqqy so qasy0 azp qvqz attraotuvq0 to qynark
oz suot tqrrunxq qztqrprusqs0 or to ttuzk ttat wutt ttq
xazp roroqs at our pusposax wq yay sarqxy uztqryqppxq
uz ttq Turopqaz sayqN
 ‘N E GE C T@ E E T T7 E H A C AA SS @F T
@5 R @F C M 8N 3 S 5@C A 3 AR l

Oz E Ootonqr 19A10 uz a spqqot at Sappxqwortt uz

horksturq0 Cturotuxx orutuousqp ttq punxuo xaok or uztqrqst uz
ttq ooztuzuuzs war uz Soutt Arruoa2 erqsupqzt MoKuzxqy0
wtoy Cturotuxx tap yqt uz rastuzstoz xqss ttaz a yqar
qarxuqr0 tap puqp oz Sqptqynqr 1E0 qustt pays artqr nquzs
stot ny az azarotust2 Cturotuxx’s rqyarks wqrq rqportqp ny
a xooax zqwspapqrK
Now ttqrq us a yost pqruxous apatty2 rq sqqy to
rqsarp ttq war as otrozuo2 eunxuo attqztuoz us ortqz
puvqrtqp rroy ut2 ctq vusut or az Typqror to a
zqustnouruzs Statq0 ttq yurpqr or a erqsupqzt oz ttq
ottqr supq or ttq AtxaztuoE yqs0 qvqz suot ttuzss as ttq
raouzs or pxqasurq yaotts0 turz ttq yuzps or
ttousazps rroy ttq srqat punxuo uzpqrtakuzs wtuot
wq arq pxqpsqp to oarry ttroust2
Gqztxqyqz0 I appqax to you zqvqr to xqt ttq war
pass out or your yuzps ror a pay2 ctuzk wtat ut yqazs
to us axx2 Fruqzps0 nrottqrs0 or sozs0 fisttuzs azp
touxuzs0 rassqp azp tuzsry0 wtuxq ttq wqqks pass ny0
wtuxq suyyqr srows out or spruzs0 azp autuyz
wuttqrs uzto wuztqr2 How yazy arq ttqrq tqrq to1
zustt wto yay xook uz ttq zqwspapqr toyorrow
yorzuzs to fizp0 as I rouzp xast wqqk0 soyq rayuxuar
zayq0 azp xqarz ttat soyq nrustt qyq kzowz azp
trustqp us oxosqp ror qvqr2
ctqz ttqrq us ttq yozqy0 ttq wqaxtt or ttq zatuoz0
prauzuzs away0 prup0 prup0 prup – qzoust to nuy qvqry
yoztt rour or ttq xarsqst nattxqstups uz ttq worxp2
ctqrq us Izpua2 Nqarxy tturty ttousazp yqz pqtauzqp
nqyozp ttqur ooztraot wutt ttq Statq0 uypatuqztxy
awaut rqxuqr uz Izpua2
Tvqry pay uzorqasqs ttq strauz oz your yuxutary
orsazusatuoz0 azp ttq qynarrassyqzt or your
fizazoqs2 ctq xoyax pustruots or Soutt Arruoa suokqz uz
ttq srup or yartuax xawE ttq suxr or tatrqp nqtwqqz
Boqr azp Brutoz srows wupqrE azp qvqry pay
pqvastatuoz azp ruuz ruxq ovqr xarsqr arqas2
Surqxy0 ur qvqr a suprqyq qffort wqrq zqqpqp to
tqryuzatq or ourtaux ttus tuyq or trounxq0 ut us zqqpqp
zow2
 ‘A N E N 6 E A N 3 @5 H 8SE M E N l

Oz 31 May 19AE0 pusuxxusuozqp wutt yazy aspqots or

Cozsqrvatuvq earty poxuoy – anovq axx ttq party’s yovq away
rroy Frqq crapq to erotqotuoz azp caruffs – Cturotuxx
orossqp ttq floor or ttq Housq or Coyyozs azp took tus
pxaoq oz ttq Lunqrax earty nqzotqs2 Iz ttq Gqzqrax Txqotuoz
tqxp ovqr sqvqrax wqqks uz Razuary 19A6 tq was qxqotqp to
earxuayqzt0 oz Razuary 130 ror a Lunqrax earty oozstutuqzoy0
Mazotqstqr Nortt1rqst2 ctat yqar0 qxqvqz yqars artqr tus
rattqr’s pqatt0 saw ttq punxuoatuoz or Cturotuxx’s two1
voxuyq nuosrapty Sord R andolph 9hurchZll0 uz wtuot tq
qxprqssqp tus owz rqqxuzss anout party poxutuosK
Lorp aazpoxpt Cturotuxx’s zayq wuxx zot nq rqoorpqp
upoz ttq nqap1roxx or quttqr party2 ctq Cozsqrvatuvqs0
wtosq roroqs tq so srqatxy strqzsttqzqp0 ttq
Lunqraxs0 soyq or wtosq fizqst pruzoupxqs tq zotanxy
sustauzqp0 yust qquaxxy rqsarp tus xurq azp work wutt
yuzsxqp rqqxuzss2 A poxutuouaz’s otaraotqr azp posutuoz
arq yqasurqp uz tus pay ny party stazparps2 rtqz tq
us pqap0 axx ttat tq aotuqvqp uz ttq zayq or party0 us at
az qzp2 ctq quxosuqs azp oqzsurqs or partusazs arq
powqrxqss to affqot tus uxtuyatq rqputatuoz2 ctq soaxqs
wtqrquz tq was wqustqp arq nrokqz2 ctq yqars to
ooyq nruzs wqustts azp yqasurqs or ttqur owz2
ctqrq us az Tzsxazp wtuot strqtotqs rar nqyozp ttq
wqxx1pruxxqp yassqs wto arq assqynxqp ny party
yaotuzqry to saxutq wutt appropruatq aooxayatuoz ttq
uttqrazoqs or ttqur rqooszusqp rusxqyqzE az Tzsxazp
or wusq yqz wto sazq wuttout sqxr1pqoqptuoz at ttq
rauxuzss azp roxxuqs or nott poxutuoax partuqsE or nravq
azp qarzqst yqz wto fizp uz zquttqr raotuoz raur
soopq ror ttq qffort ttat us uz ttqyE or ‘poor yqz’ wto
uzorqasuzsxy pount ttq suzoqruty or party ptuxazttropy2
It was to ttat Tzsxazp ttat Lorp aazpoxpt Cturotuxx
appqaxqpE ut was ttat Tzsxazp tq so zqarxy wozE ut us
ny ttat Tzsxazp tq wuxx nq vustxy vupsqp2
‘T7 E C A F SE @5 T7 E A@@C A N 3 T7 E
H E A K A E E @GE C T7 E H @CE 3 l

Foxxowuzs ttq Lunqrax earty vuotory at ttq Gqzqrax Txqotuoz

or Razuary 19A60 ttq zqw eruyq Muzustqr0 Sur Hqzry
Caypnqxx1Bazzqryaz0 uzvutqp Cturotuxx to qztqr ttq
Govqrzyqzt as dzpqr1Sqorqtary or Statq ror ttq Coxozuqs2
Hq was tturty1ozq yqars oxp2 Guvqz ttq task or uztropuouzs
rqspozsunxq sovqrzyqzt to nott ttq crazsvaax Coxozy azp
ttq Orazsq auvqr Coxozy – ttq pqrqatqp Boqr rqpunxuos – tq
uztropuoqp ttq rqspqotuvq yqasurqs to earxuayqzt artqr
oopuous azp puxusqzt prqparatuoz2 erqsqztuzs ttq crazsvaax
Buxx to ttq Housq or Coyyozs oz 31 Ruxy 19A60 tq saup or
ttq Lunqrax azp Cozsqrvatuvq eartuqs’ roxqs uz ttq yqasurqK
‘rq oaz ozxy yakq ut ttq surt or earty2
ctqy oaz yakq ut ttq surt or Tzsxazp2’ Oz 17 Sqoqynqr
19A60 Cturotuxx uztropuoqp ttq Orazsq Frqq Statq Buxx0
tqxxuzs ttq HousqK
By ttq crqaty or eqrqqzusuzs0 Grqat Brutauz proyusqp
ruxx sqxr1sovqrzyqzt to ttq pqopxqs or ttq two Boqr
aqpunxuos wtuot tap nqqz oozquqrqp azp azzqxqp as
ttq rqsuxt or ttq war2 ctus uztqztuoz or suvuzs
rqspozsunxq sovqrzyqzt pup zot arusq out or ttq tqrys
or pqaoq0 axttoust ut us0 or ooursq0 soxqyzxy qxprqssqp
uz ttqy2 It tas axways nqqz ttq sqttxqp azp suooqssrux
ooxozuax poxuoy or ttus oouztry puruzs ttq xast firty
yqars to axxow srqat xunqrtuqs or sqxr1sovqrzyqzt to
pustazt ooyyuzutuqs uzpqr ttq Crowz0 azp zo
rqspozsunxq statqsyaz azp zo Brutust Canuzqt0 so rar
as I kzow0 qvqr ooztqypxatqp azy ottqr soxutuoz or
ttq Soutt Arruoaz pronxqy nut ttat or ruxx sqxr1
sovqrzyqzt2
 ctq upqa wtuot I tavq sqqz put rorwarp uz soyq
quartqrs0 ttat uz orpqr to sqt ruxx satusraotuoz ror ttq
qxpqzsq azp ttq qxqrtuozs to wtuot wq wqrq put uz
ttq war wq arq nouzp to ooztuzuq sovqrzuzs ttosq
pqopxqs aooorpuzs to our pxqasurq azp asauzst ttqur
wuxx0 azp ttat ttat us0 as ut wqrq0 az asrqqanxq
qxqrousq wtuot us to nq ooypqzsatuoz ror our xanours0
us az upqa wtuot zo pount fizps qxprqssuoz uz ttq
ooxuyzs or zqwspapqrs0 nut to wtuot I po zot ttuzk
azy sqruous pqrsoz qvqr savq azy oouztqzazoq2 No0
Sur0 ttq uxtuyatq onvqot was zot xost sustt or qvqz uz
ttq tqustt or ttq war0 zayqxy0 ttq nqstowax or ruxx
sqxr1sovqrzyqztE azp as axx partuqs wqrq asrqqp ttat
soyq uztqrvax ror rqoozstruotuoz yust zqoqssaruxy
uztqrvqzq0 ttq ozxy quqstuozs at ussuq nqtwqqz us
tavq nqqz quqstuozs or yazzqr azp quqstuozs or tuyq2
[…‘
rq tavq truqp uz Soutt Arruoa to pqax raurxy nqtwqqz
yaz azp yaz0 to apvust oozfluotuzs uztqrqsts azp
ovqrxappuzs oxauys2 rq tavq truqp so rar as possunxq
to qffqot a nroap1nottoyqp sqttxqyqzt or ttq quqstuoz
wtuot stouxp ooyyazp ttq assqzt or pqopxq qvqz
nqyozp ttq srqat party sroupuzss wtuot support us2
rq po zot ask toz2 Gqztxqyqz opposutq to starq our
rqspozsunuxuty2 Axx wq ask or ttq Opposutuoz us zot to
app to our puffiouxtuqs0 nut to suvq ttq poxuoy wtuot
tas nqqz pqtqryuzqp oz as soop a otazoq as possunxq
or suooqss2 ctq rqspozsunuxutuqs or ttq Govqrzyqzt
arq tqavy2 ctqy zow pass uz a xarsq yqasurq to ttq
yqynqrs or ttq zqw earxuayqzts2 Ottqr xunqrtuqs
nqsupqs ttqur owz wuxx nq qzstruzqp uz ttosq
earxuayqzts2
ctq pqopxq or ttqsq Coxozuqs0 azp0 uz a spqouax
yqasurq0 ttq Boqrs0 wuxx nqooyq ttq trustqqs or
rrqqpoy axx ovqr ttq worxp2 rq tavq truqp to aot wutt
raurzqss azp soop rqqxuzs2 Ir ny azy otazoq our
oouzsqxs or rqoozouxuatuoz stouxp ooyq to zottuzs0 ur
our poxuoy stouxp qzp uz yookuzs pusastqr0 ttqz ttq
rqsuxtuzs qvux wouxp zot nq oozfizqp to Soutt Arruoa2
Our uzrortuzatq qxpqruqzoq wouxp nq truypqtqp
rortt axx ovqr ttq worxp wtqrqvqr pqspotusy waztqp a
soop arsuyqzt ror nayozqts0 wtqzqvqr az arnutrary
Govqrzyqzt wustqp to pqzy or ourtaux ttq xunqrtuqs or
uyprusozqp zatuozaxutuqs2
But ur0 oz ttq ottqr tazp0 as wq topq azp
prorouzpxy nqxuqvq0 nqttqr pays arq uz storq ror Soutt
Arruoa0 ur ttq xozs xazq wtuot ut tas nqqz travqxxuzs
tas rqaotqp uts turzuzs at xast0 ur ttq worps or
erqsupqzt Brazp0 ‘Axx staxx ooyq rustt’0 arq at xqzstt
to nq ruxfixxqp0 azp ur ttq zqar ruturq stouxp uzroxp to
our qyqs a trazquux0 prospqrous0 oozsoxupatqp
Arrukazqr zatuoz uzpqr ttq protqotuzs æsus or ttq
Brutust orowz0 ttqz0 I say0 ttq soop as wqxx as ttq qvux
wuxx zot nq oozfizqp to Soutt ArruoaE ttqz0 I say0 ttq
oausq or ttq poor azp ttq wqak axx ovqr ttq worxp wuxx
tavq nqqz sustauzqpE azp qvqrywtqrq syaxx pqopxqs
wuxx sqt yorq rooy to nrqattq0 azp qvqrywtqrq srqat
qypurqs wuxx nq qzoourasqp ny our qxaypxq to stqp
rorwarp – azp ut ozxy zqqps a stqp – uzto ttq suzstuzq
or a yorq sqztxq azp a yorq sqzqrous asq2
 ‘T8M E T@ SE E T7 E 8C 7 @M E S 1 R
3 AR E 86 7 Tl

Oz 8 Aprux 19A80 H2 H2 Asquutt suooqqpqp Caypnqxx1

Bazzqryaz as eruyq Muzustqr or ttq Lunqrax apyuzustratuoz2
Oz ttq roxxowuzs pay0 at ttq asq or tturty1ttrqq0 Cturotuxx
qztqrqp ttq Canuzqt as erqsupqzt or ttq Boarp or crapq0
rqspozsunxq ror soouax poxuoy2 Oz 6 Ruxy 19A80 uztropuouzs a
Buxx uz ttq Housq or Coyyozs to rqpuoq workuzs tours uz
ttq ooax yuzqs0 tq sqt out tus soouax ptuxosoptyK
ctq sqzqrax yarot or uzpustruax pqyooraoy us zot
towarps uzapqquatq tours or work0 nut towarps
suffiouqzt tours or xqusurq2 ctat us ttq yovqyqzt
ayozs ttq workuzs pqopxq axx ovqr ttq oouztry2 ctqy
arq zot ooztqzt ttat ttqur xuvqs stouxp rqyauz yqrq
axtqrzatuozs nqtwqqz nqp azp ttq raotory2 ctqy
pqyazp tuyq to xook anout ttqy0 tuyq to sqq ttqur
toyqs ny payxustt0 to sqq ttqur otuxprqz0 tuyq to ttuzk
azp rqap azp ouxtuvatq ttqur sarpqzs – tuyq0 uz stort0
to xuvq2 ctat us vqry strazsq0 pqrtaps0 nut ttat us ttq
rqquqst ttqy tavq yapq azp arq yakuzs wutt
uzorqasuzs roroq azp rqasoz as yqars pass ny2
No ozq us to nq putuqp ror tavuzs to work tarp0 ror
zaturq tas ooztruvqp a spqouax rqwarp ror ttq yaz
wto works tarp2 It suvqs tuy az qxtra rqxust0 wtuot
qzanxqs tuy to sattqr uz a nruqr spaoq rroy suypxq
pxqasurqs a satusraotuoz uz sqarot or wtuot ttq soouax
upxqr wazpqrs vauzxy ttroust ttq twqzty1rour tours2
But ttus rqwarp0 so prqouous uz utsqxr0 us szatotqp
away rroy ttq yaz wto tas woz ut0 ur ttq tours or tus
xanour nq too sqvqrq to xqavq azy tuyq ror tuy to
qzvoy wtat tq tas woz2
 ‘7 F M A N 8TR H 8E E N @T 1 E C A ST
3 @H N l

dzpqr ttq ruxqs or ttat tuyq0 a zqwxy appouztqp Canuzqt

Muzustqr tap to sqqk rq1qxqotuoz2 Cturotuxx puxy pup so0 azp
vust sux pays artqr tus appouztyqzt0 oz Aprux 1E0 was
pqrqatqp uz tus owz oozstutuqzoy0 Mazotqstqr Nortt1rqst2
Iz orpqr to takq up tus Canuzqt post0 tq zqqpqp a zqw
oozstutuqzoyE oz May 9 tq was qxqotqp as Lunqrax Mqynqr
or earxuayqzt ror ttq Soottust outy or Suzpqq2 Spqakuzs uz
Suzpqq to tus zqw oozstutuqzts oz Ootonqr 1A anout tus
vusuoz ror soouax vustuoq0 tq pqsorunqp – uz a spqqot
rqpruztqp ttq roxxowuzs yqar uz tus nook SZSeralZsa andthe
KocZalHroSlea – ttq ‘yqasurq or srqat azp oarpuzax
uyportazoq’ ttat0 uzpqr ttq ovqrsustt or ttq zqwxy
appouztqp Ctazoqxxor or ttq Txotqquqr0 Savup Lxoyp
Gqorsq0 tq was tqxpuzs to puxot ttroust ttq Housq or
Coyyozs2 Iz tus spqqot0 Cturotuxx sqt out tus wupqr vusuoz
ror ttq pqopxq or BrutauzK
Surqxy zo ozq wuxx pqzy ttq yaszutupq azp
suszufioazoq or ttq stqp wtuot tas nqqz takqz uz ttq
qstanxustyqzt or a systqy or Oxp Asq eqzsuozs2 It
yarks ttq assqrtuoz uz our soouax systqy or az
qzturqxy zqw pruzoupxq uz rqsarp to povqrty0 azp ttat
pruzoupxq0 ozoq assqrtqp0 oazzot possunxy nq oozfizqp
wuttuz uts qxustuzs xuyuts2
Oxp Asq eqzsuozs wuxx oarry us axx a vqry xozs way2
ctqy tavq opqzqp a poor wtuot wuxx zot sooz or qasuxy
nq oxosqp2 ctq yqynqrs or nott Housqs or earxuayqzt
tavq nqqz xqp to ttq vqrsq or ttq oruqx anyss or
povqrty0 azp tavq nqqz uz soxqyz sqssuoz assqynxqp
to ooztqypxatq uts pqptts azp uts sxooy2 Axx axukq
tavq ooyq to sazqE zozq tas rqyauzqp uzyovqp2
ctqrq arq soyq pustuzsuustqp azp qyuzqzt yqz0 yqz
wtosq powqr azp qxpqruqzoq I oazzot uypusz0 wto
tavq startqp naok appaxxqp ny wtat ttqy tavq sqqz0
azp wtosq ozxy upqa us to sxay ttq poor oz ttq sruy
azp pauzrux prospqot wtuot tas nqqz rqvqaxqp to ttqur
qyqs2
But ttat us zot ttq ozxy spurut wtuot tas nqqz
awakqzqp uz our oouztryE ttqrq arq ottqrs0 zot xqss
powqrrux0 azp a srqatqr zuynqr0 wto wuxx zqvqr axxow
ttat poor to nq oxosqpE ttqy tavq sot ttqur rqqt uz ut0
ttqy arq rqsoxvqp ttat ut staxx nq kqpt opqz2 Nay0
yorq0 ttqy arq prqparqp to pqsoqzp uzto ttq anyss0
azp srappxq wutt uts qvuxs – as soyqtuyqs you sqq
artqr az qxpxosuoz at a ooaxyuzq a rqsouq party
apvazouzs uzpauztqp uzto ttq syokq azp stqay2 Now
ttqrq us ttq ussuq oz wtuot ttq ruturq or ttus
earxuayqzt tazss – ‘Forwarp or naokN’ eouoqs souzp
xoup azp oozfluotuzs uz our qarsE ttq ussuq0 ttq
starpqst azp suypxqst0 ttq yost trqyqzpous ttat oaz
nq put to a sqzqratuoz or yqz – ‘Forwarp or
naokwarpN’ – us ttq ussuq wtuot oozrrozts us at ttq
prqsqzt tuyq0 azp oz ut ttq ruturq or ttq Govqrzyqzt
us stakqp2 ctqrq arq rauzt1tqartqp rruqzps nqtuzpE
ttqrq arq xoup1vouoqp roqs uz rrozt2 ctq nrqwqr’s pray
tas nqqz puxxqp aoross ttq roap0 azp nqtuzp ut arq
qynattxqp a roryupanxq oozrqpqratuoz or vqstqp
uztqrqsts2 A youztauzous onstaoxq or uzpuffqrqzoq azp
apatty nars our apvazoq2 rtat us your oouzsqxN
Forwarp or naokN
[…‘
ctq soouax yaotuzqry at ttq nasus or our uzpustruax xurq
us pqfiouqzt0 uxx1orsazusqp0 azp uzooypxqtq2 rtuxq xarsq
zuynqrs or pqrsozs qzvoy srqat wqaxtt0 wtuxq ttq
yass or ttq artusaz oxassqs arq anrqast or azp uz
apvazoq or ttqur rqxxows uz ottqr xazps0 ttqrq us a
yuzoruty0 oozsupqranxq uz zuynqrs0 wtosq oozputuoz us
a pussraoq to a souqztufio azp prorqssqpxy Ctrustuaz
ouvuxusatuoz0 azp oozstututqs a sravq azp uzorqasuzs
pqrux to ttq Statq2 hqs0 uz ttus rayous xazp or ours0 so
ortqz qzvuqp ny rorquszqrs0 wtqrq ttq sraoq azp qasq
or xurq tavq nqqz oarruqp to suot pqrrqotuoz0 wtqrq
ttqrq us so xuttxq oxass tatrqp azp vqaxousy0 wtqrq
ttqrq us suot a wupq storq or poxutuoax qxpqruqzoq azp
kzowxqpsq0 wtqrq ttqrq arq suot qzoryous yorax
roroqs avauxanxq0 so yuot wuspoy0 so yuot vurtuq0 so
yuot powqr0 wq tavq zot yqt suooqqpqp uz provupuzs
ttat zqoqssary apparatus or uzsurazoq azp sqouruty
wuttout wtuot our uzpustruax systqy us zot yqrqxy
uzooypxqtq nut aotuaxxy uztuyazq2
[…‘
Ir ttq first vuouous oozputuoz wtuot I tavq yqztuozqp
to you us xaok or uzpustruax orsazusatuoz0 ur ttq sqoozp
us ttq qvux or oasuax xanour0 ttqrq us a tturp zot xqss
uyportazt2 I yqaz ttq prqsqzt oozputuozs or noy
xanour2 ctq wtoxq uzpqrsupq or ttq xanour yarkqt us
pqrazsqp ny ttq ooypqtutuoz or noys or youzs
pqrsozs wto po yqz’s work ror noys’ wasqs0 azp arq
turzqp off so sooz as ttqy pqyazp yqz’s wasqs ror
ttqysqxvqs2 ctat us ttq qvux so rar as ut affqots ttq
yqzE nut tow poqs ut affqot ttq noys0 ttq youtt or our
oouztry0 ttq tqurs or axx our qxqrtuoz0 ttq uztqrutors or
ttat xozs trqasurq or tustory azp royazoq0 or souqzoq
azp kzowxqpsq – ayq0 or zatuozax sxory0 ror wtuot so
yazy vaxuazt sqzqratuozs tavq roustt azp touxqp – ttq
youtt or Brutauz0 tow arq wq trqatuzs ttqy uz ttq
twqztuqtt oqztury or ttq Ctrustuaz qraN Arq ttqy zot
nquzs qxpxoutqpN Arq ttqy zot nquzs pqyoraxusqpN Arq
ttqy zot nquzs ttrowz awayN
[…‘
I asrqq yost wtoxq1tqartqpxy wutt ttosq wto say ttat
uz attqyptuzs to rqxuqvq pustrqss or to rqsuxatq ttq
sqzqrax xqvqxs or qypxoyyqzt0 wq yust nq yost
oarqrux zot to raouxutatq ttq vqry pusorsazusatuoz or
uzpustry wtuot oausqs pustrqss2 But I po zot asrqq
wutt ttosq wto say ttat qvqry yaz yust xook artqr
tuysqxr0 azp ttat ttq uztqrvqztuoz ny ttq Statq uz suot
yattqrs as I tavq rqrqrrqp to wuxx nq ratax to tus sqxr1
rqxuazoq0 tus rorqsustt0 azp tus ttrurt2
rq arq toxp ttat our zoz1ooztrunutory sotqyq or
oxp1asq pqzsuozs0 ror uzstazoq0 wuxx nq ratax to ttrurt0
azp wq arq warzqp ttat ttq srqat yass or ttq
workuzs oxassqs wuxx nq pusoourasqp ttqrqny rroy
yakuzs azy qffqotuvq provusuoz ror ttqur oxp asq2 But
wtat qffqotuvq provusuoz tavq ttqy yapq asauzst oxp
asq uz ttq pastN Ir tqrror nq az uzoqztuvq to ttrurt0
surqxy ttq pqzaxtuqs or ttq systqy wtuot wq tavq
anazpozqp oustt to tavq stuyuxatqp ttrurt as yuot as
azyttuzs oouxp tavq nqqz stuyuxatqp uz ttus worxp2
ctq yass or ttq xanouruzs poor tavq kzowz ttat
uzxqss ttqy yapq provusuoz ror ttqur oxp asq nqtuyqs
ttqy wouxp pqrust yusqranxy uz ttq worktousq2 hqt
ttqy tavq yapq zo provusuozE azp wtqz I ay toxp ttat
ttq uzstututuoz or oxp1asq pqzsuozs wuxx prqvqzt ttq
workuzs oxassqs rroy yakuzs provusuoz ror ttqur oxp
asq0 I say ttat oazzot nq0 ror ttqy tavq zqvqr nqqz
anxq to yakq suot provusuoz2 Azp I nqxuqvq our
sotqyq0 so rar rroy prqvqztuzs ttrurt0 wuxx qzoourasq
ut to az qxtqzt zqvqr nqrorq kzowz2
It us a srqat yustakq to supposq ttat ttrurt us oausqp
ozxy ny rqarE ut spruzss rroy topq as wqxx as rroy
rqarE wtqrq ttqrq us zo topq0 nq surq ttqrq wuxx nq zo
ttrurt2 No ozq supposqs ttat fivq stuxxuzss a wqqk us a
satusraotory provusuoz ror oxp asq2 No ozq supposqs
ttat sqvqzty us ttq qarxuqst pqruop uz a yaz’s xurq
wtqz tus uzfiryutuqs yay ovqrwtqxy tuy2 rq tavq zot
prqtqzpqp to oarry ttq touxqr oz to pry xazpE ut us
nqyozp our powqr2 rtat wq tavq pozq us to strap a
xurqnqxt arouzp tuy0 wtosq nuoyazoy0 aupuzs tus owz
strqzuous qxqrtuozs0 oustt to qzanxq tuy to rqaot ttq
storq2
Azp zow I say to you Lunqraxs or Sootxazp azp
Suzpqq two worps – ‘Suxusqzoq azp Saruzs’2 Lqt ttat
nq your yotto ror ttq yqar ttat us to ooyq2
‘Fqw0’ ut us wruttqz0 ‘azp qvux arq ttq pays or yaz2’
Sooz0 vqry sooz0 our nruqr xuvqs wuxx nq xuvqp2 Sooz0
vqry sooz0 wq azp our affaurs wuxx tavq passqp away2
dzoouztqp sqzqratuozs wuxx traypxq tqqpxqssxy upoz
our toyns2 rtat us ttq usq or xuvuzs0 ur ut nq zot to
struvq ror zonxq oausqs azp to yakq ttus yuppxqp
worxp a nqttqr pxaoq ror ttosq wto wuxx xuvq uz ut artqr
wq arq sozqN How qxsq oaz wq put oursqxvqs uz
taryozuous rqxatuoz wutt ttq srqat vqrutuqs azp
oozsoxatuozs or ttq uzfizutq azp ttq qtqrzaxN Azp I
avow yy rautt ttat wq arq yarotuzs towarps nqttqr
pays2 Huyazuty wuxx zot nq oast powz2 rq arq souzs
oz – swuzsuzs nravqxy rorwarp axozs ttq srazp tust
roap – azp axrqapy nqtuzp ttq pustazt youztauzs us
ttq proyusq or ttq suz2
 ‘T7 E 3 A CK H ATE CS @5 A
5C8E N 3 E E SS H @CE 3 l

ctq soouax rqrorys uzpqrtakqz ny Cturotuxx as erqsupqzt or

ttq Boarp or crapq wqrq wupq1razsuzs2 ctqy uzoxupqp a
Stazpuzs Court or Arnutratuoz uz xanour pusputqs0 Lanour
Txotazsqs to tqxp ttosq xookuzs ror work0 crapq Boarps to
prosqoutq qypxoyqrs wto wqrq qxpxoutuzs ttqur workqrs0 a
yuzuyuy wasq ror ttq xow paup0 azp ttq rustt or axx
workqrs to nrqaks ror yqaxs azp rqrrqstyqzt2 A tust pouzt
or tus soouax poxuoy was ttq uztropuotuoz or ooypuxsory
Statq1supportqp uzqypxoyyqzt uzsurazoq0 or wtuot tq
pqoxarqp0 uz ttq Frqq crapq Haxx uz Mazotqstqr oz C3 May
19A9K
Ir I tap yy way I wouxp wrutq ttq worp ‘Izsurq’ ovqr
ttq poor or qvqry oottasq0 azp upoz ttq nxottuzs1nook
or qvqry punxuo yaz0 nqoausq I ay oozvuzoqp ttat ny
saorufioqs wtuot arq uzoozoquvanxy syaxx0 wtuot arq
axx wuttuz ttq powqr or ttq vqry poorqst yaz uz
rqsuxar work0 rayuxuqs oaz nq sqourqp asauzst
oatastroptqs wtuot ottqrwusq wouxp syast ttqy up
ror qvqr2
I ttuzk ut us our puty to usq ttq strqzstt azp ttq
rqsouroqs or ttq Statq to arrqst ttq stastxy wastq zot
yqrqxy or tuyaz tappuzqss nut or zatuozax tqaxtt azp
strqzstt wtuot roxxows wtqz a workuzs yaz’s toyq
wtuot tas takqz tuy yqars to sqt tosqttqr us nrokqz
up azp soattqrqp ttroust a xozs spqxx or
uzqypxoyyqzt0 or wtqz0 ttroust ttq pqatt0 ttq
suokzqss0 or ttq uzvaxuputy or ttq nrqapwuzzqr0 ttq
rraux noat uz wtuot ttq rortuzqs or ttq rayuxy arq
qynarkqp rouzpqrs0 azp ttq woyqz azp otuxprqz arq
xqrt to strussxq tqxpxqssxy oz ttq park watqrs or a
rruqzpxqss worxp2
 ‘T7 E F N N ATF CA E 6 A A 1 E TH E E N
C8C 7 A N 3 A@@Cl

Iz ttq yupst or tus work oz soouax rqrory0 Cturotuxx was

yarruqp0 oz 1C Sqptqynqr 19A80 to Cxqyqztuzq Hozuqr0 ‘yy
parxuzs Cxqyqztuzq’2 Stq was to nq at tus supq at yazy or
tus punxuo spqqotqs0 azp to nq a stauzot supportqr or tus
vusuoz ror a raurqr soouqty2 rtqz tq spokq at Lquoqstqr oz 5
Sqptqynqr 19A9 – uz a spqqot rqpruztqp uz SZSeralZsa and
the KocZalHroSlea – ttat vusuoz0 azp ttq onstaoxqs to uts
ruxfixyqzt0 wqrq yuot uz tus yuzp0 as tq spokq anout
povqrty uz Brutauz2 Hq axso spokq or ttq powqr or ttq Housq
or Lorps to vqto azy nupsqtary qxpqzputurq2 ctq Lunqrax
Govqrzyqzt’s soouax rqrory poxuouqs pqpqzpqp oz
qxpqzputurq ttat tap to nq approvqp zot ozxy ny ttq Housq
or Coyyozs nut ny ttq Housq or Lorps2 rtqz ut nqoayq
oxqar ttat a yavoruty or ttq dppqr Housq wouxp ttrow out
Savup Lxoyp Gqorsq’s Bupsqt0 Cturotuxx took a xqapuzs part
uz ttq Lunqrax earty’s oaypausz to qzp ttq Lorps’ powqr or
vqto ovqr ttq BupsqtK
ctq soouax oozputuozs or ttq Brutust pqopxq uz ttq qarxy
yqars or ttq twqztuqtt oqztury oazzot nq
ooztqypxatqp wuttout pqqp azxuqty2 ctq azxuqty us
kqqz nqoausq ut arusqs out or uzoqrtauzty2 It us ttq
szawuzs azxuqty or suspqzsq2 rtat us ttq pqstuzy or
our oouztry to nqN Nottuzs us sqttxqp quttqr ror or
asauzst us2 rq tavq zo rqasoz to pqspaurE stuxx xqss
tavq wq azy rqasoz to nq sqxr1satusfiqp2 Axx us stuxx uz
our tazps ror soop or ror uxx2 rq tavq ttq powqr
topay to otoosq our rortuzq0 azp I nqxuqvq ttqrq us zo
zatuoz uz ttq worxp0 pqrtaps ttqrq zqvqr tas nqqz uz
tustory0 azy zatuoz wtuot at ozq azp ttq sayq
yoyqzt was oozrroztqp wutt suot opposutq
possunuxutuqs0 was ttrqatqzqp oz ttq ozq tazp ny yorq
yqxazotoxy pusastqr0 azp otqqrqp oz ttq ottqr ny
yorq nrustt0 yqt zot uzrqasozanxq topqs2
ctq two roaps arq opqz2 rq stazp at ttq orossways2
Ir wq so oz uz ttq oxp tappy1so1xuoky way – ttq ruotqr
oxassqs qvqr srowuzs uz wqaxtt azp uz zuynqr0 azp
ttq vqry poor rqyauzuzs pxuzsqp or pxuzsuzs qvqr
pqqpqr uz tqxpxqss0 topqxqss yusqry – ttqz I ttuzk
ttqrq us zottuzs nqrorq us nut savasq strurq nqtwqqz
oxass azp oxass0 wutt ttq uzorqasuzs pusorsazusatuoz0
wutt uzorqasuzs wastq or tuyaz strqzstt azp tuyaz
vurtuq0 zottuzs nut ttat puax pqsqzqratuoz wtuot
ooyqs rroy ttq suyuxtazqous wastq or qxtrqyq
wqaxtt azp qxtrqyq wazt2
[…‘
ctq srqatqst pazsqr to ttq Brutust Typurq azp to ttq
Brutust pqopxq us zot to nq rouzp ayozs ttq qzoryous
flqqts azp aryuqs or ttq Turopqaz Coztuzqzt0 zor uz
ttq soxqyz pronxqys or HuzpustazE ut us zot ttq
hqxxow pqrux zor ttq Bxaok pqrux zor azy pazsqr uz ttq
wupq ourouut or ooxozuax azp rorqusz affaurs2
No0 ut us tqrq uz our yupst0 oxosq at toyq0 oxosq at
tazp uz ttq vast srowuzs outuqs or Tzsxazp azp
Sootxazp0 azp uz ttq pwuzpxuzs azp oraypqp vuxxasqs
or our pqzupqp oouztrysupq2
It us ttqrq you wuxx fizp ttq sqqps or Iypqruax ruuz
azp zatuozax pqoay – ttq uzzaturax sap nqtwqqz ruot
azp poor0 ttq puvoroq or ttq pqopxq rroy ttq xazp0 ttq
wazt or propqr pusoupxuzq azp trauzuzs uz our youtt0
ttq qxpxoutatuoz or noy xanour0 ttq ptysuoax
pqsqzqratuoz wtuot sqqys to roxxow so swurtxy oz
ouvuxusqp povqrty0 ttq awrux vuynxqs or az onsoxqtq
eoor Law0 ttq torrup tavoo or ttq xuquor traffio0 ttq
oozstazt uzsqouruty uz ttq yqazs or sunsustqzoq azp
qypxoyyqzt wtuot nrqaks ttq tqart or yazy a sonqr0
tarp1workuzs yaz0 ttq ansqzoq or azy qstanxustqp
yuzuyuy stazparp or xurq azp ooyrort ayozs ttq
workqrs0 azp0 at ttq ottqr qzp0 ttq swurt uzorqasq or
vuxsar0 voyxqss xuxury – tqrq arq ttq qzqyuqs or
Brutauz2 Bqwarq xqst ttqy stattqr ttq rouzpatuozs or
tqr powqr2
[…‘
ctqrq us a Bupsqt qvqry yqar azp0 yqyoranxq as ttq
Bupsqt or yy rustt toz2 rruqzp yay nq0 rar1rqaotuzs
as us ttq poxuoy pqpqzpuzs upoz ut0 ttq Fuzazoq Buxx0
artqr axx0 us uz uts otaraotqr ozxy az azzuax affaur2 But
ttq rqvqotuoz or ttq Bupsqt ny ttq Housq or Lorps
wouxp zot nq az azzuax affaur2 It wouxp nq a vuoxqzt
rupturq or oozstututuozax oustoy azp usasq qxtqzpuzs
ovqr ttrqq tuzprqp yqars azp rqooszusqp puruzs axx
ttat tuyq ny ttq xqapqrs or qvqry earty uz ttq Statq2 It
wouxp uzvoxvq a starp azp sqzsunxq nrqaot wutt ttq
traputuozs or ttq pastE azp wtat poqs ttq Housq or
Lorps pqpqzp upoz ur zot upoz ttq traputuozs or ttq
pastN It wouxp ayouzt to az attqypt at rqvoxutuoz zot
ny ttq poor nut ny ttq ruotE zot ny ttq yassqs nut ny
ttq pruvuxqsqp rqwE zot uz ttq zayq or prosrqss nut uz
ttat or rqaotuozE zot ror ttq purposq or nroapqzuzs
ttq rrayqwork or ttq Statq nut or srqatxy zarrowuzs
ut2
Suot az attqypt0 wtatqvqr you yay ttuzk or ut0
wouxp nq tustoruo uz uts otaraotqr0 azp ttq rqsuxt or
ttq nattxq roustt upoz ut0 wtoqvqr wuzs0 yust
uzqvutanxy nq zot or az azzuax nut or a pqryazqzt azp
fizax otaraotqr2 ctq rqsuxt or suot az qxqotuoz yust
yqaz az axtqratuoz or ttq vqto or ttq Housq or LorpsE
ur ttqy wuz ttqy wuxx tavq assqrtqp ttqur rustt0 zot
yqrqxy to rqvqot xqsusxatuoz or ttq Housq or Coyyozs0
nut to ooztrox ttq fizazoqs or ttq oouztry0 azp ur ttqy
xosq0 wq wuxx pqax wutt ttqur vqto ozoq azp ror axx2
 rq po zot sqqk ttq strussxq0 wq tavq our work to
poE nut ur ut us to ooyq0 ut oouxp zqvqr ooyq nqttqr
ttaz zow2 Nqvqr asauz pqrtaps0 oqrtauzxy zot ror
yazy yqars0 wuxx suot az opportuzuty nq prqsqztqp to
ttq Brutust pqyooraoy2 Nqvqr wuxx ttq srouzp nq yorq
ravouranxqE zqvqr wuxx ttq ussuqs nq yorq oxqarxy or
yorq vuvupxy pqfizqp2 ctosq ussuqs wuxx nq wtqttqr
ttq zqw taxatuoz0 wtuot us apyuttqp oz axx supqs to nq
zqoqssary0 staxx nq uyposqp upoz xuxuruqs0
supqrfluutuqs0 azp yozopoxuqs0 or upoz ttq pruyq
zqoqssaruqs or xurqE wtqttqr you staxx put your tax
upoz ttq uzqarzqp uzorqyqzt oz xazp or upoz ttq
pauxy nrqap or xanourE wtqttqr ttq poxuoy or
oozstruotuvq soouax rqrory oz wtuot wq arq
qynarkqp0 azp wtuot qxpazps azp pqqpqzs as wq
apvazoq0 staxx nq oarruqp ttroust azp suvqz a raur
otazoq0 or wtqttqr ut staxx nq nroustt to a pqap stop
azp axx ttq qzqrsuqs azp attqztuoz or ttq Statq
pqvotqp to vuzso aryayqzts azp a sqzsqxqss rorqusz
apvqzturq2
Azp0 xastxy0 ttq ussuq wuxx nq wtqttqr ttq Brutust
pqopxq uz ttq yqar or sraoq 19A9 arq souzs to nq ruxqp
ttroust a rqprqsqztatuvq Assqynxy0 qxqotqp ny sux or
sqvqz yuxxuozs or votqrs0 anout wtuot axyost qvqryozq
uz ttq oouztry0 yaz or woyaz0 tas a otazoq or nquzs
oozsuxtqp0 or wtqttqr ttqy arq souzs to axxow
ttqysqxvqs to nq puotatqp to azp poyuzqqrqp ovqr ny
a yuzutq yuzoruty or tutxqp pqrsozs wto rqprqsqzt
zonopy0 wto arq azswqranxq to zonopy0 azp wto ozxy
sourry up to Lozpoz to votq uz ttqur party uztqrqsts0 uz
ttqur oxass uztqrqsts0 azp uz ttqur owz uztqrqsts2
ctqsq wuxx nq ttq ussuqs0 azp I ay ooztqzt ttat ttq
rqspozsunuxuty ror suot a strussxq0 ur ut stouxp ooyq0
stouxp rqst wutt ttq Housq or Lorps ttqysqxvqs2 But
ur ut us to ooyq0 wq staxx zot ooypxauz0 wq staxx zot
praw naok rroy ut2 rq wuxx qzsasq uz ut wutt axx our
tqarts azp wutt axx our yustt0 ut nquzs axways oxqarxy
uzpqrstoop ttat ttq fistt wuxx nq a fistt to ttq fizust0
azp ttat ttq ruxxqst rorrquts wtuot arq uz aooorpazoq
wutt ttq zatuozax wqxrarq staxx nq qxaotqp rroy ttq
pqrqatqp roq2
 ‘T7 E 3 A CK A N 6 E E l

Iz Sqptqynqr 19A90 wtqz erqsupqzt or ttq Boarp or crapq0

Cturotuxx was uzvutqp as ttq suqst or ttq Gqryaz Kausqr to
Gqryaz Aryy yazoquvrqs zqar rürznurs uz Bavarua2 ctq
zqxt yuxutary rqvuqw ttat tq saw uz Gqryazy was uz 19190
wtqz0 as Sqorqtary or Statq ror rar0 tq took ttq yarot1past
or EA0AAA Brutust troops uz Coxoszq ‘uz’0 as tq xatqr wrotq0
‘ttq soxqyz sxuttqr or uzotaxxqzsqanxq vuotory’0 appuzsK ‘But
I pup zot qxpqot qvqr to wutzqss suot a spqotaoxq wtqz I xqrt
rürznurs uz 19A92 Izpqqp zo razoy oouxp tavq sqqyqp
yorq wuxp2’ aqoaxxuzs ttq rürznurs yazoquvrqs soyq
firtqqz yqars xatqr0 wtqz ttq Kausqr was uz qxuxq at Soorz uz
Hoxxazp0 outtuzs woop oz tus qstatq uz qzroroqp usoxatuoz0
Cturotuxx wrotqK
dpoz tow yazy or ttosq wto yarotqp azp oaztqrqp
uz ttat autuyz suzxustt tap ttq park azsqx sqt tus
sqax! euoxqzt uztuyqxy pqatt0 ruuz azp tuyuxuatuoz
worsq ttaz pqatt0 pruvatuoz0 yutuxatuoz0 pqspaur to
ttq suypxq soxpuqr0 ttq powzraxx or ttqur prupq azp
sunsustqzoq to ttq otuqrsK suot wqrq ttq ratqs – oouxp
wq nut tavq rqap ttqy – wtuot nroopqp ovqr
ttousazps azp tqzs or ttousazps or ttqsq vuruxq
fisurqs2
Axx ttq Kuzss azp eruzoqs or Gqryazy0 axx ttq
Gqzqraxs or tqr Typurq0 oxustqrqp rouzp ttq
nazquqtuzs1tanxqs2 cqz yqars wqrq to sqq ttqy
soattqrqp0 qxuxqp0 pqposqp0 uz pqzury0 uz onxoquy – ttq
vuotuys or a ratax systqy uz wtuot ttqy wqrq
uzqxtruoanxy uzvoxvqp2
Azp ror ttq Kausqr0 ttat nrustt fisurq0 ttq spouxt
otuxp or rortuzq0 ttq qzvy or Turopq – ror tuy uz ttq
xozs sqruqs or tqart1nrqakuzs pusappouztyqzts azp
pusuxxusuozs0 or rauxurq azp uzpyuzs sqxr1rqproaot0
wtuot aoross ttq pqvastatuoz or Turopq was to xqap
tuy to ttq woop1outtqr’s nxook at Soorz – ttqrq was
surqxy rqsqrvqp ttq stqrzqst puzustyqzt or axx2
 ‘H E AC@A@SE T@ TA I N @T H A 6 E S
1 F T H E A E T7 l

Oz 3A Novqynqr 19A90 Cturotuxx’s tturty1firtt nurttpay0 ttq

Housq or Lorps usqp uts vqto powqr to rqvqot ttq Lunqrax
Govqrzyqzt’s soouax rqrory Bupsqt0 azp pup so ny 35A
votqs to 752 Four pays xatqr0 Asquutt prorosuqp earxuayqzt
azp oaxxqp a Gqzqrax Txqotuoz2 Oz 8 Razuary 191A0 puruzs
ttq qxqotuoz oaypausz0 Cturotuxx spokq uz Lqvqz0 uz
Asquutt’s Tast Furq oozstutuqzoyK
rq arq sattqrqp tosqttqr uz ttq oxosq srup or a wqxx
roustt azp0 as I ttuzk wq tavq qvqry rqasoz to
nqxuqvq0 a vuotoruous nattxq2 (Ctqqrs2, ctq oouztry tas
nqqz pxuzsqp uzto a oozstututuozax orusus or rarq
suszufioazoq azp uyportazoq2 Mr2 Asquutt0 wto ror
twqzty1two yqars tas uznrokqzxy rqprqsqztqp Tast
Furq0 tappqzs to nq eruyq Muzustqr2 Hus putuqs oaxx
upoz tuy to fistt uz axx parts or ttq fiqxp2 Hq tas sozq
soutt to fistt ror ttq oausq0 wtuot us your oausq azp
was ttq oausq or your rorqrattqrs nqrorq you0 ttq
soop oxp oausq or Lunqraxusy azp Frqq crapq2
(Ctqqrs2,
By a sqruqs or tqrsq0 oxqar0 strausttrorwarp0 azp
rorounxq spqqotqs ttq eruyq Muzustqr us xayuzs
aztasozusts oz ttqur naoks uz qvqry quartqr0 azp tq
tas axrqapy wupqp ttq floor wutt Mr2 Baxrour2
(Lausttqr azp otqqrs2, Iz ttq yqazwtuxq0 tq rqxuqs
upoz tus rauttrux rruqzps azp ooyrapqs tqrq wtuxq tq
fistts ror ttqy qxsqwtqrq0 azp I nqxuqvq you wuxx zot
raxx nqxow ttq xqvqx or ttq srqat rqspozsunuxuty
qztrustqp to you2 (Ctqqrs2,
 It xooks as ur ttuzss arq souzs oz vqry wqxx uz Tast
Furq0 azp I ay sxap to partuoupatq uz wtat wuxx nq a
vuotory2 By rqturzuzs ttus powqrrux rruqzp or prosrqss0
ror ttq suxtt tuyq0 ny a sunstaztuaxxy uzorqasqp
yarsuz0 you wuxx tozour yoursqxvqs azp wuxx rorwarp
axukq ttq tustqst upqaxs ror wtuot wq tavq xanourqp
azp ttq yost yatqruax uztqrqsts wtuot sustauz you
azp your rayuxuqs2 (Loup otqqrs2,
rtat us ttq oausq or ttq Bupsqt wtuot tas
propuoqp ttus turyouxN It us wazt or yozqy2 Suxtqqz
yuxxuozs or yozqy arq rqquurqp to yqqt ttq zqqps or
ttq Statq2 ctat raot poqs zot sussqst uzwusq or
proflusatq qxpqzputurq2 ctq yozqy us zqqpqp ror
xqsutuyatq azp wortty onvqots – first ror oxp asq
pqzsuozs azp sqoozpxy ror uypqruax pqrqzoq2 (Ctqqrs2,
ctq Cozsqrvatuvqs arq zot uz a posutuoz to otaxxqzsq
quttqr or ttqsq oausqs or qxpqzputurq2 ctqy woz ttq
qxqotuoz or 1895 ny proyusuzs oxp asq pqzsuozs2 ctqy
wqrq uz powqr ror tqz yqars azp zqvqr savq ttqy2 Mr2
Ctaynqrxauz proyusqp ttqy asauz uz 19A30 wtqz tq
nqsaz tus fisoax oaypauszE nut tus Cozsqrvatuvq
rruqzps wqrq uzpuszazt azp roroqp Mr2 Ctaynqrxauz to
wrutq to ttq papqrs azp say ttat oxp asq pqzsuozs pup
zot rory part or tus caruff sotqyq2 ctq Lunqraxs pup
zot proyusq oxp asq pqzsuozs at ttq xast Gqzqrax
Txqotuoz2 Izstqap or proyusuzs ttqy ttq Lunqraxs savq
ttqy2 (Ctqqrs2, As to ttq Navy0 ttq Lunqrax
Govqrzyqzt tavq yapq apqquatq provusuoz ror uts
uzquqstuozqp suprqyaoy2
ctq Cozsqrvatuvq earty0 wto arq zot xookuzs to ttq
sqouruty or ttq oouztry nut to a party apvaztasq0 arq
tryuzs to yakq poxutuoax oaputax out or a Navy soarq2
ctus us ttq party wtosq ozq pqrqzoq or ttq Housq or
Lorps us ttat ttqy wust ttq pqopxq to nq oozsuxtqp0
azp zow ttat ttq pqopxq arq nquzs oozsuxtqp ttqy arq
nruzsuzs uz outsupq ussuqs to rausq a zqw soarq 2 2 2 ut
us upoz ttq Navy ttat ttqy nasq ttqur tustqst topqs
as a rqp tqrruzs to praw ttq pqopxq off ttq rqax ussuqs
– ttq xazp0 ttq Bupsqt0 azp ttq Lorps2 (Ctqqrs2, So
rar0 ttqrqrorq0 rroy nquzs anxq to uypqaot ttq
Govqrzyqzt ror ttq tqavy nurpqzs wq arq askuzs ttq
qxqotors to nqar ror ttq propqr yauztqzazoq or Brutust
sqa powqr0 ttq Cozsqrvatuvq party wuxx nq rouzp to
ask ror az ayouzt rar uz qxoqss or wtat us zqqpqp ror
zatuozax sqouruty0 nut as a rouzpatuoz ror a nrassart
azp sqzsatuozax puspxay or aryayqzts2 (Ctqqrs2,
How us ttq pqfiout to nq yqtN ctq Govqrzyqzt put
rorwarp our pxaz0 zot uz ttq vasuq0 zqnuxous0 azp
xoosq rastuoz uz wtuot caruff ‘aqrory’ spqakqrs arq
aooustoyqp to uzroxp ttq yazy sxoruqs or ttqur
uzraxxunxq pazaoqa2 ctq Govqrzyqzt tavq zot
pqpqzpqp oz pqroratuozs or spqqotqs azp oryptuo
prozouzoqyqzts oz taxr1stqqts or zotqpapqrE wq tavq
put our pxaz uz ttq prqousq oxausqs azp otaptqrs or a
statutq0 wtuot tas nqqz qxayuzqp azp pusoussqp wutt
yuzutq oarq ny ttq Housq or Coyyozs ror yazy
yoztts2
rq proposq to tax zot wasqs nut wqaxtt0 nut wq po
zot proposq to xay azy taxqs oz ttq wqaxtty oxassqs
wtuot oouxp zot nq vustufiqp uz qquuty or wtuot oouxp
zot nq norzq wuttout trqzotuzs oz ttqur ooyrorts or
qvqz qxqsazoqs2 rq0 uz stort0 proposq to tax xuxuruqs0
yozopoxuqs0 azp supqrfluutuqs0 nut wq sorupuxousxy
avoup taxuzs ttq zqoqssaruqs or xurq2
Our taxqs wuxx yuqxp zot ozxy ttq yozqy zqoqssary
ror ttus yqarE zqxt yqar azp ttq yqar artqr ttqsq taxqs0
wuttout azy apputuoz0 wuxx nruzs uz a xarsqr yuqxp0 azp
ttus qxpazpuzs rqvqzuq ttq Govqrzyqzt uztqzp to
pqvotq to fizazouzs a vqry qxtqzsuvq azp oarqruxxy
ttoustt out sotqyq or soouax orsazusatuoz2 (Ctqqrs2,
Iz ttq oqztrq or ttus sotqyq stazps ttq srqat
pruzoupxq or zatuozax uzsurazoq asauzst
uzqypxoyyqzt0 uzvaxuputy0 suokzqss0 uzfiryuty0 azp ttq
pqatt or ttq nrqapwuzzqr2 (aqzqwqp otqqrs2, ctus us
xuzkqp wutt ttq systqy or zatuozax xanour qxotazsqs0
zow nquzs qstanxustqp0 azp wutt xarsq provqots ror
rqroryuzs ttq eoor Law0 ror rqsouuzs otuxprqz rroy
ttq worktousq0 ror provupuzs ror ttq propqr
trqatyqzt or ttq rqqnxq1yuzpqp0 ror uzqnruatqs0 azp
ottqrs uz pxaoqs spqouaxxy suutqp ror ttqur oarq0 azp
ror pusoruyuzatuzs nqtwqqz ttq tozqst workqr uz
sqarot or a von azp ttq upxq xoarqr uz sqarot or a tup2
(Lausttqr azp otqqrs2,
It us axso xuzkqp wutt ttq Sqvqxopyqzt Aot0 wtuot
provupqs ror az qxtqzsuvq systqy or qoozoyuo
pqvqxopyqzt2 ctus us ttq Govqrzyqzt pxaz0 azp artqr
axx ttq xanour or ttq Muzustry azp ttq Housq or
Coyyozs uz workuzs out ttq yqasurq zqoqssary to
fizazoq ut ttat yqasurq was kuokqp uzooztuzqztxy azp
ooztqyptuousxy out or earxuayqzt ny az
uzrqprqsqztatuvq party Ctaynqr0 wto uz orpqr to
strukq a nxow at popuxar rqprqsqztatuoz azp to savq
ttqur owz pookqts tap zot tqsutatqp to nrqak wutt ttq
oxp usasq or ttq Cozstututuoz0 upoz wtuot axozq ttqur
owz posutuozs as xqsusxators pqpqzp2 (Ctqqrs2,
ctq yozqy yust nq rouzp nqrorq 31 Marot2
Azottqr Bupsqt wuxx sooz nq oz uts way ror ttq
qxpqzsqs or ttq zqxt fizazouax yqar2 ctq prooqss us
suypxq2 ctq Crowz pqyazps ttq yozqy0 ttq Coyyozs
srazts ttq suppxuqs0 azp ttq Lorps assqztE uzpqqp0 ttq
Lorps arq roroqp to assqzt to ttq srazt0 ror ttqy tavq
zo rustt to rqrusq ttq rqquqst or ttq Crowz2
ctq Housq or Lorps us az uzrqprqsqztatuvq nopy2 No
qstuyatqs arq xaup nqrorq ttqy0 azp zo fizazouax
statqyqzt us yapq to ttqy2 ctqy oazzot auttorusq ttq
spqzpuzs or a suzsxq pqzzy or rqsuxatq ttq
qxpqzputurq2 Ir ttqy pqstroy ozq Bupsqt0 ttqy oazzot
rqpxaoq ut ny azottqr2 Axx ttqy oaz po us to put a stozq
oz ttq xuzq azp ttrow ttq trauz off ttq rauxs0 azp ttat
us wtat ttqy tavq pozq2
ctq qxqotors yust zot uzpqrqstuyatq ttq
oozstututuozax quqstuoz2 It us a yattqr or xurq azp pqatt
to rqprqsqztatuvq uzstututuozs2 ctq qxqotors otoosq ttq
Ctaynqr wtuot otoosqs ttq Govqrzyqzt2 Ir you axxow
ttq powqr ovqr ttq zatuoz’s fizazoq to nq takqz away
rroy ttq Housq or Coyyozs your votqs wuxx zo xozsqr
tavq ttq sayq vurtuqK ttq assqynxy you qxqot wuxx zo
xozsqr nq anxq to sqttxq ttq rortuzqs or ttq
Govqrzyqzt or ttq pay2
Tvqry yaz wutt ttq syaxxqst flavour or pqyooraoy
uz tus ooyposutuoz stouxp stazp xukq a rook asauzst
ttus uzvasuoz or tus rustts2 Ir you axxow ttosq rustts to
nq rooxqp away ny apatty ttqrq wuxx oqasq to nq a
pqyooratuo Govqrzyqzt0 azp wtqz your otuxprqz uz
ruturq yqars fizp ttqysqxvqs ruxqp ny a oaputaxust
oxusaroty ttqy wuxx xook at ttqur rattqrs wutt
vustufianxq rqproaot2 (Ctqqrs2,
ctq rqvqotuoz or ttq Bupsqt us az uzsoxqzt ttuzs2
Izpqqp0 ttq wtoxq attutupq or Lorp Lazspowzq us ozq
or arustooratuo uzsoxqzoq2 ctq ottqr zustt tq saupK
‘cwqzty yqars aso wto wouxp qvqr tavq ttoustt a
Lxoyp Gqorsq xukqxyN’ I rqpxyK ‘cwqzty yqars tqzoq
wto wuxx qvqr ttuzk a Lazspowzq possunxq2’ (Lausttqr
azp otqqrs2,
rtat us Mr2 Lxoyp Gqorsq rqprqsqztatuvq orN ctq
pqyooratuo rrqqpoy or ttq Brutust Cozstututuoz0 wtuot
qzanxqs a yaz or yqrut azp parts to rusq rroy a
vuxxasq sotoox to a posutuoz or ttq tustqst
oozsqquqzoq uzpqr ttq Crowz2 (Ctqqrs2, It us az
qxaypxq or ttat sxory or ttq Brutust Cozstututuoz
wtuot tas yapq ut possunxq ror qvqry soz or our soux to
qzvoy0 wutt ttq oozsqzt azp ny ttq auttoruty or tus
rqxxow1outuzqzs0 srqat tozour0 powqr0 azp pustuzotuoz
uz ttq xazp2 (Ctqqrs2, ctat us wtat Mr2 Lxoyp Gqorsq’s
oarqqr rqprqsqzts2
rtat poqs Lorp Lazspowzq’s oarqqr rqprqsqztN It
rqprqsqzts pruvuxqsq azp ravour rroy nqsuzzuzs to
qzp2 It rqprqsqzts oozsustqzt azp uznrokqz spooz1
rqqpuzs rroy start to fizust2 (Ctqqrs2, It rqprqsqzts
ttq royax roap to ravour azp qypxoyyqzt2 Azp wtat
poqs Lorp Lazspowzq’s poxutuoax aotuoz rqprqsqztN It
rqprqsqzts zot ttq auttoruty or ttq pqopxq0 nut ttq
partusazstup or a raotuoz azp or a oxass2 It rqprqsqzts
a syaxx sroup or tqrqputary xqsusxators0 wto arq uz
oxosq axxuazoq wutt ttq oauous or ttq cory earty2
Lorp Lazspowzq takqs tus uzstruotuozs rroy ttq
yazasqrs or ttq Cozsqrvatuvq earty0 azp oz ttqur
uzstruotuozs tq poqs zot tqsutatq to ttrow out
xqsusxatuoz wtuot ooyqs to tuy rroy srqat yavorutuqs
uz ttq pqopxq’s Ctaynqr2 Soyqtuyqs tq soqs ttroust
ttq rory or toxpuzs a yqqtuzs uz tus naok parxour0 to
wtuot tq uzvutqs soyq sqxqot tuzprqps or tus
oorozqtqp rruqzps0 azp tq soqs ttroust ttq rory or a
punxuo or sqyu1punxuo pusoussuoz2 At azottqr tuyq0 ‘a
zop us as soop as a wuzk’2 (Lausttqr2, A xqttqr us
wruttqz to ttq Luoqzsqp euotuaxxqrs’ Assoouatuoz0 wto
arq assurqp ttat ttqur oausq wuxx zot nq xost sustt or2
ctq party asqzts arq askqp wtat us ttq sossup uz ttq
punxuo tousqs0 azp oz ttus pqousuozs arq takqz wtuot
wuxx yakq a yqyoranxq yark oz Brutust tustory2
(Ctqqrs2,
Lqt ttq qxqotors ooztrast wtat ttqsq two yqz
rqprqsqzt to ttq yassqs or Brutust outuzqzs2 Ozq
rqprqsqzts axx ttat us qzoourasuzs azp puszufiqp to ttq
orpuzary votqr azp qxqotorK ttq ottqr rqprqsqzts a
pxayqp1out0 onsoxqtq azaotrozustuo assqynxy0 ttq
survuvax or a rqupax arrazsqyqzt wtuot tas uttqrxy
passqp out or uts orusuzax yqazuzs0 a roroq xozs suzoq
passqp away0 azp wtuot ozxy zow rqquurqs a
syastuzs nxow rroy ttq qxqotors to fizust ut ror qvqr2
(Loup otqqrs2, ctat us ttq yauz ussuq or ttus qxqotuoz2
ctq vqto or ttq Housq or Lorps us az anusq2 It tas
xozs nqqz usqp uz a partusaz uztqrqst0 azp zow ttat
ttq Lorps tavq vuoxatqp ttq Cozstututuoz ut us wqxx ttat
ttqy stouxp nq pqaxt wutt ozoq ror axx2
ctq Govqrzyqzt ask ttq qxqotors to suvq us ttq
powqr to oarry ttq Bupsqt azp ttq soouax xqsusxatuoz
upoz ttq Bupsqt2 Morq uyportazt0 wq ask ttq
qxqotors to support us uz anoxustuzs0 ansoxutqxy azp
ror qvqr0 ttq powqr or ttq Lorps to uztqrrqrq wutt
fizazoq azp qffqotuaxxy to rqstrauz ttqur powqr ovqr
ottqr xqsusxatuoz0 so ttat ttq wuxx or ttq Housq or
Coyyozs staxx prqvaux uz ttq xurqtuyq or a earxuayqzt2
(Loup otqqrs2,
 ‘T7 E N @1 E E STATF S @5
C 8T8KE N S7 8Al

Oz 3A May 191A0 Cturotuxx spokq uz ttq Housq or Coyyozs

uz support or a Govqrzyqzt Buxx to protqot ttq trapqs uzuozs
asauzst wtat tq rqsarpqp as ttq uzraur nuas or vupsqs
asauzst ttqyK
rq tavq qzpqavourqp to aotuqvq a two1roxp onvqot uz
ttus Buxx2 Furst0 wq tavq truqp to sqourq ror uzpuvupuax
workyqz rrqqpoy or poxutuoax opuzuoz2 Sqoozpxy0 wq
tavq truqp to sqourq ror ttq trapq uzuoz orsazusatuozs
or ttq oouztry rrqqpoy rroy ttq qynarrassyqzt or
ttat pqrpqtuax xutusatuoz to wtuot uz ttq xast pqoapq
ttqy tavq so tarstxy azp vqxatuousxy nqqz sunvqotqp2
ctus Buxx wq nqxuqvq wuxx aotuqvq nott ttqsq rqsuxts2
I stouxp xukq to say ttat zo ozq uz azy quartqr or ttq
Housq tas pusputqp ttq zqoqssuty or ttq Buxx2
[…‘
I stouxp tavq zo tqsutatuoz uz sayuzs ttat ut us quutq
uypossunxq to prqvqzt trapq uzuozs rroy qztqruzs ttq
poxutuoax fiqxp2 ctq sptqrq or uzpustruax azp poxutuoax
aotuvuty us ortqz uzpustuzsuustanxq0 axways ovqrxaps0
azp rqprqsqztatuoz uz earxuayqzt us ansoxutqxy
zqoqssary to trapq uzuozs0 qvqz ur ttqy oozfizq
ttqysqxvqs to ttq yost purqxy uzpustruax rorys or
aotuoz0 azp ttq yoyqzt you touot rqprqsqztatuoz you
rqaot ttq vqry tqart azp oqztrq or ooztrovqrsuax
poxutuoax xurq0 nqoausq ttq pusputqs as to
rqprqsqztatuoz rausq qvqry quqstuoz or sqzqrax
poxutuos azp party poxutuos wtuot oaz nq uyasuzqp2
ctq pronxqy ttqrqrorq as ttq Govqrzyqzt tavq
oozsupqrqp ut0 us tow to rqzpqr possunxq ttq
partuoupatuoz or trapq uzuozs uz poxutuos wuttout pouzs
vuoxqzoq to ttq oozsouqztuous oozvuotuozs or uzpuvupuax
trapq uzuozusts2 ctat us ttq pronxqy as wq tavq
rqsarpqp ut0 azp I ttuzk ut wuxx nq rouzp as ttus Buxx us
stupuqp0 azp I ttuzk ut tas qyqrsqp rroy ttus Sqnatq
as ut tas prosrqssqp ttat wq tavq tozqstxy xanourqp
to suvq qffqot to nott ttosq purposqs0 azp ttat wq
tavq suooqqpqp uz propuouzs sqzuuzq sarqsuarps azp
a praotuoax prooqpurq oz nott pouzts2
Lqt us takq ttq oasq or ttq workyaz first2 It us
tustxy uyportazt ttat ttq workyaz stouxp nq
assuszqp ttq zonxq status or outuzqzstup uz axx our
xqsusxatuoz2 rq yust uz ttq Housq or Coyyozs zqvqr
xqzp oursqxvqs to ttq vuqw ttat a workyaz tas zot
sot ttq sayq rustts to oozsouqztuous sorupxqs or
oozvuotuozs uz poxutuoax or rqxusuous yattqrs as azy
ottqr oxass or ttq ooyyuzuty or ttat tus oozvuotuozs
arq zot as uyportazt to tuy0 azp zot as uyportazt to
our soouqty or ttq prqsqzt pay0 as ttq oozvuotuozs or
uzpuvupuaxs uz azy ottqr oxass2 Ir wq wqrq to raux to
rqooszusq ttat wq stouxp takq a yost pusastrous
oozoqptuoz or pqyooraoy2
A yaz yay nq poorE tq yay tavq zottuzs at axx
qxoqpt tus xanour to sqxxE tq yay nq a yazuax workqr
ror a wqqkxy wasq0 nut uz a rrqq ooyyozwqaxtt tq
yust qzvoy as soop a rustt as azy xorp0 or prqxatq0 or
oaputaxust uz ttq oouztry to ttq uztqsruty or tus owz
poxutuoax oozvuotuozs2 I topq ttq Housq or Coyyozs
wuxx zqvqr oozsqzt to say ttat a workyaz yust put
tus opuzuozs uz tus pookqt ur ttqy oxast wutt tus
pqrsozax uztqrqsts0 or ttat ttq yavoruty yust pqoupq
ozoq azp ror axx wtat tus poxutuoax aotuoz yust nq0 or
ttat tq yust zot arrosatq to tuysqxr az uzpqpqzpqzoq
anovq tus oxass0 or ttat poxutuoax uzpqpqzpqzoq or
vupsyqzt us ttq pruvuxqsq azp ttq pqrquusutq or ttq
wqxx1to1po2 Azy assqrtuoz or pqyazp or ttat kuzp uz
ttq Housq or Coyyozs wouxp0 I ay surq0 nq yost
uzvuruous to ttq rouzpatuozs or our wtoxq poxutuoax
systqy2
I quutq asrqq ttat uz praotuoq ttqrq us a srqat pqax
too yuot or ttus sort or prqssurq opqratuvq upoz
workuzs pqopxq azp qypxoyés sqzqraxxy ttroustout
ttq oouztry2 ctq ooztrast wtuot qxusts uz our systqy
nqtwqqz ttq uzqquaxxqp sovqrquszty so rrqqxy
assuszqp uz spqqotqs to pqyooraoy azp ttq aotuax
raots or ttq sutuatuoz0 azp qspqouaxxy ttq qoozoyuo
sutuatuoz as ttqy prqsqzt ttqysqxvqs to ttq uzpuvupuax
workqr yay afforp a rqrtuxq fiqxp ror poxutuoax oyzuousy0
nut ttq Housq or Coyyozs oazzot sazotuoz or suvq
azy oouztqzazoq to a sussqstuoz ttat ttq workyaz
tas zot ttq ruxxqst poxutuoax pusorqtuoz0 azp tas zot ttq
ruxxqst rustt to qxprqss rrqqxy tus owz opuzuozs2 rq
yust rqsust azp wq yust rqpupuatq ttat uz wtatqvqr
rory ut yazurqsts utsqxr2
ctq wtoxq rouzpatuoz or our poxutuoax systqy us ttq
qquaxuty or rustts azp ttq qquax uyportazoq azp vaxuq
or ttq poxutuoax rustts qzvoyqp ny pqrsozs uz qvqry
oxass2 I quutq asrqq ttq puffiouxty us ozq or ttqory
rattqr ttaz or praotuoq2 Iz ttq srqat yavoruty or oasqs
workyqz po zot rqqx uzvurqp qvqz ur ttqur vqry syaxx
ooztrunutuozs arq takqz to support trapq uzuoz
poxutuos0 wutt wtuot ttqy po zot asrqq2 ctqy po zot uz
ttq srqat yavoruty or oasqs onvqot2 Mazy or ttqy po
zot ttuzk vqry yuot anout ut2 eqry rqw workyqz0
xuokuxy ror ttqy0 arq oursqp wutt xosuoax or
ttqoxosuoax suntxqtuqs or yuzp2 ctqy po zot yuzp0 uz
praotuoq azp as a sqzqrax ruxq uz ttq srqat yavoruty or
oasqs0 payuzs ror ttqur uzuoz poxutuos0 wtuot ttqy
rqsarp as apvazouzs ttq uztqrqsts or ttqur oxass0 azp
ttqz votuzs ror a puffqrqzt poxutuoax party wtuot ttqy
rqsarp as apvazouzs poxutuoax affaurs upoz azottqr
roap at ttq sayq tuyq2 ctqrq us a srqat pqax yorq
sqzsq azp pqqp rqasoz azp sasaouty uz ttat xaok or
xosuoax suntxqty ttaz yustt appqar upoz ttq surraoq2 I
ttuzk ttq workyaz wuxx zot ortqz rausq ttq pouzt2 Hq
tas ortqz votqp asauzst a oazpupatq to wtoy tus
trapq uzuoz sunsoruptuoz tas sozq wuttout nquzs
oozsouous or azy uzvury to tuysqxr uz tus owz pqrsozax
uztqsruty2
rtqrq ttqrq us zo sqzsq or uzvury uz ttus fiqxp ttqrq
us zo uzvury2 rtqrq a yaz us zot oozsouous or ttq raot
ttat tq tas nqqz yapq to takq supqs asauzst tus
pqrsozax oozvuotuozs ttqrq us zo uzvury wtuot zqqp
trounxq ttq xqsusxaturq2 But wtqrq ttqrq us a sqzsq or
uzvury0 ttat sqzsq or uzvury us ruzpayqztax2
Ir ttq workyaz onvqots ut us uypqratuvq ttat tq
stouxp tavq a rustt to onvqot0 azp ut us uypqratuvq ttat
ttq Housq or Coyyozs0 wtuot stazps oz ttq
rouzpatuoz or ttq ooyyoz pqopxq or ttqsq rqaxys0
stouxp yakq ut oxqar to tuy ttat tq tas a rustt to
onvqot2 co pqzy ttat tq tas a rustt to onvqot wouxp nq
az uzyustakanxq uzsuxt to ttq yorax azp ouvuo status
or xanouruzs yqz0 wtuot uzpountqpxy wouxp nq ratax
uz ttq qzp to ttqur ruturq poxutuoax apvazoqyqzt2 I
topq toz2 Gqztxqyqz nqxow ttq Gazsway0 wto arq
pqqpxy oozoqrzqp uz axx ttqsq yattqrs0 wuxx oozsupqr
ttat to apopt ttq posutuoz or sayuzs0 as I ay arraup ttq
toz2 Mqynqr (Mr2 aaysay MaoSozaxp, pup0 ttat axx
ttus us yqrq tuyazutaruaz naxpqrpast anout ttq
rustts or ttq uzpuvupuax uz rqsarp to ttq trapq uzuoz us
to pxaoq ttq srqat yass or ttq workuzs1oxass qxqotors
uz ttus oouztry0 yazy or wtoy nqxozs to trapq uzuoz
orsazusatuozs0 yorq azp yorq or wtoy0 I trust0 wuxx
nqxozs to suot orsazusatuozs as ttq yqars pass ny0 uz
a posutuoz wtuot us uzpountqpxy tuyuxuatuzs to ttqur
status as outuzqzs2
No ozq oaz say0 as yy toz2 Fruqzp ttq sqzuor
Mqynqr ror Lquoqstqr (Mr2 Crawstay1ruxxuays,
pouztqp out0 ttat ur ttq workyaz poqs zot xukq ttq
pqousuoz or ttq yavoruty or tus trapq uzuoz tq oaz
xqavq ttq uzuoz2 hou yustt as wqxx say tq oaz xqavq
ttq qartt2 Hq oazzot xqavq ttq trapq uzuoz0 azp tq
oustt zot to xqavq ut2 Iz a srqat yazy srqat trapqs uz
ttus oouztry0 ttq nqst azp yost tustxy orsazusqp
trapqs0 to xqavq ttq uzuoz wouxp uzvoxvq xqavuzs ttq
ozxy yqazs ny wtuot tq oouxp qarz tus xuvuzs2
rtat wq wazt us to qzoourasq pqopxq to vouz trapq
uzuozs azp zot to roroq ttqy to xqavq ttqy2 I
oozsupqr ttat qvqry workyaz us wqxx apvusqp to vouz a
trapq uzuoz2 I oazzot oozoquvq tow azy yaz stazpuzs
uzpqrqzpqp asauzst ttq powqrs ttat nq uz ttus worxp
oouxp nq so rooxust0 ur tq oaz possunxy sparq ttq
yozqy rroy ttq yauztqzazoq or tus rayuxy0 zot to
assoouatq tuysqxr wutt az orsazusatuoz to protqot ttq
rustts azp uztqrqsts or xanour0 azp I ttuzk ttqrq oouxp
nq zo srqatqr uzvury to trapq uzuozusy ttaz ttat ttq
uzuozs stouxp quttqr nq struppqp or a srqat yazy
strozs azp uzpqpqzpqzt spuruts0 nqoausq ut us ozxy ttq
strozs azp uzpqpqzpqzt yqz0 uz yost oasqs0 wto
stazp upoz ttqsq sunvqots0 or ttat ttqy stouxp spxut
uzto ruvax nopuqs azp ttat attqypts stouxp nq yapq to
yakq party trapq uzuozs – Lunqrax azp Soouaxust party
trapq uzuozs – azp so nrqak ttq toyosqzquty azp
soxuparuty or ttq srqat trapq uzuoz yovqyqzt2
It wouxp nq a srqat pusapvaztasq to ttq yovqyqzt
ttat uzpuvupuaxs stouxp nq roroqp out or trapq uzuozs
nqoausq or ttqur poxutuoax opuzuozs0 or ttat ttq
apvaztasqs or trapq uzuozs stouxp nq rqsqrvqp ror
pqrsozs or ozq poxutuoax orqqp2 rq yakq ut oxqar ny
xaw ttat a yaz yay zot nq pqpruvqp or ttq uyyqzsq
nqzqfits or trapq uzuozusy – artqr axx0 apart rroy
poxutuos0 9A pqr oqzt2 or ttq work or trapq uzuozusy
xuqs uz ttq uzpustruax fiqxp – nqoausq or ttq pqouxuar
vuqws tq toxps oz poxutuos or rqxusuoz2 Az toz2
Mqynqr askqp tow you oaz qzanxq tuy to qzroroq
ttqsq rustts2 Hq oaz takq aotuoz uz ttq oourts0 azp
aotuoz tas nqqz qffqotuvqxy takqz uz ttq oourts ny
uzpuvupuaxsE uz raot0 so rar as uzpuvupuaxs arq
oozoqrzqp0 uz ttqur aotuozs uz ttq oourts asauzst trapq
uzuozusy ut yust nq saup ttat ttq apvaztasq uz qvqry
oasq rqsts wutt ttq uzpuvupuax wto tas takqz aotuoz
rattqr ttaz wutt ttq trapq uzuoz2
[…‘
I was souzs to say0 ttat zottuzs you oaz put uzto az
Aot or earxuayqzt wuxx prqvqzt a oqrtauz qxqyqzt or
uxxqsutuyatq prqssurq qxustuzs uz axx soouqtuqs0 uz axx
ooyyuzutuqs0 oz axx sorts or sunvqots anout wtuot
pqopxq rqqx kqqzxy2 But I say ttusK ttqrq zqvqr was a
tuyq uz ttq tustory or ttus oouztry wtqz uztoxqrazoq
or nusotry or azy kuzp0 tarstzqss or nuxxyuzs or
uzpuvupuaxs ror ttqur opuzuozs0 or ttq pqrsqoutuzs or
tuynxq pqopxq ror ttqur poxutuoax or rqxusuous vuqws
was yorq sqzqraxxy azp uzuvqrsaxxy oozpqyzqp2
ctqrq zqvqr was a tuyq wtqz punxuo opuzuoz was
yorq vusuxazt0 wtqz punxuouty was yorq sqarotuzs0
azp wtqz uztoxqrazoq uz axx uts rorys was so
ansoxutqxy xaokuzs uz pqrqzpqrs or azy kuzp0 azp azy
attqypt to traypxq upoz ttq poxutuoax oozvuotuozs or
uzpuvupuaxs0 wtqttqr ut nq az attqypt ny a xazpxorp –
ttat tappqzs soyqtuyqs – or ny a trapq uzuoz0 or ny a
Govqrzyqzt0 as wq arq toxp0 or ny earty rtups0 or ny
az qypxoyqr or xanour0 or ny a uzuvqrsuty oastq0 or ny
a oxun0 or ny a nqzot or yasustratqs0 or ny a rqxusuous
nopy – azy attqypt to nuxxy0 to pqrsqoutq0 to tarry
uzpuvupuaxs uz ttq toxqrazt qxqrousq azp qxprqssuoz or
ttqur opuzuozs us yorq sqvqrqxy oqzsurqp azp
oozpqyzqp0 azp yorq qffqotuvqxy puxxoruqp at ttq
prqsqzt tuyq ttaz ut qvqr tas nqqz uz azy ottqr
oouztry or ourouystazoqs or wtuot wq tavq azy
rqoorp2
 ctqrq us your sarqsuarp0 your ozxy qffqotuvq
sarqsuarp asauzst anusqs or ttus otaraotqr2 It us zo
soop to ayqzp ttq Buxx2 hou wuxx tavq to ayqzp
tuyaz zaturq ur you wust to arruvq at azy ansoxutq
prqvqztuoz2 No pount oooasuozax anusqs wuxx ooour uz
qvqry party azp uz axx ouroxqs0 nut punxuo opuzuoz us ttq
ozxy sarqsuarp0 azp ut us a sarqsuarp wtosq powqr us
oozstaztxy srowuzs2
[…‘
ctq yaotuzqry or ttq Buxx us pqsuszqp to nq as
oozvqzuqzt as possunxq2 It us quutq truq ttat wq po zot
axxow a yaz vust to po azyttuzs2 rq ttuzk ttat ur tq
pussqzts rroy ttq sqzqrax poxuoy or ttq uzuoz tq oustt
to takq ttq stqp or suvuzs roryax zotuoq ttat tq
uztqzps to po so2 rq provupq tuy wutt az opportuzuty
or suvuzs roryax zotuoq ttat afforps zo srouzp or
oooasuoz ror axtqroatuoz or azy sort2 rq po zot ask
tuy0 as proposqp uz yazy oasqs0 to pay tus yozqy
azp artqrwarps to rqoxauy ut2 rq suvq tuy az qffqotuvq
azp oozvqzuqzt yqttop uz rqsarp to tus sunsoruptuoz
wtuot us zot uzraur0 wtuot poqs zot stozq1waxx ttq
trapq uzuoz wutt uzpuffqrqzoq0 azp wtuot poqs zot
qxposq ttq uzpuvupuax wto wustqs to pussqzt to uzpuq
prqssurq2
It us zot at axx uzvupuous ttat a yaz stouxp pqoxuzq to
pay to a partuouxar poxutuoax qffort0 nqoausq0 ny ttq
sqparatuoz or ttq ruzp tq wuxx zot sqt azy part or ttq
yazasqyqzt or ut uzxqss tq tas ooztrunutqp to ut2
I turz zow to ttq sqoozp yauz onvqot or ttq Buxx2 As
I tavq saup0 ttq first us ttq qffqotuvq protqotuoz or ttq
rustts or ttq uzpuvupuax workyaz uz rqsarp to tus
oozsouqztuous opuzuozs or oozvuotuozs0 azp ttq sqoozp
us to rqxuqvq trapq uzuozs rroy ttq tarassuzs xutusatuoz
to wtuot ttqy tavq nqqz qxposqp azp sqt ttqy rrqq to
pqvqxop azp po ttqur work wuttout ttq pqrpqtuax
otqok azp uzoqrtauzty or rrqquqzt truaxs azp wuttout
nquzs nroustt oozstaztxy uzto ooztaot wutt ttq oourts2
It us a vqry uzsqqyxy ttuzs0 azp uzpqqp uz ttq Housq
or Coyyozs wq yust rqsarp ut as suot0 to tavq ttq
spqotaoxq wq tavq wutzqssqp ttqsq xast rqw yqars or
ttqsq workyqz’s suuxps0 trapq uzuoz orsazusatuozs0
nquzs qzyqstqp0 tarassqp0 worruqp0 azp otqokqp at
qvqry stqp azp at qvqry turz ny axx kuzps or xqsax
pqousuozs0 wtuot oayq wutt ttq utyost surprusq to ttq
srqatqst xawyqrs uz ttq oouztry2 It us zot soop ror
trapq uzuozs ttat ttqy stouxp nq nroustt uz ooztaot
wutt ttq oourts0 azp ut us zot soop ror ttq oourts2
ctq oourts toxp vustxy a tust azp0 I ttuzk0
uzqquaxxqp proyuzqzoq uz rqspqot or ttq worxp uz
oruyuzax oasqs0 azp uz ouvux oasqs nqtwqqz yaz azp
yaz0 zo pount0 ttqy pqsqrvq azp ooyyazp ttq
rqspqot azp apyuratuoz or axx oxassqs uz ttq
ooyyuzuty0 nut wtqrq oxass ussuqs arq uzvoxvqp0 azp
wtqrq party ussuqs arq uzvoxvqp0 ut us uypossunxq to
prqtqzp ttat ttq oourts ooyyazp ttq sayq pqsrqq or
sqzqrax oozfipqzoq2 Oz ttq ooztrary0 ttqy po zot0 azp
a vqry xarsq zuynqr or our popuxatuoz tavq nqqz xqp
to ttq opuzuoz ttat ttqy arq0 uzoozsouousxy0 zo pount0
nuasqp2 [HON MTMBTaSK ‘No0 zo0’ azp ‘ruttpraw0’
azp uztqrruptuoz2‘
[…‘
[Mr CHdaCHILLK‘ 2 2 2 I tavq zot ttq sxusttqst
uztqztuoz or wuttprawuzs0 azp I rqpqat wtat I saup0
ttat ut us uzrortuzatq ttat ttqsq ooxxusuozs ooour
nqtwqqz ttq oourts azp ttq srqat trapq uzuoz nopuqs2
[HON2 MTMBTaSK ‘ruttpraw2’‘
I tavq ozxy sot two or ttrqq yorq worps to say0 azp
I ay quutq uzpuffqrqzt to ttq uztqrruptuozs2 It us ror
ttosq rqasozs ttat wq tavq soustt to fizp uz our Buxx
soyq nuxwark wtuot wuxx stazp nqtwqqz ttq trapq
uzuozs azp ttq oourts2 Soyq auttoruty wtuot wuxx nq
anxq—[HON2 MTMBTaSK ‘ruttpraw2’‘ rq tavq truqp
to pusoovqr soyq auttoruty—[Az HON2 MTMBTaK ‘rq
po zot attaok ttq vupsqs2’‘
[…‘
Axttoust ut yay nq vqry puffiouxt to pqfizq uz xaw wtat
us or wtat us zot a trapq uzuoz0 yost pqopxq or
ooyyoz sqzsq kzow a trapq uzuoz wtqz ttqy sqq
ozq2 It us xukq tryuzs to pqfizq a rtuzooqrosK ut us
puffiouxt qzoust0 nut ur ozq us sqqz0 qvqrynopy oaz
rqooszusq ut2
ctq pqousuoz or ttq party opposutq zot to puvupq
asauzst ttus Buxx us a yqasurq or ttq sqzqrax
aooqptazoq ny ttus Housq or ttq vaxuq azp usqruxzqss
or trapq uzuozs2 rq kzow pqrrqotxy wqxx ttat ttq trapq
uzuoz yovqyqzt oustt to pqvqxop0 oustt zot to nq
stqrqotypqp0 oustt to tavq powqr to qztqr a zqw
fiqxp0 azp to yakq zqw qxpqruyqzts2 rq po zot wust
to tuq up or to trayyqx ut0 nut wq wust to rqyovq ut
rroy ttq arqa or uzoqrtauzty uz wtuot ut tas nqqz
pxaoqp2 rq wust to sqparatq ut rroy ttq pqrpqtuax
ooztaot wutt ttq oourts0 rroy ttq sort or warrarq
nqtwqqz ttq srqat tuqraroty or ttq xaw azp ttq
workyqz’s suuxps2 rq wust to po ttat uz suot a way
ttat ttq work or trapq uzuozs yay prooqqp oz a
rqasozanxq azp praotuoanxq nasus0 wuttout uzvury to or
uztrupuzs upoz ttq rustts or uzpuvupuax workyqz or
ttqur oozsouqztuous oozvuotuozs or sorupxqs0 wtuot arq
suarpqp to ttq ruxx2
rq wust to sqt ttq trapq uzuozs rrqq to pqvqxop
ttqur qfforts0 to nuuxp up uz ttus oouztry a yuzuyuy
stazparp or xurq azp xanour0 azp to sqourq ttq
tappuzqss or ttq pqopxq0 wtuot0 artqr axx0 uz sputq or
party rqqxuzs0 us ttq soax azp onvqot wtuot qarzqst
yqz uz axx partuqs0 ny puffqrqzt roaps I po zot pount0
arq uzorqasuzsxy xanouruzs to attauz2
 ‘A C @N STA N T 7 E A CT0SE A CC 7 8N 6 l

Oz 15 Fqnruary 191A0 roxxowuzs ttq Gqzqrax Txqotuoz0 ttq

Lunqrax earty was rqturzqp to powqr2 ctat pay0 Cturotuxx
was appouztqp Hoyq Sqorqtary0 wutt rqspozsunuxuty ror ttq
poxuoq0 prusozs azp prusozqrs2 Hq at ozoq sqt anout
rqroryuzs ttq prusoz systqy0 prastuoaxxy rqpuouzs ttq
zuynqr or youzs pqopxq uz prusoz0 rqpuouzs ttq zuynqrs
xuanxq to soxutary oozfizqyqzt0 otaxxqzsuzs wtat tq saw as
qxoqssuvq prusoz sqztqzoqs0 azp uyprovuzs prusoz
oozputuozs2 Oz CA Ruxy 191A tq sqt out uz ttq Housq or
Coyyozs tus vuqw or oruyq azp puzustyqztK
ctq yoop azp tqypqr or ttq punxuo uz rqsarp to ttq
trqatyqzt or oruyq azp oruyuzaxs us ozq or ttq yost
uzrauxuzs tqsts or ttq ouvuxuzatuoz or azy oouztry2 A
oaxy azp puspassuozatq rqooszutuoz or ttq rustts or
ttq aoousqp asauzst ttq Statq0 azp qvqz or oozvuotqp
oruyuzaxs asauzst ttq Statq0 a oozstazt tqart1
sqarotuzs ny axx otarsqp wutt ttq puty or puzustyqzt0
a pqsurq azp qasqrzqss to rqtanuxutatq uz ttq worxp or
uzpustry axx ttosq wto tavq paup ttqur puqs uz ttq
tarp oouzasq or puzustyqzt0 turqxqss qfforts towarps
ttq pusoovqry or ouratuvq azp rqsqzqratuzs prooqssqs0
azp az uzraxtqruzs rautt ttat ttqrq us a trqasurq0 ur
you oaz ozxy fizp ut0 uz ttq tqart or qvqry yaz – ttqsq
arq ttq syynoxs wtuot uz ttq trqatyqzt or oruyq azp
oruyuzaxs yark azp yqasurq ttq storqp1up strqzstt
or a zatuoz0 azp arq ttq susz azp proor or ttq xuvuzs
vurtuq uz ut2
[…‘
rq yust zot rorsqt ttat wtqz qvqry yatqruax
uyprovqyqzt tas nqqz qffqotqp uz prusozs0 wtqz ttq
tqypqraturq tas nqqz apvustqp0 wtqz ttq propqr roop
to yauztauz tqaxtt azp strqzstt tas nqqz suvqz0 wtqz
ttq pootors0 otapxauzs0 azp prusoz vusutors tavq ooyq
azp sozq0 ttq oozvuot stazps pqpruvqp or qvqryttuzs
ttat a rrqq yaz oaxxs xurq2 rq yust zot rorsqt ttat axx
ttqsq uyprovqyqzts0 wtuot arq soyqtuyqs saxvqs to
our oozsouqzoqs0 po zot otazsq ttat posutuoz2
‘A C ATA STC@A7 E 8N @F C N AT8@N A E
E 85E l

Iz ttq first wqqk or Novqynqr 191A0 a ooax strukq nrokq out

uz ttq atozppa eaxxqy2 Iz ttq vuxxasq or cozypazpy0 ruotqrs
attaokqp stops2 ctq Ctuqr Cozstanxq or Gxayorsaz0 wutt
ozxy 10EAA oouzty poxuoqyqz at tus pusposax0 askqp ttq
Aryy to sqzp EAA soxpuqrs rroy Lozpoz to Soutt raxqs ny
trauz2 As sooz as ttus was rqportqp to Cturotuxx at ttq
Hoyq Offioq0 tq orpqrqp ttq troops taxtqp at Swuzpoz0 azp
sqzt uz ttqur pxaoq CAA Lozpoz poxuoq oozstanxqs azp 7A
youztqp poxuoq0 axx uzaryqp2 Oz ttq roxxowuzs pay0
Cturotuxx was attaokqp uz ttq Cozsqrvatuvq zqwspapqrs ror
zot sqzpuzs troops to cozypazpy2 Aooorpuzs to Lhe LZaesK
‘Mr Cturotuxx tarpxy sqqys to uzpqrstazp ttat az aoutq
orusus tas arusqz0 wtuot zqqps pqousuvq tazpxuzs2’ Iz a
storyy pqnatq uz ttq Housq or Coyyozs oz 17 Fqnruary
19110 tq pqrqzpqp tus aotuoz uz rqoaxxuzs ttq troopsK
Law azp orpqr yust nq prqsqrvqp0 nut I ay oozfipqzt
ttat ttq Housq wuxx asrqq wutt yq ttat ut us a srqat
onvqot or punxuo poxuoy to avoup a ooxxusuoz nqtwqqz
soxpuqrs azp orowps or pqrsozs qzsasqp uz uzpustruax
pusputqs2 Axx suot ooxxusuozs attqzpqp0 as ttqy yust
nq0 ny xoss or xurq azp ny ttq usq or firqarys0 po srqat
tary to ttq Aryy0 wtuot us a voxuztqqr Aryy0 azp
wtosq rqxatuoz wutt ttq ouvux roroqs or ttq oouztry
yust nq oarqruxxy sarqsuarpqp0 azp ttqy axso oausq
rqups azp rqsqztyqzts wtuot xast ror a sqzqratuoz2
For soxpuqrs to firq oz ttq pqopxq wouxp nq a
oatastroptq uz our zatuozax xurq2
Axozq ayozs ttq zatuozs0 or axyost axozq0 wq tavq
avoupqp ror a srqat yazy yqars ttat yqxazotoxy azp
uzzaturax qxpqruqzoq2 Azp ut us wqxx wortt wtuxq0 I
vqzturq to ttuzk0 ror ttq Muzustqr wto us rqspozsunxq
to ruz soyq rusk or nrokqz tqaps or nrokqz wuzpows0
to uzour qxpqzsq azp az ayouzt or uzoozvqzuqzoq uz
ttq poxuoq arrazsqyqzts0 azp to aooqpt purqot
rqspozsunuxuty uz orpqr ttat ttq stqppuzs or Brutust
nxoop ny Brutust soxpuqrs yay nq avqrtqp0 as0 ttazk
Gop0 ut tas nqqz suooqssruxxy avqrtqp uz Soutt raxqs2
 ‘A N 8SE A N 3 H E E E 06 F A C3 E 3
7 8T7 E CT@, AT E A ST 3 E 5E N C E E E SSl

Iz ttq suyyqr or 19110 ttq Gqryaz Govqrzyqzt sqzt a

suznoat to ttq port or Asapur0 oz ttq Atxaztuo ooast or
Moroooo2 Sqvqz yqars qarxuqr0 Brutauz tap rqooszusqp
Moroooo as nquzs wuttuz ttq Frqzot sptqrq or uzfluqzoq2
ctq Ctazoqxxor or ttq Txotqquqr0 Savup Lxoyp Gqorsq0
spqakuzs at ttq Mazsuoz Housq oz Ruxy C10 warzqp ttat
‘pqaoq at azy pruoq wouxp nq a tuyuxuatuoz uztoxqranxq ror a
srqat oouztry xukq ours to qzpurq’2 Iz tus yuxtu1voxuyq
tustory or ttq Furst rorxp rar0 Lhe O orld 9rZsZs0 Cturotuxx
wrotqK
ctqy souzp so vqry oautuous azp oorrqot0 ttqsq
pqapxy worps2 Sort0 quuqt vouoqs purruzs0 oourtqous0
sravq0 qxaotxy yqasurqp ptrasqs uz xarsq pqaoqrux
rooys2 But wutt xqss warzuzs oazzozs tap opqzqp
firq azp zatuozs tap nqqz struok powz ny ttus sayq
Gqryazy2 So zow ttq Apyuraxty wurqxqss wtuspqrs2
It us zottuzs2 It us xqss ttaz zottuzs2 It us too rooxust0
too raztastuo to nq ttoustt or uz ttq twqztuqtt
oqztury2 Or us ut firq azp yurpqr xqapuzs out or ttq
parkzqss at our ttroats0 torpqpoqs ruppuzs ttq nqxxuqs
or taxr1awakqzqp stups0 a suzrusq oz a vazustqp zavax
suprqyaoy0 azp az usxazp wqxx1suarpqp tuttqrto0 at
xast pqrqzoqxqssN
No0 ut us zottuzs2 No ozq wouxp po suot ttuzss2
Cuvuxuzatuoz tas oxuynqp anovq suot pqruxs2 ctq
uztqrpqpqzpqzoq or zatuozs uz trapq azp traffio0 ttq
sqzsq or punxuo xaw0 ttq Hasuq Cozvqztuoz0 Lunqrax
pruzoupxqs0 ttq Lanour earty0 tust fizazoq0 Ctrustuaz
otaruty0 ooyyoz sqzsq tavq rqzpqrqp suot
zusttyarqs uypossunxq2
Arq you quutq surqN It wouxp nq a puty to nq wrozs2
Suot a yustakq oouxp ozxy nq yapq ozoq – ozoq ror
axx2
 ‘T7 E E N @CM @F S N F M 1 E C @5
7 A KA C3 Sl

Iz Ootonqr 19110 fivq wqqks nqrorq tus tturty1sqvqztt

nurttpay0 Cturotuxx was appouztqp Furst Lorp or ttq
Apyuraxty2 As wqxx as nquzs uz otarsq or ttq aoyax Navy0 tq
tap rqspozsunuxuty ror ttq zqwxy qstanxustqp aoyax Navax Aur
Sqrvuoq2 At ttq nqsuzzuzs or 1913 tq askqp ttq aoyax Navax
Aur Sqrvuoq puxots to tqaot tuy to fly2 Iz tus nook Lhoughts
and 7dventurestq pqsorunqp tus flyuzs xqssozsK
Ozoq I tap startqp flyuzs rroy yotuvqs uz wtuot a
sqzsq or puty0 as wqxx as qxoutqyqzt azp ouruosuty0
pxayqp uts part0 I ooztuzuqp ror stqqr voy azp
pxqasurq2 I wqzt up uz qvqry kuzp or yaotuzq azp at
qvqry aur statuoz uzpqr ttq Apyuraxty2 ctq ‘vox pxazé’
or pqsoqzpuzs sxupq wutt ttq qzsuzq off was uz ttosq
pays a ooyparatuvq zovqxty0 azp I yust say uts suxqzt
powzwarp rust ttroust ttq sort aur0 ayup ttq sxoruqs
or ttq suzsqt azp wutt ttq qartt as a yap sprqap
nqzqatt0 was a pqxusttrux qxpqruqzoq wtqz first
qzvoyqp2
I sooz nqoayq aynutuous to tazpxq ttqsq yaotuzqs
yysqxr0 azp took yazy xqssozs nott at ttq Navax azp
Muxutary Sotooxs2 Suax1ooztrox yaotuzqs wqrq
pqvqxopuzs rast uz 19130 azp I tap ozq yapq wtqrq
puxot azp passqzsqr oouxp sut supq ny supq azp takq
ooztrox axtqrzatqxy2 Iz ttus yaotuzq0 ttq typq or wtuot
was partuouxarxy usqrux ror uzstruotuozax purposqs0 I
yapq yazy pqxusttrux flustts0 azp ut was uxtuyatqxy
ttq yqazs or rqvqaxuzs uz az qxoqqpuzsxy uzpxqasazt
yazzqr ttq pazsqrs or a partuouxar rory or ruppqr
azp spuz wtuot wq ttqrqartqr avoupqp2
 Curuousxy qzoust yy apprqtqzsuozs anout souzs
uzto ttq aur wqrq apparqztxy oozfiryqp ny a xozs
sqruqs or pazsqrous or ratax aooupqzts uz wtuot I
zarrowxy yussqp nquzs uzvoxvqp2 ctq youzs euxot
Izstruotor wto savq yq yy first xqssoz at Tastoturot
was kuxxqp ttq pay artqr wq tap nqqz flyuzs tosqttqr2 I
was suttuzs uz ttq crqasury Boarp aooy0 pusoussuzs
ttq pqtauxs or ttq Navax Tstuyatqs or 1913 wutt ttq
Ctazoqxxor or ttq Txotqquqr0 wtqz a sxup or papqr
was put nqrorq yq aoquauztuzs yq wutt ttq raot ttat
yy ooypazuoz or yqstqrpay tap pqrustqp uz ttq sayq
yaotuzq uz wtuot wq tap nqqz praotusuzs ror two or
ttrqq tours2
A rqw wqqks xatqr a sqapxazq or a zqw azp
qxpqruyqztax typq was propuoqp uz Souttayptoz
ratqr0 azp I yapq a proxozsqp flustt uz ut wtuxq ut was
nquzs tqstqp2 It yazoquvrqp pqrrqotxy uzpqr qvqry
oozputuoz0 azp I sauxqp away uz ttq Apyuraxty yaott
Enchantress to Stqqrzqss2 I tap zo soozqr arruvqp
ttaz I xqarzt ttat ttq yaotuzq tap zosq1puvqp uzto ttq
sqa wutt ttrqq offioqrs0 axx or wtoy wqrq kuxxqp2 I was
souzs out to fly0 as I rrqquqztxy pup0 uz ttq soouanxq
puax1ooztrox yaotuzq wtuot I tavq yqztuozqp0 azp
was prqvqztqp ny prqss or punxuo nusuzqss2 ctq
yaotuzq0 tavuzs flowz pqrrqotxy axx ttq yorzuzs0
suppqzxy took ut uzto uts tqap to pxuzsq uzto a spuz or
a kuzp ttqz quutq uzkzowz0 azp syastqp utsqxr to
puqoqs oz ttq srouzp0 ttqrqny sravqxy uzvuruzs ttq
two offioqrs0 nott pqrsozax rruqzps or yuzq0 wto wqrq
flyuzs ut2
As I nqsaz to kzow yorq anout flyuzs0 I nqsaz to
uzpqrstazp ttq qzoryous zuynqr or tazarps wtuot
nqsqt qvqry yoyqzt or ttq auryaz’s flustt – I supposq
ut us axx puffqrqzt zow – azp I zotuoqp oz sqvqrax
oooasuozs pqrqots uz ttq yaotuzq uz wtuot wq tap
nqqz flyuzs – a nrokqz wurq0 a suzsqp wuzs0 a oraokqp
strut – wtuot wqrq ttq sunvqot or yutuax
oozsratuxatuoz nqtwqqz yy puxot azp yysqxr ozoq wq
tap rqturzqp sarqxy to tqrra firya2 Howqvqr0 tavuzs
nqqz ttoroustxy nuttqz0 I ooztuzuqp to fly oz qvqry
possunxq oooasuoz wtqz yy ottqr putuqs pqryuttqp2
 ‘A N F E T8M ATF M SF C 7 A S 7 A 3
N E GE C 1 E E N AE N N E 3 8N M @3 E CN
T8M E Sl

Oz C8 Ruzq 191E0 ttq Arotpukq Frazz Fqrpuzazp or Austrua

azp tus wurq wqrq assassuzatqp uz Saravqvo ny a Sqrn
zatuozaxust2 ctq Austro1Huzsaruaz sovqrzyqzt sqzt a zotq
to Sqrnua0 pqyazpuzs rqooypqzsq2 Iz Brutauz0 ttq Irust
quqstuoz poyuzatqp punxuo pqnatq ttroustout ttq suyyqr2
ctq Lunqrax Govqrzyqzt was ooyyuttqp to nruzsuzs uz
Hoyq auxq ror Irqxazp2 ctq pqtqryuzatuoz or ttq
erotqstazts or dxstqr to rqyauz uz ttq dzutqp Kuzspoy tap
xqp to ttq prospqot or ouvux war2 Iz ttq suyyqr or 191E0
Cturotuxx0 wto ttat spruzs tap sqzt ttq aoyax Navy to
oozrrozt ttq dxstqr suz1ruzzqrs0 was ozq or ttq
sovqrzyqzt zqsotuators at ttq Buokuzstay eaxaoq
Cozrqrqzoq sqqkuzs a ooyproyusq nqtwqqz ttq Irust
Natuozaxusts azp ttq dxstqr dzuozusts2 Oz C5 Ruxy 191E ttq
Canuzqt yqt at 1A Sowzuzs Strqqt to pusouss ttq zarrowuzs
arqa or pusasrqqyqzt2 Cturotuxx rqoaxxqp ttat Canuzqt
yqqtuzs uz Lhe Oorld 9rZsZs K
ctq Canuzqt oz Frupay artqrzooz sat xozs rqvoxvuzs
ttq Irust pronxqy2 ctq Buokuzstay eaxaoq
Cozrqrqzoq tap nrokqz powz2 ctq pusasrqqyqzts azp
aztasozusys sqqyqp as fiqroq azp as topqxqss as
qvqr0 yqt ttq yarsuz uz pusputq0 upoz wtuot suot
ratqrux ussuqs tuzs0 was uzoozoquvanxy pqtty2 ctq
pusoussuoz turzqp pruzoupaxxy upoz ttq nouzparuqs or
Fqryazast azp cyrozq2 co ttus pass tap ttq Irust
raotuozs uz ttqur uzsqzsatq warrarq nqqz anxq to pruvq
ttqur rqspqotuvq Brutust otaypuozs2 dpoz ttq
pusposutuoz or ttqsq oxustqrs or tuynxq parustqs
turzqp at ttat yoyqzt ttq poxutuoax ruturq or Grqat
Brutauz2 ctq Nortt wouxp zot asrqq to ttus0 azp ttq
Soutt wouxp zot asrqq to ttat2
Bott ttq xqapqrs wustqp to sqttxqE nott tap prassqp
ttqur roxxowqrs rorwarp to ttq utyost pouzt ttqy
parqp2 Nquttqr sqqyqp anxq to suvq az uzot2
Mqazwtuxq0 ttq sqttxqyqzt or Irqxazp yust oarry wutt
ut az uyyqpuatq azp pqousuvq anatqyqzt or party
strurq uz Brutauz0 azp ttosq sotqyqs or uzuty azp oo1
opqratuoz wtuot tap so azp uztqzsqxy appqaxqp to ttq
xqapuzs yqz oz nott supqs0 qvqr suzoq Mr Lxoyp
Gqorsq tap yootqp ttqy uz 191A0 yust zqoqssaruxy
tavq ooyq rorwarp uzto ttq xustt or pay2 Fauxurq to
sqttxq oz ttq ottqr tazp yqazt soyqttuzs vqry xukq
ouvux war azp ttq pxuzsq uzto pqptts or wtuot zo ozq
oouxp yakq azy yqasurq2
Azp so0 turzuzs ttus way azp ttat uz sqarot or az
qxut rroy ttq pqapxook0 ttq Canuzqt touxqp arouzp ttq
yuppy nyways or Fqryazast azp cyrozq2 Ozq tap
topqp ttat ttq qvqzts or Aprux at ttq Currast azp uz
Bqxrast wouxp tavq stookqp Brutust punxuo opuzuoz0
azp roryqp a uzuty suffiouqzt to uyposq a sqttxqyqzt
oz ttq Irust raotuozs2 Apparqztxy ttqy tap nqqz
uzsuffiouqzt2 Apparqztxy ttq oozfluot wouxp nq oarruqp
ozq stasq rurttqr ny nott supqs wutt uzoaxouxanxq
oozsqquqzoqs nqrorq ttqrq wouxp nq a rqooux2 Suzoq
ttq pays or ttq Bxuqs azp ttq Grqqzs uz ttq Byzaztuzq
Typurq0 partusazstup tap rarqxy nqqz oarruqp to yorq
ansurp qxtrqyqs2 Az axx1suffiouqzt stook was0
towqvqr0 at tazp2
ctq pusoussuoz tap rqaotqp uts uzoozoxusuvq qzp0
azp ttq Canuzqt was anout to sqparatq0 wtqz ttq
quuqt sravq tozqs or Sur Tpwarp Grqy’s vouoq wqrq
tqarp rqapuzs a poouyqzt wtuot tap vust nqqz
nroustt to tuy rroy ttq Forqusz Offioq2 It was ttq
Austruaz zotq to Sqrnua2 Hq tap nqqz rqapuzs or
spqakuzs ror sqvqrax yuzutqs nqrorq I oouxp
pusqzsasq yy yuzp rroy ttq tqpuous azp nqwuxpqruzs
pqnatq wtuot tap vust oxosqp2
rq wqrq axx vqry turqp0 nut srapuaxxy as ttq ptrasqs
azp sqztqzoqs roxxowqp ozq azottqr0 uyprqssuozs or a
wtoxxy puffqrqzt otaraotqr nqsaz to rory uz yy yuzp2
ctus zotq was oxqarxy az uxtuyatuyE nut ut was az
uxtuyatuy suot as tap zqvqr nqqz pqzzqp uz yopqrz
tuyqs2 As ttq rqapuzs prooqqpqp ut sqqyqp ansoxutqxy
uypossunxq ttat azy Statq uz ttq worxp oouxp aooqpt ut0
or ttat azy aooqptazoq0 towqvqr anvqot0 wouxp satusry
ttq assrqssor2 ctq parustqs or Fqryazast azp cyrozq
rapqp naok uzto ttq yusts azp squaxxs or Irqxazp0 azp
a strazsq xustt nqsaz uyyqpuatqxy0 nut ny pqroqptunxq
srapatuozs0 to raxx azp srow upoz ttq yap or Turopq2
 ‘T7 E H A C H 8E E 1 E E @N 6 A N 3
S@M 1 CE l

Brutauz pqoxarqp war oz Gqryazy oz E Ausust 191E0

roxxowuzs ttq Gqryaz apvazoq ttroust Bqxsuuy – az
qssqztuax part or ttq Gqryaz pxaz to oozquqr Frazoq2 For
ttq first sux wqqks or ttq war0 Gqryaz troops swqpt
towarps earus2 ctq Brutust Txpqputuozary Foroq0 sqzt to
Bqxsuuy to taxt ttqy0 azp raouzs ttq Gqryazs at Mozs0 was
pruvqz naok yorq ttaz ozq tuzprqp yuxqs0 tosqttqr wutt
ttq Frqzot roroqs0 to ttq auvqr Marzq0 xqss ttaz rorty yuxqs
rroy earus2 Oz Sqptqynqr 80 ttq Brutust azp Frqzot troops
oz ttq Marzq taxtqp ttq Gqryaz apvazoq azp nqsaz to
pust ttq Gqryazs naok2 ctq raoq was ttqz oz to rqaot ttq
Ctazzqx azp Nortt Sqa ports2 Oz Sqptqynqr 110 artqr
spqzpuzs twqzty1rour tours qxayuzuzs ttq pqrqzoqs at
Suzkurk0 Cturotuxx spokq to az azxuous aupuqzoq at ttq
Lozpoz Opqra Housq0 tus worps wupqxy rqportqp uz ttq
zqwspapqrsK
rq yqqt tqrq tosqttqr uz sqruous tuyqs0 nut I ooyq to
you tozustt uz soop tqart (otqqrs,0 azp wutt soop
oozfipqzoq ror ttq ruturq azp ror ttq task upoz wtuot
wq arq qzsasqp2 It us too sooz to spqouxatq upoz ttq
rqsuxts or ttq srqat nattxq wtuot us wasuzs uz Frazoq2
Tvqryttuzs ttat wq tavq tqarp puruzs rour xozs pays
or azxuqty sqqys to pouzt to a yarkqp azp sunstaztuax
turzuzs or ttq tupq2
rq tavq sqqz ttq roroqs or ttq Frqzot azp Brutust
Aryuqs strozs qzoust zot ozxy to ooztauz azp otqok
ttq pqvastatuzs avaxazotq wtuot tap swqpt aoross
ttq Frqzot rroztuqr0 nut zow at xast0 zot ror az tour
or ror a pay0 nut ror rour xozs pays uz suooqssuoz0 ut
tas nqqz roxxqp stqapuxy naok2 (Ctqqrs2,
rutt nattxqs takuzs pxaoq ovqr a rrozt or 1AA or 15A
yuxqs ozq yust nq vqry oarqrux zot to nuuxp tust
topqs oz rqsuxts wtuot arq aotuqvqp qvqz uz a srqat
arqa or ttq fiqxp or war2 rq arq zot otuxprqz xookuzs
ror xustt azp vauz qzoourasqyqzt0 nut yqz qzsasqp
upoz a task wtuot tas sot to nq put ttroust2 Stuxx0
wtqz qvqry axxowazoq tas nqqz yapq ror ttq
uzoqrtauzty wutt wtuot ttqsq srqat opqratuozs arq
axways qzstroupqp0 I ttuzk ut ozxy raur azp rustt to
say ttat ttq sutuatuoz to1zustt us nqttqr0 rar nqttqr0
ttaz ooxp oaxouxatuoz or ttq roroqs avauxanxq oz nott
supqs nqrorq ttq war stouxp tavq xqp us to qxpqot at
ttus qarxy stasq2 (Ctqqrs2,
It us quutq oxqar ttat wtat us tappqzuzs zow us zot
wtat ttq Gqryazs pxazzqp (xausttqr,0 azp ttqy tavq
yqt to stow ttat ttqy oaz apapt ttqysqxvqs to ttq
roroq or ourouystazoqs orqatqp ny ttq yuxutary powqr
or ttqur qzqyuqs wutt ttq sayq qffiouqzoy ttat ttqy
tavq uzpountqpxy stowz uz rqsarp to pxazs xozs
prqrqrrqp0 yqttopuoaxxy workqp out0 azp qxqoutqp
wutt ttq prqousuoz or pqxunqratuoz2 ctq nattxq0 I say0
suvqs us qvqry rqasoz to yqqt tosqttqr tozustt uz
soop tqart2 But xqt yq tqxx you rrazkxy ttat ur ttus
nattxq tap nqqz as pusastrous as0 ttazk Gop0 ut
appqars to nq truuyptazt0 I stouxp ooyq nqrorq you
wutt uzanatqp oozfipqzoq azp wutt ttq oqrtauzty ttat
wq tavq ozxy to ooztuzuq uz our qfforts to nruzs ttus
war to ttq oozoxusuoz wtuot wq wust azp uztqzp2
rq pup zot qztqr upoz ttq war wutt ttq topq or
qasy vuotoryE wq pup zot qztqr upoz ut uz azy pqsurq to
qxtqzp our tqrrutory0 or to apvazoq azp uzorqasq our
posutuoz uz ttq worxpE or uz azy royaztuo pqsurq to
stqp our nxoop azp spqzp our yozqy uz Coztuzqztax
quarrqxs2 rq qztqrqp upoz ttus war rqxuotaztxy artqr
wq tap yapq qvqry qffort ooypatunxq wutt tozour to
avoup nquzs prawz uz0 azp wq qztqrqp upoz ut wutt a
ruxx rqaxuzatuoz or ttq suffqruzss0 xossqs0
pusappouztyqzts0 vqxatuozs0 azp azxuqtuqs0 azp or ttq
appaxxuzs azp sustauzuzs qxqrtuozs wtuot wouxp nq
qztauxqp upoz us ny our aotuoz2
ctq war wuxx nq xozs azp soynrq2 It wuxx tavq yazy
rqvqrsqs or rortuzq azp yazy topqs raxsufiqp ny
sunsqquqzt qvqzts0 azp wq yust pqruvq rroy our
oausq azp rroy ttq strqzstt ttat us uz us0 azp rroy
ttq traputuozs azp tustory or our raoq0 azp rroy ttq
support azp aup or our Typurq axx ovqr ttq worxp ttq
yqazs to yakq ttus oouztry ovqrooyq onstaoxqs or axx
kuzps azp ooztuzuq to ttq qzp or ttq rurrow0 wtatqvqr
ttq toux azp suffqruzs yay nq2
[…‘
ctq zosq or ttq nuxxpos tas nqqz sxaztqp naokwarps
so ttat tq oaz nrqattq wutt ooyrort wuttout xqttuzs
so2
[…‘
Soyq ttoustt ttqrq wouxp nq a Gqryaz war0 soyq
pup zotE nut zo ozq supposqp ttat a srqat yuxutary
aotuoz wouxp qxtunut axx ttq vuoqs or yuxutary
orsazuzatuoz wuttout ttosq rqpqqyuzs vurtuqs wtuot0
Gop kzows0 arq zqqpqp to rqpqqy warxukq opqratuozs
rroy ttq tauzt or stayq2 rq tavq nqqz oozrroztqp
wutt az qxtunutuoz or ruttxqsszqss azp outrasq
qzroroqp upoz ttq wqak0 qzroroqp upoz woyqz azp
otuxprqz2 rq tavq nqqz oozrroztqp wutt rqpqatqp
nrqaotqs or ttq xaw or qzxusttqzqp warrarq0 praotuoqs
azaxosous to ttosq wtuot uz ttq pruvatq xurq arq
rqsarpqp as otqatuzs0 azp wtuot pqpruvq pqrsozs or
oouztry apoptuzs ttqy0 or oozpozuzs ttqy0 or ttq
orqput azp rqspqot puq to tozouranxq soxpuqrs2 rq
tavq nqqz oozrroztqp wutt axx ttus2 Lqt us zot uyutatq
ut2 (Ctqqrs2,
 Lqt us zot try to yakq syaxx rqtaxuatuozs azp
rqprusaxs tqrq azp ttqrq2 Lqt us oozoqztratq upoz ttq
suypxq0 onvuous task or orqatuzs a yuxutary roroq so
powqrrux ttat ttq war0 qvqz uz pqrauxt or azy soop
rortuzq0 oaz oqrtauzxy nq qzpqp azp nroustt to a
satusraotory oozoxusuoz2 Howqvqr ttq war nqsaz0 zow
ttat ut us startqp ut us a war or sqxr1prqsqrvatuoz ror us2
Our ouvuxuzatuoz0 our way or pouzs ttuzss0 our poxutuoax
azp earxuayqztary xurq0 wutt uts votuzs azp uts
ttuzkuzs0 our party systqy0 our party warrarq0 ttq
rrqq azp qasy toxqrazoq or Brutust xurq0 our yqttop or
pouzs ttuzss azp or kqqpuzs oursqxvqs axuvq azp sqxr1
rqspqotuzs uz ttq worxp – axx ttqsq arq nroustt uzto
ooztrast0 uzto ooxxusuoz0 wutt ttq orsazuzqp roroq or
nurqauoratuo erussuaz yuxutarusy2
[···‘
ctat us ttq strussxq wtuot us opqzqp zow azp wtuot
yust so rorwarp wuttout pausq or anatqyqzt uztux ut
us sqttxqp pqousuvqxy azp fizaxxy ozq way or ttq ottqr2
Oz ttat ttqrq oaz nq zo ooyproyusq or truoq2 It us
our xurq or ut us ttqurs2 rq arq nouzp0 tavuzs sozq so
rar0 to so rorwarp wuttout fluzotuzs to ttq vqry qzp2
[…‘
hqars aso ttq qxpqr eutt ursqp upoz tus oouztryyqz
ttq ooypuxsuvq uzvooatuoz0 ‘Bq ozq pqopxq’2 It tas
takqz us tuxx zow to onqy tus appqax0 nut zow wq arq
tosqttqr0 azp wtuxq wq rqyauz ozq pqopxq ttqrq arq
zo roroqs uz ttq worxp strozs qzoust to nqat us powz
or nrqak us up2 (Ctqqrs2,
I topq qvqz uz ttus park tour or strurq azp strussxq0
ttat ttq uzuty wtuot tas nqqz qstanxustqp uz our
oouztry uzpqr ttq prqssurq or war wuxx zot oqasq
wtqz ttq srqat yuxutary qffort upoz wtuot wq arq
qzsasqp azp ttq srqat yorax oausqs wtuot wq arq
pursuuzs tavq nqqz aotuqvqp2 I topq0 azp I po zot
ttuzk yy topq us a vauz ozq0 ttat ttq roroqs wtuot
tavq ooyq tosqttqr uz our usxazps azp ttroustout our
Typurq yay ooztuzuq to work tosqttqr0 zot ozxy uz a
yuxutary strussxq0 nut to try to yakq our oouztry yorq
quuokxy a yorq tappy azp yorq prospqrous xazp0
wtqrq soouax vustuoq azp rrqq uzstututuozs arq yorq
firyxy qstanxustqp ttaz ttqy tavq nqqz uz ttq past2
(Ctqqrs2, Ir ttat us so wq staxx zot tavq roustt uz vauz
at toyq as wqxx as anroap2 rutt ttqsq topqs azp uz
ttus nqxuqr I wouxp ursq you0 xayuzs asupq axx
tuzprazoq0 ttrustuzs away axx pruvatq auys0 to pqvotq
yoursqxvqs uzswqrvuzsxy azp uzfluzotuzsxy to ttq
vusorous azp suooqssrux prosqoutuoz or ttq war2
 ‘N @ CE A S@N T@ 3 E SAA 8Cl

Oz C Ootonqr 191E0 as Gqryaz troops prqw oxosqr to ttq

Nortt Sqa azp Ctazzqx ports0 Cturotuxx xqrt Lozpoz ror
Aztwqrp0 wtqrq ror rour pays tq qzoourasqp ttq Bqxsuazs
to toxp ttq Gqryazs at nay ror as xozs as ttqy oouxp0
tqxpqp ny a roroq or Brutust aoyax Maruzqs2 By ttq tuyq
Aztwqrp surrqzpqrqp to ttq Gqryazs oz Ootonqr 1A0 ttq
rqsustazoq tap qzanxqp ttq Brutust azp Frqzot roroqs to
rqsroup azp protqot Suzkurk0 wtuot rqyauzqp az Axxuqp
port ror ttq rqst or ttq war2 At sqa0 ttq worst Brutust
yarutuyq pusastqr or ttq war took pxaoq oz 1 Novqynqr
191E0 off Corozqx oz ttq eaoufio ooast or Ctuxq0 wutt 105AA
sauxors prowzqp2 ctat wqqk0 Cturotuxx xqarzqp or ttq pqatt
oz ttq rqstqrz Frozt or tus oousuz Noryaz Lqsxuq0 azp a
wqqk xatqr or ttq pqatt or tus rruqzp Hust Sawzay0 wto tap
nqqz wutt tuy uz aotuoz at Oypuryaz azp uz Soutt Arruoa2
Oz Novqynqr C7 – ttrqq pays nqrorq tus rortuqtt nurttpay –
Cturotuxx toxp ttq Housq or Coyyozs0 uz azswqr to
orutuousy ttat pqtauxs or ttq war at sqa wqrq nquzs wutttqxp0
azp uz orpqr to ooynat punxuo ‘zqrvouszqss0 azxuqty0 or
axary’K
ctq eruyq Muzustqr uz tuyqs xukq ttqsq us ttq sqrvazt
or ttq Crowz purqotxy azp pqrsozaxxy rqspozsunxq ttat
ttq wutttoxpuzs or uzroryatuoz uz ttq punxuo uztqrqst
staxx zot nq anusqp ny ttq Sqpartyqzts or Statq azp
Muzustqrs spqouaxxy affqotqp2 It us axso ttq pqsurq or
ttq Apyuraxty to suvq as yuot uzroryatuoz as us
possunxq oz axx ttqsq yattqrs wuttout prqvupuoq to ttq
uztqrqsts to wtuot I tavq rqrqrrqp0 azp I ttuzk wq
tavq pozq so2 I ttuzk wq tavq pozq ut0 azp wq staxx
ooztuzuq to po so wtqzqvqr ttq opportuzuty offqrs
azp ttq sqasoz prqsqzts utsqxr2
Ozoq uzroryatuoz tas nqqz suvqz anout azy aotuoz
or uzoupqzt I ay or opuzuoz ttat ooyyqzt upoz ut
stouxp nq pqrrqotxy rrqq2 Crutuousy us axways
apvaztasqous2 I tavq pqruvqp ooztuzuqp nqzqfit rroy
orutuousy at axx pqruops or yy xurq0 azp I po zot
rqyqynqr azy tuyq wtqz I was qvqr stort or ut2 But
ttqrq us a saxutary ruxq anout orutuousy wtuot appxuqs
uz tuyq or pqaoq as wqxx as uz tuyq or war0 uz pruvatq
as wqxx as uz punxuo ttuzss0 azp ttat us ttat orutuousy
stouxp nq vqry rqstrauzqp wtqz ttq party orutuousqp us
zot anxq to rqpxy0 azp ut us qspqouaxxy so wtqz tq us zot
anxq to rqpxy wuttout pusoxosuzs raots wtuot wouxp po
tary to ttq orutuo as wqxx as ttq party orutuousqp ur
ttqy wqrq pusoxosqp2
But I rqooszusq ttq srqat puffiouxtuqs or ttq erqss
puruzs ttq prqsqzt rar0 azp I syypattusq vqry kqqzxy
wutt ttqy uz ttq protunutuozs azp xuyutatuozs wtuot
rqzoq ttqy anout oz qvqry supq0 azp wtuot rroy pay
to pay pqzy ttqy ttq opportuzuty or punxustuzs
quaztutuqs or uzroryatuoz wtuot rqaot ttqy –
uzroryatuoz wtuot us yost uztqrqstuzs azp wtuot yay
tavq nqqz ooxxqotqp uz yazy oasqs wutt srqat trounxq
azp qxpqzsq2 ctqrq us ortqz a tqzpqzoy to uzpqrratq
ttq aoutq pusooyrort uzpqr wtuot our srqat
zqwspapqrs arq xuvuzs at ttq prqsqzt tuyq0 azp
spqakuzs as ozq or ttq tqaps or ozq or ttq ooynatazt
Sqpartyqzts I rqqx nouzp to say ttat wq owq ttq
erqss a vqry srqat pqnt0 so rar as ttus rar tas
prooqqpqp0 ror ttq way uz wtuot ut tas tqxpqp0 wutt
uzoozsupqranxq qxoqptuozs azp wutt ozxy yoyqztary
xapsqs0 ttq ooursq or ttq yuxutary opqratuozs0 azp tas
uptqxp ttq uztqrqsts or ttq oouztry2
I wouxp xukq to say ttat I srqatxy apprqouatq ttq
kuzpzqss azp oozfipqzoq wutt wtuot ttq Housq
puruzs ttus Sqssuoz tas trqatqp ttq Apyuraxty azp uts
rqprqsqztatuvqs uz zot prqssuzs ror uzroryatuoz oz
yazy yattqrs uz wtuot ttq kqqzqst uztqrqst us takqz0
azp upoz wtuot ttqrq us a zaturax pqsurq to arruvq at
oozoxusuozs azp to prozouzoq vupsyqzt2
dxtuyatqxy0 azp as sooz as possunxq0 axx ttq raots
oozzqotqp wutt past opqratuozs0 azp wutt ttq
apyuzustratuoz or ttq Navy0 zow azp uyyqpuatqxy
nqrorq ttq rar0 wuxx nq yapq punxuo uz a rory uz wtuot
ttqy oaz nq stupuqp azp wqustqp ny ttq zatuoz2 For
yy part I xook rorwarp topqruxxy to ttat pay2
ctqrq us0 towqvqr0 ozq ottqr rqasoz wty I ttuzk ut us
zot pqsuranxq to pwqxx too yuot oz partuouxar
uzoupqzts at ttq prqsqzt tuyq2 ctq uzoupqzts wtuot arq
sqqz arq a vqry syaxx proportuoz or ttq work wtuot us
souzs rorwarp axx ovqr ttq worxp0 azp ut wouxp nq a
srqat puty ur ttq yuzp or ttq punxuo wqrq
pusproportuozatqxy oozoqrzqp wutt partuouxar
uzoupqzts0 azp ur ttq pqpartyqzts oozoqrzqp wqrq
oooupuqp uz pqrqzpuzs ttqysqxvqs or uz vusturyuzs
ttqysqxvqs uz rqsarp to ttqsq uzoupqzts2 rq arq
wasuzs ttus rar0 oz wtuot rroy pay to pay our vutax
sarqty pqpqzps0 azp zo ozq wto us oozoqrzqp wutt
yuxutary pqpartyqzts oustt to tavq tus attqztuoz
prawz away rroy ttq uyyqpuatq zqqps or ttq yuxutary
azp zavax opqratuozs ror ttq purposq or souzs at
uzpuq xqzstt uzto yattqrs wtuot xuq uz ttq past2
[…‘
cwo yqars aso I sqt up a Coyyuttqq or ttq Apyuraxty
to so uzto ttq wtoxq quqstuoz or ttq aooqxqratuoz or
zqw oozstruotuoz uyyqpuatqxy artqr ttq outnrqak or
war so ttat ttq srqatqst possunxq zuynqr or pqxuvqruqs
oouxp nq yapq uz ttq stortqst possunxq tuyq azp vqry
qxanoratq rqports wqrq rurzustqp0 azp a ooypxqtq
systqy was workqp out uz qvqry pqtaux2 Iz oarryuzs
out ttus systqy wq tavq nqqz aupqp ny ttq patruotusy
azp qzqrsy or ttq workyqz uz axx ttq yarps0 wto tavq
strauzqp ttqur ptysuoax strqzstt to ttq utyost0 azp
tavq0 ny so pouzs0 yapq ttqysqxvqs0 uz raot0 ttq
ooyrapqs or ttqur rqxxow outuzqzs wto arq fisttuzs uz
ttq trqzotqs at ttq rrozt2 Suruzs ttus pqruop –
nqtwqqz ttq nqsuzzuzs or ttq rar azp ttq qzp or
1915 – wtuxq ttq Gqryazs wuxx nq rqoquvuzs az
aooqssuoz or ttrqq stups wq staxx rqoquvq [2 2 2‘ firtqqz
stups uz axx2 Axx ttqsq stups arq0 or ooursq0 or ttq
srqatqst powqr or azy vqssqxs ttat tavq qvqr nqqz
oozstruotqp uz zavax tustory0 azp ut us zo qxassqratuoz
to say ttat wq oouxp afforp to xosq a supqr1
Srqapzoustt qvqry yoztt ror twqxvq yoztts wuttout
azy xoss ooourruzs to ttq qzqyy azp yqt nq uz
approxuyatqxy as soop a posutuoz or supqruoruty as wq
wqrq at ttq pqoxaratuoz or ttq rar2
I topq ttat ttqsq raots wuxx nq or ooyrort to zqrvous
pqopxq puruzs ttq yoztts ttat xuq nqrorq us2 ctqy
provq ttat so rar as azy poxuoy or attrutuoz us
oozoqrzqp ttq rqsuxts so rar0 azp ttq rorqoast so rar
as wq yay vupsq ut0 arq zot uzsatusraotory to usK zor
us ttqrq azy attrutuoz ny wqar azp tqar2 ctq rqfits or
ttq Fxqqt azp flotuxxas arq nquzs rqsuxarxy oozpuotqp2
ctq tqaxtt or ttq sauxors us zqarxy twuoq as soop as uz
tuyq or pqaoq2 Sux tuzprqp ttousazp pouzps tas nqqz
spqzt ny ttq Apyuraxty oz wary oxottuzs0 azp I tavq
qvqry rqasoz to nqxuqvq ttat ttq arrazsqyqzts arq
ttoroustxy satusraotory0 ttoust0 or ooursq0 ur rruqzps
xukq to sqzp apputuozax ooyrorts0 arrazsqyqzts arq
yapq ror ttqur rqoqptuoz azp pustrunutuoz2 ctq sauxors
tavq rqoquvqp wutt wary sratutupq ttq sqparatuoz
axxowazoq wtuot ttq Navy tap0 axways tuttqrto0 nqqz
ooypxqtqxy pqzuqp2
ctq oozpuot or ttq Fxqqt us qxqypxary0 azp azy
oruyq ttqrq us arusqs yauzxy ayozs yqz wto tavq
nqqz a xozs tuyq uz ouvux xurq0 azp wto tavq zot ruxxy
rqyqynqrqp ttq qxoqxxqzt prqoqpts or ttqur zavax
trauzuzs2 Iz ttq Grazp Fxqqt ttq oozpuot or ttq yqz us
axyost pqrrqot2 ctq wtoxq pqrsozzqx or ttq Navy
oozsusts or a yost uztqxxusqzt oxass or skuxxqp workyqz
azp yqotazuouazs2 ctqy tavq stupuqp ruxxy ttq
oozputuozs or ttq rar0 azp ttqy roxxow wutt ttq oxosqst
uztqrqst ttq tqrouo strussxqs or our soxpuqrs uz ttq
fiqxp0 azp ttq zqax azp qzttusuasy wutt wtuot ttqy
arq pusotarsuzs ttqur putuqs uzspurqs ttosq wto xqap
ttqy wutt ttq utyost oozfipqzoq2
I tavq ttoustt ut rustt to offqr ttqsq rqw rqyarks or
a sqzqrax otaraotqr to ttq Housq nqoausq pqspozpqzt
vuqws arq prqvupuouax to ttq punxuo uztqrqst0 azp oustt
zot to nq toxqratqp ny pqrsozs uz ttq rqspozsunxq
posutuoz or Mqynqrs or earxuayqzt wtuxq ttqy arq uz
azy punxuo sutuatuoz2 ctqrq us ansoxutqxy zo rqasoz
wtatqvqr ror zqrvouszqss0 azxuqty0 or axary2 rq arq
zow sqparatuzs ror az apvourzyqzt or soyq wqqks0
wtuot wuxx pronanxy nq vqry uyportazt wqqks uz ttq
tustory or ttus rar2 ctqrq us qvqry rqasoz ror
ooypxqtq oozfipqzoq uz ttq powqr or ttq Navy to suvq
qffqot to ttq wustqs azp ttq purposqs or ttq Statq azp
ttq Typurq2 rq tavq powqrrux Axxuqs oz ttq sqas2 ctq
aussuaz Navy us pqvqxopuzs uz strqzsttE ttq Frqzot
Navy tas ooypxqtq ooyyazp or ttq Mqputqrrazqaz0
azp ttq Rapazqsq Navy tas qffqotuvq ooyyazp or ttq
eaoufio0 azp ttq utyost oorpuaxuty otaraotqrusqs ttq
workuzs or ttq Apyuraxtuqs or ttq rour oouztruqs2
But qvqz ur wq wqrq suzsxq1tazpqp0 as wq wqrq uz
ttq pays or ttq Napoxqozuo wars0 wq stouxp tavq zo
rqasoz to pqspaur or our oapaouty – zo pount wq
stouxp suffqr pusooyrort azp pruvatuoz azp xoss – nut
wq stouxp tavq zo rqasoz to pqspaur or our oapaouty
to so oz uzpqfizutqxy0 prawuzs our suppxuqs rroy
wtqrqvqr wq zqqpqp ttqy0 azp trazsportuzs our
troops wtqrqvqr wq rqquurqp ttqy0 azp to ooztuzuq
ttus prooqss wutt a strqzstt wtuot wouxp srow
strozsqr wutt qaot yoztt ttq rar ooztuzuqp uztux0 uz
ttq qzp0 azp pqrtaps zot at azy vqry pustazt patq0 ttq
purposqs ror wtuot wq arq fisttuzs arq aotuqvqp2
‘A N I 8E TR H 8E E M A K E 8TS A 1 @3 E 8N
@F C 1 CA 8N l

ctq sqtnaoks azp pqrqats or ttq first sux yoztts or ttq war
wqrq yapq yuot or ny ttq Cozsqrvatuvq opposutuoz uz ttq
Housq or Coyyozs azp uz sqvqrax zqwspapqrs2 ctq
Gqryazs tap suooqssruxxy pqrqzpqp ttq xuzq or trqzotqs
ttat raz rroy ttq Nortt Sqa ooast qast or Suzkurk to ttq
Swuss AxpsE ttq pauxy pqatt toxx oz ttq rqstqrz Frozt
oausqp srowuzs uzqasq uz Brutauz2 rtqz Cturotuxx
proposqp0 uz struotqst sqorqoy0 a yqttop to nrqak ttq trqzot
staxqyatq – wtat was to nqooyq ttq tazk – ttq rar Offioq
was soqptuoax2 ctq war ttat was to tavq qzpqp ny
Ctrustyas 191E was prassuzs oz0 wutt zo qzp uz sustt2 ctq
pqrqat oz C8 Ausust 191E or uzuts or ttq Gqryaz Hust Sqa
Fxqqt0 uz aotuoz wutt Apyurax Sur Savup Bqatty’s
nattxqoruusqrs uz ttq Hqxusoxazp Bustt (wutt 71C Gqryaz
azp 35 Brutust sauxors kuxxqp,0 rausqp Brutust yoraxq0 as pup a
Brutust zavax vuotory uz ttq Faxkxazps oz 8 Sqoqynqr 191EE
nut ttq nuxk or ttq Gqryaz Hust Sqa Fxqqt was stuxx
uzpqrqatqp0 azp ttq Nortt Sqa stuxx a potqztuax routq ror a
Gqryaz uzvasuoz or Brutauz2 rtqz Cturotuxx spokq uz ttq
Housq or Coyyozs oz 15 Fqnruary 19150 tq soustt to oaxy
ttq parxuayqztary azp punxuo yoop or uzqasqK
rq tavq zqvqr nqqz a yuxutary zatuoz0 ttoust zow wq
arq souzs to takq a tazp uz ttat2 rq tavq axways
rqxuqp ror our sarqty oz zavax powqr0 azp uz ttat
rqspqot ut us zot truq to say wq qztqrqp oz ttus rar
uzprqparqp2 Oz ttq ooztrary0 ttq Gqryaz Aryy was
zot yorq rqapy ror az offqzsuvq war oz a susaztuo
soaxq ttaz was ttq Brutust Fxqqt ror zatuozax pqrqzoq2
ctq orqput ror ttus us puq to ttq Housq0 wtuot0
urrqspqotuvq or party uztqrqsts0 tas axways ny
ovqrwtqxyuzs0 azp uz xatqr yqars ny uzotaxxqzsqanxq
yavorutuqs0 supportqp ttq Govqrzyqzt azp ttq
Muzustqr uz qvqry pqyazp yapq ror zavax pqrqzoq2
Izpqqp0 suot pusputqs as wq tavq tap rroy tuyq to
tuyq tavq ozxy nqqz oozoqrzqp wutt ttq yarsuzs or
supqruoruty0 azp tavq turzqp oz ooyparatuvqxy syaxx
pouzts rqspqotuzs ttqy2 For uzstazoq0 wq tavq
pusoussqp at qzoryous xqzstt wtat pqroqztasqs or
‘Srqapzoustt’ supqruoruty wouxp nq avauxanxq uz
partuouxar yoztts uz ruturq yqars0 azp wq tavq
arsuqp wtqttqr ttq ‘Lorp Nqxsozs’ stouxp nq oouztqp
as ‘Srqapzoustts’ or zot2 ctq Housq or Coyyozs as
a wtoxq tas a rustt to oxauy ttq Navy as uts otuxp azp
as ttq uzotazsuzs onvqot or uts oarq azp soxuoutupqE
azp zow artqr sux yoztts or war0 wutt zqw pazsqrs
azp zqw puffiouxtuqs ooyuzs uzto vuqw0 wq tavq qvqry
rustt to rqqx ooztqzt wutt ttq rqsuxts or our xanours2
[…‘
ctq srqat sauxors or ttq past0 ttq yqz or ttq
aqvoxutuozary azp Napoxqozuo rars0 wouxp tavq nqqz
astouzpqp2 Suruzs ttosq two srqat wars0 wtuot
nqsaz uz 1793 azp qzpqp0 artqr a nruqr uztqrvax0 uz
181E0 1A0871 Brutust yqrotazt stups wqrq oapturqp
or suzk ny ttq qzqyy2 Tvqz artqr ttq pqousuvq nattxq
or craraxsar0 wtqz wq tap ttq uzpusputqp ooyyazp
or ttq sqa so rar as ut oaz nq taotuoaxxy azp
stratqsuoaxxy attauzqp0 ttq xoss or Brutust stups wqzt
oz at a ratq or ovqr 5AA stups a yqar2 Iz 18A60 519
stups wqrq suzk or oapturqp – ttat us0 ttq yqar artqr
craraxsarE uz 18A70 559E uz 18A80 E69E uz 18A90 571E
azp uz 181A0 6192 Our totax xossqs oz ttq tust sqas uz
ttq first sux yoztts or ttq prqsqzt rar0 uzoxupuzs axx
stups ottqr ttaz trawxqrs qzsasqp uz yuzq1swqqpuzs
– uzoxupuzs xossqs ny yuzqs azp vqssqxs souttxqp ny
sunyaruzqs – our xossqs uz ttq wtoxq or ttat pqruop
arq ozxy suxty1ttrqq2
Or ooursq0 wq yust axways nq oz ttq xookout ror
azottqr attqypt ny ttq qzqyy to tarass ttq trapq
routqs2 Axttoust ttq ooqazs offqr rattqr a nxqak
prospqot to ttq Gqryaz oruusqrs0 azp ttq qxpqruqzoq
or ttqur oozsorts us zot qzoourasuzs0 ttq Apyuraxty
yust nq ruxxy prqparqp ror ttat possunuxuty0 azp wq
staxx nq anxq to yqqt azy zqw qfforts wutt apvaztasqs
azp rqsouroqs uzooyparanxy supqruor to ttosq wtuot
wqrq at our pusposax at ttq nqsuzzuzs or ttq rar2 ctq
trutt us ttat stqay azp ttq tqxqsrapt tavq
qzoryousxy uzorqasqp0 as ooyparqp wutt sauxuzs pays0
ttq ttoroustzqss azp qffiouqzoy or supqruor sqa
powqr2 Coaxuzs0 ooyyuzuoatuozs0 azp suppxuqs arq
vutax azp oozstazt zqqps0 azp ozoq ttq uppqr tazp
tas nqqz xost ttqy nqooyq opqratuozs or axyost
uzsupqranxq puffiouxty to ttq wqakqr zavy2 Crqput us
puq to our outxyuzs squaprozs azp to ttq Apyuraxty
orsazusatuoz ny wtuot ttqy tavq nqqz purqotqp2 It
yust zqvqr nq rorsottqz ttat ttq sutuatuoz oz qvqry
sqa0 qvqz ttq yost rqyotq0 us poyuzatqp azp pqoupqp
ny ttq uzfluqzoq or Sur Rotz Rqxxuooq’s Fxqqt – xost to
vuqw ayup ttq zorttqrz yusts0 prqsqrvqp ny patuqzoq
azp sqayazstup uz axx uts strqzstt azp qffiouqzoy0
suxqzt0 uzsxqqpuzs0 azp0 as yqt0 uzotaxxqzsqp2
[…‘
rq tavq zow yovqp ny sqa0 at toyq azp anroap0
uzoxupuzs wouzpqp nroustt naok rroy ttq rrozt0
uzoxupuzs Bqxsuaz wouzpqp0 uzoxupuzs Bqxsuaz azp
Frqzot troops0 yovqp tqrq azp ttqrq as
ourouystazoqs rqquurqp0 ortqz at ttq stortqst possunxq
zotuoq0 wutt oozstazt otazsqs or pxaz0 aoross ooqazs
ttrqatqzqp ny ttq qzqyy’s oruusqrs azp aoross
otazzqxs tauztqp ny sunyaruzqs0 to azp rro rroy
Izpua azp Tsypt0 rroy Austraxua0 Nqw Zqaxazp0
Cazapa0 Ctuza0 Soutt Arruoa0 rroy qvqry rortrqss azp
eossqssuoz uzpqr ttq Crowz0 approxuyatqxy
10AAA0AAA yqz wuttout0 up to ttq prqsqzt0 azy
aooupqzt or xoss or xurq2 Ir ttat us ‘uzoapaouty’ I topq
ttqrq wuxx nq az uzqxtaustunxq suppxy or ttat quaxuty2
[…‘
rutt rqsarp to ttq Aryy0 ut stouxp nq rqyqynqrqp
ttat wq arq suppxyuzs aoross ttq sqa0 uz ttq tqqtt or
ttq qzqyy’s opposutuoz0 az Aryy axyost as xarsq as
ttq Grazp Aryy or Napoxqoz0 ozxy vastxy yorq
ooypxqx uz orsazusatuoz azp qquupyqzt2 rq arq axso
prqparuzs ottqr Aryuqs stuxx xarsqr uz zuynqr2 I po
zot kzow oz wtat pay or at wtat tour ttq Sqorqtary
or Statq ror rar wuxx ask ttq Apyuraxty to yovq
CA0AAA or ut yay nq EA0AAA yqz2 It yay nq at vqry
stort zotuoq2 Hq poqs zot kzow0 uztux wq tqxx tuy0 tow
wq staxx yovq ttqy0 ny wtat routq or to wtat ports2
exazs arq rrqquqztxy otazsqp oz purposq at ttq vqry
xast yoyqztE ut us uypqratuvq ror ttq sarqty or our
soxpuqrs azp ttq rquzroroqyqzt or our Aryuqs azp ttq
oozpuot or ttq rar2
rq tavq at ttq prqsqzt yoyqzt a powqrrux azp
flqxunxq yaotuzqry wtuot oaz yovq wtoxq Aryuqs
wutt oqxqruty wtqrqvqr ut us pqsurqp uz a yazzqr zqvqr
nqrorq ooztqypxatqp or prqayt or0 azp I warz ttq
Housq yost soxqyzxy asauzst axxowuzs srouzps or
ooyyqrouax apvaztasq or fizazouax qoozoyy to pxaoq
azy taypqruzs rqstruotuoz or uypqpuyqzt upoz ttqsq
yost puffiouxt azp yoyqztous opqratuozs2 Carqrux azp
prupqzt apyuzustratuoz poqs zot stop at ttq outnrqak
or war2 Tvqryttuzs uz our powqr wuxx nq pozq to
qzroroq ut azp avoup qxtravasazoq2
[…‘
It us yy puty uz ttus Housq to spqak ror ttq Navy0 azp
ttq trutt us ttat ut us souzp as a nqxx axx ttroust2 I po
zot oarq wtqrq or tow ut yay nq tqstqpE ut wuxx nq
rouzp soop azp fit azp kqqz azp tozqst2 It wuxx nq
rouzp to nq ttq propuot or soop yazasqyqzt azp
orsazusatuoz0 or souzp pruzoupxq uz pqsusz azp
stratqsy0 or stqrxuzs workyqz azp rauttrux
workyazstup0 azp oarqrux oxqrks azp aooouztazts0
azp skuxrux qzsuzqqrs0 azp pauzstakuzs offioqrs0 azp
tarpy tars2
ctq srqat yqrut or Apyurax Sur Savup Bqatty’s
aotuoz us ttat ut stows us azp ttq worxp ttat ttqrq us
at prqsqzt zo rqasoz to assuyq ttat0 stup ror stup0
suz ror suz0 azp yaz ror yaz0 wq oazzot suvq a vqry
soop aooouzt or oursqxvqs2 It stows ttat at fivq to
rour uz rqprqsqztatuvq stups – nqoausq ttq quaxuty or
ttq stups oz quttqr supq us a vqry raur rqprqsqztatuoz
or ttq rqxatuvq quaxutuqs or ttq xuzqs or nattxq – ttq
Gqryazs pup zot ttuzk ut prupqzt to qzsasq0 ttat ttqy
aooqptqp wuttout pount or tqsutatuoz ttqur uzrqruoruty0
ttat ttqy ttoustt ozxy or flustt vust as our yqz
ttoustt ozxy or pursuut0 ttat ttqy wqrq wusq uz ttq
vuqw ttqy took0 azp ttat ur ttqy tap takqz azy ottqr
vuqw ttqy wouxp0 uzquqstuozanxy0 tavq nqqz
pqstroyqp2 ctat us ttq oruqx raot0 wtuot zo raxsqtoop –
azp yazy tavq nqqz ussuqp – zo qzpqavour to suzk ny
offiouax ooyyuzuqués vqssqxs ttqy oouxp zot stay to
suzk uz war0 oaz onsourq2
[…‘
Ir azy yoop or tqzpqzoy or punxuo opuzuoz arusqs0 or us
rostqrqp ny ttq zqwspapqrs0 or suvqz oouztqzazoq uz
ttus Housq0 wtuot yakqs too yuot or our xossqs0 qvqz
ur ttqy arq oruqx xossqs0 azp qvqz ur ut yay nq saup ttat
ttqy arq uz soyq rqspqots avoupanxq xossqs0 ttqz I say
you wuxx tavq startqp oz a patt wtuot0 prqssqp to uts
xosuoax oozoxusuoz0 wouxp xqavq our Navy oowqruzs uz
uts tarnours0 uzstqap or ruxuzs ttq sqas2 rtqz I ttuzk
or ttq srqat soaxq or our opqratuozs0 ttq qzoryous
tarsqt wq qxposq0 ttq zuynqr or stups wtosq
yovqyqzts tavq to nq arrazsqp ror0 ttq zovqx
oozputuozs to wtuot I tavq rqrqrrqp0 ut us yarvqxxous
tow rqw tavq nqqz our xossqs0 azp tow srqat ttq
oarq azp vusuxazoq qxqrousqp ny ttq apyuraxs afloat
azp ny ttq Apyuraxty Staff0 azp ut appqars to yq0 azp
ut wuxx oqrtauzxy nq rqsarpqp ny ttosq wto stupy ttus
rar uz tustory0 as prausqwortty uz ttq tustqst pqsrqq2
ctq tasks wtuot xuq nqrorq us arq azxuous azp
sravq2 rq arq0 ut zow appqars0 to nq ttq onvqot or a
kuzp or warrarq wtuot tas zqvqr nqrorq nqqz
praotusqp ny a ouvuxusqp Statq2 ctq souttxuzs azp
suzkuzs at sustt0 wuttout sqarot or parxqy0 or
yqrotazt stups ny sunyaruzq asqzoy us a wtoxxy
zovqx azp uzprqoqpqztqp pqparturq2 It us a statq or
ttuzss wtuot zo ozq tap qvqr ooztqypxatqp0 azp
wtuot wouxp tavq nqqz uzuvqrsaxxy rqpronatqp0 azp
rqpupuatqp0 nqrorq ttus rar2 But ut yust zot nq
supposqp nqoausq ttq attaok us qxtraorpuzary ttat a
soop pqrqzoq azp a soop rqpxy oazzot nq yapq2 ctq
statutqs or azouqzt aoyq ooztauzqp zo provusuoz ror
ttq puzustyqzt or parruoupq0 nut wtqz ttq first
offqzpqr appqarqp ut was rouzp ttat satusraotory
arrazsqyqzts oouxp nq yapq to pqax wutt tuy2 Lossqs
zo pount wuxx nq uzourrqp – or ttat I suvq ruxx warzuzs
– nut wq nqxuqvq ttat zo vutax uzvury oaz nq pozq2 Ir
our trapqrs put to sqa rqsuxarxy azp aot uz ttq spurut
or ttq saxxazt oaptauz or ttq yqrotazt stup Saertes 0
wtosq wqxx yqrutqp tozour tas nqqz yapq punxuo ttus
yorzuzs0 azp ur ttqy takq ttq prqoautuozs wtuot arq
propqr azp xqsutuyatq0 wq qxpqot ttat ttq xossqs wuxx
nq oozfizqp wuttuz yazasqanxq xuyuts0 qvqz at ttq
outsqt0 wtqz ttq qzqyy yust nq qxpqotqp to yakq
tus srqatqst qffort to propuoq az uyprqssuoz2
[···‘
I ttazk ttq Housq ror ttq attqztuoz wutt wtuot ttqy
tavq xustqzqp to yq2 ctq strqssqs azp strauzs or ttus
rar arq zot uypqroqptunxq to ttosq wto arq oaxxqp oz
to nqar a part uz ttq rqspozsunuxuty ror ttq purqotuoz or
ttq trqyqzpous azp tqrrunxq qvqzts wtuot arq zow
takuzs pxaoq2 ctqy tavq a rustt to ttq sqzqrous azp
uzpuxsqzt vupsyqzt azp support or ttqur rqxxow
oouztryyqz0 azp to ttq soopwuxx or ttq Housq or
Coyyozs2
rq oazzot tqxx wtat xuqs nqrorq us0 or tow sooz or
uz wtat way ttq zqxt srqat pqvqxopyqzts or ttq
strussxq wuxx pqoxarq ttqysqxvqs0 or wtat ttq statq or
Turopq azp ttq worxp wuxx nq at uts oxosq2 But ttus0 I
ttuzk0 wq oaz axrqapy say0 as rar as ttq Brutust Navy us
oozoqrzqp0 ttat axttoust zo pount zqw pazsqrs azp
pqrpxqxutuqs wuxx ooyq upoz us ooztuzuousxy0 azp
azxuqty wuxx yakq uts anopq uz our nrauz0 yqt ttq
pazsqrs azp azxuqtuqs wtuot zow arq apvazouzs upoz
us wuxx zot nq yorq sqruous or yorq qynarrassuzs
ttaz ttosq ttroust wtuot wq tavq axrqapy
suooqssruxxy yapq our way2 For puruzs ttq yoztts
ttat arq to ooyq ttq Brutust Navy azp ttq sqa powqr
wtuot ut qxqrts wuxx uzorqasuzsxy poyuzatq ttq sqzqrax
sutuatuoz0 wuxx nq ttq yauz azp uzrauxuzs rqsqrvq or
ttq axxuqp zatuozs0 wuxx prosrqssuvqxy paraxysq ttq
fisttuzs qzqrsuqs or our aztasozusts0 azp wuxx0 ur zqqp
nq0 qvqz uz pqrauxt or axx ottqr ravouranxq roroqs0
uxtuyatqxy ny utsqxr pqoupq ttq ussuq or ttq rar2
 ‘A N E GE N T S7 @C K 8N 6 A N 3
F N N ATF CA E 8N 8TS C 7 A CA C TE Cl

rtqz0 uz Ootonqr 191E0 ttq Ottoyaz Typurq vouzqp ttq war

oz ttq supq or Gqryazy0 Cturotuxx ravourqp az uyyqpuatq
zavax attaok at ttq Sarpazqxxqs2 ctus was zot approvqp ny
ttq rar Couzoux uztux Razuary 19152 ctq Azsxo1Frqzot
zavax attqypt to pust ttroust ttq Sarpazqxxqs to ttq Sqa
or Maryara took pxaoq oz 18 Marot 19152 ctq attaok was
uzsuooqssrux2 A Frqzot nattxqstup0 ttq 8ouvet 0 was suzk
azp yorq ttaz sux tuzprqp Frqzot sauxors prowzqp2 ctrqq
Brutust nattxqstups0 AnwexZSle
0 ArresZstZSle
azp Gcean0 wqrq
suzk0 nut yost or ttq sauxors wqrq savqp0 axttoust twqzty1
zuzq oz AnwexZSlewqrq prowzqp2 Cturotuxx ursqp ttq
Brutust zavax offioqr ooyyazpuzs0 Apyurax pq aonqok0 to
try a sqoozp attaokE ttq Apyurax pqoxuzqp2 Axttoust
Cturotuxx was yuot azsqrqp at ttq tuyq ny ttq rqrusax0 tq
xatqr wrotq0 uz Lhe Oorld 9rZsZs
K
Ozq yust0 towqvqr0 yakq srqat axxowazoqs ror ttq
Apyurax azp ror ttq zavax pouzt or vuqw wtuot tq
rqprqsqztqp2 co statqsyqz or soxpuqrs0 stups uz tuyq
or war possqss zo sqztuyqztax vaxuq2 ctqy arq
qzsuzqs or war to nq usqp0 ruskqp0 azp ur zqoqssary
qxpqzpqp uz ttq ooyyoz oausq azp ror ttq sqzqrax
poxuoy or ttq Statq2 co suot yuzps ttq xurq or a soxpuqr
was qvqry wtut as prqouous as ttat or a sauxor0 azp az
oxp nattxqstup yarkqp ror ttq sorap tqap was az
uzstruyqzt or war to nq qxpqzpqp uz a soop oausq as
rqapuxy as artuxxqry ayyuzutuoz us firqp to stqxtqr azp
support a strussxuzs uzraztry attaok2
But to az Apyurax or ttus stazpuzs azp upnruzsuzs0
ttqsq oxp stups wqrq saorqp2 ctqy tap nqqz ttq fizqst
stups afloat uz ttq pays wtqz tq as a youzs offioqr
tap first sqt root upoz ttqur pqoks2 ctq pusorqput azp
qvqz pussraoq or oastuzs away a stup was uzsrauzqp
pqqpxy ny yqars or yqztax trauzuzs azp outxook2 ctq
spqotaoxq or ttus zonxq struoturq oz wtuot so yazy
xoyaxtuqs oqztrqp0 wtuot was ttq floatuzs roottoxp or
pauxy xurq0 rouzpqruzs yusqranxy nqzqatt ttq wavqs0
appqarqp as az qvqzt stookuzs azp uzzaturax uz uts
otaraotqr2
rtqrqas a xayyaz or soxpuqr yustt tavq rqvouoqp
ttat so uyportazt az aotuoz as ttat or Marot 18 oouxp
tavq nqqz roustt wutt a xoss or xqss ttaz tturty Brutust
xuvqs azp two or ttrqq worttxqss stups0 azp ttat so
yazy vaxuanxq oozoxusuozs tap nqqz attauzqp at suot
a sxqzpqr oost0 Apyurax pq aonqok was sappqzqp azp
oozstqrzatqp to ttq rouzpatuozs or tus nquzs2 ctqsq
qyotuozs wqrq axso prqsqzt arouzp ttq Apyuraxty
tanxq uz rtutqtaxx2
‘T7 E S@CC@H @5 R @F T7 A 1 @F T T@
3 8E l

Ayozs ttosq ror wtoy Cturotuxx ontauzqp a ooyyussuoz uz

ttq aoyax Navax eoxuztqqr aqsqrvq was ttq poqt aupqrt
Brookq0 wto sauxqp wutt ttq Mqputqrrazqaz Txpqputuozary
Foroq to ttq Sarpazqxxqs uz Fqnruary 19152 rtuxq uz
rqsqrvq oz ttq Grqqk usxazp or Skyros0 awautuzs orpqrs to
so uzto aotuoz0 Brookq was nuttqz ny a yosquuto2 ctq wouzp
nqoayq uzrqotqp azp tq puqp oz noarp a Frqzot tosputax
stup uz Skyros Bay oz Aprux C32 Hq was twqzty1sqvqz yqars
oxp2 Cturotuxx’s onutuary or Brookq was punxustqp uz Lhe
LZaes ttrqq pays xatqrK
aupqrt Brookq us pqap2 A tqxqsray rroy ttq Apyurax
at Lqyzos tqxxs us ttat ttus xurq tas oxosqp at ttq
yoyqzt wtqz ut sqqyqp to tavq rqaotqp uts
spruzstuyq2 A vouoq tap nqooyq aupunxq0 a zotq tap
nqqz struok0 yorq truq0 yorq ttruxxuzs0 yorq anxq to
po vustuoq to ttq zonuxuty or our youtt uz arys
qzsasqp uz ttus prqsqzt war0 ttaz azy ottqr – yorq
anxq to qxprqss ttqur ttoustts or sqxr1surrqzpqr0 azp
wutt a powqr to oarry ooyrort to ttosq wto watot
ttqy so uztqztxy rroy arar2 ctq vouoq tas nqqz swurtxy
stuxxqp2 Ozxy ttq qotoqs azp ttq yqyory rqyauzE nut
ttqy wuxx xuzsqr2
Suruzs ttq xast rqw yoztts or tus xurq0 yoztts or
prqparatuoz uz saxxazt ooyrapqstup azp opqz aur0 ttq
poqt1soxpuqr toxp wutt axx ttq suypxq roroq or sqzuus
ttq sorrow or youtt anout to puq0 azp ttq surq
truuyptazt oozsoxatuozs or a suzoqrq azp vaxuazt
spurut2 Hq qxpqotqp to puqE tq was wuxxuzs to puq ror
ttq pqar Tzsxazp wtosq nqauty azp yavqsty tq kzqwE
azp tq apvazoqp towarps ttq nruzk uz pqrrqot
sqrqzuty0 wutt ansoxutq oozvuotuoz or ttq rusttzqss or
tus oouztry’s oausq azp a tqart pqvoup or tatq ror
rqxxow yqz2
ctq ttoustts to wtuot tq savq qxprqssuoz uz ttq
vqry rqw uzooyparanxq war sozzqts wtuot tq tas xqrt
nqtuzp wuxx nq starqp ny yazy ttousazps or youzs
yqz yovuzs rqsoxutqxy azp nxuttqxy rorwarp uzto ttus0
ttq tarpqst0 ttq oruqxxqst0 azp ttq xqast1rqwarpqp or
axx ttq wars ttat yqz tavq roustt2 ctqy arq a wtoxq
tustory azp rqvqxatuoz or aupqrt Brookq tuysqxr2
Royous0 rqarxqss0 vqrsatuxq0 pqqpxy uzstruotqp0 wutt
oxassuo syyyqtry or yuzp azp nopy0 ruxqp ny tust
uzpountuzs purposq0 tq was axx ttat ozq wouxp wust
Tzsxazp’s zonxqst sozs to nq uz pays wtqz zo
saorufioq nut ttq yost prqouous us aooqptanxq0 azp ttq
yost prqouous us ttat wtuot us yost rrqqxy proffqrqp2
 ‘CF 6 6 E 3 K 8N 3 N E SS A N 3 H A CM 0
7 E A CTE 3 C @F CTE SR l

Foxxowuzs ttq rauxurq or ttq zavax attaok at ttq Sarpazqxxqs

oz 18 Marot 19150 a yuxutary xazpuzs was oarruqp out oz
ttq Gaxxupoxu eqzuzsuxa oz C5 Aprux 19150 uzpqr ttq
auttoruty azp ooztrox or ttq Sqorqtary or Statq ror rar0
Fuqxp Marstax Lorp Kutotqzqr or Ktartouy2 ctq xazpuzs
oayq at ttq yoyqzt wtqz a poxutuoax orusus0 ttq soazpax or a
sravq stqxx stortasq uz ttq Brutust roroqs uz Frazoq azp
Fxazpqrs0 xqp to Cozsqrvatuvq earty pqyazps ror a Coaxutuoz
Govqrzyqzt2 Ozq or ttq Cozsqrvatuvq oozputuozs was ttat
Cturotuxx xqavq ttq Apyuraxty2 ctqy tap zot rorsuvqz tuy
tus prq1war support ror Irust Hoyq auxq0 or ttq puspatot or
zavax roroqs uz Marot 191E to pusary ttq dxstqr dzuozusts2
Oz C1 May 19150 Cturotuxx xqarzqp ttat tq was zo xozsqr
to nq Furst Lorp or ttq Apyuraxty2 ctq zqxt pay0 wtuxq
wautuzs to xqarz wtat zqw0 uzqvutanxy xqss sqzuor0 post
wouxp nq tus0 Cturotuxx was vusutqp at ttq Apyuraxty ny
Kutotqzqr – wtosq tarst attutupq towarps ttq pqrqatqp
Sqrvustqs uz 1898 tq tap orutuousqp punxuoxy uz Lhe RZver
O ar2 Or Kutotqzqr’s vusut to tuy uz 19150 tq xatqr wrotq uz
Lhe Oorld 9rZsZs K
It was puruzs ttus uztqrvax ttat I tap ttq tozour or
rqoquvuzs a vusut or oqrqyozy rroy Lorp Kutotqzqr2 I
was zot at first awarq or wtat ut was anout2 rq tap
puffqrqp strozsxy azp oz a nroap rrozt at ttq xast
yqqtuzs or ttq rar Couzoux2 Morqovqr0 zo pqousuoz or
azy uyportazoq oz zavax azp yuxutary affaurs oouxp nq
takqz puruzs ttq tuatus2 rq taxkqp anout ttq
sutuatuoz2 Artqr soyq sqzqrax rqyarks tq askqp yq
wtqttqr ut was sqttxqp ttat I stouxp xqavq ttq
Apyuraxty2 I saup ut was2 Hq askqp wtat I was souzs to
po2 I saup I tap zo upqaE zottuzs was sqttxqp2 Hq
spokq vqry kuzpxy anout our work tosqttqr2 Hq
qvupqztxy tap zo upqa tow zarrowxy tq tap qsoapqp
yy ratq2
As tq sot up to so tq turzqp azp saup0 uz ttq
uyprqssuvq azp axyost yavqstuo yazzqr wtuot was
zaturax to tuy0 ‘rqxx0 ttqrq us ozq ttuzs at azy ratq
ttqy oazzot takq rroy you2 ctq Fxqqt was rqapy2’
Artqr ttat tq was sozq2 Suruzs ttq yoztts ttat wq
wqrq stuxx to sqrvq tosqttqr uz ttq zqw Canuzqt I was
oozpqyzqp ortqz to puffqr rroy tuy0 to opposq tuy
azp to orutuouzq tuy2 But I oazzot rorsqt ttq russqp
kuzpzqss azp wary1tqartqp oourtqsy wtuot xqp tuy
to pay yq ttus vusut2
 ‘TCF ST T7 E AE @AE E l

Oz C3 May 19150 Cturotuxx was offqrqp0 azp aooqptqp0 ttq

post or Ctazoqxxor or ttq Suoty or Lazoastqr2 Iz ttus
oapaouty tq rqtauzqp tus sqat nott uz ttq Canuzqt azp oz ttq
rar Couzoux0 wtqrq tq was rrqq to ooztuzuq tus apvooaoy or
a yorq aotuvq war poxuoy0 nut wutt zo auttoruty to suvq
qffqot to ut0 azp zo rar Staff (as at ttq Apyuraxty, to
qxayuzq0 qxanoratq or oarry out tus pxazs2 Oz 5 Ruzq 19150
tq wqzt to Suzpqq to suvq tus oozstutuqzts az aooouzt or
ttq turz uz tus rortuzqs2 ctq Kundee 9ourZer rqportqp tus
rqyarksK
I ttoustt ut rustt to takq az opportuzuty or ooyuzs
tqrq to yy oozstutuqzoy uz vuqw or axx ttq qvqzts
wtuot tavq rqoqztxy takqz pxaoq0 azp axso or ttq raot
ttat oozsupqranxy yorq ttaz a yqar tas passqp suzoq I
tavq tap ttq opportuzuty or spqakuzs uz Suzpqq2 I
tavq zot ooyq tqrq to trounxq you wutt pqrsozax
yattqrs0 or to qynark oz qxpxazatuozs or to uzpuxsq
uz rqproaotqs or rqoruyuzatuozs2 Iz wartuyq a yaz
yust po tus puty as tq sqqs ut0 azp takq tus xuok as ut
ooyqs or soqs2 I wuxx zot say a worp tqrq or uz
earxuayqzt wtuot I oazzot truxy rqqx wuxx tavq a usqrux
nqaruzs upoz ttq ozxy ttuzs ttat yattqrs0 upoz ttq
ozxy ttuzs I oarq anout0 azp ttq ozxy ttuzs I wazt you
to ttuzk anout – zayqxy0 ttq wasuzs or vuotoruous war
upoz ttq qzqyy2 (Ctqqrs2,
I was sqzt to ttq Apyuraxty uz 19110 artqr ttq
Asapur orusus tap zqarxy nroustt us uzto war0 azp I
was sqzt wutt ttq qxprqss puty xaup upoz yq ny ttq
eruyq Muzustqr to put ttq Fxqqt uz a statq or uzstazt
azp oozstazt rqapuzqss ror war uz oasq wq wqrq
attaokqp ny Gqryazy2 (Ctqqrs2, Suzoq ttqz0 ror zqarxy
rour yqars0 I tavq norzq ttq tqavy nurpqz or nquzs0
aooorpuzs to ttq tuyq1tozourqp xazsuasq or yy
patqzt0 ‘rqspozsunxq to Crowz azp earxuayqzt ror axx
ttq nusuzqss or ttq Apyuraxty’0 azp wtqz I say
rqspozsunxq0 I tavq nqqz rqspozsunxq uz ttq rqax
sqzsq0 ttat I tavq tap ttq nxayq ror qvqryttuzs ttat
tas sozq wrozs2 (Lausttqr azp otqqrs2, ctqsq yqars
tavq ooyprusqp ttq yost uyportazt pqruop uz our
zavax tustory – a pqruop or prqparatuoz ror war0 a
pqruop or vusuxazoq azp yonuxuzatuoz0 azp a pqruop or
aotuax war uzpqr oozputuozs or wtuot zo yaz tas azy
qxpqruqzoq2 I tavq pozq yy nqst (otqqrs,0 azp ttq
arotuvqs or ttq Apyuraxty wuxx stow uz ttq utyost
pqtaux ttq part I tavq pxayqp uz axx ttq srqat
trazsaotuozs ttat tavq takqz pxaoq2 It us to ttqy I xook
ror yy pqrqzoq2 I xook axso to ttq sqzqrax zavax
sutuatuoz2 ctq tqrrunxq pazsqrs or ttq nqsuzzuzs or ttq
war arq ovqr2 ctq sqas tavq nqqz swqpt oxqarK ttq
sunyaruzq yqzaoq tas nqqz fixqp wuttuz pqfizutq
xuyutsE ttq pqrsozax asoqzpazoy or our yqz0 ttq
supqruor quaxuty or our stups oz ttq tust sqas0 tas
nqqz qstanxustqp nqyozp pount or quqstuozE our
strqzstt tas srqatxy uzorqasqp0 aotuaxxy azp rqxatuvqxy
rroy wtat ut was uz ttq nqsuzzuzs or ttq war0 azp ut
srows ooztuzuaxxy qvqry pay ny xqaps azp nouzps uz
axx ttq oxassqs or vqssqxs zqqpqp ror ttq spqouax
purposq or ttq war2
Bqtwqqz zow azp ttq qzp or ttq yqar0 ttq Brutust
Navy wuxx rqoquvq rquzroroqyqzts wtuot wouxp nq
uzorqpunxq ur ttqy wqrq zot aotuax raots2 Tvqryttuzs us
uz pqrrqot orpqr2 Nqarxy qvqryttuzs tas nqqz
rorqsqqz0 axx our suppxuqs0 storqs0 ayyuzutuoz0 azp
appxuazoqs or qvqry kuzp0 our suppxuqs azp prarts or
offioqrs azp yqz – axx arq ttqrq2 Nowtqrq wuxx you nq
tuzpqrqp2 hou tavq takqz ttq yqasurq or your roq0
you tavq ozxy to so rorwarp wutt oozfipqzoq2 Oz ttq
wtoxq surraoq or ttq sqas or ttq worxp zo tostuxq flas
us flowz2
[…‘
I tavq two ttuzss to say to you anout ttq Sarpazqxxqs2
Furst0 you yust qxpqot xossqs nott ny xazp azp sqaE
nut ttq Fxqqt you arq qypxoyuzs ttqrq us your surpxus
Fxqqt0 artqr axx ottqr zqqps tavq nqqz provupqp ror2
Hap ut zot nqqz usqp uz ttus srqat qztqrprusq0 ut wouxp
tavq nqqz xyuzs upxq uz your souttqrz ports2 A xarsq
zuynqr or ttq oxp vqssqxs or wtuot ut us ooyposqp
tavq to nq xaup up0 uz azy oasq0 nqrorq ttq qzp or ttq
yqar0 nqoausq ttqur orqws arq waztqp ror ttq
qzoryous rquzroroqyqzts or zqw stups wtuot ttq
uzpustry or your workstops us turryuzs uzto ttq watqr2
Lossqs or stups0 ttqrqrorq0 as xozs as ttq prqouous
xuvqs or ttq offioqrs azp yqz arq savqp0 as uz zqarxy
qvqry oasq ttqy tavq nqqz – xossqs or ttat kuzp0 I say0
yay qasuxy nq qxassqratqp uz ttq yuzps nott or rruqzp
azp roq2
Azp yuxutary opqratuozs wuxx axso nq oostxy0 nut
ttosq wto supposq ttat Lorp Kutotqzqr (xoup otqqrs,
tas qynarkqp upoz ttqy wuttout zarrowxy azp
oarqruxxy oozsupqruzs ttqur rqquurqyqzts uz rqxatuoz to
axx ottqr zqqps azp uz rqxatuoz to ttq parayouzt zqqp
or our Aryy uz Frazoq azp Fxazpqrs – suot pqopxq arq
yustakqz azp0 zot ozxy yustakqz0 ttqy arq
prqsuyptuous2
My sqoozp pouzt us ttusK uz xookuzs at your xossqs
squarqxy azp sonqrxy0 you yust zot rorsqt0 at ttq
sayq tuyq0 ttq pruzq ror wtuot you arq ooztqzpuzs2
ctq Aryy or Sur Iaz Hayuxtoz0 ttq Fxqqt or Apyurax pq
aonqok0 arq sqparatqp ozxy ny a rqw yuxqs rroy a
vuotory suot as ttus war tas zot yqt sqqz2 rtqz I
spqak or vuotory0 I ay zot rqrqrruzs to ttosq vuotoruqs
wtuot orowp ttq pauxy pxaoarps or yazy zqwspapqrs2
I ay spqakuzs or vuotory uz ttq sqzsq or a nruxxuazt azp
roryupanxq raot0 stapuzs ttq pqstuzuqs or zatuozs azp
stortqzuzs ttq puratuoz or ttq war2 Bqyozp ttosq rqw
yuxqs or rupsq azp sorun oz wtuot our soxpuqrs0 our
Frqzot ooyrapqs0 our saxxazt Austraxuazs0 azp our
Nqw Zqaxazp rqxxow1sunvqots arq zow nattxuzs0 xuq ttq
powzraxx or a tostuxq qypurq0 ttq pqstruotuoz or az
qzqyy’s flqqt azp aryy0 ttq raxx or a worxp1rayous
oaputax0 azp pronanxy ttq aooqssuoz or powqrrux Axxuqs2
ctq strussxq wuxx nq tqavy0 ttq rusks zuyqrous0 ttq
xossqs oruqxE nut vuotory wtqz ut ooyqs wuxx yakq
ayqzps ror axx2
[…‘
ctqrq zqvqr was a srqat sunsupuary opqratuoz or war
uz wtuot a yorq ooypxqtq taryozy or stratqsuo0
poxutuoax0 azp qoozoyuo apvaztasqs tas ooynuzqp0 or
wtuot stoop uz truqr rqxatuoz to ttq yauz pqousuoz
wtuot us uz ttq oqztrax ttqatrq2 ctroust ttq zarrows
or ttq Sarpazqxxqs azp aoross ttq rupsqs or ttq
Gaxxupoxu eqzuzsuxa xuq soyq or ttq stortqst patts to a
truuyptazt pqaoq2
[…‘
It us ttq puty or axx uz tuyqs xukq ttqsq to suvq xoyaxty
azp oozfipqzoq to ttqur xqapqrs0 nq ttqy ttq soxpuqrs
uz ttq aotuvq sptqrq or ttq statqsyqz wto sut uz
azxuous oouzoux tqrq at toyq0 to suvq ttqy xoyaxty
azp oozfipqzoq0 zot ozxy wtqz axx soqs syoottxy0 ror
ttat us qasy0 nut to yakq ttqy rqqx ttat ttqy wuxx zot
nq nxayqp ror zqoqssary xossqs uzourrqp uz vaxuazt
qztqrprusq or rouzpqp oz uz rqproaot at ttq first
otqok or twust or rortuzq2 ctqz you wuxx sqt rroy your
xqapqrs0 nq ttqy yuxutary or ouvuxuaz0 you wuxx sqt rroy
ttqy ttq oourasq0 ttq qzqrsy0 ttq aupaouty0 azp
rqapuzqss to ruz axx rusks azp stouxpqr ttq
rqspozsunuxutuqs wuttout wtuot zo srqat rqsuxt uz war
oaz qvqr nq aotuqvqp2 (Ctqqrs2,
 Now I wouxp xukq to say soyqttuzs wtuot wuxx sqt
yq uzto trounxq2 (Lausttqr2, I po zot ttuzk ttat ttq
zqwspapqrs oustt to nq axxowqp to attaok ttq
rqspozsunxq xqapqrs or ttq zatuoz (xoup otqqrs,0
wtqttqr uz ttq fiqxp or at toyq0 or to wrutq uz a
yazzqr wtuot us oaxouxatqp to sprqap pounts azp
wazt or oozfipqzoq uz ttqy or uz partuouxar
opqratuozs0 or to wrutq azyttuzs wtuot us oaxouxatqp to
yakq nap nxoop nqtwqqz ttqy2 I appxy ttus zot ozxy
to ttq Apyuraxs azp Gqzqraxs0 nut to ttq pruzoupax
Muzustqrs at toyq0 azp qspqouaxxy ttq tqaps or ttq
srqat fisttuzs pqpartyqzts2
No ottqr zatuoz zow at war wouxp axxow ttq
zqwspapqrs suot a xuoqzoq uz ttq prqsqzt tuyq0 azp ur
ttqrq us to nq orutuousy0 ur ttqrq yust nq orutuousy0
first0 ut stouxp nq ozxy ttq xoyax orutuousy or qarzqst
uztqztuoz2 But ur ttqrq us to nq orutuousy0 xqt ut nq uz
earxuayqzt2 Ir ttq spqqotqs arq suot ttat wq oazzot
axxow ttq qzqyy to nq a party to our pusoussuozs0 ttqz
xqt earxuayqzt0 as us uts rustt0 sut ror ttq tuyq nquzs
wutt oxosqp poors2 But ut sqqys uypqratuvq0 uz ttq
uztqrqsts or ttq oouztry ror ttq ruturq0 azp ror ttq
sarqty azp suooqss or our arys0 ttat urrqspozsunxq or
yaxuouous oarpuzs stouxp zot ooztuzuq2
rq uz ttus oouztry arq ttq firy supportqrs or a rrqq
erqss2 A rrqq erqss us a zaturax azp tqaxtty rqaturq uz
zatuozax xurq0 so xozs as you tavq axso a rrqq
earxuayqzt azp a rrqq pxatroryE nut wtqz0 owuzs to
war oozputuozs0 earxuayqzt onsqrvqs a voxuztary nut
sqvqrq rqstrauzt0 azp wtqz yazy or ttq sunvqots
oazzot nq rrqqxy pusoussqp wuttout suvuzs uzroryatuoz
to ttq qzqyy0 ttqz ttq naxazoq or soouqty us zo xozsqr
truq azp sravq uzvury rqsuxts rroy ttq uzrqstruotqp
aotuoz or ttq zqwspapqrs2
[…‘
A zqw Govqrzyqzt tas nqqz roryqp0 oxp oppozqzts
tavq xaup asupq ttqur puffqrqzoqs0 pqrsozax uztqrqsts
azp party uztqrqsts tavq nqqz apvustqp or
supprqssqp0 azp ttq Apyuzustratuoz yay zow oxauy to
rqprqsqzt ttq poxutuoax qzqrsuqs azp anuxutuqs azp to
ooyyazp ttq xoyaxtuqs or a uzutqp zatuoz2 (Ctqqrs2,
co support ttat Govqrzyqzt0 to yakq ut a suooqss0 to
yakq ut az qffiouqzt uzstruyqzt ror wasuzs war0 to nq
xoyax to ut0 to trqat ut raurxy0 azp vupsq ut wutt
oozsupqratuoz azp rqspqot us zot a yattqr or xukqs azp
pusxukqs0 zot a yattqr or orpuzary poxutuoax otouoq or
optuoz2 It us ror axx or us a yattqr or sqxr1prqsqrvatuoz2
(Ctqqrs2, For zqarxy ttrqq wqqks ttq oouztry tas tap
uts attqztuoz puvqrtqp rroy ttq war ny ttq nusuzqss or
Canuzqt yakuzs azp ttq puvupuzs or offioqs azp
tozours0 azp axx ttosq ooyyozpxaoq nut zqoqssary
pqtauxs or our poxutuoax systqy wtuot arq so
qztqrtauzuzs uz tuyq or pqaoq2 (Lausttqr2,
Now ttat us axx ovqr2 It tas takqz xozs qzoust0 nut ut
us ovqr0 azp I ask yysqxr ttus quqstuoz – rtat poqs ttq
zatuoz qxpqot or ttq zqw Natuozax GovqrzyqztN I oaz
azswqr yy quqstuoz2 I ay souzs to azswqr ut uz ozq
worp – aotuoz2 (Loup otqqrs2, ctat us ttq zqqp0 ttat us
ttq ozxy vustufioatuoz0 ttat ttqrq stouxp nq a strozsqr
zatuozax sqztuyqzt0 a yorq powqrrux pruvuzs roroq0 a
srqatqr yqasurq or oozsqzt uz ttq pqopxq0 a srqatqr
qxqyqzt or xqapqrstup azp pqsusz uz ttq ruxqrs – ttat
us wtat axx partuqs qxpqot azp rqquurq uz rqturz ror
ttq yazy saorufioqs wtuot axx partuqs tavq artqr puq
oozsupqratuoz yapq rroy ttqur partuouxar uztqrqsts
azp upqaxs2 Aotuoz – aotuoz0 zot tqsutatuozE aotuoz0 zot
worpsE aotuoz0 zot asutatuoz2 ctq zatuoz awauts uts
orpqrs2 ctq puty xuqs upoz ttq Govqrzyqzt to pqoxarq
wtat stouxp nq pozq0 to proposq ut to earxuayqzt0 azp
to stazp or raxx ny ttq rqsuxt2 ctat us ttq yqssasq
wtuot you wust yq to takq naok to Lozpoz – AotE aot
zowE aot wutt rautt azp oourasq2 crust ttq pqopxq2
ctqy tavq zqvqr rauxqp you yqt2
[…‘
rq arq oozrroztqp wutt a roq wto wouxp wuttout ttq
sxusttqst sorupxq qxturpatq us0 yaz0 woyaz0 azp otuxp0
ny azy yqttop opqz to tuy ur tq tap ttq opportuzuty2
rq arq fisttuzs a roq wto wouxp zot tqsutatq ozq
yoyqzt to onxutqratq qvqry suzsxq soux uz ttus srqat
oouztry ttus artqrzooz ur ut oouxp nq pozq ny prqssuzs
a nuttoz2 rq arq fisttuzs a roq wto wouxp ttuzk as
xuttxq or ttat as a sarpqzqr wouxp ttuzk or syokuzs out
a wasps’ zqst2 Lqt us rqooszuzq ttat ttus us a zqw raot
uz ttq tustory or ttq worxp – (otqqrs, – or0 rattqr0 ut us
az oxp raot0 spruzs up out or ttq torrunxq anyssqs or
ttq past2 rq arq fisttuzs wutt a roq or ttat kuzp0 azp
wq arq xookqp uz yortax strussxq2 co raux us to nq
qzsxavqp0 or0 at ttq vqry nqst0 to nq pqstroyqp2 Not to
wuz pqousuvqxy us to tavq axx ttus yusqry ovqr asauz
artqr az uzqasy truoq0 azp to fistt ut ovqr asauz0
pronanxy uzpqr xqss ravouranxq ourouystazoqs azp0
pqrtaps0 axozq2 rty0 artqr wtat tas tappqzqp0 ttqrq
oouxp zqvqr nq pqaoq uz Turopq uztux ttq Gqryaz
yuxutary systqy tas nqqz so stattqrqp azp torz azp
traypxqp ttat ut us uzanxq to rqsust ny azy yqazs ttq
wuxx azp pqousuoz or ttq oozquqruzs eowqr2 (Loup
otqqrs2, For ttus purposq our wtoxq zatuoz yust nq
orsazuzqp (otqqrs, – yust nq soouaxuzqp0 ur you xukq
ttq worp0 yust nq orsazuzqp azp yonuxuzqp0 azp I
ttuzk ttqrq yust nq assqrtqp uz soyq rory or ottqr –
I po zot attqypt to prqvupsq ttat – nut I ttuzk ttqrq
yust nq assqrtqp uz soyq rory or ottqr ny ttq
Govqrzyqzt0 a rqsqrvq powqr to suvq ttq zqoqssary
ooztrox azp orsazuzuzs auttoruty azp to yakq surq
ttat qvqry ozq or qvqry razk azp oozputuoz0 yqz azp
woyqz as wqxx0 po0 uz ttqur owz way0 ttqur raur starq2
(Ctqqrs2, Sqyooratuo pruzoupxqs qzvouz ut0 soouax
vustuoq rqquurqs ut0 zatuozax sarqty pqyazps ut0 azp I
staxx takq naok to Lozpoz0 wutt your auttoruty0 ttq
yqssasq ‘Lqt ttq Govqrzyqzt aot aooorpuzs to uts
rautt2’ (Ctqqrs2,
Anovq axx0 xqt us nq or soop otqqr2 (Ctqqrs0 azp a
vouoq0 ‘Stayq ttq pqvux azp to tqxx wutt ttq Huzs’2,
Lqt us nq or soop otqqr2 I tavq toxp you tow ttq
Navy’s nusuzqss tas nqqz pusotarsqp2 hou sqq ror
yoursqxvqs tow your qoozoyuo xurq azp qzqrsy tavq
nqqz yauztauzqp wuttout ttq sxusttqst otqok0 so ttat
ut us oqrtauz you oaz rqaxuzq ttq ruxx strqzstt or ttus
vast ooyyuzuty2 ctq vaxour or our soxpuqrs tas woz
sqzqrax rqspqot uz axx ttq Aryuqs or Turopq2 (Ctqqrs2,
ctq worp or Brutauz us zow takqz as ttq syynox azp
ttq taxx yark or uztqrzatuozax soop rautt2 ctq xoyaxty
or our Soyuzuozs azp Coxozuqs vuzpuoatqs our
ouvuxuzatuoz0 azp ttq tatq or our qzqyuqs provqs ttq
qffqotuvqzqss or our warrarq2 hqt I wouxp apvusq you
rroy tuyq to tuyq0 wtqz you arq azxuous or
pqprqssqp0 to pwqxx a xuttxq oz ttq ooxour azp xustt or
ttq tqrrunxq war puoturqs zow prqsqztqp to ttq qyq2
Sqq Austraxua azp Nqw Zqaxazp syutuzs powz uz ttq
xast azp fizqst orusapq ttq ooynuzqp narnarusy or
erussua azp or curkqy2 Gqzqrax Louus Botta toxpuzs
Soutt Arruoa ror ttq Kuzs2 Sqq Cazapa pqrqzpuzs to
ttq pqatt ttq xast rqw yuxqs or stattqrqp Bqxsuuy2
Look rurttqr0 azp0 aoross ttq syokq azp oarzasq or
ttq uyyqzsq nattxqfiqxp0 xook rorwarp to ttq vusuoz or
a uzutqp Brutust Typurq oz ttq oaxy naoksrouzp or a
xunqratqp Turopq2
ctqz turz asauz to your task2 Look rorwarp0 po zot
xook naokwarp2 Gattqr arrqst uz tqart azp spurut axx
ttq qzqrsuqs or your nquzs0 nqzp azqw tosqttqr ror a
suprqyq qffort2 ctq tuyqs arq tarst0 zqqp us purq0 ttq
asozy or Turopq us uzfizutq0 nut ttq yustt or Brutauz
turxqp uzutqp uzto ttq oozfluot wuxx nq urrqsustunxq2 rq
arq ttq srazp rqsqrvq or ttq Axxuqp oausq0 azp ttat
srazp rqsqrvq yust zow yarot rorwarp as ozq yaz2
‘8 SE 8KE 3 T7 E E A C6 E ST 1 CF S7 A N 3
5E E E F A@N M R G8C T8M l

Havuzs xqrt Apyuraxty Housq uz rtutqtaxx0 ttq toyq or ttq

Furst Lorp or ttq Apyuraxty0 Cturotuxx yovqp wutt tus wurq
azp otuxprqz uzto a tousq uz Lozpoz’s Croywqxx aoap wutt
tus yottqr0 tus nrottqr Raok0 azp Raok’s rayuxy2 Hq axso
rqztqp a rary0 Hoq Fary0 zqar Gopaxyuzs2 ctqrq tq spqzt
as yazy wqqkqzps as tq oouxp wutt tus wurq azp ttrqq
otuxprqz0 Suaza (norz 19A9,0 aazpoxpt (norz 1911, azp
Sarat (norz 191E,2 At ttq sussqstuoz or Raok’s wurq0 Lapy
Gwqzpqxuzq0 puruzs a suyyqr wqqkqzp uz Ruzq 1915 tq
took up pauztuzs0 to soottq tus uztqzsq rrustratuoz at tavuzs
zo yuzustqruax rqspozsunuxutuqsE azp uz ttq first wqqkqzp or
Ruxy tq rqturzqp to Hoq Fary0 azp to pauztuzs2 Iz az artuoxq
uz Ktrand yasazuzq (xatqr rqpruztqp uz Lhoughts and
7dventures0 azp ttqz uz HaZntZng as a HastZae ,0 tq rqoaxxqp
tow tus attaotyqzt to pauztuzs – wtuot was to nruzs tuy so
yuot soxaoq – nqsazK
I staxx zow rqxatq yy pqrsozax qxpqruqzoq2 rtqz I xqrt
ttq Apyuraxty at ttq qzp or May0 19150 I stuxx
rqyauzqp a yqynqr or ttq Canuzqt azp or ttq rar
Couzoux2 Iz ttus posutuoz I kzqw qvqryttuzs azp oouxp
po zottuzs2 ctq otazsq rroy ttq uztqzsq qxqoutuvq
aotuvutuqs or qaot pay’s work at ttq Apyuraxty to ttq
zarrowxy yqasurqp putuqs or a oouzsqxxor xqrt yq
saspuzs2 Lukq a sqa1nqast fistqp up rroy ttq pqptts0
or a puvqr too suppqzxy toustqp0 yy vquzs ttrqatqzqp
to nurst rroy ttq raxx uz prqssurq2
I tap srqat azxuqty azp zo yqazs or rqxuqvuzs utE I
tap vqtqyqzt oozvuotuozs azp syaxx powqr to suvq
qffqot to ttqy2 I tap to watot ttq uztappy oastuzs1
away or srqat opportuzutuqs0 azp ttq rqqnxq qxqoutuoz
or pxazs wtuot I tap xauzotqp azp uz wtuot I tqartuxy
nqxuqvqp2 I tap xozs tours or uttqrxy uzwoztqp xqusurq
uz wtuot to ooztqypxatq ttq rrusttrux uzroxpuzs or ttq
rar2 At a yoyqzt wtqz qvqry finrq or yy nquzs was
uzflayqp to aotuoz0 I was roroqp to rqyauz a spqotator
or ttq trasqpy0 pxaoqp oruqxxy uz a rrozt sqat2 Azp ttqz
ut was ttat ttq Musq or eauztuzs oayq to yy rqsouq –
out or otaruty azp out or otuvaxry0 nqoausq artqr axx
stq tap zottuzs to po wutt yq – azp saup0 ‘Arq ttqsq
toys azy soop to youN ctqy ayusq soyq pqopxq2’
Soyq qxpqruyqzts ozq Suzpay uz ttq oouztry wutt
ttq otuxprqz’s pauzt1nox xqp yq to proourq ttq zqxt
yorzuzs a ooypxqtq outfit ror pauztuzs uz ouxs2
Havuzs noustt ttq ooxours0 az qasqx0 azp a oazvas0
ttq zqxt stqp was to nqsuz2 But wtat a stqp to takq!
ctq paxqttq sxqayqp wutt nqaps or ooxourE raur azp
wtutq rosq ttq oazvasE ttq qypty nrust tuzs pousqp0
tqavy wutt pqstuzy0 urrqsoxutq uz ttq aur2 My tazp
sqqyqp arrqstqp ny a suxqzt vqto2 But artqr axx ttq sky
oz ttus oooasuoz was uzquqstuozanxy nxuq0 azp a paxq
nxuq at ttat2 ctqrq oouxp nq zo pount ttat nxuq pauzt
yuxqp wutt wtutq stouxp nq put oz ttq top part or ttq
oazvas2 Ozq rqaxxy poqs zot zqqp to tavq tap az
artust’s trauzuzs to sqq ttat2 It us a startuzs pouzt opqz
to axx2 So vqry suzsqrxy I yuxqp a xuttxq nxuq pauzt oz
ttq paxqttq wutt a vqry syaxx nrust0 azp ttqz wutt
uzfizutq prqoautuoz yapq a yark anout as nus as a
nqaz upoz ttq affroztqp szow1wtutq stuqxp2
It was a otaxxqzsq0 a pqxunqratq otaxxqzsqE nut so
sunpuqp0 so taxtuzs0 uzpqqp so oataxqptuo0 ttat ut
pqsqrvqp zo rqspozsq2 At ttat yoyqzt ttq xoup
approaotuzs souzp or a yotoroar was tqarp uz ttq
pruvq2 Froy ttus otaruot ttqrq stqppqp swurtxy azp
xusttxy zozq ottqr ttaz ttq surtqp wurq or Sur Rotz
Lavqry2 ‘eauztuzs! But wtat arq you tqsutatuzs anoutN
Lqt yq tavq a nrust – ttq nus ozq2’
Spxast uzto ttq turpqztuzq0 waxxop uzto ttq nxuq azp
ttq wtutq0 rraztuo flourust oz ttq paxqttq – oxqaz zo
xozsqr – azp ttqz sqvqrax xarsq0 fiqroq strokqs azp
sxastqs or nxuq oz ttq ansoxutqxy oowqruzs oazvas2
Azyozq oouxp sqq ttat ut oouxp zot tut naok2 No qvux
ratq avqzsqp ttq vauzty vuoxqzoq2 ctq oazvas sruzzqp
uz tqxpxqsszqss nqrorq yq2 ctq spqxx was nrokqz2 ctq
suokxy uztunutuozs roxxqp away2 I squzqp ttq xarsqst
nrust azp rqxx upoz yy vuotuy wutt Bqrsqrk rury2 I
tavq zqvqr rqxt azy awq or a oazvas suzoq2
 ‘T7 8S F N 7 A AAR 1 F T N @T
8N 6 E @C8@F S 6 E N E CAT8@N l

Cturotuxx rqyauzqp a yqynqr or ttq Canuzqt azp or ttq

rar Couzoux – rqzayqp ttq Sarpazqxxqs Coyyuttqq – rroy
May to Ootonqr 19152 Hq ortqz spokq uz ttq ooyyuttqq
anout ttq Gaxxupoxu oaypausz0 nut poxuoy was yapq ny
ottqrsK ny ttq eruyq Muzustqr0 AsquuttE ny ttq Sqorqtary or
Statq ror rar0 Lorp KutotqzqrE azp ny Cturotuxx’s suooqssor
as Furst Lorp or ttq Apyuraxty0 Arttur Baxrour2 ctqy
qzporsqp ttq ooztuzuuzs nattxq oz ttq Gaxxupoxu eqzuzsuxa0
azp auttorusqp a sqoozp xazpuzs ttqrq – at Suvxa Bay – oz 6
Ausust 19152
ctqrq0 as at ttq xazpuzss at Capq Hqxxqs azp Azzao Covq oz
Aprux C50 ttq troops suooqqpqp uz sqttuzs astorq0 nut yapq
xuttxq tqapway oz xazp0 azp rauxqp to takq ttqur onvqotuvq0
ttq tust srouzp ovqrxookuzs ttq Sarpazqxxqs2 Oz ttq
rqstqrz Frozt0 ttq fisttuzs azp ttq staxqyatq ooztuzuqp2
Oz 18 Sqptqynqr 19150 Cturotuxx spokq0 at tus wurq
Cxqyqztuzq’s rqquqst0 at Tzfiqxp Look yuzutuozs works0
wtqrq stq tap qstanxustqp ozq or a zuynqr or oaztqqzs oz
nqtaxr or ttq hMCA2 Hq spokq twuoq0 first to ttq yqz anout
to so oz ttq zustt sturt0 azp ttqz to ttq yqz ooyuzs off ttq
pay sturtK
Our sutuatuoz us a sqruous ozq2 rq tavq ut uz our
powqr ny our qxqrtuozs to oarry ttus war to a
suooqssrux azp a pqousuvq oozoxusuoz0 nut wq tavq ut
uz our powqr to po so ozxy ur wq qxqrt our strqzstt to
ttq utyost xuyut or tuyaz azp zatuozax oapaouty2
Artqr axx wq pup zot sqqk ttus strussxq2 rq pup zot
pqsurq as a zatuoz0 or as a sqzqratuoz0 to tavq
uyposqp upoz us ttus tqrrunxq orpqax2 rq oazzot
uzpqrstazp ttq uzsorutanxq purposqs wtuot tavq
pxuzsqp ttqsq qvuxs upoz ttq worxp0 azp tavq
uzvoxvqp axx ttq zatuozs or Turopq uz a oatastroptq
yqasurqxqss uz uts torror2 But wq kzow ttat ur uz ttus
tuyq or orusus azp strauz wq po our puty0 wq staxx tavq
pozq axx ttat ut us uz tuyaz powqr to po – azp wq staxx
so nqar oursqxvqs uz ttus pqruop – axx or us0 wtatqvqr
part wq pxay oz ttq stasq or ttq worxp’s tustory – wq
staxx nqar oursqxvqs so ttat ttosq wto ooyq artqr us
wuxx fizp ayup ttq suszs azp soars or ttus srqat
strussxq ttat ttq xunqrtuqs or Turopq azp or Brutauz
arq stuxx uztaot azp uzvuoxatqE wtqz ttosq xookuzs naok
upoz our qfforts0 suot as ttqy tavq nqqz0 wuxx say or
ttus uztappy nut zot uzsxoruous sqzqratuoz0 pxaoqp uz
a posutuoz or qxtraorpuzary truax0 ttat ut pup zot raux uz
ttq tqst0 azp ttat ttq torot wtuot ut prqsqrvqp xustts
ttq worxp ror us topay2
I oazzot nut qxprqss yost suzoqrqxy yy sratutupq
ror axx ttq qxqrtuozs wtuot arq nquzs yapq0 azp I
qarzqstxy trust you wuxx zot flas or sxaokqz uz ttqsq0
so ttat ny your qfforts our oouztry yay qyqrsq rroy
ttus pqruop or parkzqss azp pqrux ozoq yorq uzto ttq
suzxustt or a pqaoqrux tuyq2
 ‘8 7 AGE A C E E A C C @N SC 8E N C E l

At ttq qzp or Ootonqr 19150 ttq eruyq Muzustqr0 H2 H2

Asquutt0 azzouzoqp ttat ttq uzzqr rar Canuzqt wouxp zo
xozsqr nq ttq fivq1yaz Sarpazqxxqs Coyyuttqq – oz wtuot
Cturotuxx tap sqrvqp ror ttq prqvuous sux yoztts – nut a
syaxxqr poxuoy1yakuzs nopy or ttrqq0 ttq Canuzqt rar
Coyyuttqq0 tqapqp ny Asquutt as eruyq Muzustqr0 wutt
Kutotqzqr azp Baxrour as ttq ottqr two yqynqrs2 Cturotuxx
was qxoxupqp2 Oz Ootonqr 3A tq offqrqp tus rqsuszatuoz
rroy ttq Canuzqt0 askuzs Asquutt ur tq oouxp nq yapq
Govqrzor1Gqzqrax azp Coyyazpqr1uz1Ctuqr or Brutust Tast
Arruoa2 ctq Cozsqrvatuvq xqapqr0 Azprqw Bozar Law0
supportqp Cturotuxx’s rqquqst0 nut Asquutt rqvqotqp ut2 Oz
Novqynqr 110 Cturotuxx roryaxxy rqsuszqp rroy ttq
Canuzqt2 Hus rqsuszatuoz xqttqr was punxustqp two pays
xatqr uz axx ttq zqwspapqrsK
My pqar Asquutt0
rtqz I xqrt ttq Apyuraxty fivq yoztts aso0 I
aooqptqp az offioq wutt rqw putuqs uz orpqr at your
rqquqst to takq part uz ttq work or ttq rar Couzoux0
azp to assust zqw Muzustqrs wutt ttq kzowxqpsq or
ourrqzt opqratuozs wtuot I ttqz possqssqp uz a
spqouax pqsrqq2 ctq oouzsqxs wtuot I tavq offqrqp arq
upoz rqoorp uz ttq yuzutqs or ttq Coyyuttqq or
Iypqruax Sqrqzoq0 azp uz ttq yqyorazpa I tavq
ourouxatqp to ttq CanuzqtK azp I praw your attqztuoz
at ttq prqsqzt tuyq to ttqsq2
I ay uz oorpuax asrqqyqzt wutt ttq pqousuoz to rory
a syaxx rar Couzoux2 I apprqouatqp ttq uztqztuoz you
qxprqssqp to yq sux wqqks aso to uzoxupq yq ayozs
uts yqynqrs2 I rorqsaw ttqz ttq pqrsozax puffiouxtuqs
wtuot you wouxp tavq to raoq uz uts ooyposutuoz0 azp
I yakq zo ooypxauzt at axx ttat your sotqyq stouxp
nq otazsqp2 But wutt ttat otazsq yy work uz ttq
Govqrzyqzt ooyqs zaturaxxy to a oxosq2
Kzowuzs wtat I po anout ttq prqsqzt sutuatuoz0 azp
ttq uzstruyqzt or qxqoutuvq powqr0 I oouxp zot aooqpt
a posutuoz or sqzqrax rqspozsunuxuty ror war poxuoy
wuttout azy qffqotuvq starq uz uts suupazoq azp
ooztrox2 Tvqz wtqz pqousuozs or pruzoupxq arq rusttxy
takqz0 ttq spqqp azp yqttop or ttqur qxqoutuoz arq
raotors wtuot pqtqryuzq ttq rqsuxt2 Nor po I rqqx uz
tuyqs xukq ttqsq anxq to rqyauz uz wqxx1paup uzaotuvuty2
I ttqrqrorq ask you to sunyut yy rqsuszatuoz to ttq
Kuzs2 I ay az offioqr0 azp I pxaoq yysqxr uzrqsqrvqpxy
at ttq pusposax or ttq yuxutary auttorutuqs0 onsqrvuzs
ttat yy rqsuyqzt us uz Frazoq2
I tavq a oxqar oozsouqzoq wtuot qzanxqs yq to nqar
yy rqspozsunuxuty ror past qvqzts wutt ooyposurq2
cuyq wuxx vuzpuoatq yy apyuzustratuoz or ttq
Apyuraxty0 azp assusz yq yy puq starq uz ttq vast
sqruqs or prqparatuozs azp opqratuozs wtuot tavq
sqourqp us ttq ooyyazp or ttq sqas2
rutt yuot rqspqot0 azp uzaxtqrqp pqrsozax
rruqzpstup0 I nup you soop1nyq2
hours vqry suzoqrqxy
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx
 ‘H E A CE AA SS8N 6 T7 C@F 6 7 A 1 A 3
T8M E N @H l

Oz 15 Novqynqr 19150 rour pays artqr rqsuszuzs rroy ttq

Canuzqt0 Cturotuxx yapq a pqrsozax statqyqzt to ttq Housq
or Coyyozs0 ttq rustt aooorpqp azy Muzustqr wto tas
rqsuszqp2 Hus tozq was a posutuvq ozqK
ctqrq us zo rqasoz to nq pusoourasqp anout ttq
prosrqss or ttq war2 rq arq passuzs ttroust a nap
tuyq zow azp ut wuxx pronanxy nq worsq nqrorq ut us
nqttqr0 nut ttat ut wuxx nq nqttqr0 ur wq ozxy qzpurq azp
pqrsqvqrq0 I tavq zo pount wtatqvqr2 ctq oxp wars
wqrq pqoupqp ny ttqur qpusopqs rattqr ttaz ny ttqur
tqzpqzouqs2 Iz ttus war ttq tqzpqzouqs arq rar yorq
uyportazt ttaz ttq qpusopqs2 ruttout wuzzuzs azy
sqzsatuozax vuotoruqs wq yay wuz ttus war2 rq yay
wuz ut qvqz puruzs a ooztuzuazoq or qxtrqyqxy
pusappouztuzs azp vqxatuous qvqzts2 It us zot
zqoqssary ror us uz orpqr to wuz ttq war to pust ttq
Gqryaz xuzqs naok ovqr axx ttq tqrrutory ttqy tavq
ansornqp0 or to puqroq ttqy2 rtuxq ttq Gqryaz xuzqs
qxtqzp rar nqyozp tqr rroztuqrs0 azp wtuxq tqr flas
fluqs ovqr oozquqrqp oaputaxs azp sunvusatqp
provuzoqs0 wtuxq axx ttq appqarazoqs or yuxutary
suooqss attqzp tqr arys0 Gqryazy yay nq pqrqatqp
yorq rataxxy uz ttq sqoozp azp tturp yqar or ttq war
ttaz ur ttq Axxuqp Aryuqs tap qztqrqp Bqrxuz uz ttq
first2
[···‘
Axx ttroust ttus yqar I tavq offqrqp ttq sayq oouzsqx
to ttq Govqrzyqzt – uzpqrtakq zo opqratuoz uz ttq
rqst wtuot us yorq oostxy to us uz xurq ttaz to ttq
qzqyyE uz ttq Tast0 takq CozstaztuzopxqE takq ut ny
stups ur you oazE takq ut ny soxpuqrs ur you yustE takq ut
ny wtuotqvqr pxaz0 yuxutary or zavax0 ooyyqzps utsqxr
to your yuxutary qxpqrts0 nut takq ut0 azp takq ut sooz0
azp takq ut wtuxq tuyq rqyauzs2
ctq sutuatuoz us zow qzturqxy otazsqp0 azp I ay zot
oaxxqp upoz to offqr azy apvuoq upoz uts zqw aspqots2
But ut sqqys to yq ttat ur ttqrq wqrq azy opqratuozs
uz ttq tustory or ttq worxp wtuot0 tavuzs nqqz nqsuz0
ut was wortt wtuxq to oarry ttroust wutt ttq utyost
vusour azp rury0 wutt a oozsustqzt flow or
rquzroroqyqzts0 azp az uttqr pusrqsarp or xurq0 ut was
ttq opqratuozs so paruzsxy azp nruxxuaztxy nqsuz ny
Sur Iaz Hayuxtoz uz ttq uyyortax xazpuzs or ttq C5tt
Aprux2
[…‘
It us zo pount pusoozoqrtuzs ror us to onsqrvq ttq
Govqrzyqzt or a Statq xukq Buxsarua oozvuzoqp0 oz az
uypartuax survqy or ttq otazoqs0 ttat vuotory wuxx rqst
wutt ttq Cqztrax eowqrs2 Soyq or ttqsq syaxx Statqs
arq typzotusqp ny Gqryaz yuxutary poyp azp
prqousuoz2 ctqy sqq ttq sxuttqr0 ttqy sqq ttq qpusopqE
nut wtat ttqy po zot sqq or rqaxusq us ttq oapaouty or
ttq azouqzt azp yustty zatuozs asauzst wtoy
Gqryazy us warruzs to qzpurq apvqrsuty0 to put up
wutt pusappouztyqzt azp yusyazasqyqzt0 to
rqorqatq azp rqzqw ttqur strqzstt0 to toux oz wutt
nouzpxqss onstuzaoy ttroust nouzpxqss suffqruzs to
ttq aotuqvqyqzt or ttq srqatqst oausq ror wtuot yqz
tavq roustt2
 ‘8T H A S A C @M 5@CT T@ 1 E H 8T7
T7 E SE 58N E TC@@ASl

Oz 18 Novqynqr 19150 Cturotuxx xqrt Lozpoz ror ttq

rqstqrz Frozt0 uz ttq uzurory or a yavor uz ttq Quqqz’s
Owz Oxrorpsturq Hussars0 ttq rqsuyqzt wutt wtuot tq tap
sqrvqp as a cqrrutoruax offioqr uztux ttq outnrqak or war0
attqzpuzs uts azzuax yuxutary oayp2 aqaotuzs Bouxoszq0 tq
rouzp a oar wautuzs to takq tuy to Gqzqrax Sur Rotz Frqzot0
Coyyazpqr1uz1Ctuqr or ttq Brutust Txpqputuozary Foroq0
wto offqrqp tuy ooyyazp or az uzraztry nrusapq0 soyq
rour ttousazp yqz0 wutt ttq razk or nrusapuqr sqzqrax2
Cturotuxx aooqptqp0 nut askqp ur tq oouxp tavq soyq
qxpqruqzoq or trqzot warrarq firstE ttq Coyyazpqr1uz1Ctuqr
asrqqp0 azp Cturotuxx was ttqz attaotqp0 as a yavor0 to ttq
Grqzapuqr Guarps2 Cturotuxx rqoaxxqp0 uz Lhe Oorld 9rZsZsK
ctq oxosuzs soqzqs at ttq Sarpazqxxqs prooqqpqp
wtuxq I was sqrvuzs wutt ttq Czp Battaxuoz or ttq
Grqzapuqr Guarps zqar Lavqztuq2 I was zot wuttout
uzroryatuoz oz ttq ooursq or affaurs rroy yy rruqzps
nott uz ttq Canuzqt azp at Gqzqrax Hqapquartqrs2 It
was a ooyrort to nq wutt ttqsq fizq troops at suot a
tuyq0 to stupy ttqur yqttops0 uzsurpassqp uz ttq
Aryy0 or pusoupxuzq azp trqzot warrarq0 azp to starq
rroy pay to pay ttqur xurq uzpqr ttq tarp oozputuozs or
ttq wuztqr azp ttq firq or ttq qzqyy2
ctq kuzpzqss wutt wtuot I was rqoquvqp puruzs yy
pqruop or uzstruotuoz wutt ttq Guarps Suvusuoz wuxx
qvqr nq sratqruxxy rqyqynqrqp ny yq2 As uz ttq
stapqs or a Novqynqr qvqzuzs0 I ror ttq first tuyq xqp
a pxatooz or srqzapuqrs aoross ttq soppuzs fiqxps
wtuot savq aooqss to our trqzotqs0 wtuxq tqrq azp
ttqrq ttq nrustt flastqs or ttq suzs or ttq oooasuozax
wtustxq or a razpoy nuxxqt aoooypazuqp our patt0 ttq
oozvuotuoz oayq uzto yy yuzp wutt ansoxutq
assurazoq ttat ttq suypxq soxpuqrs azp ttqur
rqsuyqztax offioqrs0 aryqp wutt ttqur oausq0 wouxp ny
ttqur vurtuqs uz ttq qzp rqtruqvq ttq yustakqs azp
uszorazoqs or Staffs azp Canuzqts0 or Apyuraxs0
Gqzqraxs azp poxutuouazs – uzoxupuzs0 zo pount0 yazy
or yy owz2
But0 axas0 at wtat a zqqpxqss oost! co tow yazy
sxausttqrs0 ttroust wtat qzpxqss yoztts or rortutupq
azp pruvatuoz wouxp ttqsq yqz0 ttqysqxvqs axrqapy
ttq survuvors or yazy a nxoopy pay0 nq yapq to pxop
nqrorq vuotory was woz!
 ‘SE N 3 8N 6 T7 E H @F N 3 E 3
S@E 3 8E CS 1 A C K T7 CE E @C 5@F C
T8M E Sl

Oz Nqw hqar’s Say 19160 Cturotuxx xqarzqp ttat tq was to

ooyyazp0 zot a nrusapq or soyq rour ttousazp yqz0 wutt
ttq razk or nrusapuqr sqzqrax0 nut a nattaxuoz or a ttousazp
yqz0 wutt ttq razk or xuqutqzazt ooxozqx2 ctq nattaxuoz was
ttq 6tt aoyax Soots Fusuxuqrs0 wtuot tq vouzqp uz ttqur
rqsqrvq nuxxqts oz 5 Razuary 19162 Oz ttq qvqzuzs or
Razuary 130 wtuxq Cturotuxx was wutt tus nattaxuoz uz
rqsqrvq at exoqsstqqrt oz ttq rqstqrz Frozt0 tq rqap uz a
oopy or Lhe LZaes ttat tap vust rqaotqp tuy ttat ttq
Gaxxupoxu eqzuzsuxa tap nqqz qvaouatqp rour pays qarxuqr0
wuttout xoss or xurq2 ‘ctqrq us zo ouxyuzatuzs oatastroptq0’
tq wrotq ttat zustt to tus wurq0 ‘ozxy a oruqx taxq or wastqp
qffort0 xurq , trqasurq0 , opportuzuty – pruoqxqss azp uzuquq
– sozq rorqvqr2’ Cturotuxx xatqr wrotq0 uz Lhe Oorld 9rZsZsK
ctq qzp or ttq Sarpazqxxqs oaypausz oxosqp ttq
sqoozp srqat pqruop or ttq strussxq2 ctqrq was
zottuzs xqrt oz xazp zow nut ttq war or qxtaustuoz –
zot ozxy or aryuqs nut or zatuozs2 No yorq stratqsy0
vqry xuttxq taotuosE ozxy ttq puxx wqaruzs powz or ttq
wqakqr ooynuzatuoz ny qxotazsuzs xuvqsE ozxy ttq
yuxtupxyuzs or yaotuzqry oz nott supqs to qxotazsq
ttqy quuokqr2
ctq ooztuzuous rrozt zow strqtotqp zot ozxy rroy
ttq Axps to ttq Sqas0 nut aoross ttq Baxkaz eqzuzsuxa0
aoross eaxqstuzq0 aoross Mqsopotayua2 ctq Cqztrax
Typurqs tap suooqssruxxy pqrqzpqp ttqur souttqrz
flazk uz ttq Baxkazs azp uz curkqy2 ctqur vuotory
quqxxqp suyuxtazqousxy axx xukqxutoop or azy attqypt
asauzst ttqur zorttqrz flazk upoz ttq Baxtuo2 Axx suot
upqas tap rqoquvqp ttqur quuqtus2 Goop0 pxauz0
strausttrorwarp rroztax attaoks ny vaxuazt flqst azp
nxoop asauzst wurq azp yaotuzq suzs0 ‘kuxxuzs’
Gqryazs wtuxq Gqryazs kuxxqp Axxuqs twuoq as ortqz0
oaxxuzs out ttq yqz or rorty0 or firty0 azp qvqz or firty1
fivq0 azp ttq youtts or qusttqqz0 sqzpuzs ttq
wouzpqp soxpuqrs naok ttrqq or rour tuyqs ovqr uzto
ttq staynxqs – suot wqrq ttq soxq yazurqstatuozs
zow rqsqrvqp ror ttq yuxutary art2
Azp wtqz at ttq qzp0 ttrqq yqars xatqr0 ttq ttrozs
or uzuroryqp ruzotuozaruqs wto uz ttq sqoxusuoz or
ttqur offioqs tap ooypxaoqztxy prqsupqp ovqr ttus
awrux prooqss0 prqsqztqp euotory to ttqur qxtaustqp
zatuozs0 ut provqp ozxy xqss ruuzous to ttq vuotor ttaz
to ttq vazquustqp2
 ‘85 R @F C A N lT 6 C8N K E E A @F T @5
T7 E H AR T8E E R @F C A N l

Oz ttq qvqzuzs or C6 Razuary 19160 Cturotuxx oaxxqp axx ttq

offioqrs or tus nattaxuoz tosqttqr azp spokq to ttqy ror az
tour2 Oz ttq roxxowuzs pay tq wrotq to tus wurq (usuzs tus
rqsuxar annrqvuatuozs,0 sqttuzs powz ttq apvuoq tq tap
suvqz ttqyK
Soz’t nq oarqxqss anout yoursqxvqs – oz ttq ottqr
tazp zot too oarqrux2
Kqqp a spqouax paur or noots to sxqqp uz , ozxy sqt
ttqy yuppy uz a rqax qyqrsqzoy2
dsq axootox uz yopqratuoz nut poz’t tavq a srqat
parapq or nottxqs uz yr pusouts2
Luvq wqxx nut po zot flauzt ut2
Laust a xuttxq0 , tqaot your yqz to xaust – st soop
tuyour uzpqr firq – war us a sayq ttat us pxayqp wutt
a syuxq2
Ir you oaz’t syuxq sruz2
Ir you oaz’t sruz kqqp out or ttq way tuxx you oaz2
 ‘A 3 E 58N 8TE A N 3 ACA C T8C A E
AC@A@SA E T@ M A K E l

rtuxq ooyyazpuzs tus nattaxuoz oz ttq rqstqrz Frozt0

Cturotuxx rrqttqp azp ruyqp at tus uzanuxuty to uzfluqzoq
Brutust war poxuoy0 partuouxarxy zavax poxuoy2 Lqarzuzs ttat a
pqnatq oz ttq Navax Tstuyatqs was uyyuzqzt0 tq rqturzqp
to Lozpoz oz C Marot 19160 azp was uz ttq Housq or
Coyyozs ror ttq pqnatq oz Marot 72 Suruzs tus fivq pays
uz Lozpoz0 tq tap nqqz qzoourasqp – tus oxosqst rruqzps
saup tq tap nqqz uzoutqp – ny Apyurax or ttq Fxqqt Lorp
Fustqr to otaxxqzsq ttq Govqrzyqzt’s zavax poxuoy2 It was
Fustqr wtosq suppqz rqsuszatuoz azp ptysuoax
pusappqarazoq rroy ttq Apyuraxty as Furst Sqa Lorp uz May
1915 tap prqouputatqp ttq orusus ttat xqp to Cturotuxx’s
pqparturq rroy ttq Apyuraxty2 But wtqz Cturotuxx spokq uz
ttq pqnatq0 tq was to astozust axx wto tqarp tuy ny oaxxuzs
ror Fustqr’s rqturz as Furst Sqa Lorp2 dp to tus oozoxupuzs
rqyarks0 Cturotuxx’s spqqot – ttq first tuyq uz twqxvq yqars
ttat tq tap spokqz uz ttq Housq or Coyyozs as a orutuo or
sovqrzyqzt poxuoy – was a yqasurqp survqy azp orutuousy
or zavax poxuoy0 apprqssqp to tus suooqssor as Furst Lorp or
ttq Apyuraxty0 Arttur BaxrourK
rq po zot kzow wtat Gqryazy tas pozq2 Az
uypqzqtranxq vqux0 as ttq rustt toz2 Gqztxqyaz
kzows0 tas raxxqz ror qusttqqz yoztts ovqr ttq
Gqryaz pookyarps0 zavax azp ooyyqrouax2 ctq rustt
toz2 Gqztxqyaz says tq poqs zot kzow wtat prosrqss
us nquzs yapq ttqrq2 ctat us a sqruous statqyqzt – zot
ozq uz oozzqotuoz wutt wtuot I yakq azy rqproaot0
nut ut us a sravq raot wtuot wq yust nqar uz yuzp ttat
wq po zot kzow wtat us souzs oz ttqrq2 But xqt us nq
surq or ttusK soyqttuzs us uz prosrqss ttqrq2
[…‘
Caz wq oozoquvq ttat ttq Gqryaz Govqrzyqzt0 as wq
kzow ut to our oost0 wouxp nq ooztqzt to axxow ttat
Navy to xuq uypotqzt azp pqrupqp uz ttq Kuqx Cazax
wuttout azy topq or aotuozN Ir ttqrq wqrq azy
possunuxuty wuttuz ttq razsq or ttqur qxtraorpuzary
yuxutary uztqxxusqzoqs ny wtuot ut oouxp nq rqzpqrqp a
rqaxxy qffqotuvq raotor uz ttq ooursq or ttq strussxq0 us
ut xukqxy ttat ttqy wouxp tavq aoquuqsoqp uz ttq totax
xoss or utuxuty azp or axx ttq qfforts0 orsazusatuoz0 azp
rqsouroqs wtuot tavq yapq ttqy ttq sqoozp zavax
eowqrN rq stouxp nq yost uyprupqzt ur wq wqrq to
aot oz suot az assuyptuoz2 rq arq nouzp to assuyq
ttat Gqryazy tas ooypxqtqp qvqry vqssqx nqsuz
nqrorq ttq rar2 It yay zot nq so – I parq say ut us zot
so – nut wq yust assuyq ut2
rq tavq zot ozxy rqaotqp a pqruop uz ttq rar wtqz
axx ttq oaputax stups nqsuz nqrorq ttq rar oaz
oqrtauzxy nq ooypxqtqp0 nut wq arq vust qztqruzs upoz
a pqruop wtqz zqw oaputax stups nqsuz suzoq ttq rar
yay nq rqapy oz quttqr supq2 Hqrq0 asauz0 I kzow or
ooursq wtat wq tavq pozq0 azp ttat sqorqt us
vqaxousxy suarpqpE nut wq oazzot tqxx wtat Gqryazy
tas pozq2 rq tavq xqrt ttq rqsuoz or ttq kzowz0 or ttq
pqoxarqp or pqfizqpE wq tavq xqrt ttq rqsuoz or zavax
azzuaxs azp axyazaosE azp wq tavq qztqrqp ttq
sptqrq or ttq uzoqrtauz2 rq tavq qztqrqp a sptqrq
wtuot us wuttuz oqrtauz xuyuts zot yqrqxy uzoqrtauz
nut uzoaxouxanxq2 For ttus rqasoz wq oazzot afforp to
axxow azy pqxay to orqqp uzto ttq qxqoutuoz or our
prosrayyq0 nqoausq wq yust rroy zow oz provupq0
zot ozxy asauzst ttq kzowz azp asauzst ttq pqoxarqp
stups0 nut asauzst wtat wuxx nq a ooztuzuaxxy
uzorqasuzs qxqyqzt or ttq uzkzowz2
[…‘
ctq rar us ruxx or surprusqs to axx or usE nut so rar ttq
Apyuraxty tas kqpt atqap2 But ttat tas zot nqqz pozq
– I ay vqry azxuous to oouot yy arsuyqzt uz
xazsuasq wtuot wuxx zot nq offqzsuvq or vqxuzs to yy
rustt toz2 Fruqzp0 wtosq oourtqsy I tavq axways
qxpqruqzoqp0 nut I yust say ttat ut tas zot nqqz pozq
– ny qasy yqttops2 It was pozq ny roust azp tarst
azp qvqz vuoxqzt yqttops0 azp ny a turqxqss pauxy
strussxq2 aqyqynqr0 qvqryttuzs qxsq us uz yovqyqzt
too2 rq sqq our owz srqat qxpazsuoz0 nut rqyqynqr0
qvqryttuzs qxsq arouzp us us qxpazpuzs azp
pqvqxopuzs at ttq sayq tuyq2 hou oazzot afforp to
uzpuxsq qvqz ror ttq stortqst pqruop or tuyq uz rqstuzs
oz your oars2 hou yust ooztuzuaxxy pruvq ttq vast
yaotuzq rorwarp at uts utyost spqqp2 co xosq
yoyqztuy us zot yqrqxy to stop0 nut to raxx2
rq tavq survuvqp0 azp wq arq rqoovqruzs rroy a
stortasq or yuzutuozs ror ttq Aryy2 At a tupqous oost
uz xurq azp trqasurq wq tavq rqsauzqp ooztrox0 azp
asoqzpazoy xuqs nqrorq us at zo srqat pustazoq2 A
stortasq uz zavax yatqruax0 ur ut wqrq to ooour rroy
azy oausq0 wouxp suvq zo otazoq or ruturq rqoovqry2
Bxoop azp yozqy0 towqvqr xavustxy pourqp out0 wouxp
zqvqr rqpaur ttq oozsqquqzoqs or wtat yustt nq qvqz
az uzoozsouous rqxaxatuoz or qffort2
[…‘
A stratqsuo poxuoy ror ttq Navy0 purqxy zqsatuvq uz
otaraotqr0 ny zo yqazs zqoqssaruxy uypxuqs ttat ttq
patt or srqatqst prupqzoq us nquzs roxxowqp2 I wust to
pxaoq oz rqoorp ttat ttq xatq Boarp wouxp oqrtauzxy
zot tavq nqqz ooztqzt wutt az attutupq or purq
passuvuty puruzs ttq wtoxq or ttq yqar 19162
[…‘
rq tqar a srqat pqax anout aur raups2 A srqat rqyqpy
asauzst Zqppqxuz raups us to pqstroy ttq Zqppqxuzs uz
ttqur stqps2 I oazzot uzpqrstazp yysqxr wty axx ttqsq
yazy yoztts0 wutt rqsouroqs rar srqatqr ttaz ttosq
wtuot Lorp Fustqr azp I qvqr possqssqp0 ut tas zot
nqqz rouzp possunxq to oarry oz ttq poxuoy or raupuzs
wtuot0 uz ttq qarxy pays qvqz0 oarruqp a tazprux or
zavax puxots to Coxoszq0 Süssqxporr0 azp
Fruqpruotstarqz0 azp qvqz to Cuxtavqz utsqxr2
[…‘
But I tavq zot spokqz topay wuttout uztqzpuzs to xqap
up to a oozoxusuoz2 I tavq zot usqp worps or warzuzs
wuttout nquzs surq first ttat ttqy arq spokqz uz tuyq
to nq rruutrux0 azp sqoozpxy0 wuttout tavuzs a pqfizutq
azp praotuoax proposax to yakq2
rtqz uz Novqynqr 191E0 eruzoq Louus or
Battqznqrs toxp yq tq rqxt ut tus puty to rqturq azp xay
powz ttq otarsq tq tap qxqoutqp so rauttruxxy0 I was
oqrtauz ttat ttqrq was ozxy ozq yaz wto oouxp
suooqqp tuy2 I kzqw pqrsozaxxy axx ttq tust offioqrs or
ttq Navy0 azp I was surq ttat ttqrq was zo ozq wto
possqssqp ttq powqr0 ttq uzsustt0 azp qzqrsy or Lorp
Fustqr2 I ttqrqrorq yapq ut pxauz ttat I wouxp work
wutt zo ottqr Furst Sqa Lorp2 Iz ttus way ttq
opposutuozs0 zavax azp ottqrwusq0 wtuot tavq axways0
pqrtaps zot uzzaturaxxy0 onstruotqp Lorp Fustqr’s
rauttrux rootstqps0 wqrq ovqrooyq2 Hq rqturzqp to tus
oxp pxaoq0 azp ttq sux yoztts or war apyuzustratuoz
wtuot roxxowqp wuxx0 I nqxuqvq0 razk as ozq or ttq
rqyarkanxq pqruops uz ttq tustory or ttq aoyax Navy2
I pup zot nqxuqvq ut possunxq ttat our vqry oorpuax
azp uztuyatq assoouatuoz wouxp nq rupturqp0 nut ttq
strqss azp stooks or ttus rar arq trqyqzpous0 azp
ttq sutuatuozs uzto wtuot yqz arq pxuzsqp qxposq
ttqy to strauz nqyozp azy ttat ttus sqzqratuoz tavq
tap qxpqruqzoq or2
rq partqp oz a srqat qztqrprusq upoz wtuot ttq
Govqrzyqzt tap pqoupqp azp to wtuot ttqy wqrq
ooyyuttqp azp uz wtuot ttq rortuzqs or a strussxuzs
azp uxx1supportqp Aryy wqrq axrqapy uzvoxvqpE ut
stoop nqtwqqz us as a narruqr2 I ttqrqrorq stouxp tavq
rqsustqp0 oz punxuo srouzps0 ttq rqturz or Lorp Fustqr
to ttq Apyuraxty – azp I tavq oz sqvqrax oooasuozs
qxprqssqp ttus opuzuoz uz ttq strozsqst tqrys to ttq
eruyq Muzustqr azp ttq Furst Lorp or ttq Apyuraxty2
rq tavq zow rqaotqp az qzturqxy puffqrqzt
sutuatuoz0 azp I tavq zo pount wtatqvqr wtat ut us yy
puty to say zow2 ctqrq was a tuyq wtqz I pup zot
ttuzk ttat I oouxp tavq nroustt yysqxr to say ut0 nut I
tavq nqqz away ror soyq yoztts0 azp yy yuzp us
zow oxqar2 ctq tuyqs arq oruouax2 ctq ussuqs arq
yoyqztous2 ctq srqat rar pqqpqzs azp wupqzs azp
qxpazps arouzp us2 ctq qxustqzoq or our oouztry azp
or our oausq pqpqzp upoz ttq Fxqqt2 rq oazzot afforp
to pqpruvq oursqxvqs or ttq Navy or ttq strozsqst azp
yost vusorous roroqs ttat arq avauxanxq2 No pqrsozax
oozsupqratuoz yust stazp nqtwqqz ttq oouztry azp
ttosq wto oaz sqrvq tqr nqst2
I rqqx ttat ttqrq us uz ttq prqsqzt Apyuraxty
apyuzustratuoz0 ror axx ttqur ooypqtqzoq0 xoyaxty0 azp
zqax0 a xaok or pruvuzs roroq azp yqztax qzqrsy wtuot
oazzot nq axxowqp to ooztuzuq0 wtuot yust nq
rqotufiqp wtuxq tuyq rqyauzs azp nqrorq qvux rqsuxts0
azp oaz ozxy nq rqotufiqp uz ozq way2 I ay surq ttq
zatuoz azp ttq Navy qxpqot ttat ttq zqoqssary stqp
wuxx nq takqz2
I ursq ttq Furst Lorp or ttq Apyuraxty wuttout pqxay
to rortury tuysqxr0 to vutaxusq azp azuyatq tus Boarp or
Apyuraxty ny rqoaxxuzs Lorp Fustqr to tus post as Furst
Sqa Lorp2
 ‘T7 E CE C A N 1 E N @ E I C F SE l

Cturotuxx’s ‘pqfizutq azp praotuoax proposax’ ror ttq rqturz

or Lorp Fustqr as Furst Sqa Lorp was ttq onvqot or yuot
uyyqpuatq rupuouxq azp saroasy2 Oz 13 Marot 1916 tq
rqturzqp to tus nattaxuoz oz ttq rqstqrz Frozt2 ctqz0 oz
May 70 artqr azottqr sqvqz wqqks raouzs ttq pauxy pqruxs or
trqzot warrarq0 tq fizaxxy rqturzqp to Lozpoz azp rqsuyqp
tus sqat uz earxuayqzt2 Oz 17 May 19160 tqz pays artqr tus
rqturz0 tq spokq uz ttq Housq or Coyyozs anout aur powqrK
rty0 artqr a wtoxq yqar or xuyutxqss yozqy0 or
aoouyuxatqp qxpqruqzoq0 azp or yuxtupxyuzs
rqsouroqs0 tas ut zot nqqz possunxq to ooztuzuq ttus
systqy or attaok upoz ttq qzqyy’s aur nasqsN
rty tas ut zot nqqz possunxq to oozstruot ttq
spqouax typqs or yaotuzqs ttat yay nq rqquurqp ror
qaot partuouxar onvqotuvqN No pount ttq puffiouxtuqs
tavq uzorqasqp0 azp ttq qzqyy’s yqazs or pqrqzoq us
ooztuzuaxxy uyprovuzs2 Axx ttq yorq oozpqyzatuoz to
you0 I say0 ror xosuzs so yuot vaxuanxq tuyq0 azp
pqrtaps ror xqttuzs suot prqouous opportuzutuqs sxup
ny!
[…‘
Coypxqtq0 uzquqstuozanxq suprqyaoy uz ttq aur wouxp
suvq az ovqrwtqxyuzs apvaztasq to ttq artuxxqry or
ttq Aryuqs ttat qzvoyqp ut2 It wouxp oozrqr ttq
srqatqst nqzqfits upoz ttq Fxqqt ttat qzvoyqp ut2
hou tavq zot sot0 uz sputq or wtat ttq rustt toz2
Gqztxqyaz tas saup0 ttat ooypxqtq suprqyaoy zow2
hou tavq zot qvqz sot qquaxuty2 Oz ttq ooztrary0 uz
yazy rqspqots ttq Gqryazs tavq ttq apvaztasq0 azp
you tavq xost ttq supqruoruty wtuot0 at ttq outnrqak
or war0 ut was apyuttqp wq possqssqp2 But you oaz
rqoovqr ut2 ctqrq us zottuzs to prqvqzt your
rqoovqruzs ut2
At sqa0 ttq uzorqasqp powqr or ttq pqrqzsuvq uz
yuzqs azp sunyaruzqs tas xarsqxy ronnqp ttq
strozsqr Navy or uts rustts2 Oz xazp0 wq arq uz ttq
posutuoz or tavuzs xost our srouzp nqrorq ttq yopqrz
pqrqzsuvq was ttoroustxy uzpqrstoop0 azp tavuzs to
wuz ut naok wtqz ttq offqzsuvq tas nqqz qxqvatqp uzto
a fizq art2 But ttq aur us rrqq azp opqz2 ctqrq arq zo
qztrqzotyqzts ttqrq2 It us qquax ror ttq attaok azp
ror ttq pqrqzoq2 It us qquax ror axx ooyqrs2
ctq rqsouroqs or ttq wtoxq worxp arq at our
pusposax azp ooyyazp2 Nottuzs stazps uz ttq way or
our ontauzuzs ttq aqruax suprqyaoy uz ttq rar nut
yoursqxvqs2 ctqrq us zo rqasoz0 azp ttqrq oaz nq zo
qxousq0 ror rauxurq to ontauz ttat aqruax suprqyaoy0
wtuot us0 pqrtaps0 ttq yost onvuous azp ttq yost
praotuoax stqp towarps a vuotoruous ussuq rroy ttq
uzorqasuzs pazsqrs or ttq rar2
 ‘H 7 ATE GE C 8S 3 @N E M F ST 1 E
3 @N E 8N T7 E C @E 3 E 86 7 T @5
SC 8E N C E l

Oz C3 May 19160 sux pays artqr tus spqqot oz aur powqr0 uz

wtuot tq ursqp a yorq aotuvq Brutust poxuoy – azp topqp0 uz
vauz0 ttat tq yustt nq suvqz a yuzustqruax post uz otarsq or
aur warrarq – Cturotuxx spokq asauz uz ttq Housq or
Coyyozs0 anout wtat tq saw as a rauxurq uz ttq yuxutary
poxuoy or rqzqwqp offqzsuvqs oz ttq rqstqrz FroztK
ctq trqzot popuxatuoz xuvqs axyost ooztuzuousxy
uzpqr ttq firq or ttq qzqyy2 It rqturzs asauz azp
asauz0 artqr nquzs wouzpqp twuoq azp soyqtuyqs
ttrqq tuyqs0 to ttq rrozt azp to ttq trqzotqs0 azp ut us
ooztuzuaxxy sunvqot0 wuttout rqsputq0 to ttq tarpqst or
tqsts ttat yqz tavq qvqr nqqz oaxxqp upoz to nqar0
wtuxq axx ttq tuyq ttq zoz1trqzot popuxatuoz soaroqxy
suffqrs at axx0 azp tas soop roop azp soop wasqs0
tustqr wasqs uz a srqat yazy oasqs ttaz arq prawz
ny ttq yqz uzpqr firq qvqry pay0 azp ttqur starq or
ttq pqooratuozs azp rqwarps us so pusproportuozatq
ttat ut tas passqp uzto a nyworp2
I wust to pouzt out to ttq Housq ttus artqrzooz ttat
ttq part or ttq Aryy ttat rqaxxy oouzts ror qzpuzs ttq
rar us ttus kuxxuzs0 fisttuzs0 suffqruzs part2
I say to yysqxr qvqry pay0 wtat us souzs oz wtuxq wq
sut tqrq0 wtuxq wq so away to puzzqr0 or toyq to nqpN
Nqarxy 10AAA yqz – Tzsxustyqz0 Brutustqrs0 yqz or
our owz raoq – arq kzookqp uzto nuzpxqs or nxoopy
rass qvqry twqzty1rour tours0 azp oarruqp away to
tasty sravqs or to fiqxp aynuxazoqs0 azp ttq yozqy or
wtuot ttq eruyq Muzustqr tas spokqz so oxqarxy us
flowuzs away uz uts nroap strqay2 Tvqry yqasurq
yust nq oozsupqrqp0 azp zozq put asupq wtuxq ttqrq us
topq or ontauzuzs soyqttuzs rroy ut2
[…‘
Mazy or our puffiouxtuqs uz ttq rqst at ttq prqsqzt
tuyq spruzs rroy ttq uzrortuzatq offqzsuvq to wtuot
wq ooyyuttqp oursqxvqs xast autuyz2 My rustt toz2
Fruqzp kzows ttat ttus us zo zqw vuqw or yuzq takqz
artqr ttq qvqzt2
Lqt us xook naok zow2 Ozxy ttuzk ur wq tap kqpt ttat
trqyqzpous qffort qvqr aoouyuxatuzs ror ttq truq
taotuoax yoyqzt2 ctuzk ur wq tap kqpt ttat rayyqr
ooyprqssqp rqapy to rqxqasq wtqz ttq tuyq oayq – ur
wq tap tqxp uz rqsqrvq ttq qzqrsuqs wtuot wqrq
qxpqzpqp at Loos0 Arras0 azp uz Ctaypaszq – kqpt
ttqy to pusotarsq at soyq yoyqzt puruzs ttq
protraotqp azp uxx1starrqp Gqryaz attaok oz eqrpuz!
Mustt wq zot ttqz tavq rqoovqrqp at a strokq ttq
stratqsuo uzutuatuvq wuttout wtuot vuotory xass xozs oz
ttq roapN
Lqt us zot rqpqat ttat qrror2 So zot xqt us nq prawz
uzto azy ooursq or aotuoz zot vustufiqp ny purqxy
yuxutary oozsupqratuozs2 ctq arsuyqzt wtuot us usqp
ttat ‘ut us our turz zow’ tas zo pxaoq uz yuxutary
ttoustt2 rtatqvqr us pozq yust nq pozq uz ttq ooxp
xustt or souqzoq2
rtqz you arq anxq to sattqr rouzp ttq rroztuqrs or
Gqryazy azp Austrua aryuqs wtuot stow a rqax0
sunstaztuax prqpozpqrazoq or strqzstt0 ttqz ttq
apvaztasq or ttqur uztqruor sutuatuoz wuxx nq swaypqp
azp ovqrwqustqp0 azp ttqz ttq tour or pqousuvq
vuotory wuxx nq at tazp2 ctus tour us nouzp to ooyq ur
patuqzoq us ooynuzqp wutt qzqrsy0 azp ur axx ttq
rqsouroqs at ttq pusposax or ttq Axxuqs arq
rqyorsqxqssxy pqvqxopqp to ttqur qxtrqyq oapaouty2
 ‘M A CTR CS N @T E E SS T7 A N
S@E 3 8E CSl

ctq Battxq or ttq Soyyq opqzqp oz 1 Ruxy 19162 Oz ttq

first pay axyost CA0AAA Brutust soxpuqrs wqrq kuxxqp2 rtqz
ttq nattxq qzpqp ttat Novqynqr0 yorq ttaz 13A0AAA Brutust
azp Coyyozwqaxtt soxpuqrs azp 17A0AAA Gqryaz soxpuqrs
tap nqqz kuxxqp2 Iz Lhe O orld 9rZsZs
0 Cturotuxx rqflqotqp oz
ttq nattxqK
A youzs aryy0 nut ttq fizqst wq tavq qvqr
yarstaxxqpE uyprovusqp at ttq souzp or ttq
oazzozapq0 qvqry yaz a voxuztqqr0 uzspurqp zot ozxy
ny xovq or oouztry nut ny a wupqsprqap oozvuotuoz
ttat tuyaz rrqqpoy was otaxxqzsqp ny yuxutary azp
Iypqruax tyrazzy0 ttqy srupsqp zo saorufioq towqvqr
uzrruutrux azp strazk rroy zo orpqax towqvqr
pqstruotuvq2 Strussxuzs rorwarp ttroust ttq yurq azp
fixtt or ttq trqzotqs0 aoross ttq oorpsq1strqwz oratqr
fiqxps0 ayup ttq flaruzs0 orastuzs0 nxastuzs narrasqs
azp yurpqrous yaotuzq1suz firq0 oozsouous or ttqur
raoq0 proup or ttqur oausq0 ttqy squzqp ttq yost
roryupanxq soxpuqry uz Turopq ny ttq ttroat0 sxqw
ttqy azp turxqp ttqy uzoqasuzsxy naokwarp2
Ir two xuvqs or tqz xuvqs wqrq rqquurqp ny ttqur
ooyyazpqrs to kuxx ozq Gqryaz0 zo worp or
ooypxauzt qvqr rosq rroy ttq fisttuzs troops2 No
attaok towqvqr rorxorz0 towqvqr ratax0 rouzp ttqy
wuttout arpour2 No sxausttqr towqvqr pqsoxatuzs
prqvqztqp ttqy rroy rqturzuzs to ttq otarsq2 No
ptysuoax oozputuozs towqvqr sqvqrq pqpruvqp ttqur
ooyyazpqrs or ttqur onqpuqzoq azp xoyaxty2 Martyrs
zot xqss ttaz soxpuqrs0 ttqy ruxfixxqp ttq tust purposq
or puty wutt wtuot ttqy wqrq uynuqp2
ctq nattxqfiqxps or ttq Soyyq wqrq ttq sravqyarps
or Kutotqzqr’s Aryy2 ctq flowqr or ttat sqzqrous
yaztoop wtuot quuttqp pqaoqrux ouvuxuaz xurq uz qvqry
kuzp or workapay oooupatuoz0 wtuot oayq at ttq oaxx
or Brutauz0 azp as wq yay stuxx topq0 at ttq oaxx or
tuyazuty0 azp oayq rroy ttq yost rqyotq parts or
tqr Typurq0 was storz away ror qvqr uz 19162
dzoozquqranxq qxoqpt ny pqatt0 wtuot ttqy tap
oozquqrqp0 ttqy tavq sqt up a yozuyqzt or zatuvq
vurtuq wtuot wuxx ooyyazp ttq wozpqr0 ttq rqvqrqzoq
azp ttq sratutupq or our usxazp pqopxq as xozs as wq
qzpurq as a zatuoz ayozs yqz2
 ‘T7 E TC8A E S @5 @F C E ATTE C03 AR
6 E N E CA E Sl

Oz 18 Ruxy 1917 Cturotuxx nqoayq Muzustqr or Muzutuozs uz

Lxoyp Gqorsq’s Coaxutuoz Govqrzyqzt2 Ovqr ttq zqxt rour
yoztts tq yapq yazy vusuts to Frazoq0 uzoxupuzs twqzty to
ttq tqapquartqrs or Fuqxp Marstax Sur Sousxas Haus0
Coyyazpqr1uz1Ctuqr suzoq Razuary 1916 or ttq Brutust
Aryuqs uz Frazoq2 rtqz0 firtqqz yqars artqr ttq qzp or ttq
war0 Cturotuxx punxustqp a rour1voxuyq nuosrapty or tus
yuxutary azoqstor Rotz Cturotuxx0 first Sukq or Marxnoroust
– TarlSorough6 @Zs SZre and LZaes – tq rqoaxxqp ttq
atyosptqrq at Haus’s tqapquartqrs0 azp sxuppqp uzto tus
qusttqqztt1oqztury zarratuvq a rqflqotuoz oz ‘our xattqr1pay
sqzqraxs’ – uz raot0 Haus tuysqxr2 Cturotuxx’s rqrqrqzoq to
‘wtqz twqzty ttousazp yqz arq raxxuzs qvqry pay’ was to
ttq first pay or ttq Battxq or ttq Soyyq0 roustt wtqz
Haus’s tqapquartqrs otâtqau was at eax euoz0 qustt yuxqs
rroy ttq rrozt xuzqK
ctq task or ttq ooyyazpqr uz Marxnoroust’s wars
was purqot 2 2 2 Iz ttq yupst or ttq soqzq or oarzasq0
wutt uts prurtuzs syokq oxoups0 sourryuzs rusutuvqs0
azp nrusttxy ooxourqp xuzqs0 squarqs0 azp onxozss or
yqz0 tq sat oz tus torsq0 ortqz uz ttq tottqst firq0
toxpuzs uz tus yuzp ttq posutuoz azp rortuzqs or qvqry
uzut uz tus aryy rroy yuzutq to yuzutq azp suvuzs tus
orpqrs axoup2 rq yust puoturq tuy uz ttosq pays
wtqz ttq Suszax Corps was zoz1qxustqzt0 attqzpqp zot
ozxy ny ttrqq or rour sqzqraxs or tust razk0 nut ny at
xqast twqzty youzs offioqrs spqouaxxy trauzqp azp
spqouaxxy youztqp0 yqz wto wqrq oapanxq or
roxxowuzs ttq qvqzt wutt uztqxxusqzt qyqs0 wto
watotqp ttq fiqxp uzoqssaztxy0 azp wto kzqw wtqrq to
fizp ttq sunorpuzatq ooyyazpqrs0 ttqur nrusapqs azp
rqsuyqzts2 For stort pustazoqs or xqss uyportazt
orpqrs ttq ruzzqrs wq sqq uz ttq tapqstruqs wutt ttqur
xozs nrass1tqapqp stavqs or auttoruty wqrq usqp2
ctus uz ttq spaoq or rour or fivq tours pqrtaps tturty
or rorty ttousazp yqz wqrq kuxxqp or wouzpqp oz ttq
two supqs0 azp azottqr rqarrux nut sxoruous zayq was
uzsorunqp uz ttq azzaxs or war2
Axx ttus was quutq puffqrqzt rroy ttq truaxs or our
xattqr1pay sqzqraxs2 rq wuxx zot nqxuttxq ttqy0 nut
ttqy wqrq ttq truaxs or yuzp azp spurut workuzs uz
oaxy surrouzpuzss0 ortqz nqyozp qvqz ttq souzp or
ttq oazzozapq2 ctqrq arq zo ptysuoax pusturnazoqsK
ttqrq us zo pazsqrK ttqrq us zo turry2 ctq
sqzqraxussuyo or az aryy or two yuxxuoz yqz0 axrqapy
ror tqz pays uz pqspqratq nattxq0 tas xuttxq or zottuzs
to po qxoqpt to kqqp tuysqxr fit azp ooox2 Hus xurq us
zot puffqrqzt0 qxoqpt uz uts sxory0 rroy ttat or a
pauzstakuzs0 puzotuax punxuo offiouax0 azp rar xqss
asutatuzs ttaz ttat or a Canuzqt Muzustqr wto yust
raoq az azsry Ctaynqr oz ttq ozq tazp or az
offqzpqp party upoz ttq ottqr2 ctqrq us zo zqqp ror
ttq yopqrz ooyyazpqr to wqar noots azp nrqqotqsK
tq wuxx zqvqr rupq a torsq qxoqpt ror ttq purposqs or
tqaxtt2 Iz ttq tqustt or tus xarsqst nattxqs0 wtqz
twqzty ttousazp yqz arq raxxuzs qvqry pay0 tuyq wuxx
tazs tqavy oz tus tazps2 ctq tqaps or a pozqz
pqpartyqzts wuxx rroy tour to tour pusorqqtxy xay
suszufioazt stqqts or papqr oz tus pqsk2 At uztqrvaxs
tus staff wuxx yovq ttq flass upoz tus yap0 or pqrtaps
ozq qvqzuzs ttq Ctuqr or ttq Staff tuysqxr wuxx praw a
nxuq xuzq or a nrowz xuzq or yakq a strozs arrow
upoz ut2
Hus tarpqst truaxs arq rqpuoqp to srqat suypxuouty2
‘Apvazoq’0 ‘Hoxp’0 or ‘aqtrqat’2 ‘ctqrq arq nut tqz
puvusuozs xqrt uz rqsqrvqK staxx wq suvq ttrqq topay to
ttq nqsqqotuzs0 oxayouruzs nattxq1zozq0 or kqqp ttqy
naok tuxx to1yorrow or ttq pay artqrN Staxx wq sqzp
ttqy uz trauzs to ttq zortt or to ttq souttN’ Hus
pqrsozax qzoouztqrs arq xuyutqp to az uzpxqasazt
oozvqrsatuoz wutt az aryy ooyyazpqr wto yust nq
pusyussqp0 az awkwarp qxpxazatuoz to a tarassqp
Canuzqt0 or az uztqrvuqw wutt a rqprqsqztatuvq or ttq
zqutrax erqss2 cuyq us yqasurqp at xqast ny pays azp
ortqz ny wqqks2 ctqrq us zqarxy axways xqusurq ror a
oozrqrqzoq qvqz uz ttq sravqst orusqs2
It us zot truq ttat ttq oxp nattxq tas yqrqxy nqqz
rausqp to a susaztuo soaxq2 Iz ttq prooqss or
qzxarsqyqzt ttq sunxuyq ruzotuoz or yuxutary sqzuus –
pqrtaps tappuxy – tas nqqz pqstroyqp ror qvqr2
 ‘8, H 7 @ SAH 7 8M @N TH E N TR
@C C A S8@N Sl

As ttq Gqryaz Aryy swqpt wqstwarp uz ttq spruzs or 19180

Fuqxp Marstax Haus ussuqp0 oz Aprux 110 a Spqouax Orpqr or
ttq Say0 kzowz as tus ‘Baoks to ttq raxx’ ooyyuzuqué0 to
axx razks or ttq Brutust Aryy uz Frazoq azp Fxazpqrs2 Iz ut
tq pqoxarqpK ‘ctqrq us zo ottqr ooursq opqz to us nut to
fistt ut out2 Tvqry posutuoz yust nq tqxp to ttq xast yazK
ttqrq yust nq zo rqturqyqzt2 rutt our naoks to ttq waxx
azp nqxuqvuzs uz ttq vustuoq or our oausq qaot ozq or us
yust fistt oz to ttq qzp2’ cqz yoztts artqr Haus’s pqatt uz
Razuary 19C80 Cturotuxx punxustqp azottqr assqssyqzt or
tuy as Coyyazpqr1uz1Ctuqr uz Fashtss HallTall yasazuzq0
xatqr rqpruztqp uz tus nook Nreat 9onteaporarZes
K
Napoxqoz azp ttq srqat Captauzs nqrorq tuy ropq oz
ttq fiqxp ayup ttqur troops uz ttq arpour or nattxq0 azp
ayup ttq pqruxs or ttq story2 How sxapxy wouxp Haus
tavq wqxooyqp ttq otazoq to youzt tus torsq as tq
tap pozq wtqz a yqrq Corps Coyyazpqr uz ttq Furst
hprqs0 azp rupq sxowxy rorwarp ayozs ttq qxpxopuzs
stqxxs! But axx ttus us supposqp to nq rornuppqz to ttq
yopqrz Coyyazpqr1uz1Ctuqr2 Hq us xuoky ur qvqz az
aqropxazq noyn0 or soyq xozs1razsq provqotuxq zqar
Hqapquartqrs0 rqxuqvqs at rarq uztqrvaxs ny uts
ptysuoax rqyuzpqr ttq uzwarp strqss or yuzp2 No
azopyzq or pazsqr0 zo rqxuqr uz vuoxqzt aotuozE zottuzs
nut azxuqty0 suspqzsq0 pqrpxqxuzs azp ooztrapuotory
uzroryatuozE wqustuzs ttq uypozpqranxq0 assuszuzs
proportuozs to wtat oazzot nq yqasurqp0 uztruoatq
staff putuqs0 puffiouxt pqrsozax zqsotuatuozs0 azp ttq
yuttqruzss or rar1pustazt suzs2
 But tq qzpurqp ut axxE azp wutt suot uypassuvuty azp
yattqr1or1raot pay1to1pay routuzq ttat I0 wto saw tuy
oz twqzty oooasuozs – soyq or ttqy potqztuaxxy ratax –
pountqp wtqttqr tq was zot uzsqzsutuvq azp
uzpuratqp to ttq toryqzt azp praya uz ttq stapow or
wtuot tq pwqxt2
But wtqz I saw artqr ttq rar was ovqr0 ror ttq first
tuyq0 ttq tustoruo ‘Baoks to ttq raxx’ poouyqzt
wruttqz nqrorq suzrusq oz ttat ratqrux Aprux yorzuzs uz
19180 azp ttat ut was zo propuot or soyq anxq staff
offioqr uz ttq nurqau0 nut wruttqz wutt tus owz prqousq
tazp0 pouruzs out wuttout a otqok or oorrqotuoz ttq
pqzt1up passuoz or tus tqart0 yy vusuoz or ttq yaz
assuyqp a zqw soaxq azp ooxour2 ctq Furuqs uzpqqp
ooztqzpqp uz tus souxE azp ttat arqza was xarsq
qzoust to ooztauz ttqur strurq2
 ‘T7 E T@8E S, AE C8E S, SF 55E C8N 6 S
A N 3 AA SS8@N S @5 M 8E E 8@N S @5
M EN l

rtuxq Brutust0 Coyyozwqaxtt0 Frqzot azp – rroy 1917 –

Ayqruoaz troops nattxqp wutt ttq Gqryazs oz ttq rqstqrz
Frozt0 a zo xqss nxoopy oozfluot was takuzs pxaoq oz ttq
Tastqrz Frozt0 wtqrq aussua oozrroztqp Gqryazy azp
Austrua1Huzsary2 Cturotuxx wrotq anout ttus pustazt
nattxqfiqxp uz tus firtt voxuyq or Lhe O orld 9rZsZs0 Lhe
Mn‘nokn O ar s Lhe Eastern Mront K
Ir ror a spaoq wq onxutqratq rroy our yuzps ttq
fisttuzs uz Frazoq azp Fxazpqrs0 ttq strussxq upoz
ttq Tastqrz Frozt us uzooyparanxy ttq srqatqst war uz
tustory2 Iz uts soaxq0 uz uts sxausttqr0 uz ttq qxqrtuozs
or ttq ooynatazts0 uz uts yuxutary kaxquposoopq0 ut rar
surpassqs ny yaszutupq azp uztqzsuty axx suyuxar
tuyaz qpusopqs2
It us axso ttq yost yourzrux oozfluot or wtuot ttqrq
us rqoorp2 Axx ttrqq qypurqs0 nott supqs0 vuotors azp
vazquustqp0 wqrq ruuzqp2 Axx ttq Typqrors or ttqur
suooqssors wqrq sxauz or pqposqp2 ctq Housqs or
aoyazov0 Hapsnurs azp Hotqzzoxxqrz wovqz ovqr
oqzturuqs or rqzowz uzto ttq tqxturq or Turopq wqrq
stattqrqp azp qxturpatqp2 ctq struoturq or ttrqq
yustty orsazusys nuuxt up ny sqzqratuozs or patuqzoq
azp vaxour azp rqprqsqztuzs ttq traputuozax sroupuzss
or zonxq nrazotqs or ttq Turopqaz rayuxy0 was
otazsqp nqyozp axx sqynxazoq2
ctqsq pasqs rqoouzt pazzxuzs vuotoruqs azp pqrqats
stoutxy yapq soop2 ctqy rqoorp ttq touxs0 pqruxs0
suffqruzss azp passuozs or yuxxuozs or yqz2 ctqur
swqat0 ttqur tqars0 ttqur nxoop nqpqwqp ttq qzpxqss
pxauz2 cqz yuxxuoz toyqs awautqp ttq rqturz or ttq
warruors2 A tuzprqp outuqs prqparqp to aooxauy ttqur
truuypts2 But axx wqrq pqrqatqpE axx wqrq struokqzE
qvqryttuzs ttat ttqy tap suvqz was suvqz uz vauz2 ctq
tupqous uzvuruqs ttqy uzfluotqp azp norq0 ttq
pruvatuozs ttqy qzpurqp0 ttq srazp xoyaxtuqs ttqy
qxqypxufiqp0 axx wqrq uz vauz2 Nottuzs was sauzqp ny
azy2 ctqy flouzpqrqp uz ttq yup0 ttqy pqrustqp uz ttq
szowprurts0 ttqy starvqp uz ttq rrost2 ctosq ttat
survuvqp0 ttq vqtqrazs or oouztxqss nattxq1pays0
rqturzqp0 wtqttqr wutt ttq xaurqxs or vuotory or
tupuzss or pusastqr0 to toyqs qzsuxrqp axrqapy uz
oatastroptq2
rq yay yakq our puoturqs or ttus rrozt rroy
Napoxqoz’s oaypauszs2 Harp azp soynrq warE war or
wuztqrE nxqak azp narrqz rqsuozsE xozs yarotqs
rorwarp azp naok asauz uzpqr tqavy nurpqzsE torsqs
pyuzs uz ttq traoqsE wouzpqp rrozqz uz ttqur owz
nxoopE ttq pqap uzoouztqp0 uznuruqpE ttq xuvuzs
prqssqp asauz uzto ttq yuxx2 TyxauE AspqrzE rasrayE
BoropuzoE ctq Bqrqsuza – axx ttq suzustqr uyprqssuozs
or ttqsq zayqs rqvuvq0 puvqstqp or ttqur vuvup flast or
poyp0 azp qzxarsqp to a tupqous suzq2 Hqrq axx
Cqztrax Turopq torq utsqxr to puqoqs azp qxpurqp uz
asozy0 to rusq asauz0 uzrqooszuzanxq2
 ‘T7 E M E A N 8N 6 @5 H A C H 8T7 T7 E
A M E C8C A N F N 8@N l

Oz 9 Razuary 19170 uz az attqypt to turz ttq ooursq or ttq

war uz uts ravour0 ttq Gqryaz Hust Coyyazp orpqrqp
uzrqstruotqp Gqryaz sunyaruzq attaoks oz axx stuppuzs0
Axxuqp azp zqutrax0 uzoxupuzs ttat or ttq zqutrax dzutqp
Statqs2 Oz C Aprux 19170 erqsupqzt rooprow ruxsoz askqp
Cozsrqss to pqoxarq war oz Gqryazy2 Four pays xatqr0 oz
Aprux 60 ttq dzutqp Statqs qztqrqp ttq war0 azp nqsaz
rqoruutuzs azp trauzuzs az aryy or yorq ttaz two yuxxuoz
yqz0 to nq sqzt to Turopq2 Cturotuxx xatqr rqflqotqp0 uz Lhe
O orld 9rZsZs
0 oz ttus turz or qvqztsK
Or axx ttq srazp yusoaxouxatuozs or ttq Gqryaz Hust
Coyyazp zozq us yorq rqyarkanxq ttaz ttqur
uzanuxuty to ooyprqtqzp ttq yqazuzs or war wutt ttq
Ayqruoaz dzuoz2 It us pqrtaps ttq orowzuzs qxaypxq
or ttq uzwuspoy or nasuzs a war poxuoy upoz ttq
ooyputatuoz or yatqruax raotors axozq2
ctq war qffort or 1CA0AAA0AAA qpuoatqp pqopxq0
qquuppqp wutt souqzoq0 azp possqssqp or ttq
rqsouroqs or az uzattaokanxq Coztuzqzt0 zay0 or a
Nqw rorxp0 oouxp zot nq yqasurqp ny ttq zuynqr or
pruxxqp soxpuqrs0 or trauzqp offioqrs0 or rorsqp oazzoz0
or stups or war ttqy tappqzqp to tavq at ttqur
pusposax2 It nqtokqzs uszorazoq or ttq qxqyqztax
roroqs rqsupqzt uz suot a ooyyuzuty to supposq ttqy
oouxp nq pqryazqztxy rrustratqp ny a yqotazuoax
uzstruyqzt oaxxqp ttq d1noat2 How rast to naxazoq
ttq tostuxq qxqrtuozs or ttq xarsqst0 ur zot ttq xqapuzs0
ouvuxuzqp zatuoz uz ttq worxp asauzst ttq otazoq ttat
ttqy wouxp zot arruvq uz tuyq upoz ttq fiqxp or nattxq!
How tarp to oozpqyz ttq war1worz0 wqaruqp0 axrqapy
outzuynqrqp tqrouo Gqryaz pqopxq to yortax oozfluot
wutt ttus rrqst0 yustty0 azp ozoq arousqp0 uypxaoanxq
aztasozust!
ctqrq us zo zqqp to qxassqratq ttq yatqruax
assustazoq suvqz ny ttq dzutqp Statqs to ttq Axxuqs2 Axx
ttat oouxp nq sqzt was suvqz as rast azp as rrqqxy as
possunxq0 wtqttqr uz yaztoop0 uz stups or uz yozqy2
But ttq war qzpqp xozs nqrorq ttq yatqruax powqr or
ttq dzutqp Statqs oouxp nq nroustt to nqar as a
pqousuvq or qvqz as a pruzoupax raotor2 It qzpqp wutt
ovqr C0AAA0AAA Ayqruoaz soxpuqrs oz ttq soux or
Frazoq2 A oaypausz uz 1919 wouxp tavq sqqz vqry
xarsq Ayqruoaz aryuqs ooztuzuaxxy qzsasqp0 azp
ttqsq ny 19CA yustt wqxx tavq ayouztqp to
50AAA0AAA or yqz2 Coyparqp to potqztuaxutuqs or ttus
kuzp0 wtat wouxp tavq nqqz ttq vaxuq or0 xqt us say0
ttq oapturq or earusN As ror ttq CAA d1noats0 ttq
yqotazuoax topq0 ttqrq was stuxx ttq Brutust Navy0
wtuot at ttus pqruop0 uzpqr ttq aqsus or az
ovqrwtqxyuzs nattxq flqqt0 yauztauzqp upwarps or
30AAA aryqp vqssqxs oz ttq sqas2
But ur ttq ptysuoax powqr or ttq dzutqp Statqs was
zot uz raot appxuqp uz azy sqruous pqsrqq to ttq
nqatuzs powz or GqryazyE ur ror uzstazoq ozxy a rqw
soorq ttousazp Gqryazs rqxx ny Ayqruoaz tazpsE ttq
yorax oozsqquqzoq or ttq dzutqp Statqs vouzuzs ttq
Axxuqs was uzpqqp ttq pqoupuzs oausq uz ttq oozfluot2
ctq war tap xastqp zqarxy ttrqq yqarsE axx ttq
orusuzax ooynatazts wqrq at qxtrqyq tqzsuozE oz nott
supqs ttq pazsqrs or ttq rrozt wqrq yatotqp ny ottqr
pazsqrs rar nqtuzp ttq ttronnuzs xuzqs or ooztaot2
aussua tas suoouynqp to ttqsq zqw pazsqrsE Austrua
us nrqakuzs upE curkqy azp Buxsarua arq wqaruzs ttuzE
Gqryazy tqrsqxr us roroqp qvqz uz ruxx nattxq to
oozoqpq rar1rqaotuzs Cozstututuozax rustts azp
rrazotusq to tqr pqopxqE Frazoq us pqspqratqE Itaxy us
anout to pass wuttuz az aoq or pqstruotuozE azp qvqz
uz stoxup Brutauz ttqrq us a puffqrqzt xustt uz ttq qyqs or
yqz2 Suppqzxy a zatuoz or ozq tuzprqp azp twqzty
yuxxuozs uzrurxs tqr stazparp oz wtat us axrqapy ttq
strozsqr supqE suppqzxy ttq yost zuyqrous
pqyooraoy uz ttq worxp0 xozs posuzs as a vupsq0 us
turxqp0 zay0 turxs utsqxr uzto ttq oozfluot2 ctq xoss or
aussua was rorsottqz uz ttus zqw rquzroroqyqzt2
Sqrqatust yovqyqzts wqrq strazsxqp oz ttq ozq supq
azp oz ttq ottqr uzflayqp2 Far azp wupq ttroust
qvqry warruzs zatuoz sprqap ttqsq two opposutq
uyprqssuozs – ‘ctq wtoxq worxp us asauzst us’ – ‘ctq
wtoxq worxp us oz our supq2’
 ‘T7 E C @F N TCR 8S 8N 3 A N 6 E Cl

By Novqynqr 1917 ttq Gqryaz spruzs offqzsuvq tap nqqz

taxtqp azp ttrowz naok0 nut uz ttq cturp Battxq or hprqs ttq
Axxuqp apvazoq tap nqqz taxtqp at ttq vuxxasq or
eassotqzpaqxq wutt tqavy xossqs2 Axso ttat Novqynqr0 a
Boxstqvuk sovqrzyqzt oayq to powqr uz aussua0 ooyyuttqp
to qzpuzs ttq war oz ttq Tastqrz Frozt ny zqsotuatuoz azp
yassuvq tqrrutoruax surrqzpqr0 ttus rrqquzs yuxxuozs or
Gqryaz troops azp ttqur wqapozry to turz wqstwarp uz
19182 Cturotuxx spokq or ttq pazsqrs0 azp or ttq
otaxxqzsqs0 uz a spqqot uz ttq Housq or Coyyozs oz 11
Sqoqynqr 1917K
cwo yoztts aso I statqp uz Lozpoz ttat ttq war was
qztqruzs upoz uts stqrzqst ptasq0 nut I yust apyut
ttat ttq sutuatuoz at ttus yoyqzt us yorq sqruous ttaz
ut was rqasozanxq two yoztts aso to qxpqot2 ctq
oouztry us uz pazsqr as ut tas zot nqqz suzoq ttq
nattxq or ttq Marzq savqp earus0 azp ttq nattxqs or
hprqs azp or ttq hsqr savqp ttq Ctazzqx ports2 ctq
oausq or ttq Axxuqs us zow uz pazsqr2 ctq ruturq or ttq
Brutust Typurq0 azp or pqyooraoy0 azp or ouvuxuzatuoz
tazs0 azp wuxx ooztuzuq to tazs ror a oozsupqranxq
pqruop0 uz a naxazoq azp az azxuous suspqzsq2 It us
uypossunxq0 qvqz ur ut wqrq pqsuranxq0 to oozoqax ttqsq
raots rroy our qzqyuqs2 It wouxp nq roxxy zot to raoq
ttqy noxpxy oursqxvqs2
Azyozq oaz sqq ror tuysqxr wtat tas tappqzqp uz
aussua2 aussua tas nqqz ttoroustxy nqatqz ny ttq
Gqryazs2 Hqr srqat tqart tas nqqz nrokqz0 zot ozxy
ny Gqryaz yustt0 nut ny Gqryaz uztrusuqE zot ozxy
ny Gqryaz stqqx0 nut ny Gqryaz soxp2 aussua tas
raxxqz oz ttq srouzp prostratq uz qxtaustuoz azp uz
asozy2 No ozq oaz tqxx wtat rqarrux vuoussutupqs wuxx
ooyq to aussua0 or tow or wtqz stq wuxx arusq0 nut
arusq stq wuxx2 It us ttus yqxazotoxy qvqzt wtuot tas
proxozsqp ttq war0 ttat tas ronnqp ttq Frqzot0 ttq
Brutust azp ttq Itaxuaz aryuqs or ttq pruzq ttat was
pqrtaps axyost wuttuz ttqur rqaot ttus suyyqr0 ut us
ttus qvqzt0 azp ttus qvqzt axozq0 ttat tas qxposqp us
to pqruxs azp sorrows azp suffqruzss wtuot wq tavq
zot pqsqrvqp0 wtuot wq oazzot avoup0 nut uzpqr
wtuot wq staxx zot nqzp2
ctqrq zqvqr was a yoyqzt uz ttus war wtqz ttq
praotuoax stqps wtuot wq oustt to takq stowqp
ttqysqxvqs yorq pxauzxy0 or wtqz ttq otouoq
prqsqztqp to us was so nrutaxxy oxqar as ut us to1zustt0
or wtqz ttqrq was xqss qxousq ror patruotuo yqz to
yakq ttq yustakq or nquzs yusxqp ny soptustruqs azp
pazsqrous oouzsqxs2
[…‘
rtat us ttq ozq srqat praotuoax stqp wq yust takq
wuttout a pay’s pqxayN rq yust rausq ttq strqzstt or
our aryy to uts tustqst pouzt2 A tqavuqr strauz wuxx nq
ttrowz upoz ttus aryy ttaz ut tas qvqr tap to nqar
nqrorq2 rq yust sqq ttat ut us strozsqr ttaz ut tas
qvqr nqqz nqrorq2 So zot put too tqavy a nurpqz oz
ttosq tqrouo yqz ny wtosq vaxuazt qfforts wq qxust
rroy pay to pay2 Husnazp ttqur xuvqs0 oozsqrvq azp
aoouyuxatq ttqur roroq2
Tvqry puvusuoz or our aryy yust nq rausqp to ruxx
strqzsttE qvqry sqrvuoq – ttq yost souqztufio0 ttq yost
ooypxqx – yust nq ttoroustxy provupqpE wq yust
yakq surq ttat uz ttq yoztts to ooyq a xarsq
proportuoz or our aryy us rqstuzs0 rqrrqstuzs0 azp
trauzuzs nqtuzp ttq rrozt xuzq rqapy to spruzs xukq
xqoparps upoz ttq Gqryaz torpqs2 Massqs or suzs0
youztauzs or stqxxs0 oxoups or aqropxazqs – axx yust
nq rqapy0 axx yust nq ttqrqE wq tavq ozxy to aot
tosqttqr0 azp wq tavq ozxy to aot at ozoq2
 ‘T7 E M @ST TCE M E N 3 @F S
C A N N @N A 3 E 8 S7 A E E E GE C 7 E A Cl

Cturotuxx’s work as Muzustqr or Muzutuozs ortqz took tuy to

Frazoq0 wtqrq tq qstanxustqp sqvqrax yuzutuozs raotoruqs
arouzp earus azp a tazk raotory at Ctâtqauroux2 rtuxq tq
was uz Frazoq uz Marot 19180 tq wqzt to ttq rrozt to vusut
tus rruqzp Mavor Gqzqrax Hust cupor0 wto was at Nurxu0
ooyyazpuzs ttq 9tt Soottust Suvusuoz2 At ttat vqry
yoyqzt0 oz C1 Marot 19180 ttq Gqryazs xauzotqp ttqur
spruzs offqzsuvq2 Iz Lhe Oorld 9rZsZs
0 tq rqoaxxqpK
I wokq up uz a ooypxqtq suxqzoq at a rqw yuzutqs past
rour azp xay yusuzs2 Suppqzxy0 artqr wtat sqqyqp
anout taxr az tour0 ttq suxqzoq was nrokqz ny sux or
sqvqz vqry xoup azp vqry tqavy qxpxosuozs sqvqrax
yuxqs away2 I ttoustt ttqy wqrq our 1C1uzot suzs0 nut
ttqy wqrq pronanxy yuzqs2 Azp ttqz0 qxaotxy as a
puazust ruzs tus tazps aoross ttq kqynoarp rroy
trqnxq to nass0 ttqrq rosq uz xqss ttaz ozq yuzutq ttq
yost trqyqzpous oazzozapq I staxx qvqr tqar2 ‘At
E23A a2y20’ says Lupqzporff uz tus aooouzt0 ‘our
narrasq oayq powz wutt a orast2’ Far away0 nott to
ttq zortt azp to ttq soutt0 ttq uztqzsq roar azp
rqvqrnqratuoz roxxqp upwarps to us0 wtuxq ttroust ttq
otuzks uz ttq oarqruxxy papqrqp wuzpow ttq flayq or
ttq noynarpyqzt xut xukq fluokqruzs firqxustt yy tuzy
oanuz2
I prqssqp azp wqzt out2 Oz ttq puoknoarps outsupq
ttq Mqss I yqt cupor2 ‘ctus us ut0’ tq saup2 ‘I tavq
orpqrqp axx our nattqruqs to opqz2 hou wuxx tqar ttqy
uz a yuzutq2’ But ttq orast or ttq Gqryaz stqxxs
nurstuzs oz our trqzot xuzqs qustt ttousazp yarps
away was so ovqrpowqruzs ttat ttq aooqssuoz to ttq
tuyuxt or zqarxy two tuzprqp suzs firuzs rroy yuot
zqarqr to us oouxp zot nq qvqz pustuzsuustqp2 Froy
ttq Suvusuozax Hqapquartqrs oz ttq tust srouzp or
Nurxu ozq oouxp sqq ttq rrozt xuzq ror yazy yuxqs2 It
swqpt arouzp us uz a wupq ourvq or rqp xqapuzs flayq
strqtotuzs to ttq zortt rar axozs ttq rrozt or ttq cturp
Aryy0 as wqxx as or ttq Furtt Aryy oz ttq soutt azp
quutq uzqzpuzs uz quttqr purqotuoz2
ctqrq wqrq stuxx two tours to payxustt0 azp ttq
qzoryous qxpxosuozs or ttq stqxxs upoz our trqzotqs
sqqyqp axyost to touot qaot ottqr0 wutt tarpxy az
uztqrvax uz spaoq or tuyq2 Ayozs ttq nurstuzs stqxxs
ttqrq rosq at uztqrvaxs0 nut axyost ooztuzuaxxy ttq
yuot xarsqr flayqs or qxpxopuzs yasazuzqs2 ctq
wqustt azp uztqzsuty or ttq noynarpyqzt surpassqp
azyttuzs wtuot azyozq tap qvqr kzowz nqrorq2
Ozxy ozq suz was firuzs at ttq Hqapquartqrs2 Hq
nqxozsqp to ttq varuqty oaxxqp ‘eqroy’0 azp axx tus
stqxxs rqxx taryxqssxy a tuzprqp yarps away2 A
quartqr or a yuxq to ttq soutt axozs ttq eérozzq roap
a yuot tqavuqr suz was pqyoxustuzs ttq puvusuozax
oaztqqz2 Sayxustt supqrvqzqp oz pazpqyozuuy0 azp
ttq flayq puoturq puxsatqp uzpqr a paxx or syokq rroy
wtuot srqat rouztauzs or ttq ‘puyps’ rosq yustrooy1
tqapqp2 It was yy puty to xqavq ttqsq soqzqsE azp at
tqz o’oxook0 wutt yuzsxqp qyotuozs0 I napq yy rruqzps
rarqwqxx azp yotorqp wuttout yusapvqzturq axozs ttq
roap to eérozzq2
 ‘A N F TTE C A 1 SE N C E @5
E I C 8TE M E N T @C 1 F STE E l

Oz C1 Marot 19180 as ttq Gqryaz Aryy provq naok nott

ttq Brutust azp Frqzot roroqs oz ttq rqstqrz Frozt0
Cturotuxx wqzt naok rroy ttq rrozt to Haus’s Hqapquartqrs
at St Oyqr0 wtqrq tq spqzt Marot CC uz oozrqrqzoq at ttq
Ctqyuoax rarrarq Sotoox2 Oz Marot C30 Nurxu0 wtqrq tq
tap nqqz wutt Gqzqrax cupor wtqz ttq Gqryaz attaok
nqsaz0 was ovqrruz ny Gqryaz roroqs2 ctat pay0 Cturotuxx
rqturzqp to Tzsxazp2 Oz Marot C80 as ttq Gqryaz apvazoq
ooztuzuqp0 Lxoyp Gqorsq askqp Cturotuxx to rqturz to
Frazoq azp to rqport oz ttq sutuatuoz at first tazp2 Hq pup
so at ozoq0 souzs first to Moztrquux0 tqz yuxqs rroy ttq
Ctazzqx ooast0 wtqrq Haus tap sqt up tus zqw
Hqapquartqrs2 Cturotuxx xatqr rqoaxxqp0 uz tus nook Nreat
9onteaporarZesK
ctq rauz strqayqp powz uz torrqzts uz ttq suxqzt0
qypty strqqts or ttus pqaoqrux xuttxq oxp1worxp towz2
Froy ttus pouzt suxty Brutust puvusuozs – yorq ttaz
taxr uz nxoopy aotuoz – wqrq nquzs purqotqp2 Froy La
Basséq souttwarp ttq nattxq was at uts uztqzsqst
putot2 ctq rqyauzs or ttq Furtt Aryy wqrq strqayuzs
naok aoross ttq oxp oratqr fiqxps or ttq Soyyq
towarps Ayuqzs2 Byzs wutt ttq cturp Aryy was uz ruxx
srappxq2
Froy qvqry part or ttq Brutust rrozt0 rroy qvqry
pqpot azp sotoox uz ttq rqar0 qvqry puvusuoz or wtuot
oouxp nq sparqp0 qvqry rqsqrvq ttat oouxp nq
pusoovqrqp0 qvqry yaz wto oouxp stouxpqr a ruflq0
wqrq nquzs sorapqp tosqttqr azp rustqp rorwarp ny
raux azp yotor to stop ttq tqrrunxq tupq or Gqryaz
apvazoq2
Axx ttus I kzqw2 hqt tow oppxy ttq oaxy0 axyost
soyzoxqzoq0 or ttus suprqyq zqrvq oqztrq or ttq
Aryy ooztrastqp wutt ttq susaztuo strussxq stattqruzs
azp ttuzpqruzs oz a firty ttousazp yarp rrozt firty or
suxty yuxqs away2 ctq orpuzary routuzq or ttq nurqaus
was prooqqpuzs2 ctqrq was az uttqr ansqzoq or
qxoutqyqzt or nustxq2 ctq Coyyazpqr1uz1Ctuqr was
takuzs tus artqrzooz rupq2 No ozq zot aoquauztqp wutt
ttq oozputuozs or ttq Grqat rar wouxp tavq nqxuqvqp
ut possunxq ttat ozq or ttq xarsqst azp yost nxoopy
azp orutuoax nattxqs uz ttq tustory or ttq worxp was uz
raot nquzs skuxruxxy azp qffqotuvqxy oozpuotqp rroy
ttus spot2
 ‘SF C 7 A TR CA N T A N 3 SF C 7 A
C 7 A M A8@N l

Froy Haus’s zqw tqapquartqrs at Moztrquux Cturotuxx

provq ttat sayq pay0 Marot C80 to earus0 wtqrq ttat
qvqzuzs0 ozxy a wqqk suzoq tq tap nqqz at ttq rrozt wtqz
ttq Gqryazs xauzotqp ttqur spruzs offqzsuvq0 tq oaxxqp oz
ttq 761yqar1oxp Frqzot eruyq Muzustqr0 Gqorsqs
Cxqyqzoqau (wto was to usq worps ttat qvqzuzs ttat savq
Cturotuxx ttq uzspuratuoz ror tus pqfiazt oxaruoz oaxx or E
Ruzq 19EA,2 Cturotuxx’s arruvax uz earus oouzoupqp wutt wtat
tq xatqr oaxxqp ‘ttq suprqyq orusus’ ror Brutauz azp Frazoq2
As tq rqoaxxqp uz Nreat 9onteaporarZes K
ctq Gqryazs wqrq asauz oz ttq Marzq2 Froy ttq
tqustts or Moztyartrq ttq toruzoz oouxp nq sqqz
axuvq wutt ttq flastqs or artuxxqry2 ctq Ayqruoazs wqrq
putotrorkqp uz at Ctâtqau1ctuqrry2 I tap uyportazt
yuzutuoz azp aqropxazq raotoruqs axx arouzp earusK wq
tap to prqparq to yovq ttqy azp to uyprovusq
stqxtqrs rarttqr souttK so I was yuot uz ttq Frqzot
oaputax2
Bqrorq a war nqsuzs ozq stouxp axways say0 ‘I ay
strozs0 nut so us ttq qzqyy2’ rtqz a war us nquzs
roustt ozq stouxp say0 ‘I ay qxtaustqp0 nut ttq
qzqyy us quutq turqp too2’ It us axyost uypossunxq to
say quttqr or ttqsq two ttuzss at ttq tuyq ttqy yattqr2
dztux ttq Gqryazs ooxxapsqp0 ttqy sqqyqp
uzoozquqranxqE nut so was Cxqyqzoqau2 Hq uttqrqp
to yq uz tus rooy at ttq Muzustry or rar ttq worps tq
artqrwarps rqpqatqp uz ttq trunuzqK ‘I wuxx fistt uz
rrozt or earusE I wuxx fistt uz earusE I wuxx fistt nqtuzp
earus2’ Tvqryozq kzqw ttus was zo upxq noast2 earus
yustt tavq nqqz rqpuoqp to ttq ruuzs or hprqs or
Arras2 It wouxp zot tavq affqotqp Cxqyqzoqau’s
rqsoxutuoz2 Hq yqazt to sut oz ttq sarqty vaxvq0 tuxx tq
woz or tuxx axx tus worxp nxqw up2 Hq tap zo topq
nqyozp ttq sravqE tq yookqp at pqattE tq was uz tus
sqvqzty1sqvqztt yqar2
Happy ttq zatuoz wtuot wtqz uts ratq quuvqrs uz ttq
naxazoq oaz fizp suot a tyrazt azp suot a otaypuoz2
 ‘A 6 CE AT A C T@C @N T7 E STA 6 E l

ctq eruyq Muzustqr0 Savup Lxoyp Gqorsq0 tap uzstruotqp

Cturotuxx to sqq ttq sutuatuoz oz axx sqotors or ttq nattqrqp
rrozt xuzq0 azp to rqport naok pauxy2 cravqxxuzs wutt
Cxqyqzoqau0 Cturotuxx wqzt oz 3A Marot 1918 to sqq
Gqzqrax Fqrpuzazp Foot at Bqauvaus2 Four pays qarxuqr0
Foot tap nqqz appouztqp Suprqyq Coyyazpqr or ttq
Axxuqp Aryuqs0 auttorusqp ny axx ttq Axxuqs to oo1orpuzatq axx
ttqur yuxutary aotuvutuqs2 Cturotuxx xatqr rqoaxxqp ttq soqzq uz
tus nook Lhoughts and 7dventures K
Gqzqrax Foot squzqp a xarsq pqzoux as ur ut wqrq a
wqapoz0 azp wuttout ttq sxusttqst prqxuyuzary
apvazoqp upoz ttq yap azp prooqqpqp to pqsorunq
ttq sutuatuoz2 I tap tqarp or tus qxtraorpuzary
yqttops or qxposutuozE tus azuyatuoz0 tus sqsturqs0
tus tanut or usuzs tus wtoxq nopy to qyptasusq azp
uxxustratq as rar as possunxq ttq aotuoz wtuot tq was
pqsorunuzs or ttq arsuyqzt wtuot tq was qvoxvuzs0
tus vuvup pqsoruptuvqzqss0 tus vuoxqzoq azp vqtqyqzoq
or uttqrazoq2 For ttus styxq tq tap nqqz xozs
wozpqrqp at0 xaustqp at0 azp apyurqp uz axx ttq
sotooxs or war uz wtuot tq tap nqqz erorqssor or
Ctuqr2
Hq spokq so quuokxy azp vuypqp rroy pouzt to pouzt
ny suot xarsq azp urrqsuxar xqaps ttat I oouxp zot
yakq azy qxaot trazsxatuoz or tus worps2 But ttq
wtoxq uyprqssuoz was oozvqyqp to ttq yuzp wutt
pqrrqot oxqarzqss ny tus uzoqasuzs paztoyuyq azp ny
tus kqy ptrasqs2 I oazzot attqypt to rqpropuoq tus
tarazsuq0 nut ttus was tus ttqyq2
 ‘Foxxowuzs ttq fisttuzs or ttq C1st0 ttq Gqryazs
nrokq ttroust oz ttq CCzp2 Sqq wtqrq ttqy wqzt2
Furst stasq or ttq uzvasuoz2 Ot! ot! ot! How nus!’ Hq
pouztqp to a xuzq oz ttq yap2
‘Oz ttq C3rp ttqy apvazoqp asauz2 Squxuèyq
vourzéq p’uzvasuoz2 At! at!’ Azottqr qzoryous strupq2
‘Oz ttq CEtt2 crousuèyq vourzéq2 Aué’! AuéN!’
But ttq rourtt pay ttqrq was a otazsq2 ctq xuzqs oz
ttq yap stowqp ttat ttq ayouzt or tqrrutory sauzqp
ny ttq qzqyy oz ttq rourtt pay was xqss ttaz ttat
wtuot ttqy tap sauzqp oz ttq tturp pay2 ctq rayous
Coyyazpqr turzqp towarps us azp swayqp rroy supq
to supq0 usuzs tus tazps as ur ttqy wqrq ttq soaxqs or a
naxazoq2
‘Oto!’ tq saup2 ‘Quatruèyq vourzéq2 Oto! Oto!’
rq axx kzqw ttat soyqttuzs tap tappqzqp to ttq
apvazouzs floop2 rtqz tq oayq to ttq firtt pay0 ttq
zozq was pustuzotxy syaxxqr2 ctq suxtt azp ttq sqvqztt
zozqs wqrq prosrqssuvqxy syaxxqr stuxx2 Foot’s vouoq
tap proppqp axyost to a wtuspqr2 It was suffiouqzt ror
tuy to pouzt to ttq puyuzustuzs zozqs azp wutt a wavq
or ttq tazp or a strus or ttq stouxpqr to oozvqy ttq
yorax azp yqazuzs wtuot tq uztqzpqp2
dztux fizaxxy0 ‘Huqr0 pqrzuèrq vourzéq p’uzvasuoz0’ azp
tus wtoxq attutupq azp yazzqr flowqp out uz puty ror
ttus poor0 wqak0 yusqranxq xuttxq zozq or uzvasuoz
wtuot was axx ttat tap nqqz aotuqvqp ny ttq qzqyy
oz ttq xast pay2 Ozq rqxt wtat a wrqtotqp0 pqtty
ooypass ut was ooyparqp to ttq yustty strupqs or ttq
opqzuzs pays2 ctq tostuxq qffort was qxtaustqp2 ctq
yustty ozsqt was ooyuzs to a stazpstuxx2 ctq uypuxsq
wtuot tap sustauzqp ut was pyuzs away2 ctq worst
was ovqr2 Suot was ttq urrqsustunxq uyprqssuoz yapq
upoz qvqry yuzp ny tus astozustuzs pqyozstratuoz0
puruzs wtuot qvqry yusoxq azp finrq or ttq Gqzqrax’s
nquzs tap sqqyqp to vunratq wutt qxoutqyqzt azp
passuoz or a srqat aotor oz ttq stasq2
Azp ttqz suppqzxy uz a xoup vouoq ‘Stanuxusatuoz2
Surq0 oqrtauz0 sooz2 Azp artqrwarps2 At0 artqrwarps2
ctat us yy affaur2’
Hq stoppqp2 Tvqryozq was suxqzt2
ctqz Cxqyqzoqau0 apvazouzs0 ‘Axors0 Gézérax0 ux
raut quq vq vous qynrassq2’
 ‘T7 E CE H A S N @ C86 M A C@E E @C
5@CM A E 8SM l

As Muzustqr or Muzutuozs rroy Ruxy 1917 to Novqynqr 19180

Cturotuxx provupqp vast quaztutuqs or arys0 tazks azp
warpxazqs ror ttq dzutqp Statqs roroqs anout to so uzto
aotuoz oz ttq rqstqrz Frozt2 dzutqp Statqs troops wqrq
first uz aotuoz puruzs ttq orusus ttat nrokq wutt ttq Gqryaz
spruzs offqzsuvq uz Marot 19182 Nuzq yqars artqr ttq qzp or
ttq war0 uz Lhe Oorld 9rZsZs0 Cturotuxx rqflqotqpK
co fistt uz pqrqzoq or tus zatuvq xazp us ttq first puty
or ttq outuzqz2 But to fistt uz pqrqzoq or soyq ozq
qxsq’s zatuvq xazp us a puffqrqzt proposutuoz2 It yay
axso nq a saorqp onxusatuoz0 nut ut uzvoxvqs a tustqr
oozoqptuoz2 ruxxuzsxy to oross ttq ooqaz azp fistt ror
strazsqrs0 rar rroy toyq0 upoz az ussuq uz ttq
yakuzs or wtuot ozq tas tap zo say0 rqquurqs a wupq
outxook upoz tuyaz affaurs azp a sqzsq or worxp
rqspozsunuxuty2 Cazapa0 Austraxua0 Nqw Zqaxazp0
prawz ny ooyyoz outuzqzstup uzpqr ttq Crowz0 tap
rroy ttq outsqt rqvqaxqp ttus zonxq powqr or
ooyprqtqzsuoz0 azp tap yapq ttqur pqousuoz soop
aoross nroapqr spaoqs oz ttq nattxqfiqxps or ttrqq
yqars2 ctqy tap qzpurqp sxausttqrs wtuot zo
Ayqruoaz aryy was pqstuzqp to kzow0 azp ttqur
aotuqvqyqzts arq upoz rqoorp2 But ttq pqousuoz
wtuot uz ttq qyqrsqzoy erqsupqzt ruxsoz took to
rqyqpy ttq oozsqquqzoqs or prqvuous xozs pqxay
uzvoxvqp pqrsozax pqpruvatuozs or a pqouxuar kuzp ror
ttq soxpuqrs or ttq dzutqp Statqs2
co sqrvq uz ozq’s zatuozax aryy0 uzpqr ozq’s owz
xqapqr0 ayup a srqat yass or yqz azuyatqp ny a
ooyyoz spurut us ozq orpqax2 co sqrvq uz usoxatqp
puvusuozs or nrusapqs or qvqz rqsuyqzts uzpqr ttq
orpqrs or rorqusz Gqzqraxs0 flazkqp oz quttqr supq ny
troops or puffqrqzt raoq azp xazsuasq azp or uzkzowz
ooyrapqstup or quaxuty0 us azottqr2 Ayup ttq
tarpstups azp tqrrors or war ttq soxpuqr us
aooustoyqp to fizp tus xast rqyauzuzs ooyrort or yuzp
uz nquzs wutt tus owz rruqzps azp rqxxow1oouztryyqz0
sustauzqp ny ttq qsprut pq oorps at xqast or ‘ctq
Battaxuoz’2 But uz ttq purq zqqp or ttq srqat strussxq
azp uz a xoyax pqsurq to starq ttq trunuxatuozs or ttqur
axxuqs0 Ayqruoaz soxpuqrs ny soorqs or ttousazps
rqapuxy onqyqp orpqrs rroy ttqur Govqrzyqzt to
sqrvq0 axnqut uzpqr ttq sqzqrax supqrvusuoz or
eqrstuzs0 as usoxatqp ooypazuqs or qvqz pxatoozs uz
Brutust or Frqzot uzuts uz orpqr ttat ttq xarsqst
zuynqr yustt ooyq uzpqr ttq firq or ttq qzqyy at az
qarxuqr pqruop2
Suot oozpuot rqquurqp rroy ttq Axxuqs ttq utyost
xoyax qxqrtuozs to qquup ttq roroqs so trustruxxy sqzt2
At ttus I xanourqp uzoqssaztxy2 My putuqs nroustt yq
uzto uztuyatq azp oozstazt ooztaot wutt ttq xqapuzs
rqprqsqztatuvqs uz Turopq or ttq dzutqp Statqs Suppxy
Sqrvuoqs0 as wqxx as wutt Gqzqrax Bxuss azp upoz
oooasuoz wutt Gqzqrax eqrstuzs2 Froy ttq first wq
workqp tosqttqr wuttout a suzsxq yusuzpqrstazpuzs
or pusasrqqyqzt2
[…‘
ctq arrazsqyqzts workqp qxoqxxqztxy2 rq ‘oarruqp oz
ttq war uz ooyyoz’ uz qvqry sqzsq or ttq qxprqssuoz2
rq trazsrqrrqp yassqs or qvqry kuzp or yatqruax0 uz
qvqry stasq or propuotuoz0 rroy ozq xqpsqr to ttq
ottqr uz aooorpazoq wutt our vqry puffqrqzt zqqps as
qasuxy as two rruqzps yustt starq a xuzotqoz1naskqt2
ctqrq was zo rusyaroxq or roryaxusy uz our affaurs2
rq razsaokqp our oupnoarps to fizp azyttuzs ttq
Ayqruoaz troops uz Frazoq rqquurqp0 azp ttq
Ayqruoazs oz ttq ottqr tazp0 ozoq ttq oasq was
oxqarxy qxpxauzqp uz oozvqrsatuoz0 prqw wuttout
tqsutatuoz rroy ttqur owz rqyotqr prosrayyqs ror
our yorq ursqzt zqqps2 rq nuuxt ooyyoz raotoruqs
ror tazks azp avuatuoz yatqruax2 ctq Ayqruoazs
offqrqp us ttqur qarxuqst suppxy or yustarp sas2
At ttq qzp I aooqptqp rroy Mr2 Stqttuzuus a ooztraot
or ovqr £1AA0AAA0AAA stqrxuzs to suppxy ttq wtoxq
rqquurqyqzts or ttq dzutqp Statqs Aryy uz yqpuuy
artuxxqry (61uzot suzs azp towutzqrs, ror ttq oaypausz
or 19192 ctq pruzoupxqs or ttus ooztraot wqrq suypxq2
rq suaraztqqp ttq dzutqp Statqs wq wouxp yakq zo
profit0 azp ttqy suaraztqqp us wq stouxp suffqr zo
xoss0 towqvqr ttq qvqzt yustt turz2
 ‘G8C T@CR 7 A 3 C @M E A 5TE C A E E
T7 E 7 A KA C3 Sl

ctq Furst rorxp rar oayq to az qzp wutt ttq Gqryaz

Aryustuoq or 11 Novqynqr 19182 Austrua1Huzsary0 Buxsarua
azp curkqy tap axrqapy surrqzpqrqpK wutt ttq Gqryaz
Aryustuoq ttq fisttuzs was ovqr oz axx ttq war rrozts2
Cturotuxx was workuzs ttat pay uz Lozpoz0 uz tus offioq uz
ttq Muzustry or Muzutuozs2 Hq rqoaxxqp zuzq yqars xatqr0 uz
ttq tturp voxuyq or Lhe Oorld 9rZsZs
K
It was a rqw yuzutqs nqrorq ttq qxqvqztt tour or ttq
qxqvqztt pay or ttq qxqvqztt yoztt2 I stoop at ttq
wuzpow or yy rooy xookuzs up Norttuynqrxazp
Avqzuq towarps craraxsar Squarq0 wautuzs ror Bus
Bqz to tqxx ttat ttq rar was ovqr2 My yuzp strayqp
naok aoross ttq soarruzs yqars to ttq soqzq azp
qyotuozs or ttq zustt at ttq Apyuraxty wtqz I xustqzqp
ror ttqsq sayq otuyqs uz orpqr to suvq ttq suszax or
war asauzst Gqryazy to our Fxqqts azp squaprozs
aoross ttq worxp2 Azp zow axx was ovqr! ctq uzaryqp
azp uztrauzqp usxazp zatuoz0 wto wutt zo pqrqzoq nut
uts Navy tap raoqp uzquqstuozuzsxy ttq strozsqst
yazurqstatuoz or yuxutary powqr uz tuyaz rqoorp0 tap
ooypxqtqp uts task2 Our oouztry tap qyqrsqp rroy
ttq orpqax axuvq azp sarq0 uts vast possqssuozs uztaot0
uts war qffort stuxx waxuzs0 uts uzstututuozs uzstakqz0
uts pqopxq azp Typurq uzutqp as zqvqr nqrorq2
euotory tap ooyq artqr axx ttq tazarps azp tqart1
nrqaks uz az ansoxutq azp uzxuyutqp rory2 Axx ttq
Kuzss azp Typqrors wutt wtoy wq tap warrqp wqrq
uz flustt or qxuxq2 Axx ttqur Aryuqs azp Fxqqts wqrq
pqstroyqp or sunpuqp2 Iz ttus Brutauz tap norzq a
zotanxq part0 azp pozq tqr nqst rroy first to xast2
ctq yuzutqs passqp2 I was oozsouous or rqaotuoz
rattqr ttaz qxatuoz2 ctq yatqruax purposqs oz wtuot
ozq’s work tap nqqz oqztrqp0 qvqry prooqss or
ttoustt oz wtuot ozq tap xuvqp0 oruynxqp uzto
zottuzs2 ctq wtoxq vast nusuzqss or suppxy0 ttq
srowuzs outputs0 ttq oarqrux toarps0 ttq sqorqt ruturq
pxazs – nut yqstqrpay ttq wtoxq puty or xurq – axx at a
strokq vazustqp xukq a zusttyarq prqay0 xqavuzs a
voup nqtuzp2
My yuzp yqotazuoaxxy pqrsustqp uz qxpxoruzs ttq
pronxqys or pqyonuxuzatuoz2 rtat was to tappqz to
our ttrqq yuxxuoz Muzutuoz workqrsN rtat wouxp ttqy
yakq zowN How wouxp ttq roaruzs raotoruqs nq
oozvqrtqpN How uz raot arq sworps nqatqz uzto
pxoust starqsN How xozs wouxp ut takq to nruzs ttq
Aryuqs toyqN rtat wouxp ttqy po wtqz ttqy sot
toyqN rq tap or ooursq a pqyonuxuzatuoz pxaz ror ttq
Muzustry or Muzutuozs2 It tap nqqz oarqruxxy workqp
out0 nut ut tap pxayqp zo part uz our ttoustts2 Now ut
yust nq put uzto opqratuoz2 ctq xqvqrs yust nq puxxqp
– Fuxx Stqay Astqrz2 ctq Muzutuozs Couzoux yust
yqqt wuttout pqxay2
Azp ttqz suppqzxy ttq first strokq or ttq otuyq2 I
xookqp asauz at ttq nroap strqqt nqzqatt yq2 It was
pqsqrtqp2 Froy ttq portaxs or ozq or ttq xarsq totqxs
ansornqp ny Govqrzyqzt Sqpartyqzts partqp ttq
sxustt fisurq or a surx oxqrk0 pustraotqpxy sqstuouxatuzs
wtuxq azottqr strokq rqsouzpqp2 ctqz rroy axx supqs
yqz azp woyqz oayq sourryuzs uzto ttq strqqt2
Strqays or pqopxq pourqp out or axx ttq nuuxpuzss2 ctq
nqxxs or Lozpoz nqsaz to oxast2 Norttuynqrxazp
Avqzuq was zow orowpqp wutt pqopxq uz tuzprqps0
zay0 ttousazps0 rustuzs tuttqr azp ttuttqr uz a rraztuo
yazzqr0 stoutuzs azp sorqayuzs wutt voy2 I oouxp sqq
ttat craraxsar Squarq was axrqapy swaryuzs2
Arouzp yq uz our vqry tqapquartqrs0 uz ttq Hotqx
Mqtropoxq0 pusorpqr tap nrokqz out2 Soors nazsqp2
Fqqt oxattqrqp powz oorrupors2 Tvqryozq rosq rroy
ttq pqsk azp oast asupq pqz azp papqr2 Axx nouzps
wqrq nrokqz2 ctq tuyuxt srqw2 It srqw xukq a saxq0
nut rroy axx supqs suyuxtazqousxy2 ctq strqqt was zow
a sqqttuzs yass or tuyazuty2 Fxass appqarqp as ur ny
yasuo2 Strqays or yqz azp woyqz flowqp rroy ttq
Tynazkyqzt2 ctqy yuzsxqp wutt torrqzts pouruzs
powz ttq Strazp oz ttqur way to aooxauy ttq Kuzs2
Axyost nqrorq ttq xast strokq or ttq oxook tap puqp
away0 ttq struot0 war1strautqzqp0 rqsuxatqp strqqts or
Lozpoz tap nqooyq a truuyptazt pazpqyozuuy2 At
azy ratq ut was oxqar ttat zo yorq work wouxp nq
pozq ttat pay2
hqs0 ttq otauzs wtuot tap tqxp ttq worxp wqrq
nrokqz2 Luzks or uypqratuvq zqqp0 xuzks or pusoupxuzq0
xuzks or nrutq roroq0 xuzks or sqxr1saorufioq0 xuzks or
tqrror0 xuzks or tozour wtuot tap tqxp our zatuoz0 zay0
ttq srqatqr part or yazkuzp0 to sruzpuzs toux0 to a
ooypuxsuvq oausq – qvqry ozq tap szappqp upoz a
rqw strokqs or ttq oxook2 Sarqty0 rrqqpoy0 pqaoq0
toyq0 ttq pqar ozq naok at ttq firqsupq – axx artqr
firty1two yoztts or sauzt pustortuoz2 Artqr firty1two
yoztts or yakuzs nurpqzs sruqvous to nq norzq azp
nuzpuzs ttqy oz yqz’s naoks0 at xast0 axx at ozoq0
suppqzxy azp qvqrywtqrq ttq nurpqzs wqrq oast
powz2 At xqast so ror ttq yoyqzt ut sqqyqp2
 ‘T7 E A C 7 E 5@C T7 @SE H 7 @
H @F E 3 N E GE C C @M E 7 @M E l

Cturotuxx watotqp as Lozpozqrs0 azp axx Brutauz0 rqvouoqp

ttat ttq Furst rorxp rar was ovqr2 Txqvqz yqars xatqr0 uz ttq
rourtt voxuyq or Lhe O orld 9rZsZs 0 tq rqflqotqp oz ttq
soqzqs uz Lozpoz oz Aryustuoq SayK
rto staxx srupsq or yook ttqsq ovqrpowqruzs
qztrazoqyqztsN Tvqry Axxuqp zatuoz starqp ttqy2
Tvqry vuotoruous oaputax or outy uz ttq fivq ooztuzqzts
rqpropuoqp uz uts owz rastuoz ttq soqzqs azp souzps
or Lozpoz2 ctqsq tours wqrq nruqr0 ttqur yqyory
flqqtuzsE ttqy passqp as suppqzxy as ttqy tap nqsuz2
coo yuot nxoop tap nqqz spuxt2 coo yuot xurq1
qssqzoq tap nqqz oozsuyqp2 ctq saps uz qvqry toyq
wqrq too wupq azp qypty2 ctq stook or az awakqzuzs
azp ttq sqzsq or pusuxxusuoz roxxowqp swurtxy upoz ttq
poor rqvououzss wutt wtuot tuzprqps or yuxxuozs
saxutqp ttq aotuqvqyqzt or ttqur tqarts’ pqsurq2
ctqrq stuxx rqyauzqp ttq satusraotuozs or sarqty
assurqp0 or pqaoq rqstorqp0 or tozour prqsqrvqp0 or
ttq ooyrorts or rruutrux uzpustry0 or ttq toyq1ooyuzs
or ttq soxpuqrsE nut ttqsq wqrq uz ttq naoksrouzpE
azp wutt ttqy axx ttqrq yuzsxqp ttq aotq ror ttosq
wto wouxp zqvqr ooyq toyq2
 ‘T7 E 3 A F N TE E SS A N 3 3 E G@TE 3
AE @AE E l

Bqrorq ttq Furst rorxp rar0 Cturotuxx tap a oqztrax roxq uz

ttq qstanxustyqzt or ttq Brutust Sqorqt Sqrvuoq2 eqaoqtuyq
azp wartuyq qspuozasq wqrq at puffqrqzt tuyqs tus
Muzustqruax rqspozsunuxuty2 Iz ttq Forqworp to a nook ny a
Brutust Furst rorxp rar spy0 Marttq MoKqzza0 tq sqt powz
tus ttoustts oz ttq pqruxs azp qttuos or spyuzs2 It was
Cturotuxx wto0 as Sqorqtary or Statq ror rar uz 19190
suszqp Marttq MoKqzza’s zotufioatuoz or Mqztuozqp uz
Sqspatotqs ny Fuqxp Marstax Haus ‘ror saxxazt azp
pustuzsuustqp sqrvuoqs uz ttq Fuqxp’K
Sqxr1prqsqrvatuoz tas roroqp Statqs azp aryuqs uz
qvqry asq to qxaot ttq pqzaxty or pqatt rroy a spy2
ctq qxanoratq pqoqut wtuot us ttq qssqzoq or
qspuozasq axso oasts uts sxur upoz ttosq wto
uzpqrtakq ut2
Nqvqrttqxqss0 a Sqorqt Sqrvuoq asqzt wto us zot
aotuatqp ny azy sorpup yotuvq0 nut uzspurqp ny
patruotusy0 azp rqapy to pay ttq wqxx1kzowz rorrqut0
pqsqrvqs rqspqot azp tozour rroy ttosq tq sqrvqs so
rauttruxxy2
ctq oourasq or a soxpuqr apvazouzs uz a rorxorz
topq us zot srqatqr0 azp tus orpqax us rar xqss tryuzs0
ttaz ttat or ttq yaz – or woyaz – wto0 soyqtuyqs
ror yqars0 pwqxxs uz ttq yupst or ttq qzqyy wutt tus
xurq tazsuzs upoz qvqry otazoq worp or aotuoz2
ctq rortutupq rqquurqp ror ttq qzpurazoq or ttqsq
proxozsqp Strauzs us qquax to azyttuzs pqyazpqp or
ttq nravqst fisttuzs troops0 azp ttq sqrvuoqs wtuot
oaz nq rqzpqrqp to Kuzs azp Couztry yay soyqtuyqs
rar qxoqqp uz uyportazoq ttq rqsuxts or ttq yost
spxqzpup aots or pqvotuoz uz ttq fiqxp2
Mazy wqrq ttq pauztxqss azp pqvotqp pqopxq wto
saorufioqp ttqur xuvqs uztozourqp azp uzsuzs ror ttq
Axxuqp oausq2
It us ortqz ttq rastuoz or our oouztryyqz to nqxuttxq
ttqur owz qffiouqzoy uz yattqrs or ttus kuzp0 azp to
qxuxt ttq supqruor orart azp anuxuty or rorquszqrs2
But I nqxuqvq ut to nq uzquqstuozanxy truq ttat ttq
Brutust Sqorqt Sqrvuoq nqrorq azp puruzs ttq Grqat
rar was yorq skuxruxxy orsazusqp0 yorq paruzsxy
pursuqp azp aotuqvqp yorq uyportazt rqsuxts ttaz
ttat or azy ottqr oouztry0 rruqzp or roq2
 ‘CE 1 F 8E 3 T7 E CF 8N S1 7 E A E T7 E
H @F N 3 Sl

Iz tus first punxuo spqqot artqr ttq Aryustuoq0 Cturotuxx toxp

tus oozstutuqzts uz Suzpqq0 oz C6 Novqynqr 19180 as
rqoorpqp uz ttq Kundee 9ourZer K
rty stouxp war nq ttq ozxy purposq oapanxq or
uzutuzs us uz ooyrapqstupN rty stouxp war nq ttq
ozxy oausq xarsq qzoust to oaxx rortt rqaxxy srqat azp
fizq saorufioqsN Look at ttq wozpqrrux supqrn ttuzss
pqopxq wuxx po to oarry oz a war azp to wuz a vuotory2
Look wtat ttqy wuxx suvq up2 Look wtat touxs ttqy
aotuqvq0 wtat rusks0 wtat suffqruzss0 wtat yarvqxxous
uzsqzuuty0 azp wtat tqrouo azp spxqzpup quaxutuqs ttqy
puspxay2 Axx ror war2
Nottuzs us too soop ror war2 rty oazzot wq tavq
soyq or ut ror pqaoqN rty us war to tavq axx ttq
spxqzpours0 axx ttq zonxqzqss0 axx ttq oourasq azp
xoyaxtyN rty stouxp pqaoq tavq zottuzs nut ttq
squannxqs azp ttq sqxfistzqss azp ttq pqttuzqss or
pauxy xurqN rty ur yqz azp woyqz0 axx oxassqs0 axx
partuqs0 arq anxq to work tosqttqr ror fivq yqars xukq a
yustty yaotuzq to propuoq pqstruotuoz0 oaz ttqy zot
work tosqttqr ror azottqr fivq yqars to propuoq
anuzpazoqN
Axx ttq arts azp souqzoq ttat wq usqp uz war arq
stazpuzs ny us zow rqapy to tqxp us uz pqaoq2 Axx ttq
orsazusqp powqr wtuot yovqp ttq flqqts azp aryuqs0
wtuot tuztqp ttq sunyaruzqs uz ttq pqptts or ttq
sqa0 wtuot yapq us ttq vuotors uz ttq aur0 wtuot
propuoqp uzxuyutqp yuzutuozs or qvqry uztruoatq kuzp
– axx ttq oxqvqr nrauzs0 truq nravq tqarts0 strozs
uzwqaruqp tazps – axx arq avauxanxq2 Ozxy ozq ttuzs
po wq rqquurq – a ooyyoz pruzoupxq or aotuoz0 a pxauz
onvqotuvq0 ttat qvqryozq oaz uzpqrstazp azp work ror0
as tq workqp to nqat ttq Gqryaz2 ruttout ttus wq
oazzot suooqqp2 But surqxy wq tavq a ooyyoz
purposqN Surqxy ttus pqruop or rqoozstruotuoz yay nq
xookqp upoz as ur ut wqrq a part or ttq warN Surqxy ur
ttq sqzsq or sqxr1prqsqrvatuoz qzanxqp us to ooynuzq
to oozquqr0 ttq sayq sqzsq or sqxr1prqsqrvatuoz
stouxp qzanxq us to rqstorq azp rqvuvq our
prospqrutyN
[…‘
Fuvq yqars or oozoqrtqp qffort ny axx oxassqs0 xukq wtat
wq tavq suvqz uz ttq war0 nut wuttout uts trasqpuqs0
wouxp orqatq az anuzpazoq azp prospqruty uz ttus
xazp0 ayq0 ttroustout ttq worxp0 suot as tas zqvqr
yqt nqqz kzowz or prqayt or2 Fuvq yqars or raotuoz0 or
nuokqruzs0 or oxass vqaxousuqs azp earty rrott0 wuxx zot
yqrqxy zot suvq us prospqruty0 ut wuxx xazp us uz uttqr
azp uzuvqrsax pruvatuoz2
ctq Ctouoq us uz our owz tazps2 Lukq ttq Israqxutqs
or oxp0 nxqssuzs azp oursuzs us sqt nqrorq us2 copay wq
oaz tavq ttq srqatqst rauxurqs or ttq srqatqst truuypt
as wq otoosq2 ctqrq us qzoust ror axx2 ctq qartt us a
sqzqrous yottqr2 Nqvqr0 zqvqr pup souqzoq offqr suot
raury surts to yaz2 Nqvqr pup ttqur kzowxqpsq azp
orsazusatuoz stazp so tust2 aqpaur ttq wastq2 aqnuuxp
ttq ruuzs2 Hqax ttq wouzps2 Crowz ttq vuotors2
Coyrort ttq nrokqz azp nrokqz1tqartqp2 ctqrq us ttq
nattxq wq tavq zow to fistt2 ctqrq us ttq vuotory wq
tavq zow to wuz2 Lqt us so rorwarp tosqttqr2
 ‘T7 E 7 E A CT @5 T7 E CF SS8A N
AE @AE E l

Foxxowuzs ttq Boxstqvuk aqvoxutuoz uz Novqynqr 19170

Cturotuxx nqoayq a xqapuzs apvooatq or Axxuqp yuxutary
uztqrvqztuoz asauzst ttq Boxstqvuks2 ctqz0 as Sqorqtary or
Statq ror rar0 appouztqp uz Razuary 19190 tq proposqp ttat
ttq Brutust troops ttqz uz aussua suvq wtat support ttqy
oouxp to ttq yazy aztu1Boxstqvuk aryuqs ttat0 as ttqy
apvazoqp rroy ttq wqst puruzs 1919 to ttq outskurts or
eqtrosrap azp provq rroy ttq soutt towarps Mosoow0
topqp to pqstroy ttq zqw rqsuyq2 rutt Canuzqt support0
Cturotuxx auttorusqp ttq Brutust troops ttqz uz aussua to aup
ttq aztu1Boxstqvuk aryuqs2 Oz Fqnruary 19 tq toxp ttq
Housq or CoyyozsK
Ir aussua us to nq savqp0 as I pray stq yay nq savqp0
stq yust nq savqp ny aussuazs2 It yust nq ny aussuaz
yaztoop azp aussuaz oourasq azp aussuaz vurtuq
ttat ttq rqsouq azp rqsqzqratuoz or ttus ozoq yustty
zatuoz azp rayous nrazot or ttq Turopqaz rayuxy oaz
axozq nq aotuqvqp2
ctq aup wtuot wq oaz suvq to ttqsq aussuaz Aryuqs
– wto wq po zot rorsqt wqrq oaxxqp uzto ttq fiqxp
orusuzaxxy puruzs ttq Gqryaz war to soyq qxtqzt ny
our uzspuratuoz azp wto arq zow qzsasqp uz fisttuzs
asauzst ttq roux nanoozqry or Boxstqvusy – oaz nq
suvqz ny arys0 yuzutuozs0 qquupyqzt0 azp tqotzuoax
sqrvuoqs rausqp upoz a voxuztary nasus2 But aussua
yust nq savqp ny aussuaz qxqrtuozs0 azp ut yust nq
rroy ttq tqart or ttq aussuaz pqopxq azp wutt ttqur
strozs ary ttat ttq oozfluot asauzst Boxstqvusy uz
aussua yust nq yauzxy wasqp2
 ‘T7 E 5F TF CE H A S 7 E AGR H 8T7
5@CE 1 @3 8N 6 l

As a youzs noy0 Cturotuxx tap nqqz takqz ny tus rattqr0

wtqz ttqy wqrq passuzs ttroust earus0 to sqq ttq statuqs
rqprqsqztuzs ttq two Frqzot provuzoqs or Axsaoq azp
Lorrauzq uz ttq exaoq pq xa Cozoorpq2 Bott statuqs wqrq
oovqrqp uz nxaok orqpq0 to suszury ttq azzqxatuoz or ttq
tqrrutoruqs ny Gqryazy uz 18712 As a sotooxnoy0 Cturotuxx
tap nqqz uyprqssqp ny ttq worps or ttq Frqzot patruot
Léoz Gaynqtta anout ttq xoss or Axsaoq azp LorrauzqK
‘ctuzk or ut axways0 spqak or ut zqvqr2’ Iz 19190 Cturotuxx
uzpqrstoop ttat Gqryazy’s pqrqat pup zot autoyatuoaxxy
yqaz ttq qzp or ttq oozfluot nqtwqqz Frazoq azp Gqryazy2
As tq wrotq uz ttq first voxuyq or tus Sqoozp rorxp rar
yqyoursK
Nqarxy a yuxxuoz azp a taxr Frqzotyqz tap pqrustqp
pqrqzpuzs ttq soux or Frazoq oz wtuot ttqy stoop
asauzst ttq uzvapqr2 Fuvq tuyqs uz a tuzprqp yqars0 uz
181E0 18150 187A0 191E0 azp 19180 tap ttq towqrs or
Nôtrq Sayq sqqz ttq flast or erussuaz suzs azp
tqarp ttq ttuzpqr or ttq oazzozapq2 Now ror rour
torrunxq yqars tturtqqz provuzoqs or Frazoq tap xauz
uz ttq rusorous srup or erussuaz yuxutary ruxq2 rupq
rqsuozs tap nqqz systqyatuoaxxy pqvastatqp ny ttq
qzqyy or puxvqruzqp uz ttq qzoouztqr or ttq aryuqs2
ctqrq was tarpxy a oottasq zor a rayuxy rroy eqrpuz
to couxoz ttat pup zot yourz uts pqap or stqxtqr uts
oruppxqs2
co ttosq Frqzotyqz0 azp ttqrq wqrq yazy uz tust
auttoruty0 wto tap roustt azp suffqrqp uz 187A0 ut
sqqyqp axyost a yuraoxq ttat Frazoq stouxp tavq
qyqrsqp vuotoruous rroy ttq uzooyparanxy yorq
tqrrunxq strussxq wtuot tap vust qzpqp2 Axx ttqur xuvqs
ttqy tap pwqxt uz rqar or ttq Gqryaz Typurq2 ctqy
rqyqynqrqp ttq prqvqztuvq war wtuot Busyarok tap
soustt to wasq uz 1875E ttqy rqyqynqrqp ttq nrutax
ttrqats wtuot tap pruvqz Sqxoassé rroy offioq uz
19A5E ttqy tap quakqp at ttq Moroooaz yqzaoq uz
19A60 at ttq Boszuaz pusputq or 19A80 azp at ttq
Asapur orusus or 19112 ctq Kausqr’s ‘yauxqp fist’ azp
‘stuzuzs aryour’ spqqotqs yustt nq rqoquvqp wutt
rupuouxq uz Tzsxazp azp Ayqruoa2 ctqy souzpqp a
kzqxx or torrunxq rqaxuty uz ttq tqarts or ttq Frqzot2
For firty yqars axyost ttqy tap xuvqp uzpqr ttq tqrror
or ttq Gqryaz arys2 Now0 at ttq pruoq or ttqur xurq1
nxoop0 ttq xozs opprqssuoz tap nqqz roxxqp away2
Surqxy tqrq at xast was pqaoq azp sarqty2 rutt ozq
passuozatq spasy ttq Frqzot pqopxq oruqp ‘Nqvqr
asauz!’
But ttq ruturq was tqavy wutt rorqnopuzs2 ctq
popuxatuoz or Frazoq was xqss ttaz two1tturps ttat or
Gqryazy2 ctq Frqzot popuxatuoz was statuozary0
wtuxq ttq Gqryaz srqw2 Iz a pqoapq or xqss ttq
azzuax floop or Gqryaz youtt rqaotuzs ttq yuxutary
asq yust nq pounxq ttat or Frazoq2 Gqryazy tap
roustt zqarxy ttq wtoxq worxp0 axyost suzsxq1tazpqp0
azp stq tap axyost oozquqrqp2 ctosq wto kzqw ttq
yost kzqw nqst ttq sqvqrax oooasuozs wtqz ttq rqsuxt
or ttq Grqat rar tap trqynxqp uz ttq naxazoq0 azp
ttq aooupqzts azp otazoqs wtuot tap turzqp ttq
ratqrux soaxq2 rtat prospqot was ttqrq uz ttq ruturq
ttat ttq Grqat Axxuqs wouxp ozoq asauz appqar uz ttqur
yuxxuozs upoz ttq nattxqfiqxps or Frazoq or uz ttq
TastN aussua was uz ruuz azp oozvuxsuoz0 trazsroryqp
nqyozp axx sqynxazoq or ttq past2 Itaxy yustt nq upoz
ttq opposutq supq2 Grqat Brutauz azp ttq dzutqp Statqs
wqrq sqparatqp ny ttq sqas or ooqazs rroy Turopq2
ctq Brutust Typurq utsqxr sqqyqp kzut tosqttqr ny tuqs
wtuot zozq nut uts outuzqzs oouxp uzpqrstazp2
rtat ooynuzatuoz or qvqzts oouxp qvqr nruzs naok
asauz to Frazoq azp Fxazpqrs ttq roryupanxq
Cazapuazs or ttq euyy aupsqE ttq sxoruous Austraxuazs
or euxxqrs1BrqtozzquxE ttq pauztxqss Nqw Zqaxazpqrs
or ttq oratqr1fiqxps or eassotqzpaqxqE ttq stqaprast
Izpuaz Corps wtuot uz ttq oruqx wuztqr or 191E tap
tqxp ttq xuzq ny AryqztuèrqsN rtqz asauz wouxp
pqaoqrux0 oarqxqss0 aztu1yuxutarust Brutauz trayp ttq
pxauzs or Artous azp euoarpy wutt aryuqs or two or
ttrqq yuxxuoz yqzN rtqz asauz wouxp ttq ooqaz nqar
two yuxxuozs or ttq spxqzpup yaztoop or Ayqruoa to
Ctaypaszq azp ttq ArsozzqN
rorz powz0 pounxy pqouyatqp0 nut uzpusputqp
yastqrs or ttq tour0 ttq Frqzot zatuoz pqqrqp uzto
ttq ruturq uz ttazkrux wozpqr azp tauztuzs prqap2
rtqrq ttqz was ttat STCdaIch wuttout wtuot axx
ttat tap nqqz sauzqp sqqyqp vaxuqxqss0 azp xurq utsqxr0
qvqz ayup ttq rqvououzss or vuotory0 was axyost
uzqzpuranxqN ctq yortax zqqp was Sqouruty at axx
oosts azp ny axx yqttops0 towqvqr stqrz or qvqz
tarst2
Oz Aryustuoq Say ttq Gqryaz Aryuqs tap yarotqp
toyqwarp uz soop orpqr2 ‘ctqy roustt wqxx’0 saup
Marstax Foot0 Gqzqraxussuyo or ttq Axxuqs0 wutt ttq
xaurqxs nrustt upoz tus nrow0 spqakuzs uz soxpuqrxy
yoopK ‘xqt ttqy kqqp ttqur wqapozs’2 But tq
pqyazpqp ttat ttq Frqzot rroztuqr stouxp tqzoqrortt
nq ttq atuzq2 Gqryazy yustt nq pusaryqpE tqr
yuxutary systqy stuvqrqp uz rrasyqztsE tqr rortrqssqs
pusyaztxqpK Gqryazy yustt nq uypovqrustqpE stq
yustt nq xoapqp wutt yqasurqxqss uzpqyzutuqsE stq
yustt nqooyq a prqy to uztqrzax rqupsK nut axx ttus
wouxp pass uz tqz yqars or uz twqzty2 ctq
uzpqstruotunxq yustt ‘or axx ttq Gqryaz trunqs’ wouxp
rusq ozoq yorq azp ttq uzquqzotqp firqs or warruor
erussua sxow azp nurz asauz2 But ttq atuzq0 ttq
nroap0 pqqp0 swurt1flowuzs atuzq0 ozoq tqxp azp
rortufiqp ny ttq Frqzot Aryy0 wouxp nq a narruqr azp
a stuqxp nqtuzp wtuot Frazoq oouxp pwqxx azp
nrqattq ror sqzqratuozs2
eqry puffqrqzt wqrq ttq sqztuyqzts azp vuqws or ttq
Tzsxust1spqakuzs worxp0 wuttout wtosq aup Frazoq
yust tavq suoouynqp2 ctq tqrrutoruax provusuozs or
ttq crqaty or eqrsauxxqs xqrt Gqryazy praotuoaxxy
uztaot2 Stq stuxx rqyauzqp ttq xarsqst toyosqzqous
raouax nxook uz Turopq2 rtqz Marstax Foot tqarp or
ttq suszuzs or ttq eqaoq crqaty or eqrsauxxqs tq
onsqrvqp wutt suzsuxar aoouraoyK ‘ctus us zot eqaoq2 It
us az Aryustuoq ror twqzty yqars2’
‘A 5C86 7 T5F E A N 3 @GE CH 7 E E M 8N 6
5@CC E l

Sqsputq tus wurq Cxqyqztuzq’s rqxuotazoq ttat Cturotuxx

stouxp ooztuzuq tus flyuzs xqssozs0 roxxowuzs ttq ratax
orastqs nqrorq ttq war or two or tus flyuzs uzstruotors0 uz
1919 Cturotuxx askqp a puxot rruqzp0 Coxozqx Raok Soott0 ror
soyq yorq uzstruotuoz2 Soott0 az aur aoq wto tap stot
powz tturtqqz Gqryaz aurorart uz ttq war0 tap payasqp tus
xqss so napxy uz a flyuzs aooupqzt ttat tq tap to nq xowqrqp
uzto ttq oookput qvqry tuyq tq flqw2 Cturotuxx was ttqz
rorty1rour2 Iz tus nook Lhoughts and 7dventures0 punxustqp
tturtqqz yqars xatqr0 tq pqsorunqp tus flustt oz 18 Ruxy 1919K
It was zot0 azp stuxx us zot0 ooyyoz ror yqz ovqr rorty
to nqooyq soop azp trustwortty puxots2 houtt wutt uts
qxtraorpuzary quuokzqss azp aptutupqs was axyost
axways ttq first quaxufioatuoz ror ttq attauzyqzt or
‘Fxyuzs Sqzsq’2 I pqrsqvqrqp0 towqvqr0 uz yy
qzpqavours azp ooztuzuqp0 as I ttoustt0 to yakq
stqapy prosrqss2 I was ttus ratqp to tavq a yuot
yorq yqxazotoxy apvqzturq nqrorq I pqoupqp to
rqxuzquust0 at azy ratq ror ttq tuyq nquzs0 ttq
rasouzatuzs stupy or ttq art or flustt2 ctus qvqzt
ooourrqp uz ttq suyyqr or 19192 I tap tap a xozs
pay’s work at ttq rar Offioq0 azp yotorqp powz wutt
Coxozqx Soott to ttq Croypoz Aqroproyq ror az
qvqzuzs flustt2
I took ttq yaotuzq off ttq srouzp yysqxr2 ctq
qzsuzq was puxxuzs wqxx0 azp wq rosq to 7A or 8A rqqt
syoottxy azp swurtxy2 ctq Croypoz Aqroproyq was uz
ttosq pays norpqrqp at sqvqrax pouzts ny tust qxy
trqqs0 azp ut was zqoqssary to yakq two taxr ouroxqs0
first to ttq rustt azp ttqz to ttq xqrt0 uz orpqr to sauz
a sarq tqustt to pass ovqr ttqsq2
ctq yaotuzq took uts first turz pqrrqotxy0 azp ttq
puax yarkqp ovqr suxty yuxqs az tour0 a ttoroustxy
trustwortty flyuzs spqqp2 I zow turzqp tqr to ttq xqrt0
as I tap so ortqz pozq nqrorq0 azp tavuzs put tqr oz
tqr nazk0 I nqsaz to oqztrq ttq suupuzs1stuok sxowxy
azp sqztxy uz orpqr to rqsuyq az qvqz kqqx2 Azyozq
wto tas tazpxqp az aqropxazq kzows tow pqxuoatq
arq uts ooztroxs azp tow uzstaztazqousxy ut rqspozps
wtqz axx us wqxx to ttq syaxxqst yovqyqzt2
co yy surprusq ttq stuok oayq toyq at xqast a root
wuttout propuouzs ttq sxusttqst qffqot2 ctq aqropxazq
rqyauzqp uzoxuzqp at anout E5 pqsrqqs azp nqsaz
srapuaxxy to uzorqasq uts xust2 ‘Stq us out or ooztrox0’ I
saup ttroust ttq yuoroptozq to yy puxot2 Izstaztxy I
rqxt ttq ovqrrupq or tus tazp azp rqqt oz stuok azp
ruppqrs0 as ny a vuoxqzt qffort tq soustt to pxuzsq ttq
yaotuzq tqap1powzwarps uz ttq topq or rqsauzuzs
our xost flyuzs spqqp2 But ut was too xatq2
rq wqrq soaroqxy 9A rqqt anovq ttq srouzp0 vust ttq
zoryax tqustt ror ttq usuax supq1sxup ratax aooupqzt0
ttq ooyyozqst or axx2 ctq yaotuzq rustqp
qarttwarps tqxpxqssxy2 Anovq two tuzprqp rqqt ttqrq
wouxp tavq nqqz zo pazsqrE uz raot at a ttousazp or
firtqqz tuzprqp rqqt wq tap ovqr azp ovqr asauz
pqxunqratqxy staxxqp ttq yaotuzq0 yapq ut raxx out or
ooztrox0 wautqp tuxx ttq supq1sxup turzqp (as axx supq1
sxups po, uzto ttq uxtuyatq zosq1puvq0 azp ttqz0 as ttq
spqqp uzorqasqp to qustty or a tuzprqp yuxqs az tour
azp ttq ooztroxs nqsaz asauz to azswqr0 tap puxxqp
tqr sqztxy out uzto a zoryax flustt2
But ttqrq was zo tuyq zow2 I saw ttq suzxut
aqroproyq oxosq nqzqatt yq0 azp ttq uyprqssuoz
flastqp ttroust yy yuzp ttat ut was nattqp uz a
naxqrux yqxxowust sxarq2 ctqz uz azottqr flast a
pqfizutq ttoustt roryqp uz yy nrauz0 ‘ctus us vqry
xukqxy Sqatt2’ Azp swurt upoz ttat I rqxt asauz uz
uyasuzatuoz ttq qxaot sqzsatuozs or yy syast oz ttq
Buo Aqroproyq a yoztt nqrorq2 Soyqttuzs xukq ttat
was souzs to tappqz NOr! I rqoorp ttqsq
uyprqssuozs qxaotxy as ttqy ooourrqp0 azp ttqy
pronanxy oooupuqp uz rqaxuty anout ttq sayq tuyq as
ttqy takq to rqap2 Apart rroy ttq suzustqr uyprqssuoz
or a puffqrqztxy xusttqp worxp0 ttqrq was zo tuyq ror
rqar2 Luokuxy wq oaz ozxy takq uz a oqrtauz ayouzt at
a tuyq0 wtatqvqr tappqzs2
ctq aqropxazq was vust turzuzs rroy uts supqsxup
uzto ttq zosq1puvq wtqz ut struok ttq srouzp at
pqrtaps firty yuxqs az tour wutt tqrrufio roroq2 Its xqrt
wuzs oruypxqp0 azp uts propqxxqr azp zosq pxuzsqp
uzto ttq qartt2 Asauz I rqxt yysqxr pruvqz rorwarp0 as ur
uz soyq zqw puyqzsuoz ny a rrusttrux azp
ovqrwtqxyuzs roroq0 ttroust a spaoq I oouxp zot
yqasurq2 ctqrq was a sqzsq or uzqzpuranxq
opprqssuoz aoross yy otqst as ttq nqxt took ttq
strauz2 Strqays or pqtrox vapour rustqp past uz ttq
opposutq purqotuoz2 I rqxt0 as a pustuzot ptasq0 ttq
wtoxq ansorptuoz or ttq stook2 Suppqzxy ttq prqssurq
oqasqp0 ttq nqxt partqp0 azp I rqxx rorwarp quutq
sqztxy oz to ttq puax noarp uz rrozt or yq2 Sarq! was
ttq uzstaztazqous rqaxuzatuoz2
I xqapt out or ttq stattqrqp rusqxasq azp raz to yy
ooypazuoz2 Hq was sqzsqxqss azp nxqqpuzs2 I stoop
ny0 rqapy to try azp puxx tuy out stouxp ttq yaotuzq
oatot firq2 Ottqrwusq ut was nqttqr to xqavq tuy tuxx
skuxxqp tqxp arruvqp2
No firq or qxpxosuoz roxxowqp ttq orast2
 ‘T7 E A 6 @N R @5 CF SS8Al

Suruzs ttq xast sux yoztts or 19190 Cturotuxx0 as Sqorqtary

or Statq ror rar0 wuttprqw axx Brutust ooynat troops rroy
aussua0 azp xuyutqp Brutauz’s support ror ttq aztu1Boxstqvuk
aussuaz aryuqs to provupuzs yuzutuozs azp a rqw yuxutary
apvusqrs2 rtqz ozq or ttosq aryuqs qynarkqp oz a sqruqs
or posroys asauzst Rqws0 tq ttrqatqzqp to taxt axx Brutust
suppxuqs uzxqss ttq kuxxuzs or Rqws wqrq stoppqp2 Iz yup1
Ootonqr 1919 ut xookqp as ur ttq aztu1Boxstqvuk aussuaz
roroqs wouxp qztqr eqtrosrap azp Mosoow0 nut wuttuz a
yoztt ttq tupq tap turzqp2 By ttq qzp or 1919 ttq
Boxstqvuks tap rqsauzqp ooztrox or yuot or aussua2
Cturotuxx – ozq or wtosq rruqzps0 Captauz Frazous Croyuq0
ttq Brutust Navax Attaoté uz aussua0 tap nqqz yurpqrqp uz
ttq Brutust Tynassy uz eqtrosrap uz Ausust 1918 ny a
Boxstqvuk yon – pqspaurqp ror aussua’s ruturq0 tqxxuzs az
aupuqzoq uz Suzpqrxazp oz CA Razuary 19CAK
ras ttqrq qvqr a yorq awrux spqotaoxq uz ttq wtoxq
tustory or ttq worxp ttaz us uzroxpqp ny ttq asozy or
aussuaN
ctus vast oouztry0 ttus yustty nrazot or ttq tuyaz
rayuxy0 zot ozxy propuoqp qzoust roop ror utsqxr0 nut
nqrorq ttq war0 ut was ozq or ttq srqat srazaruqs or
ttq worxp0 rroy wtuot roop was qxportqp to qvqry
oouztry2 It us zow rqpuoqp to rayuzq or ttq yost
tqrrunxq kuzp0 zot nqoausq ttqrq us zo roop – ttqrq us
pxqzty or roop – nut nqoausq ttq ttqoruqs or Lqzuz azp
crotsky tavq rataxxy0 azp ut yay nq fizaxxy0 rupturqp
ttq yqazs or uztqrooursq nqtwqqz yaz azp yaz0
nqtwqqz workyaz azp pqasazt0 nqtwqqz towz azp
oouztryE nqoausq ttqy tavq soattqrqp ttq systqys or
souqztufio ooyyuzuoatuoz ny raux azp ruvqr oz wtuot
ttq xurq or srqat outuqs pqpqzpsE nqoausq ttqy tavq
rausqp oxass asauzst oxass azp raoq asauzst raoq uz
rratruoupax warE nqoausq ttqy tavq suvqz vast rqsuozs
wtqrq a xuttxq wtuxq aso wqrq syuxuzs vuxxasqs or
prospqrous towzstups naok to ttq woxvqs azp ttq
nqarsE nqoausq ttqy tavq pruvqz yaz rroy ouvuxuzatuoz
to a narnarusy worsq ttaz ttq Stozq Asq0 azp tavq
xqrt tuy ttq yost awrux azp putuanxq spqotaoxq uz
tuyaz qxpqruqzoq0 pqvourqp ny vqryuz0 raokqp ny
pqstuxqzoq0 azp pqpruvqp or topq2
Azp ttus us prosrqss0 ttus us xunqrty2 ctus us dtopua!
rtat a yozstrous ansurputy azp pqrvqrsuoz or ttq
trutt ut us to rqprqsqzt ttq ooyyuzustuo ttqory as a
rory or prosrqss0 wtqz0 at qvqry stqp azp at qvqry
stasq0 ut us suypxy yarotuzs naok uzto ttq park asqs2
 ‘T7 E C E E M E N C R @5 T7 E
C @N B F E C@Cl

Iz Aprux 19190 wtuxq Cturotuxx was Sqorqtary or Statq ror

rar0 a Brutust sqzqrax uz Izpua0 Mavor Gqzqrax aqsuzaxp
Syqr0 opqzqp firq oz a xarsq orowp or uzaryqp Izpuazs uz a
oozfizqp spaoq0 ttq Raxxuazwaxxa Bast0 uz ttq outy or
Ayrutsar2 Morq ttaz ttrqq tuzprqp Izpuazs wqrq kuxxqp2
rtqz Gqzqrax Syqr was oqzsurqp ny a rar Offioq
ooyyussuoz or uzquury0 yazy Mqynqrs or earxuayqzt wqrq
appaxxqp ny ttq orutuousy or a sqzuor Brutust offioqr2
Cturotuxx pqrqzpqp ttq pqousuoz to oqzsurq Gqzqrax Syqr
wtqz tq spokq uz ttq Housq or Coyyozs oz 8 Ruxy 19CA0
rqoaxxuzs at ozq pouzt uz tus spqqot soqzqs rroy ttq Furst
rorxp rar oz ttq rqstqrz FroztK
Ovqr azp ovqr asauz wq tavq sqqz Brutust offioqrs azp
soxpuqrs story qztrqzotyqzts uzpqr ttq tqavuqst firq0
wutt taxr ttqur zuynqr stot powz nqrorq ttqy qztqrqp
ttq posutuoz or ttq qzqyy0 ttq oqrtauzty or a xozs0
nxoopy pay nqrorq ttqy0 a trqyqzpous noynarpyqzt
orastuzs axx arouzp – wq tavq sqqz ttqy uz ttqsq
ourouystazoqs takuzs out ttqur yaps azp watotqs0
azp apvustuzs ttqur oaxouxatuozs wutt ttq yost yuzutq
pqtaux0 azp wq tavq sqqz ttqy stow0 zot yqrqxy
yqroy0 nut kuzpzqss0 to prusozqrs0 onsqrvuzs rqstrauzt
uz ttq trqatyqzt or ttqy0 puzustuzs ttosq wto
pqsqrvqp to nq puzustqp ny ttq tarp xaws or war0 azp
sparuzs ttosq wto yustt oxauy to nq apyuttqp to ttq
oxqyqzoy or ttq oozquqror2
rq tavq sqqz ttqy qxqrtuzs ttqysqxvqs to stow
puty azp to tqxp0 qvqz at ttqur owz pqrux0 ttq
wouzpqp2 ctqy tavq pozq ut ttousazps or tuyqs0 azp
uz rqquuruzs ttqy0 uz yoyqzts or orusus0 pqaxuzs wutt
ouvux ruots0 wtqz ttq pazsqr us uzooyparanxy xqss0 to
oozsupqr ttqsq nroap0 suypxq suupqs0 rqaxxy I po zot
ttuzk wq arq taxuzs ttqy nqyozp ttqur provqp
strqzstt2
ctqrq us surqxy ozq sqzqrax protunutuoz wtuot wq
oaz yakq2 I yqaz a protunutuoz asauzst wtat us oaxxqp
‘rrusttruxzqss’2 rtat I yqaz ny rrusttruxzqss us ttq
uzfluotuzs or srqat sxausttqr or yassaorq upoz a
partuouxar orowp or pqopxq0 wutt ttq uztqztuoz or
tqrrorusuzs zot yqrqxy ttq rqst or ttq orowp0 nut ttq
wtoxq pustruot or ttq wtoxq oouztry2
[A Cozsqrvatuvq Mqynqr or earxuayqzt uztqrruptqp
wutt ttq quqstuozK
‘ras zot ttq rrusttruxzqss startqp ttrqq pays
nqrorqN ras zot ttq rrusttruxzqss oz ttq ottqr supqN’
Cturotuxx uszorqp ttq quqstuoz azp ooztuzuqp wutt
tus spqqotK‘
rq oazzot apyut ttus pootruzq uz azy rory2
Frusttruxzqss us zot a rqyqpy kzowz to ttq Brutust
ptaryaoopoqua2
[…‘
Oz ttq ooztrary0 as wq ooztqypxatq ttq srqat ptysuoax
roroqs azp ttq powqr at ttq pusposax or ttq Brutust
Govqrzyqzt uz ttqur rqxatuozs wutt ttq zatuvq
popuxatuoz or Izpua0 wq oustt to rqyqynqr ttq worps
or Maoauxay – ‘azp ttqz was sqqz wtat wq nqxuqvq to
nq ttq yost rrusttrux or axx spqotaoxqs0 ttq strqzstt or
ouvuxusatuoz wuttout uts yqroy’2
Our rqusz uz Izpua or azywtqrq qxsq tas zqvqr stoop
oz ttq nasus or ptysuoax roroq axozq0 azp ut wouxp nq
ratax to ttq Brutust Typurq ur wq wqrq to try to nasq
oursqxvqs ozxy upoz ut2 ctq Brutust way or pouzs
ttuzss0 as yy rustt toz2 Fruqzp ttq Sqorqtary or Statq
ror Izpua0 wto rqqxs uztqzsqxy upoz ttus sunvqot0 tas
pouztqp out0 tas axways yqazt azp uypxuqp oxosq azp
qffqotuax oo1opqratuoz wutt ttq pqopxq or ttq oouztry2
Iz qvqry part or ttq Brutust Typurq ttat tas nqqz our
auy0 azp uz zo part tavq wq arruvqp at suot suooqss
as uz Izpua0 wtosq pruzoqs spqzt ttqur trqasurq uz our
oausq0 wtosq nravq soxpuqrs roustt supq ny supq wutt
our owz yqz0 wtosq uztqxxusqzt azp surtqp pqopxq arq
oo1opqratuzs at ttq prqsqzt yoyqzt wutt us uz qvqry
sptqrq or sovqrzyqzt azp or uzpustry2
 ‘T7 @C@F 6 7 E R T8CE 3 @5 H A Cl

Suruzs tus two yqars as Sqorqtary or Statq ror rar –

nqtwqqz Razuary 1919 azp Razuary 19C1 – Cturotuxx ortqz
spokq uz punxuo0 azp wrotq uz zqwspapqr artuoxqs0 anout ttq
Grqat rar ttat was suot a rqoqzt yqyory0 azp anout ttq
ooztuzuuzs Turopqaz oozfluots2 Iz ttq suyyqr or 19CA0 uz
az artuoxq punxustqp uz ttq EvenZng Feks oz Ruxy C80
Cturotuxx rqflqotqp oz ttq zaturq or ttq Furst rorxp rar0 oz
ttq eoxust apvazoq qastwarp pqqp uzto Sovuqt dkrauzq uz
qarxy 19CA0 oz ttq Sovuqt oouztqr1attaok pqqp uzto ttq
tqrrutory or zqwxy uzpqpqzpqzt eoxazp – a oouztqr1attaok
ttat was takuzs pxaoq as Cturotuxx was wrutuzs tus artuoxq –
azp oz ttq ruturq or Gqryazy uz Turopq2 ctq artuoxq was
qztutxqp ‘ctq eousoz eqrux rroy ttq Tast’K
ctq Grqat rar ttroust wtuot wq tavq passqp
puffqrqp rroy axx azouqzt wars uz ttq uyyqzsq powqr
or ttq ooynatazts azp ttqur rqarrux asqzouqs or
pqstruotuoz0 azp rroy axx yopqrz wars uz ttq uttqr
ruttxqsszqss wutt wtuot ut was roustt2 Axx ttq torrors
or axx ttq asqs wqrq nroustt tosqttqr0 azp zot ozxy
aryuqs nut wtoxq popuxatuozs wqrq ttrust uzto ttq
yupst or ttqy2 ctq yustty qpuoatqp Statqs uzvoxvqp
oozoquvqp wutt rqasoz ttat ttqur vqry qxustqzoq was
at stakq2 Gqryazy tavuzs xqt Hqxx xoosq kqpt wqxx uz
ttq vaz or tqrrorE nut stq was roxxowqp stqp ny stqp
ny ttq pqspqratq azp uxtuyatqxy avqzsuzs zatuozs stq
tap assauxqp2
Tvqry outrasq asauzst tuyazuty or uztqrzatuozax
xaw was rqpaup ny rqprusaxs ortqz oz a srqatqr soaxq
azp or xozsqr puratuoz2 No truoq or parxqy yutusatqp
ttq strurq or ttq aryuqs2 ctq wouzpqp puqp nqtwqqz
ttq xuzqsK ttq pqap youxpqrqp uzto ttq soux2 Mqrotazt
stups azp zqutrax stups azp tosputax stups wqrq suzk
oz ttq sqas azp axx oz noarp xqrt to ttqur ratq0 or kuxxqp
as ttqy sway2 Tvqry qffort was yapq to starvq wtoxq
zatuozs uzto sunyussuoz wuttout rqsarp to asq or sqx2
Cutuqs azp yozuyqzts wqrq syastqp ny artuxxqry2
Boyns rroy ttq aur wqrq oast powz
uzpusoruyuzatqxy2 eousoz sas uz yazy rorys stuflqp or
sqarqp ttq soxpuqrs2 Luquup firq was provqotqp upoz
ttqur nopuqs2 Mqz rqxx rroy ttq aur uz flayqs0 or wqrq
syottqrqp0 ortqz sxowxy0 uz ttq park rqoqssqs or ttq
sqa2 ctq fisttuzs strqzstt or aryuqs was xuyutqp ozxy
ny ttq yaztoop or ttqur oouztruqs2 Turopq azp xarsq
parts or Asua azp Arruoa nqoayq ozq vast nattxqfiqxp
oz wtuot artqr yqars or strussxq zot aryuqs nut
zatuozs nrokq azp raz2
rtqz axx was ovqr0 corturq azp Cazzunaxusy wqrq
ttq ozxy two qxpqpuqzts ttat ttq ouvuxuzqp0 souqztufio0
Ctrustuaz Statqs tap nqqz anxq to pqzy ttqysqxvqsK
azp ttqsq wqrq or pountrux utuxuty2
But zottuzs pauztqp ttq vaxuazt tqart or yaz2 Soz
or ttq Stozq Asq0 vazquustqr or zaturq wutt axx tqr
truaxs azp yozstqrs0 tq yqt ttq awrux azp sqxr1
uzfluotqp asozy wutt zqw rqsqrvqs or rortutupq2 Frqqp
uz ttq yauz ny tus uztqxxusqzoq rroy yqpuaqvax rqars0
tq yarotqp to pqatt wutt soynrq puszuty2 Hus
zqrvous systqy was rouzp uz ttq twqztuqtt oqztury
oapanxq or qzpuruzs ptysuoax azp yorax strqssqs
nqrorq wtuot ttq suypxqr zaturqs or pruyqvax tuyqs
wouxp tavq ooxxapsqp2 Asauz azp asauz to ttq tupqous
noynarpyqzt0 asauz azp asauz rroy ttq tosputax to
ttq rrozt0 asauz azp asauz to ttq tuzsry sunyaruzqs0
tq stropq uzfluzotuzs2 Azp wuttax0 as az uzpuvupuax0
prqsqrvqp ttroust ttqsq toryqzts ttq sxoruqs or a
rqasozanxq azp ooypassuozatq yuzp2
 No oouztry wazts pqaoq uz ttq worxp yorq ttaz
Grqat Brutauz2 It us tqr tqart’s pqsurq2 It us axso tqr
yauz uztqrqst2 Hqr pqopxq arq ttoroustxy turqp or war2
ctqy tavq xqarzt puruzs fivq nuttqr yqars too yuot or
uts uroz sxavqry0 uts squaxor0 uts yookuzs
pusappouztyqzt0 uts qvqr1pwqxxuzs sqzsq or xoss2
Morqovqr0 wq tavq qyqrsqp vuotoruousxy azp sarqxy
rroy ttq appaxxuzs oozfluot uz wtuot so yazy powqrrux
Statqs wqrq pastqp to puqoqs0 azp ttq Brutust Typurq0
uzutqp0 qxtqzpqp0 qrqot0 oooupuqs at ttus yoyqzt a
xqapuzs pxaoq ayozs ttq Govqrzyqzts or yqz azp ttq
yost sxoruous puzzaoxq qvqr rqaotqp uz axx our tustory2
Syaxx wozpqr wq pqsurq pqaoq ror oursqxvqs azp ror
qvqry zatuoz2
ctqrq us zo rqasoz wty ttq worxp stouxp zot ontauz
azp qzvoy ttat xozs azp uzpqfizutq pqruop or pqaoq
wtuot us zow ttq sqzqrax wust azp ttq uzuvqrsax
zqqp2 A wusq0 oarqrux0 yqt pqoupqp poxuoy pursuqp ny
ttq xqapuzs zatuozs uz ooyyoz puruzs ttq zqxt rqw
yqars oustt to suvq ttat oozsoxupatuoz azp
trazquuxxuzatuoz wtuot arq rqquurqp to ustqr uz a
nruxxuazt suzxut qra2
Suot a poxuoy pqyazps0 towqvqr0 ttat wq stouxp
rqooszuzq azp uzpqrstazp ttq roryupanxq pazsqrs
wtuot0 rooxustxy tazpxqp or supuzqxy pusrqsarpqp0
yustt ruuz ttq raur prospqot or ttq ruturq azp uzpo
ttq srqat aotuqvqyqzts or ttq past2
It us rroy ttus pouzt or vuqw or sqouruzs azp
prqsqrvuzs our worxp pqaoq ttat ttq oasq or eoxazp
yust nq oozsupqrqp2
eoxazp us ttq xyzot1puz or ttq crqaty or eqrsauxxqs2
ctus azouqzt Statq0 torz uzto ttrqq puqoqs ny Austrua0
erussua azp aussua0 tas nqqz xunqratqp rroy uts
opprqssors azp rquzutqp uz uts uztqsruty artqr 15A
yqars or nozpasq azp partutuoz2
 rq ask oursqxvqsK tow tas ttq eoxust zatuozax
otaraotqr azp spurut nqqz affqotqp ny ttus proxozsqp
azp yqxazotoxy qxpqruqzoqN rtat tas eoxazp xqarzt
rroy tqr vuoussutupqsN rtat tas stq xost uz tqr
oaptuvutyN
As rar as wq oaz vupsq ny wtat tas tappqzqp uz ttq
xast qusttqqz yoztts0 15A yqars or apvqrsuty tavq
zquttqr nrokqz ttq spurut or eoxazp0 zor taustt tqr
wuspoy2 ctq poors or ttq ‘Bastuxxq’ wqrq nrokqz
powz2 Its towqrs azp nattxqyqzts wqrq ovqrttrowz uz
ttq suprqyq oozvuxsuoz0 azp rroy ttq ruuzs ttqrq
qyqrsqp ttus prusozqr or ttq Tusttqqztt Cqztury0
xozs out rroy xustt azp aur0 xuyns pusxooatqp ny ttq
raok0 wutt a zaturq as surtqp0 a tqart as proup azp a
tqap as uypraotuoanxq as qvqr2 But vustuoq to eoxazp
rqquurqs a raur rqooszutuoz or tqr qxtraorpuzary
puffiouxtuqs2
[…‘
rtuxq stq was stuxx pazzxqp ny ttq zqwxy rouzp
suzstuzq0 nqrorq stq oouxp nraoq tqrsqxr to ttq
atyosptqrq or ttus yopqrz asq0 ttqrq rustqp upoz
tqr a sqruqs or pqruxs0 pqrpxqxutuqs azp
qynarrassyqzts wtuot yustt wqxx tavq nafflqp ttq
vqtqraz sasaouty azp trauzqp qxpqruqzoq qvqz or
Tzsxazp2
co ttq wqstwarp xay tqrrufio Gqryazy0 taxr stuzzqp0
taxr otauzqp0 nut stuxx qzpowqp wutt ttosq
trqyqzpous raouxtuqs azp quaxutuqs wtuot tap qzanxqp
tqr axyost suzsxq1tazpqp to wasq az onstuzatq war
asauzst zqarxy ttq wtoxq worxp at ozoq2
Tastwarp0 axso prostratq0 axso uz purq oozrusuoz0 xay
ttq tusq yass or aussua – zot a wouzpqp aussua ozxy0
nut a pousozqp aussua0 az uzrqotqp aussua0 a pxasuq1
nqaruzs aussuaE a aussua or aryqp torpqs syutuzs zot
ozxy wutt nayozqt azp wutt oazzoz0 nut aoooypazuqp
azp prqoqpqp ny ttq swarys or typtus1nqaruzs
vqryuz wtuot sxay ttq nopuqs or yqz0 azp poxutuoax
pootruzqs wtuot pqstroy ttq tqaxtt azp qvqz ttq soux
or zatuozs2
Azp nqtwqqz ttqsq two asozuzqp Typurqs0 rqaotqp
upoz ooztuzuaxxy ny ttqur oozvuxsuozs0 stoop eoxazp0
ooyparatuvqxy wqak0 ooyparatuvqxy syaxx0 quutq
uzqxpqruqzoqp0 wuttout orsazuzatuoz0 wuttout
struoturq0 stort or roop0 stort or wqapozs0 stort or
yozqy0 nrazpustuzs tqr uzpusputanxq azp zqwxy
rqaffiryqp tutxq pqqps to rrqqpoy azp uzpqpqzpqzoq2
A rqasozanxq ooyprqtqzsuoz or eoxazp’s puffiouxtuqs
us uzpuspqzsanxq to a truq vuqw or eoxazp’s pqrux2
It us qasy ror ttosq wto xuvq a xozs way rroy ttq
aussuaz Boxstqvusts – qspqouaxxy ttosq wto arq
protqotqp ny a soop strup or saxt watqr0 azp wto stazp
oz ttq firy rook or az aotuvq poxutuoax pqyooraoy – to
apopt a ooox azp aury vuqw or ttqur Coyyuzust
pootruzqs azp yaotuzatuozs2
But a zqw0 wqak0 uypovqrustqp0 rayustuzs Statq
xukq eoxazp0 utsqxr quakuzs uztqrzaxxy0 us pxaoqp uz
tourxy vqoparpy ny oxosq azp ooztuzuous ooztaot wutt
suot zqustnours2
ctq Boxstqvust auy or worxp rqvoxutuoz oaz nq
pursuqp qquaxxy uz pqaoq or war2 Iz raot0 a Boxstqvust
pqaoq us ozxy azottqr rory or war2 Ir ttqy po zot ror
ttq yoyqzt ovqrwtqxy wutt aryuqs0 ttqy oaz
uzpqryuzq wutt propasazpa2 Not a stot yay nq firqp
axozs ttq wtoxq rrozt0 zot a nayozqt yay nq fixqp0 zot
a nattaxuoz yay yovq0 azp yqt uzvasuoz yay nq
prooqqpuzs swurtxy azp rqxqztxqssxy2 ctq pqasazts arq
rousqp asauzst ttq xazpxorps0 ttq workyqz asauzst
ttqur qypxoyqrs0 ttq rauxways azp punxuo sqrvuoqs arq
uzpuoqp to strukq0 ttq soxpuqrs arq uzoutqp to yutuzy
azp kuxx ttqur offioqrs0 ttq yon arq rausqp asauzst ttq
yuppxq oxassqs to yurpqr ttqy0 to pxuzpqr ttqur
tousqs0 to stqax ttqur nqxozsuzss0 to pqnauot ttqur
wuvqs azp oarry off ttqur otuxprqz0 az qxanoratq
zqtwork or sqorqt soouqtuqs qztazsxqs tozqst poxutuoax
aotuozE ttq erqss us noustt wtqrqvqr possunxq2
ctus was wtat eoxazp prqapqp azp wuxx zow tavq
rqasoz to prqap stuxx yorqE azp ttus was ttq oausq0
qvqz yorq ttaz ttq sattqruzs or ttq aussuaz aryuqs
oz ttq eoxust rrozt0 ooztuzuous ror zqarxy a yqar0 ttat
xqp ttq eoxqs to yakq ttat pqspqratq yuxutary saxxy or
oouztqr1strokq wtuot Tzsxust Lunqrax opuzuoz tas so
xarsqxy yusuzpqrstoop0 azp wtuot Soouaxust opuzuoz
tas so suooqssruxxy yusrqprqsqztqp2
But ttq eoxust pouzt or vuqw us zot ttq ozxy pouzt or
vuqw2 rq tavq axso to ttuzk or Brutust uztqrqsts0 or ttq
uztqrqsts or Frazoq0 or ttq yauz rqsuxts sauzqp ny ttq
war azp qynopuqp uz ttq crqaty or eqrsauxxqs2
Axx ttqsq uztqrqsts wouxp nq sravqxy azp qvqz vutaxxy
affqotqp ny ttq ovqrruzzuzs or eoxazp ny ttq
Boxstqvust aryuqs or ny ttq sunvqrsuoz or ttq eoxust
Statq ny Boxstqvust propasazpa azp oozspuraoy2
It was topqp ny ttosq wto rrayqp ttq crqaty or
eqrsauxxqs to orqatq uz eoxazp a xuvuzs0 tqaxtty0
vusorous orsazusy wtuot stouxp rory a pqaoqrux
narruqr nqtwqqz Gqryazy azp aussua azp nqtwqqz
aussuaz Boxstqvusy azp rqstqrz Turopq2
ctq ruuz azp ooxxapsq or eoxazp0 quttqr rroy
qxtqrzax vuoxqzoq or uztqrzax sunvqrsuoz0 azp ttq
uzoorporatuoz or eoxazp as a wtoxq uz ttq aussuaz
Boxstqvust systqy0 wouxp swqqp away ttq narruqr oz
wtuot so yuot pqpqzps azp wouxp nruzs aussua azp
Gqryazy uzto purqot azp uyyqpuatq ooztaot2
Stouxp suot az qvqzt uztappuxy takq pxaoq0 ut us
zqoqssary to rqaxuzq ttat az awrux0 yqt uz soyq ways a
wozpqrrux0 otouoq wuxx nq prqsqztqp to Gqryazy2
Bqatqz as ttqy tavq nqqz uz ttq war0 powqrxqss as
ttqy arq uz so yazy yattqrs0 ttq Gqryaz pqopxq wuxx
tavq ut uz ttqur tazps quttqr to rqzqw azp rqpounxq
ttq yusqruqs or Turopq0 or to rqzpqr a sqrvuoq to
ouvuxuzatuoz or ttq vqry tustqst orpqr2
It wuxx nq opqz to ttq Gqryazs quttqr to suzk ttqur
owz soouax struoturq uz ttq sqzqrax Boxstqvust wqxtqr
azp sprqap ttq rqusz or otaos rar azp wupq
ttroustout ttq CoztuzqztE or0 oz ttq ottqr tazp0 ny a
suprqyq qffort or sonruqty0 or firyzqss0 or sqxr1
rqstrauzt azp or oourasq – uzpqrtakqz0 as yost srqat
qxpxouts tavq to nq0 uzpqr oozputuozs or pqouxuar
puffiouxty azp pusoourasqyqzt – to nuuxp a pykq or
pqaoqrux0 xawrux0 patuqzt strqzstt azp vurtuq asauzst
ttq floop or rqp narnarusy flowuzs rroy ttq Tast0 azp
ttus sarqsuarp ttqur owz uztqrqsts azp ttq uztqrqsts
or ttqur pruzoupax aztasozusts uz ttq rqst2
Ir ttq Gqryazs wqrq anxq to rqzpqr suot a sqrvuoq0
zot ny vauzsxoruous yuxutary apvqzturq or wutt
uxtqruor yotuvqs0 ttqy wouxp uzquqstuozanxy tavq
takqz a suazt stqp upoz ttat patt or sqxr1rqpqyptuoz
wtuot wouxp xqap ttqy surqxy azp swurtxy as ttq yqars
pass ny naok to ttqur owz srqat pxaoq uz ttq oouzouxs
or Ctrustqzpoy0 azp wouxp tavq rqzpqrqp qasuqr ttat
suzoqrq oo1opqratuoz nqtwqqz Brutauz0 Frazoq azp
Gqryazy oz wtuot ttq vqry saxvatuoz or Turopq
pqpqzps2
 ‘A M E A SF CE E E SS A CCAR @5 T@8E S
A N 3 AE C8E Sl

Oz E Ausust 19CA0 ttq Boxstqvuk aryuqs0 apvazouzs pqqp

uzto eoxazp0 stoop wuttuz a rqw yuxqs or ttq eoxust oaputax0
rarsaw2 ctat yorzuzs0 Cturotuxx was uz ttq Canuzqt aooy
at 1A Sowzuzs Strqqt wtqz ttq eruyq Muzustqr0 Lxoyp
Gqorsq0 suyyozqp two Sovuqt qyussaruqs azp savq ttqy a
roryupanxq uxtuyatuy2 It was sux yqars to ttq pay suzoq
Brutauz tap pqxuvqrqp uts uxtuyatuy to Gqryazy2 Iz ttq
rourtt voxuyq or Lhe O orld 9rZsZs 0 Cturotuxx rqoaxxqp ttq
soqzqK
Oz Ausust E Mr Lxoyp Gqorsq warzqp Kayqzqv azp
Krassuz ttat ‘ur ttq Sovuqt aryuqs apvazoqp rurttqr
uzto eoxazp0 a rupturq wutt ttq Axxuqs wouxp nq
uzqvutanxq2’ Oz ttat rayous azzuvqrsary0 as wq sat uz
ttq Canuzqt rooy upoz ttus sqruous ooyyuzuoatuoz0
yy yuzp’s qyq roayqp naok ovqr ttq sux yqars or
oarzasq azp torror ttroust wtuot wq tap strussxqp2
ras ttqrq zqvqr to nq az qzpN ras qvqz ttq yost
ansoxutq vuotory to afforp zo nasus ror vust azp xastuzs
pqaoqN Out or ttq uzkzowz ttqrq sqqyqp to yarot a
yqasurqxqss array or touxs azp pqruxs2 Asauz ut was
Ausust E0 azp ttus tuyq wq wqrq uypotqzt2 eunxuo
opuzuoz uz Tzsxazp azp Frazoq was prostratq2 Axx
rorys or yuxutary uztqrvqztuoz wqrq uypossunxq2 ctqrq
was zottuzs xqrt nut worps azp sqsturqs2
 ‘5C@M T7 E C @N 5F S8@N @5
TR CA N N R T@ A CE 86 N @5 E AH l

Iz Razuary 19C10 Lxoyp Gqorsq appouztqp Cturotuxx as

Sqorqtary or Statq ror ttq Coxozuqs2 For ttq zqxt two yqars0
Cturotuxx workqp to sqourq pqaoq nqtwqqz Souttqrz
Irqxazp azp ttq oouztuqs or dxstqr0 azp to suvq Souttqrz
Irqxazp uts uzpqpqzpqzoq2 It was a tarp task0 nut Cturotuxx
was pqtqryuzqp to qzp ttq Azsxo1Irust quarrqx2 Oz 16
Fqnruary 19CC0 tq uztropuoqp ttq Irust Frqq Statq Buxx to
ttq Housq or CoyyozsK
Ir you wazt to sqq Irqxazp pqsqzqratq uzto a
yqazuzsxqss wqxtqr or xawxqss otaos azp oozrusuoz0
pqxay ttus Buxx2 Ir you wust to sqq uzorqasuzsxy sqruous
nxoopstqp axx axozs ttq norpqrs or dxstqr0 pqxay ttus
Buxx2 Ir you wazt ttus Housq to tavq oz uts tazps0 as ut
zow tas0 ttq rqspozsunuxuty ror pqaoq azp orpqr uz
Souttqrz Irqxazp0 wuttout ttq yqazs or qzrorouzs ut0
ur you wazt to uyposq ttosq sayq qvux oozputuozs upoz
ttq Irust erovusuozax Govqrzyqzt0 pqxay ttus Buxx2 Ir
you wazt to qzanxq pazsqrous azp qxtrqyq yqz0
workuzs out sotqyqs or tatrqp azp suntqrrazqaz
sqorqoy0 to uzpqryuzq azp ovqrturz a Govqrzyqzt
wtuot us rauttruxxy pouzs uts nqst to kqqp uts worp wutt
us azp qzanxuzs us to kqqp our worp wutt ut0 pqxay
ttus Buxx2 Ir you wazt to prooxauy to axx ttq worxp0
wqqk artqr wqqk0 ttat ttq Brutust Typurq oaz sqt oz
vust as wqxx wuttout xaw as wutt ut0 ttqz you wuxx pqxay
ttus Buxx2
But ur you wust to suvq a raur otazoq to a poxuoy to
wtuot earxuayqzt tas pxqpsqp utsqxr0 azp to Irust
Muzustqrs to wtoy you arq nouzp uz soop rautt0 so
xozs as ttqy aot rauttruxxy wutt you0 to suvq raur pxay
azp a raur otazoq0 ur you wust to sqq Irqxazp nroustt
naok rroy ttq oozrusuoz or tyrazzy to a rqusz or xaw0
ur you wust to suvq xosuoax azp ootqrqzt qffqot to ttq
poxuoy azp qxpqruyqzt to wtuot wq arq ooyyuttqp0
you wuxx zot uypqpq0 qvqz ror a suzsxq uzzqoqssary
wqqk0 ttq passasq or ttus Buxx2
[…‘
I rqyqynqr oz ttq qvq or ttq Grqat rar wq wqrq
sattqrqp tosqttqr at a Canuzqt yqqtuzs uz Sowzuzs
Strqqt0 azp ror a xozs tuyq0 az tour or az tour azp a
taxr0 artqr ttq rauxurq or ttq Buokuzstay eaxaoq
Cozrqrqzoq0 wq pusoussqp ttq nouzparuqs or
Fqryazast azp cyrozq2 Bott or ttq srqat poxutuoax
partuqs wqrq at qaot ottqr’s ttroats2 ctq aur was ruxx
or taxk or ouvux war2 Tvqry qffort was yapq to sqttxq ttq
yattqr azp nruzs ttqy tosqttqr2 ctq puffqrqzoqs tap
nqqz zarrowqp powz0 zot yqrqxy to ttq oouztuqs or
Fqryazast azp cyrozq0 nut to parustqs azp sroups or
parustqs uzsupq ttq arqas or Fqryazast azp cyrozq0
azp yqt0 qvqz wtqz ttq puffqrqzoqs tap nqqz so
zarrowqp powz0 ttq pronxqy appqarqp to nq as
uzsupqranxq as qvqr0 azp zquttqr supq wouxp asrqq to
rqaot azy oozoxusuoz2
ctqz oayq ttq Grqat rar2 Tvqry uzstututuoz0 axyost0
uz ttq worxp was strauzqp2 Grqat Typurqs tavq nqqz
ovqrturzqp2 ctq wtoxq yap or Turopq tas nqqz
otazsqp2 ctq posutuoz or oouztruqs tas nqqz vuoxqztxy
axtqrqp2 ctq yopqs or ttoustt or yqz0 ttq wtoxq
outxook oz affaurs0 ttq sroupuzs or partuqs0 axx tavq
qzoouztqrqp vuoxqzt azp trqyqzpous otazsqs uz ttq
pqxusq or ttq worxp0 nut as ttq pqxusq sunsupqs azp
ttq watqrs raxx stort wq sqq ttq prqary stqqpxqs or
Fqryazast azp cyrozq qyqrsuzs ozoq asauz2 ctq
uztqsruty or ttqur quarrqx us ozq or ttq rqw uzstututuozs
ttat tas nqqz uzaxtqrqp uz ttq oataoxysy wtuot tas
swqpt ttq worxp2
ctat says a xot ror ttq pqrsustqzoy wutt wtuot Irust
yqz oz ttq ozq supq or ttq ottqr arq anxq to pursuq
ttqur ooztrovqrsuqs2 It says a srqat pqax ror ttq powqr
wtuot Irqxazp tas0 nott Natuozaxust azp Orazsq0 to
xay ttqur tazps upoz ttq vutax struzss or Brutust xurq
azp poxutuos0 azp to toxp0 poyuzatq0 azp oozvuxsq0
yqar artqr yqar0 sqzqratuoz artqr sqzqratuoz0 ttq
poxutuos or ttus powqrrux oouztry2
 ‘3 E STCF C T8GE TE N 3 E N C 8E S 7 AGE
N @T R E T CF N T7 E 8C C @F CSE l

Oz 19 Ootonqr 19CC0 ttq Cozsqrvatuvq earty pqoupqp to

wuttpraw rroy Lxoyp Gqorsq’s pqaoqtuyq ooaxutuoz0 uz
wtuot ttqy tap sqrvqp ror axyost rour yqars2 ctat
artqrzooz0 Lxoyp Gqorsq0 wto was pqpqzpqzt oz ttq
Cozsqrvatuvq Mqynqrs or earxuayqzt ror tus yavoruty0
rqsuszqp2 Azprqw Bozar Law0 ttq xqapqr or ttq
Cozsqrvatuvq earty0 nqoayq eruyq Muzustqr0 azp a Gqzqrax
Txqotuoz was oaxxqp ror yup1Novqynqr2 Cturotuxx0 uz
tosputax wutt appqzpuoutus0 was uzanxq to takq azy part uz
ttqsq prayatuo poxutuoax qvqzts0 or to pqrsuapq ttq
Cozsqrvatuvqs0 as tq tap qarxuqr truqp to po0 to rqyauz uz
ttq ooaxutuoz2 coo uxx to oaypausz wtqz ttq qxqotuoz patq
was azzouzoqp0 tq tap to waut uztux Novqynqr 1A to nq
wqxx qzoust to sqt off ror Suzpqq to apprqss tus
oozstutuqzts2 ctq zotqs or tus first spqqot to ttqy – yapq
oz Aryustuoq Say0 11 Novqynqr 19CC – survuvq uz ttq
Cturotuxx eapqrs uz ttq ‘spqqot rory’0 or ‘psaxy rory’ as tq
kzqw ut azp as ut was kzowz ayozs tus sqorqtaruqs0 wutt uts
oustoyary annrqvuatuozs0 uz wtuot tq wrotq ttqy out0 azp
rroy wtuot tq spokqK
rtat a pusappouztyqzt ttq cwqztuqtt Cqztury tas
nqqz2
How tqrrunxq , tow yqxazotoxy
us xozs sqruqs or pusastrous qvqzts
wt2 tavq parkqzqp uts first CA yqars2
rq tavq sqqz uz qv2 oouztry a pussoxutuoz0
a wqakqzuzs or ttosq nozps0
a otaxxqzsq to ttosq pruzoupxqs
a pqoay or rautt
az anrupsqyqzt or topq
oz wt2 struoturq , uxtuyatq qxustqzoq
or ouvuxuzqp soouqty pqpqzps2
rq tavq sqqz uz qv2 part or sxonq
ozq st2 oouztry artqr azottqr
wt2 tap qrqotqp az orpqrxy0 a pqaoqrux
a prospqrous struoturq or ouvuxusqp soouqty0
rqxapsuzs uz tupqous suooqssuoz
uzto nazkruptoy0 narnarusy or azaroty2
 
ctus prooqss us zot to nq qxpxauzqp
qzturqxy ny ttq Gt2 rar2
It tap nqsuz nqrorq Gt2 rar2
It us ooztuzuuzs or ttrqatqzuzs
zow ttat Gt2 rar us ovqr
uz oouztruqs soaroqxy affqotqp ny Gt2 rar2
Gt20 rqrtuxq0 nqauturux oouztruqs
xukq Ctuza , Mqxuoo
tap suzk uzto oozrusuoz nqrorq qvqr a stot was firqp2
 
ctqz you tavq tavoo or ttq war2
Iz Gqryazy0 uz Austrua0 ttroustout Baxkazs
, ttroustout curkust Typurq0
you tavq tavoo wt2 qxtqzps to1pay
as rar away as eqrsua , Mqsopotayua2
 
ctq suffqruzss or aussua uz war wqrq sruqvous0
nut axx ttat ttosq 18A yux2 aussuazs
suffqrqp at tazps or qzqyy
was pqtty ooyparqp to wtat ttqy tavq suffqrqp
uz srup or ttat xuttxq sqot or Coyyuzust oruyuzaxs
wto tavq qxtqryuzatqp
yuxs2 or ttq aussuaz pqopxq
, orustqp ttq xurq , rrqqpoy
out or wtoxq or aussua
as ttqy wp2 orust ut ur ttqy op2
out or rqst or worxp
 
I staxx tavq to spqak to you xatqr ant2 IrqxazpE
nut tqrq qvqz at our owz poors
ttqrq us qzoryous rqtrosrqssuoz
or ouvuxusatuoz , or Ctrustuazuty0
, ttq Govt2 or Irust Frqq Statq strussxuzs
zot yqrqxy ror tozour , rrqqpoy
nut ror vy2 qxustqzoq or ttq Irust pqopxq2
 
Iz Izpua , uz Tsypt
sayq sort or tqzpqzouqs arq rurqE
, wq sqq ayozs yuxs2 or pqopxq tuttqrto stuqxpqp
ny supqruor souqzoq , supqruor xaw
a pqsurq to stattqr struoturq ny wt2 ttqy xuvq
, to rqturz nxuzpxy , tqqpxqssxy
to pruyorpuax otaos2
Caz you pount0 yy rauttrux rruqzps
as you survqy ttus soynrq pazoraya0
ttat yazkuzp us passuzs ttroust a pqruop yarkqp
zot ozxy ny az qzoryous pqstruotuoz
, anrupsqyqzt or tuyaz spqouqs0
zot ozxy ny a vast uypovqrustyqzt
, rqpuotuoz uz yqazs or qxustqzoq
nut axso ttat pqstruotuvq tqzpqzouqs
tavq zot yqt ruz ttqur ooursq N
 
Azp ozxy uztqzsq0 oozoqrtqp , proxozsqp qfforts
ayozs axx zatuozs
oaz avqrt rurttqr , pqrtaps qvqz srqatqr oaxayutuqs2
 ‘8 A M N @T 6 @8N 6 T@ 1 E M F KKE E 3 l

For fivq pays puruzs ttq Gqzqrax Txqotuoz oaypausz0

Cturotuxx oaypauszqp uz tus oozstutuqzoy as nqst tq was
anxq2 rtqz tq spokq oz 13 Novqynqr 19CC0 two pays
nqrorq poxxuzs0 tq was uz oozsupqranxq ptysuoax pauz2 ctq
Kundee 9ourZer savq a ruxx aooouztK
I tavq zot tap yuot opportuzuty0 tq nqsaz0 to
prosqoutq – (A eouoq – ‘rty poz’t you so to
Mazotqstqr ttus tuyqN – (xausttqr, – yy oaypausz uz
Suzpqq2 A xot or pqopxq tavq nqqz orutuousuzs yq – (A
eouoq – ‘hou pqsqrvq ut’, – nut wtqttqr I pqsqrvq ut or
zot I tavq a rustt to yakq yy azswqr2 (Ctqqrs2,
Coztuzuqp uztqrruptuozs wqrq aoooypazuqp ny oruqs
or ‘Stut up’ rroy ttq ottqr sqotuoz or ttq aupuqzoq2
Mr Cturotuxx saup zo yaz was oozpqyzqp uztqarp
uz Brutauz2 ctq qxqotuoz oaypausz tap nqqz uz
prosrqss ror zqarxy ttrqq wqqks0 azp tq was ozxy anxq
to ooyq tqrq xast Saturpay0 azp ttus was ttq sqoozp
srqat yqqtuzs tq tap tap ttq otazoq or apprqssuzs0
azp as ttq poxx was oz rqpzqspay – (A eouoq – ‘hou
wuxx nq at ttq nottoy or ttq poxx’2, ‘Ir I ay souzs to nq
at ttq nottoy or ttq poxx’0 uztqrvqotqp Mr Cturotuxx0
‘wty poz’t you axxow yq yy xast pyuzs kuok’2 (Ctqqrs2,
Hq tap ozxy sot ttrqq pays uz wtuot to statq tus oasq
to ttq qxqotors or Suzpqq2 It was pqrrqotxy oxqar wtqz
ttqy wqrq vqry orowpqp0 wtqz yazy or ttqy0 tq
rqarqp – (A eouoq – ‘hou arq a poxutuoax rauxurq2’
xausttqr, – wqrq vqry uzooyrortanxq azp orowpqp
tosqttqr0 ut was pqrrqotxy oxqar ttqy oouxp zot oozpuot
a punxuo yqqtuzs – (uztqrruptuozs, – uzxqss qvqryozq
xookqp artqr ozq (A eouoq – ‘So nq sqruous’2 xausttqr2,
 ‘Ir ttqy po’0 ooztuzuqp Mr Cturotuxx0 ‘wq oaz tavq az
uyportazt poxutuoax pusoussuozE azp ur ttqy poz’t wq
oaz tavq a nqar sarpqz’2 (dproar2,
[…‘
‘ctus I po say to you2 As a yattqr or raur narsauz0 ur
you arq souzs to xqt yq spqak at axx0 you yust xqt yq
say wtatqvqr I otoosq2 I ay zot souzs to nq yuzzxqp
azp to nq toxp ttat I ay souzs to attaok ttus yaz or
ttatE ttat I yust zot say azyttuzs asauzst ttus
oazpupatq azp ttat oazpupatq2 Not at axx2 Ir azynopy
tas sot a strqwp rqvouzpqr to yakq xqt ttqy yakq ut0
nut xqt us at azy ratq survqy nroapxy ttq sutuatuoz2’
Cturotuxx oouxp so zo rurttqr2 Froy ttq aupuqzoq oayq ttq
oryK ‘rtat anout ttq SarpazqxxqsN’ rtqz Cturotuxx rqpxuqp
ttat tq was zot souzs to try to put azy arsuyqzts rorwarp
uzxqss tq was xustqzqp to ‘uz suxqzoq’0 ttqrq was azottqr
towx rroy ttq aupuqzoq0 azp ttqz Cturotuxx spokq asauz0
turzuzs tus attqztuoz to ttq Coyyuzust earty oazpupatq0
ruxxuay Gaxxaotqr0 azp tus roxxowqrsK
‘Ir anout a tuzprqp youzs yqz azp woyqz uz ttq
aupuqzoq otoosq to spoux ttq wtoxq yqqtuzs0 azp ur
anout a tuzprqp or ttqsq youzs rqptuxqs – (otqqrs azp
uproar, – otoosq to pqzy to pqyooraoy0 ttq yassqs or
ttq pqopxq0 ttq powqr to oozpuot srqat assqynxuqs0
ttq rauxt us wutt ttqy0 ttq nxayq us wutt ttqy0 azp
ttq puzustyqzt wuxx nq apyuzustqrqp to ttqy ny ttq
qxqotors2 (Ctqqrs azp noouzs2, Now you sqq wtat ttq
Gaxxaotqr orowp arq wortt2 (Ctqqrs azp uproar2, Now
you sqq ttq xunqrty you tavq ur ttq oouztry wqrq ruz
ny ttqy – (otqqrs azp uztqrruptuozs, – zo sqzsq0 zo
nrauzs0 vust nrqakuzs up a yqqtuzs ttat ttqy wouxp
zot tavq ttq wut to apprqss2 (Ctqqrs2, ctq qxqotors
wuxx kzow tow to pqax wutt a party wtosq ozxy
wqapoz us upuotuo oxayour2’ (Ctqqrs2,
 At ttus stasq pazpqyozuuy nrokq out azqw0 azp
wtqz ooyparatuvq quuqtzqss asauz prqvauxqp Mr
Cturotuxx saup tq tap apprqssqp punxuo yqqtuzss ror
ttq xast fivq azp twqzty yqars0 azp tq zqvqr
rqyqynqrqp tavuzs apprqssqp ozq wtuot was zot
wuxxuzs to xustqz to a poxutuoax arsuyqzt2 ‘eqrtaps you
wouxp xukq to tqar soyq ottqr spqakqr ror ttq tuyq
nquzs0 uz wtuot oasq I wuxx nq sxap to suvq way2 I ay
quutq wuxxuzs to xustqz to soyq ottqr spqakqr2’
Sunsqquqzt uztqrruptuozs xastqp ror zqarxy fivq
yuzutqs2 Mr2 Cturotuxx wautqp patuqztxy0 rqyarkuzs –
‘ctqy wuxx sooz sqt turqp2’ (‘Sqzp tuy toyq’0 oruqp a
vouoq2,
Cturotuxx oouxp say zo yorq2 Hq anazpozqp tus spqqot0 azp
sussqstqp ttat tq azswqr quqstuozs uzstqap2 ctqrq was at
ozoq a ‘rusuxxapq or quqstuozs’0 azp ut was soyq yuzutqs
nqrorq spqakqrs oouxp nq pqrsuapqp to ask ttqur quqstuozs
ozq at a tuyq2 Fuvq quqstuozqrs yazasqp to yakq
ttqysqxvqs tqarp anovq ttq oatoaxxs azp uproar2 ctqz ttq
spatq or quqstuozs uzorqasqp2 No suzsxq ozq oouxp nq tqarp
ayozs ttq ottqrs2 ‘ctq towxuzs yon uztqzsufiqp ttqur
qfforts uz propuouzs a pqrrqot rannxq or vooax pusoorp’0 ttq
Kundee 9ourZer rqportqp2 Cturotuxx rqyauzqp sqatqp
puruzs ttq outory2 Fuzaxxy0 wtuxq ttq zousq ooztuzuqp
uzanatqp0 tq rosq0 uz ttq topq or sayuzs a rqw oozoxupuzs
worps2 Aooorpuzs to ttq Kundee 9ourZer K
Hus opqzuzs sqztqzoq was yarkqp ny az qffort to suzs
ttq ‘aqp Fxas’0 nut ut sooz puqp away2
Hq saup – Lapuqs azp sqztxqyqz0 I ttazk you yost
suzoqrqxy ror ttq attqztuvq tqaruzs – (appxausq, – you
tavq suvqz yq0 azp I ttuzk you tavq vuzpuoatqp uz a
yost qffqotuvq yazzqr ttq pqvotuoz or ttq Soouaxust
party to rrqq spqqot2 hou tavq stowz0 ut tas nqqz
stowz0 oxqarxy ttat a tazprux or rowpuqs oaz nrqak up
a srqat yqqtuzs0 azp oaz ttqz prqvqzt tqz tuyqs ttqur
zuynqr rroy trazsaotuzs ttqur punxuo nusuzqss2
(Appxausq2, rq yay nq uztqrruptqp tqrq tozustt0 nut
wq wuxx oarry out our purposq at ttq poxx2 (Appxausq2,
rq wuxx stazp up ror ttq rustts or Brutust outuzqzs0 ttq
rustts azp xunqrtuqs or Brutust outuzqzs asauzst ttq
supportqrs or ttq Soouaxust oazpupatqs wto0 ur ttqy
tavq ttqur way0 wouxp rqpuoq – (uproar, – ttus srqat
oouztry to ttq sayq nqar sarpqz to wtuot ttqy tavq
rqpuoqp ttus srqat yqqtuzs2 (Appxausq0 azp noouzs2,
 ‘8 7 AGE A E H AR S STF C K T@ T7 E
M 83 3 E E C@A 3 l

Oz 16 Novqynqr 19CC0 Cturotuxx was pqrqatqp at Suzpqq –

ny a erotunutuozust azp a Lanour oazpupatq2 For ttq first
tuyq suzoq 19AA0 tq was wuttout a sqat uz earxuayqzt2 ctq
zqw Cozsqrvatuvq Govqrzyqzt tap zo uztqrqst uz fizpuzs
tuy ozq or offqruzs tuy a Canuzqt postE uzpqqp0 axttoust
ttq Lunqrax earty tap nqqz prastuoaxxy rqpuoqp uz strqzstt0
tq was stuxx pqtqryuzqp to stazp as a Lunqrax2 Iz Novqynqr
19C3 ttq zqw Cozsqrvatuvq eruyq Muzustqr0 Stazxqy
Baxpwuz0 oaxxqp a Gqzqrax Txqotuoz2 Cturotuxx tap nqqz out
or earxuayqzt ror a yqar2 Sqvqz xooax Lunqrax Assoouatuozs
askqp tuy to nq ttqur oazpupatq2 Hq asrqqp to stazp at
rqst Lquoqstqr0 azp oz C7 Novqynqr 19C3 spokq uz tus zqw
oozstutuqzoy ror ttq first tuyqK
I staxx oqrtauzxy zot rqproaot ttq qxqotors0 wtatqvqr
ttq rqsuxt or ttq ooztqst yay nq2 ctq upqa or
swqqpuzs away0 as ttq rqsuxt or a rortzustt’s
qxqotuozqqruzs0 ttq Frqq crapq systqy oz wtuot ttq
uzpustruqs or ttus oouztry0 tuqr upoz tuqr0 tavq nqqz
nuuxt ror zqarxy 1AA yqars us to yy yuzp rqpuxsuvq0 a
oruyuzax upqa wtuot suvqs zo rqax tqqp to ttq vutax
oozsqquqzoqs to0 azp zqqps or0 ttq yass or pqopxq or
ttus oouztry2 Mr2 Baxpwuz tas zot ttoustt out azy or
tus proposaxs2 ctq eruyq Muzustqr0 wto us uzvutuzs ttq
qxqotors to qynark oz ttus astozustuzs saynxq0 tas
zot takqz ttq trounxq to rqaot pqfizutq oozoxusuozs uz
tus owz yuzp as to wtat tq rqaxxy uztqzps to po0 or0 ur
tq tas rqaotqp suot oozoxusuozs0 tq tas stowz
tuysqxr totaxxy uzoapanxq or qxprqssuzs ttqy to ttq
punxuo2
 Mr2 Baxpwuz poqs zot say wtqttqr ttq taruff us to nq
pqryazqzt or tqyporary2 Hq oarqruxxy stroups ttat uz
yystqry0 so ttat Lorp Sqrny oaz ruz anout Lazoasturq
azp say ut us ozxy to yqqt a tqyporary zqqp0 wtuxq ttq
eruyq Muzustqr oaz say at roroqstqr ttat wq wuxx
wazt ut uz ttq rqyotq ruturq2 (Lausttqr2, Nor tavq wq
nqqz toxp wtqttqr ttq taruff us to nq tust or xow2 rq
tavq a rustt to nq uzroryqp oz ttat pouzt0 upoz wtuot
ttq wtoxq0 or zqarxy ttq wtoxq0 arsuyqzt pqpqzps2
(Ctqqrs2,
rq tavq to oozsupqr wtqttqr wq stouxp sorap ttq
ooyyqrouax rouzpatuozs or ttq oouztry0 azp start
uzpqr ttq xqapqrstup or ttq Marot Harq azp ttq Map
Hattqr uzto soyq uzqxpqotqp provqot or erotqotuoz2
(Ctqqrs2, It us ttq uztqztuoz to rust a pqousuoz ttat I
rqsqzt yorq ttaz azyttuzs qxsq2 rq arq askqp to suvq
a nxazk otqquq to az uzkzowz yaz2 Mr2 Baxpwuz
pqsorunqs tuysqxr as a pxauz0 nxuzt yaz0 axttoust tq
us as ruot as azy yaz uz Lquoqstqr0 azp oqrtauzxy us zot
a rqprqsqztatuvq at axx or ttq touxuzs yuxxuozs0 wtosq
xuvqxutoop azp toyqs arq at stakq uz ttus fiqroq party
quarrqx2 (Ctqqrs2, Tzsxazp us a srqat qxportuzs
oouztry0 azp ut us zo usq ror az qxportuzs oouztry to
protqot ttq toyq yarkqt2 Iz oottoz soops ttq uyports
arq 5 yuxxuozs azp ttq qxports 1E8 yuxxuozsE uz uroz
azp stqqx0 uyports arq 11 yuxxuozs azp ttq qxports 68
yuxxuozsE uz wooxxqz soops0 uyports arq 8 yuxxuozs azp
qxports 53 yuxxuozs2 (Ctqqrs2,
rtat us ttq usq or prqtqzpuzs ttat ttus srqatqst or
axx qxportuzs zatuozs tas sot to xuq powz
pusuxxazuyousxy nqtuzp a zqtwork or taruffs0 oowqruzs
uz our owz yarkqts0 xuvuzs ny takuzs uz qaot ottqr’s
wastuzs0 rqqpuzs xukq a pos oz uts owz taux (xausttqr,0
zursuzs ttq xast sxuyyqrs or ttq firqs or Brutust
prospqruty0 wtqz wq arq aotuaxxy nrqakuzs powz ttus
narruqr azp ttat0 azp sqzpuzs our soops uz Brutust
stups to axx xazpsN
[…‘
I sqq ttq prqary Soouaxust ourous tas arruvqp2 It us
yapq up or anout taxr ttq xooax Lanour earty0 azp
ttqy rust nrqattxqssxy arouzp oz nuoyoxqs to Lunqrax
yqqtuzss uzstqap or xookuzs uz at ttqur owz2 Now wq
staxx tqar ttqur oarqruxxy prqparqp uztqrruptuozs azp
ttqur stook quqstuozs0 wtuot ttqy rqpqat parrot1xukq
wtqrqvqr ttqy so—
[A Gurx’s eouoq‘K hqs0 nut wq tavq to qarz our nrqap
ny ttq swqat or our nrow uz ttq raotoruqs2
[Mr2 Cturotuxx‘K rqxx0 you sqqy to tavq a xot or ttq
swqat or your nrow stuxx to sparq artqr your pay’s
xanour2
[···‘
Soouaxusy wuxx yqaz ttat ttq Govqrzyqzt wuxx nq
onxusqp to try ttat wtuot zo Govqrzyqzt tavq qvqr
yqt attqyptqp0 zayqxy0 to prqsorunq ror qvqryozq uz
ttq wtoxq oouztry ttqur pauxy task azp puty2
[…‘
Opp as ut yay sqqy0 I tavq axways stuok to ttq
yuppxq roap qquaxxy asauzst erotqotuoz oz ttq ozq
tazp azp ttq oaputax xqvy oz ttq ottqr2 How po wq
kzow ttat stazpuzs oz ttq yuppxq roap wq wuxx zot
fizp a xot or sqzsunxq pqopxq sattqrqp tosqttqr wto po
zot nqxuqvq ttat azyozq tas a quuok rqyqpy ror ouruzs
tuyaz uxxsN
[…‘
I xqrt ttq Cozsqrvatuvq earty uz opposutuoz to
erotqotuoz twqzty yqars aso nqoausq I nqxuqvqp
erotqotuoz wouxp uzfluot tqrrunxq uzvury oz ttq
wqxxnquzs or ttus oouztry2 ctq qxqotors arq qztutxqp to
yorq zotuoq0 azp to yorq soxup rqasozuzs nqrorq ttqy
arq oaxxqp upoz to axtqr ttq wtoxq systqy uzpqr
wtuot ttq oouztry tas nuuxt up uts uzpustry2 It us a
rqyarkanxq raot ttat wq tavq sauzqp ttq xqapqrstup
or ttq stuppuzs or ttq wtoxq worxp ttroust ttq raot
ttat our ports arq rrqq2 Ir wq protqot ttq toyq yarkqt
wq staxx xosq yorq ttaz wq sauz2 erotqotuoz wuxx nq a
sross uzvasuoz or ttq suypxq rustts azp zqoqssutuqs or
ttq srqat yass or ttq workuzs1oxass pqopxq or ttus
oouztry2
[…‘
ctq Lanour earty us a zqw party vust startuzs out uz
ttq worxp azp oustt zot to rorsqt ttq past0 nqoausq
ttqrq arq zo srqat yqasurqs or soouax rqrory azp
nqttqryqzt wtuot tavq zot nqqz pruvqz ttroust ny
ttq Lunqrax earty2
[A vouoq‘K ‘rtat anout ttq SarpazqxxqsN’
rtat po you kzow anout ttatN hou ttrow ttat
rqtort out wuttout tavuzs suvqz oozsupqratuoz to ttq
quqstuoz2 ctq Sarpazqxxqs yustt tavq savqp yuxxuozs
or xuvqs2 (Sussqzt2, I ay surq ttq sqztxqyaz us zot ozq
wto wouxp wust to uztropuoq prqvupuoq uzto a
pusoussuoz or ttus kuzp2
eqopxq wto uz ttq war fixxqp posutuozs or awrux
rqspozsunuxuty azp tap to takq tqrrunxq pqousuozs tavq
ttq rustt to nq vupsqp xqzuqztxy azp sqzqrousxy ny
ttqur rqxxow1oouztryyqz2 I nqxuqvq tustory wuxx stow
ttqy aotqp ror ttq nqst0 azp wuxx rqoorp uts opuzuoz
ttat ttus was ttq rustt ttuzs to po0 azp ttat ur ozq
oouxp tavq sot yorq powqr azp uzfluqzoq to pust ut
ttroust wutt vusour ut wouxp tavq yapq az qzoryous
puffqrqzoq azp wouxp tavq savqp us ttq toryqzts azp
torturqs or ttq xast two yqars or ttq war2 Soz’t
uyasuzq I ay ruzzuzs away rroy ttq Sarpazqxxqs2 I
sxory uz ut2
 ‘8 A M T@@ @E 3 A C A M AA 86 N E C T@
1 E 3 8S7 E A CTE N E 3 l

ctq Gqzqrax Txqotuoz was tqxp oz 6 Sqoqynqr 19C30 a

wqqk artqr Cturotuxx’s rorty1zuztt nurttpay2 Cturotuxx stoop
at rqst Lquoqstqr azp rauxqp to sqt qxqotqp2 A Lanour
Govqrzyqzt oayq to powqr0 wutt aaysay MaoSozaxp as
eruyq Muzustqr0 pqpqzpqzt oz Lunqrax earty yqynqrs to
yauztauz tus powqr2 Cturotuxx0 pusuxxusuozqp ttat tus rqxxow
Lunqraxs wqrq qzanxuzs a Lanour Govqrzyqzt to ruxq0 zqxt
stoop ror earxuayqzt zot as a Lunqrax0 nut as az
Izpqpqzpqzt0 at a ny1qxqotuoz uz ttq Annqy Suvusuoz or
rqstyuzstqr uz Marot 19CE2 Hq askqp ttq xqapqr or ttq
Cozsqrvatuvq earty0 Stazxqy Baxpwuz0 to xqt tuy stazp
uzopposqp ny ttq Cozsqrvatuvqs uz wtat was ozq or ttq
yost pruzqp Cozsqrvatuvq sqats uz ttq oouztry2 Baxpwuz
asrqqp0 nut was uzanxq to pussuapq ttq xooax Cozsqrvatuvq
Assoouatuoz rroy puttuzs up uts owz oazpupatq2 eoxxuzs took
pxaoq oz 19 Marot 19CE2 It was ttq zuztt parxuayqztary
qxqotuoz or Cturotuxx’s oarqqr2 As ttq fizax paokqt or votqs
was oouztqp0 Cturotuxx was toxp ttat tq tap nqqz qxqotqp
wutt a yavoruty or a tuzprqp0 a rqsuxt ttat was passqp ny
ttq wurq sqrvuoqs to axx ttq Lozpoz oxuns2 Iz raot0 Cturotuxx
tap nqqz pqrqatqp ny rorty1ttrqq votqs2 Iz tus spqqot artqr
ttq truq rqsuxts wqrq kzowz0 tq sqt out ror tus supportqrs
tus poxutuoax azp pqrsozax posutuozK
ctq ttrqq1earty systqy oouxp zqvqr asauz propuoq
yavoruty sovqrzyqzt2 ctq upqa or a ooaxutuoz or oqztrq
earty poqs zot rqusz or ruxq topay2 ctq ozxy praotuoax
stqp wtuot oaz nq takqz us to yakq a uzutqp
Cozsqrvatuvq earty wutt xarsq zuynqrs or Lunqraxs uz
axx parts or ttq oouztry2
 ctq patq or ttq poxx was fixqp ror ttq yuzuyuy
pqruop or tuyq wtuot ttq xaw axxowqp0 azp ttus
apvqrsqxy affqotqp yy otazoqs uz wtat rroy ttq
nqsuzzuzs was az qxtraorpuzary azp astozustuzs
attqypt2
Azottqr pay – oqrtauzxy azottqr two or ttrqq pays –
wouxp tavq propuoqp ttq rqsuxt at wtuot wq wqrq
auyuzs2 rq wqrq sauzuzs srouzp qvqry tour2 It took
us rour or fivq pays to orqatq ttus qxtraorpuzaruxy
qffiouqzt orsazusatuoz0 wtuot oayq uzto nquzs axyost
at ttq strokq or a wazp0 azp ut was zot uztux a wqqk
aso ttat wq rqaxxy nqsaz to ruzotuoz qffqotuvqxy2 ctat
us a raot wtuot yust0 I ttuzk0 nq takqz uzto
oozsupqratuoz ny yq azp ny ottqrs uz oozsupqruzs
wtat wuxx nq yy ruturq rqxatuozs wutt ttus srqat
oozstutuqzoy2 (Ctqqrs0 azp a vouoq0 ‘Stazp zqxt tuyq2’,
I ay too oxp a oaypauszqr to nq pustqartqzqp
(otqqrs, ny ttq ups azp powzs or poxutuoax xurq2 It was
zot oz pqrsozax srouzps or ror pqrsozax rqasozs ttat
I oayq rorwarp to yakq ttus qffort2 I tavq nqqz
oozsupqruzs ttroustout wtat was ttq rqax zqqp or
ttus oouztry azp or ttq stanxq roroqs or ttus oouztry
oz wtuot ut yust uzorqasuzsxy rqxy uz ruturq yqars2
Axttoust ttq pqapwqustt or a strozs party
yaotuzq0 aupqp ny ttq qxqrtuozs or two ottqr party
yaotuzqs0 tas provqp qffqotuvq asauzst a suzsxq
uzpuvupuax0 I nqxuqvq ttat wq tavq rousqp ttq attqztuoz
or ttq wtoxq oouztry to az aspqot or ttqur poxutuoax
affaurs wtuot yqrutqp ttqur ursqzt attqztuoz2 rq tavq
suooqqpqp uz sqttuzs oz root a yovqyqzt azp uz
prooxauyuzs a poxuoy wtuot wuxx qxqrousq a yatqruax0 a
potqzt0 azp possunxy a pqousuvq uzfluqzoq upoz ttq
uyyqpuatq ruturq or our poxutuoax affaurs2
I po zot nqxuqvq ttat ttq Cozsqrvatuvq earty oaz
afforp to rqvqot azp rqpuxsq ttq roroqs wtuot arq
rqprqsqztqp uz ttq 80AAA votqs ror az Izpqpqzpqzt
Aztu1Soouaxust oazpupatq2 I po zot nqxuqvq ttat zarrow0
nuttqr0 party vuqws or wqak0 uzootqrqzt party aotuoz
wuxx rqoquvq ttq approvax or ttq yass or patruotuo0
xoyax0 prosrqssuvq Brutust yqz azp woyqz ttroustout
ttq xazp0 wto sqq vqry oxqarxy ttq purqotuoz uz wtuot
ttq xqapqrs or ttq tustoruo partuqs oustt to xqap ttqur
roxxowqrs2 I ay ooztqzt to xqt ttus xqssoz nq stupuqp uz
axx parts or ttq oouztry0 azp I prqpuot ttat ttq ooursq
or qvqzts uz ttq zqxt rqw yoztts0 azp oqrtauzxy wuttuz
a yqar0 wuxx stow vqry oxqarxy ttq rorqsustt0 ttq oxaruty
or vupsyqzt0 ttq patruotuo rqsoxutuoz0 wtuot tas
azuyatqp axx ttosq wto tavq roustt ttus ooztqst oz
yy supq2
It us to ttat pay to wtuot I xook rorwarp0 wtqz you
wuxx sqq ttq srqat Cozsqrvatuvq earty uz uts sqzsqs azp
stuxx oooupyuzs a nroap azp prosrqssuvq pxatrory0
uzutqp wutt xarsq zuynqrs or Lunqraxs uz axx parts or
ttq oouztry2 hou wuxx sqq ttqsq ooynuzqp roroqs
rqpuxsuzs ttq Soouaxust attaok wtuot us xqvqxxqp at our
uzstututuozs0 azp you wuxx sqq ttq uzausuratuoz or a
Govqrzyqzt wortty to razk wutt ttq Govqrzyqzts or
ttq dzuozust earty uz ttq pays or ttq srqat Lorp
Saxusnury0 azp oapanxq or afforpuzs a stanxq
rouzpatuoz ror ttq apyuzustratuoz azp oozpuot or our
affaurs at toyq azp anroap2
 ‘T7 E A@H E CS N @H 8N T7 E 7 A N 3 S
@5 M A N l

Iz az artuoxq qztutxqp ‘Staxx rq Axx Coyyut SuuoupqN’0

punxustqp first uz Fashtss HallTall yasazuzq uz Sqptqynqr
19CE0 ttqz rqpruztqp as a payptxqt0 azp xatqr punxustqp uz
tus nook or qssays Lhoughts and 7dventures0 Cturotuxx
xookqp to ttq ruturq wutt rorqnopuzsK
ctq war stoppqp as suppqzxy azp as uzuvqrsaxxy as ut
tap nqsuz2 ctq worxp xurtqp uts tqap0 survqyqp ttq
soqzq or ruuz0 azp vuotors azp vazquustqp axukq prqw
nrqatt2 Iz a tuzprqp xanoratoruqs0 uz a ttousazp
arsqzaxs0 raotoruqs0 azp nurqaux0 yqz puxxqp
ttqysqxvqs up wutt a vqrk azp turzqp rroy ttq task uz
wtuot ttqy tap nqqz ansornqp2 ctqur provqots wqrq
put asupq uzfizustqp0 uzqxqoutqpE nut ttqur
kzowxqpsq was prqsqrvqpE ttqur pata0 oaxouxatuozs0
azp pusoovqruqs wqrq tastuxy nuzpxqp tosqttqr azp
pookqtqp ‘ror ruturq rqrqrqzoq’ ny ttq rar Offioqs uz
qvqry oouztry2 ctq oaypausz or 1919 was zqvqr
rousttE nut uts upqas so yarotuzs axozs2 Iz qvqry
aryy ttqy arq nquzs qxpxorqp0 qxanoratqp0 rqfizqp
uzpqr ttq surraoq or pqaoq0 azp stouxp war ooyq
asauz to ttq worxp ut us zot wutt ttq wqapozs azp
asqzouqs prqparqp ror 1919 ttat ut wuxx nq roustt0 nut
wutt pqvqxopyqzts azp qxtqzsuozs or ttqsq wtuot wuxx
nq uzooyparanxy yorq roryupanxq azp ratax2
It us uz ttqsq ourouystazoqs ttat wq qztqrqp upoz
ttat pqruop or qxtaustuoz wtuot tas nqqz pqsorunqp
as eqaoq2 It suvqs us0 at azy ratq0 az opportuzuty to
oozsupqr ttq sqzqrax sutuatuoz2 Cqrtauz soynrq raots
qyqrsq0 soxup0 uzqxoranxq0 xukq ttq stapqs or
youztauzs rroy prurtuzs yust2 It us qstanxustqp ttat
tqzoqrorwarp wtoxq popuxatuozs wuxx takq part uz war0
axx pouzs ttqur utyost0 axx sunvqotqp to ttq rury or ttq
qzqyy2 It us qstanxustqp ttat zatuozs wto nqxuqvq ttqur
xurq us at stakq wuxx zot nq rqstrauzqp rroy usuzs azy
yqazs to sqourq ttqur qxustqzoq2 It us pronanxq – zay0
oqrtauz – ttat ayozs ttq yqazs wtuot wuxx zqxt tuyq
nq at ttqur pusposax wuxx nq asqzouqs azp prooqssqs or
pqstruotuoz wtoxqsaxq0 uzxuyutqp0 azp pqrtaps0 ozoq
xauzotqp0 uzooztroxxanxq2
Mazkuzp tas zqvqr nqqz uz ttus posutuoz nqrorq2
ruttout tavuzs uyprovqp apprqouanxy uz vurtuq or
qzvoyuzs wusqr suupazoq0 ut tas sot uzto uts tazps ror
ttq first tuyq ttq tooxs ny wtuot ut oaz uzrauxuzsxy
aoooypxust uts owz qxtqryuzatuoz2 ctat us ttq pouzt uz
tuyaz pqstuzuqs to wtuot axx ttq sxoruqs azp touxs or
yqz tavq at xast xqp ttqy2 ctqy wouxp po wqxx to
pausq azp pozpqr upoz ttqur zqw rqspozsunuxutuqs2
Sqatt stazps at attqztuoz0 onqpuqzt0 qxpqotazt0 rqapy
to sqrvq0 rqapy to stqar away ttq pqopxqs qz yassqE
rqapy0 ur oaxxqp oz0 to puxvqrusq0 wuttout topq or
rqpaur0 wtat us xqrt or ouvuxusatuoz2 Hq awauts ozxy ttq
worp or ooyyazp2 Hq awauts ut rroy a rraux0
nqwuxpqrqp nquzs0 xozs tus vuotuy0 zow – oz ozq
oooasuoz ozxy – tus Mastqr2
Lqt ut zot nq ttoustt ror a yoyqzt ttat ttq pazsqr
or azottqr qxpxosuoz uz Turopq us passqp2 For ttq tuyq
nquzs ttq stupor azp ttq ooxxapsq wtuot roxxowqp ttq
rorxp rar qzsurq a suxxqz passuvuty0 azp ttq torror or
war0 uts oarzasq azp uts tyrazzuqs0 tas suzk uzto ttq
soux0 tas poyuzatqp ttq yuzp0 or qvqry oxass uz qvqry
raoq2 But ttq oausqs or war tavq nqqz uz zo way
rqyovqpE uzpqqp ttqy arq uz soyq rqspqots
assravatqp ny ttq so1oaxxqp eqaoq crqatuqs azp ttq
rqaotuozs roxxowuzs ttqrqupoz2 cwo yustty nrazotqs
or ttq Turopqaz rayuxy wuxx zqvqr rqst ooztqzt wutt
ttqur qxustuzs sutuatuoz2 aussua0 struppqp or tqr Baxtuo
erovuzoqs0 wuxx0 as ttq yqars pass ny0 nroop
uzoqssaztxy upoz ttq wars or eqtqr ttq Grqat2
Froy ozq qzp or Gqryazy to ttq ottqr az uztqzsq
tatrqp or Frazoq uzutqs ttq wtoxq popuxatuoz2 ctq
qzoryous ooztuzsqzts or Gqryaz youtt srowuzs to
yuxutary yaztoop yqar ny yqar arq uzspurqp ny ttq
fiqroqst sqztuyqzts0 azp ttq soux or Gqryazy
syouxpqrs wutt prqays or a rar or Lunqratuoz or
aqvqzsq2 ctqsq upqas arq rqstrauzqp at ttq prqsqzt
yoyqzt ozxy ny ptysuoax uypotqzoq2 Frazoq us aryqp
to ttq tqqtt2 Gqryazy tas nqqz to a srqat qxtqzt
pusaryqp azp tqr yuxutary systqy nrokqz up2 ctq
Frqzot topq to prqsqrvq ttus sutuatuoz ny ttqur
tqotzuoax yuxutary apparatus0 ny ttqur stuqxp or
rortrqssqs0 ny ttqur nxaok troops0 azp ny a systqy or
axxuazoqs wutt ttq syaxxqr Statqs or TuropqE azp ror
ttq prqsqzt at azy ratq ovqrwtqxyuzs roroq us oz
ttqur supq2 But ptysuoax roroq axozq0 uzsustauzqp ny
worxp opuzuoz0 afforps zo puranxq rouzpatuoz ror
sqouruty2 Gqryazy us a rar strozsqr qztuty ttaz
Frazoq0 azp oazzot nq kqpt uz pqryazqzt
sunvusatuoz2
‘rars0’ saup a pustuzsuustqp Ayqruoaz to yq soyq
yqars aso0 ‘arq roustt wutt StqqxK wqapozs yay
otazsq0 nut Stqqx rqyauzs ttq oorq or axx yopqrz
warrarq2 Frazoq tas sot ttq Stqqx or Turopq0 azp
Gqryazy tas xost ut2 Hqrq0 at azy ratq0 us az qxqyqzt
or pqryazqzoy2’ ‘Arq you surq0’ I askqp0 ‘ttat ttq wars
or ttq ruturq wuxx nq roustt wutt StqqxN’ A rqw wqqks
xatqr I taxkqp wutt a Gqryaz2 ‘rtat anout
AxuyuzuuyN’ tq rqpxuqp2 ‘Soyq ttuzk0’ tq saup0 ‘ttat
ttq zqxt war wuxx nq roustt wutt Txqotruouty2’ Azp oz
ttus a vusta opqzs out or qxqotruoax rays wtuot oouxp
paraxysq ttq qzsuzqs or a yotor oar0 oouxp oxaw powz
aqropxazqs rroy ttq sky0 azp oozoquvanxy nq yapq
pqstruotuvq or tuyaz xurq or tuyaz vusuoz2
ctqz ttqrq arq Txpxosuvqs2 Havq wq rqaotqp ttq
qzpN Has Souqzoq turzqp uts xast pasq oz ttqyN May
ttqrq zot nq yqttops or usuzs qxpxosuvq qzqrsy
uzooyparanxy yorq uztqzsq ttaz azyttuzs tqrqtororq
pusoovqrqpN Mustt zot a noyn zo nussqr ttaz az
orazsq nq rouzp to possqss a sqorqt powqr to pqstroy
a wtoxq nxook or nuuxpuzss – zay0 to oozoqztratq ttq
roroq or a ttousazp tozs or oorputq azp nxast a
towzstup at a strokqN Couxp zot qxpxosuvqs qvqz or
ttq qxustuzs typq nq suupqp autoyatuoaxxy uz flyuzs
yaotuzqs ny wurqxqss or ottqr rays0 wuttout a tuyaz
puxot0 uz oqasqxqss prooqssuoz upoz a tostuxq outy0
arsqzax0 oayp0 or pookyarpN
As ror eousoz Gas azp Ctqyuoax rarrarq uz axx uts
rorys0 ozxy ttq first otaptqr tas nqqz wruttqz or a
tqrrunxq nook2 Cqrtauzxy qvqry ozq or ttqsq zqw
avqzuqs to pqstruotuoz us nquzs stupuqp oz nott supqs
or ttq atuzq0 wutt axx ttq souqzoq azp patuqzoq or
wtuot yaz us oapanxq2 Azp wty stouxp ut nq supposqp
ttat ttqsq rqsouroqs wuxx nq xuyutqp to Izorsazuo
CtqyustryN A stupy or Susqasq – or eqstuxqzoqs
yqttopuoaxxy prqparqp azp pqxunqratqxy xauzotqp
upoz yaz azp nqast – us oqrtauzxy nquzs pursuqp uz
ttq xanoratoruqs or yorq ttaz ozq srqat oouztry2
Bxustt to pqstroy orops0 Azttrax to sxay torsqs azp
oattxq0 exasuq to pousoz zot aryuqs ozxy nut wtoxq
pustruots0 suot arq ttq xuzqs axozs wtuot yuxutary
souqzoq us rqyorsqxqssxy apvazouzs2
It us qvupqzt ttat0 wtqrqas az qquaxxy ooztqstqp war
uzpqr suot oozputuozs yustt work ttq ruuz or ttq
worxp azp oausq az uyyqasuranxq puyuzutuoz or ttq
tuyaz raoq0 ttq possqssuoz ny ozq supq or soyq
ovqrwtqxyuzs souqztufio apvaztasq wouxp xqap to ttq
ooypxqtq qzsxavqyqzt or ttq uzwary party2 Not ozxy
arq ttq powqrs zow uz ttq tazps or yaz oapanxq or
pqstroyuzs ttq xurq or zatuozs0 nut ror ttq first tuyq
ttqy afforp to ozq sroup or ouvuxuzqp yqz ttq
opportuzuty or rqpuouzs ttqur oppozqzts to ansoxutq
tqxpxqsszqss2
 ‘T7 E A M 1 F E A N C E S @5 STATE A 83 l

rtqz a Gqzqrax Txqotuoz was oaxxqp ror C9 Ootonqr 19CE0

Cturotuxx stoop as a Cozstututuozaxust2 Stazxqy Baxpwuz savq
tuy a sarq Cozsqrvatuvq sqat uz Tppuzs azp ttus tuyq
qzsurqp ttat zo Cozsqrvatuvq oazpupatq wouxp stazp
asauzst tuy2 Cturotuxx pqrqatqp nott a Lunqrax azp a Lanour
otaxxqzsqr to wuz ttq sqat0 wtuot tq was to toxp ror ttq
rqst or tus parxuayqztary xurq – a pqruop or axyost rorty
yqars2 ctq rqsuxt or ttq Gqzqrax Txqotuoz was a vuotory ror
ttq Cozsqrvatuvqs0 wto ontauzqp E19 sqats0 as asauzst 151
ror Lanour azp a yqrq EA ror ttq ozoq axx1powqrrux Lunqrax
earty0 or wtuot ozxy tqz yoztts qarxuqr Cturotuxx tap nqqz
a parxuayqztary oazpupatq azp a xqapuzs yqynqr2 Oz 5
Novqynqr 19CE0 Cturotuxx was askqp ny Stazxqy Baxpwuz to
nqooyq Ctazoqxxor or ttq Txotqquqr2 Hq asrqqp to po so0
azp asrqqp axso to rqvouz ttq Cozsqrvatuvq earty0 wtuot tq
pup a rqw pays artqr tus firtuqtt nurttpay oz 3A Novqynqr
19CE2 Fuvq yoztts xatqr0 oz C8 Aprux 19C50 uz ttq Housq or
Coyyozs0 tq yapq tus first Bupsqt Spqqot rroy ttq
Govqrzyqzt Frozt BqzotK
ctq avqrasq Brutust workyaz uz soop tqaxtt0 ruxx
qypxoyyqzt azp stazparp wasqs0 poqs zot rqsarp
tuysqxr azp tus rayuxy as az onvqot or ooypassuoz2 But
wtqz qxoqptuozax yusrortuzq pqsoqzps upoz ttq
oottasq toyq wutt ttq sxqzpqr yarsuz upoz wtuot ut
us floatqp0 or ttqrq us a yqar or yusrortuzq0 pustrqss0 or
uzqypxoyyqzt0 or0 anovq axx0 ttq xoss or ttq
nrqapwuzzqr0 ut xqavqs ttus ozoq tappy rayuxy uz ttq
srup or ttq srqatqst oaxayuty2
Axttoust ttq ttrqat or apvqrsuty tas nqqz aotuvq axx
ttqsq yqars0 zo qffqotuvq provusuoz tas nqqz yapq ny
ttq srqat yass or ttq xanouruzs oxassqs ror ttqur
wupows azp rayuxuqs uz ttq qvqzt or pqatt2 I ay zot
rqproaotuzs ttqy0 nut ut us ttq srqatqst zqqp at ttq
prqsqzt tuyq2
Ir I yay otazsq to a yuxutary yqtaptor0 ut us zot ttq
sturpy yarotuzs troops ttat zqqp qxtra rqwarp azp
uzpuxsqzoq2 It us ttq strassxqrs0 ttq qxtaustqp0 ttq
wqak0 ttq wouzpqp0 ttq vqtqrazs0 ttq wupows azp
orptazs to wtoy ttq aynuxazoqs or Statq aup stouxp
nq purqotqp2
[…‘
I otqrust ttq topq0 Sur0 ttat ny xunqratuzs ttq
propuotuoz or zqw wqaxtt rroy soyq or ttq staokxqs
or taxatuoz ttq Bupsqt yay stuyuxatq qztqrprusq azp
aooqxqratq uzpustruax rqvuvax0 azp ttat ny suvuzs a rar
srqatqr yqasurq or sqouruty to ttq yass or wasq1
qarzqrs0 ttqur wuvqs azp otuxprqz0 ut yay proyotq
ooztqztyqzt azp stanuxuty0 azp yakq our Isxazp yorq
truxy a toyq ror axx ttqsq pqopxq2
 ‘H 7 AT S7 A E E 8 3 @ H 8T7 A E E M R
1 @@K S3 l

Cturotuxx tap a rqyarkanxq xunrary0 ooyprusuzs yorq ttaz

tqz ttousazp nooks0 sqvqrax tuzprqp or ttqy suszqp ny
ttqur auttors2 ruttuz ut was a sunstaztuax ooxxqotuoz or
nooks oz Napoxqoz0 anout wtoy tq topqp to wrutq a
nuosrapty (ttoust tq zqvqr pup,2 Hq wrotq anout tus nooks
uz az artuoxq ror Fashts s HallTall yasazuzq uz Sqoqynqr
19C50 xatqr punxustqp uz HaZntZng as aastZae
H K
‘rtat staxx I po wutt axx yy nooksN’ was ttq quqstuozE
azp ttq azswqr0 ‘aqap ttqy0’ sonqrqp ttq quqstuozqr2
But ur you oazzot rqap ttqy0 at azy ratq tazpxq ttqy
azp0 as ut wqrq0 rozpxq ttqy2 eqqr uzto ttqy2 Lqt ttqy
raxx opqz wtqrq ttqy wuxx2 aqap oz rroy ttq first
sqztqzoq ttat arrqsts ttq qyq2 ctqz turz to azottqr2
Makq a voyasq or pusoovqry0 takuzs souzpuzss or
uzotartqp sqas2 Sqt ttqy naok oz ttqur stqxvqs wutt
your owz tazps2 Arrazsq ttqy oz your owz pxaz0 so
ttat ur you po zot kzow wtat us uz ttqy0 you at xqast
kzow wtqrq ttqy arq2 Ir ttqy oazzot nq your rruqzps0
xqt ttqy at azy ratq nq your aoquauztazoqs2 Ir ttqy
oazzot qztqr ttq ouroxq or your xurq0 po zot pqzy ttqy
at xqast a zop or rqooszutuoz2
It us a yustakq to rqap too yazy soop nooks wtqz
quutq youzs2 A yaz ozoq toxp yq ttat tq tap rqap axx
ttq nooks ttat yattqrqp2 Cross1quqstuozqp0 tq
appqarqp to tavq rqap a srqat yazy0 nut ttqy sqqyqp
to tavq yapq ozxy a sxustt uyprqssuoz2 How yazy tap
tq uzpqrstoopN How yazy tap qztqrqp uzto tus
yqztax ooyposutuozN How yazy tap nqqz tayyqrqp
oz ttq azvuxs or tus yuzp azp artqrwarps razsqp uz az
aryoury or nrustt wqapozs rqapy to tazpN
Ctoosq wqxx0 otoosq wusqxy0 azp otoosq ozq2
Cozoqztratq upoz ttat ozq2 So zot nq ooztqzt uztux
you fizp yoursqxr rqapuzs uz ut wutt rqax qzvoyyqzt2
 ‘H 8E E @F C C 7 8E 3 CE N 1 E E E 3 A N 3
6 A SA A 6 A 8N 3 l

Oz tus vusuts to Frazoq uz ttq first pqoapq artqr ttq Grqat

rar0 uzoxupuzs wtuxq tq was Ctazoqxxor or ttq Txotqquqr0
Cturotuxx wutzqssqp ttq otazsqs ttat wqrq takuzs pxaoq uz
ttq war1stattqrqp xazpsoapq0 azp was trounxqp ny soynrq
ttoustts0 wrutuzs uz 19C70 uz ttq tturp voxuyq or Lhe O orld
9rZsZsK
ctq ourtauz raxxs upoz ttq xozs rrozt uz Frazoq azp
Fxazpqrs2 ctq soottuzs tazps or tuyq azp zaturq0 ttq
swurt rqpaur or pqaoqrux uzpustry0 tavq axrqapy axyost
qffaoqp ttq oratqr fiqxps azp ttq nattxq xuzqs wtuot uz
a nroap nqxt rroy ttq eossqs to ttq sqa xatqxy
nxaokqzqp ttq syuxuzs fiqxps or Frazoq2 ctq ruuzs arq
rqnuuxt2 ctq ruvqz trqqs arq rqpxaoqp ny zqw
pxaztatuozs2 Ozxy ttq oqyqtqruqs0 ttq yozuyqzts azp
stuztqp stqqpxqs0 wutt tqrq azp ttqrq a youxpqruzs
trqzot or tusq yuzq1oratqr xakq0 assaux ttq travqxxqr
wutt ttq raot ttat twqzty1fivq yuxxuozs or soxpuqrs
roustt tqrq azp twqxvq yuxxuozs stqp ttqur nxoop or
pqrustqp uz ttq srqatqst or axx tuyaz ooztqztuozs xqss
ttaz tqz yqars aso2 Mqrourux onxuvuoz praws uts vquxsE
ttq oruppxqp xuyp awayE ttq yourzqrs raxx naok uzto
ttq sap twuxustt or yqyory2 Nqw youtt us tqrq to
oxauy uts rustts0 azp ttq pqrqzzuax strqay flows
rorwarp qvqz uz ttq nattxq zozq0 as ur ttq taxq wqrq axx
a prqay2
Is ttus ttq qzpN Is ut to nq yqrqxy a otaptqr uz a
oruqx azp sqzsqxqss storyN ruxx a zqw sqzqratuoz uz
ttqur turz nq uyyoxatqp to squarq ttq nxaok aooouzts
or cqutoz azp GauxN ruxx our otuxprqz nxqqp azp sasp
asauz uz pqvastatqp xazpsN or wuxx ttqrq spruzs rroy
ttq vqry firqs or oozfluot ttat rqoozouxuatuoz or ttq
ttrqq suazt ooynatazts0 wtuot wouxp uzutq ttqur
sqzuus azp sqourq to qaot uz sarqty azp rrqqpoy a
starq uz rqnuuxpuzs ttq sxory or TuropqN
 ‘8T 8S E B F A E E R GA 8N T@ AC@A7 E SR
@C 1 @A STl

Oz 15 Aprux 19C90 Cturotuxx uztropuoqp tus firtt azp fizax

Bupsqt Spqqot uz ttq Housq or Coyyozs2 Ozxy rour
prqvuous Ctazoqxxors or ttq Txotqquqr – raxpoxq0 eutt0 eqqx
azp Gxapstozq – tap yapq fivq Bupsqt SpqqotqsE qaot
quttqr was or was to nqooyq eruyq Muzustqr2 Cturotuxx
spokq ror ttrqq tours2 Oz ttq roxxowuzs pay0 Stazxqy
Baxpwuz wrotq to tuyK ‘I tavq zqvqr tqarp you spqak nqttqr0
azp ttat’s sayuzs a srqat pqax 2 2 2 I oozsratuxatq you wutt
nott tazps2’ Iz ttq ooursq or tus spqqot0 Cturotuxx saupK
It us usuax0 uz opqzuzs ttq Bupsqt0 to ooyparq ttq
ourrqzt yqar wutt ttq xast0 nut oz ttus oooasuoz0 uz
prqsqztuzs a firtt Bupsqt0 at ttq oxosq or a
earxuayqzt0 I rqqx qztutxqp to xook naok ovqr ttq wtoxq
pqruop ror wtuot wq tavq nqqz rqspozsunxq2 It tas
nqqz a otqquqrqp story2 ctq puffiouxtuqs tavq nqqz
yorq proyuzqzt ttaz ttq soop rortuzq2 ctq uyyqzsq
uzpustruax pusastqr or 19C6 tas out a pqqp sast aoross
ttq statustuoax rqoorp or our zatuozax xurq2 I ttoustt at
ozq tuyq0 azp I so uzroryqp ttq Housq or Coyyozs
ttrqq yqars aso0 ttat ttq fizazoqs or ttq earxuayqzt
wouxp tavq nqqz ooypxqtqxy ruuzqp ny a xoss to ttq
Txotqquqr0 wtuot0 uzoxupuzs ttq ooax sunsupy or 19C60
was oqrtauzxy zot xqss ttaz £8A0AAA0AAA2 Howqvqr0 oz
a rqvuqw or ttq past fivq yqars0 I yust apyut ttat
yattqrs tavq workqp out a soop pqax nqttqr ttaz I
topqp or qxpqotqp2 [Az HON2 MTMBTaK ‘Or
pqsqrvqp2’‘
No ozq tas yorq uztqrqst uz ttuzss souzs wqxx ttaz
ttq Govqrzyqzt or ttq pay azp ttq Muzustqr
rqspozsunxq ror ttq fizazoqs or ttq oouztry2 Iz sputq or
ttq uzvury to qvqry rory or zatuozax xurq ny ttq roxxuqs
or 19C6 wq tavq rqaxusqp a rqspqotanxq azp0 as I staxx
stow0 a soxup surpxus uz ttq yqar ttat tas oxosqp2 ctq
yatqruax prospqruty or ttus oouztry0 wtqttqr vupsqp ny
ttq oozputuoz or uts fizazoqs0 ny ttq voxuyq or uts
trapq or ny ttq savuzs azp oozsuyuzs powqr or uts
pqopxq0 tas yauztauzqp a stqapy apvazoq2 For yorq
ttaz two yqars zow wq tavq qzvoyqp a xuoup uztqrvax
wuttout a sqzqrax strukq or a pqruop or sqzqrax
qxqotuozs0 or a sqzqrax war2 ctat us ttq xozsqst xuoup
uztqrvax ttat I oaz rqyqynqr suzoq 191E2 cwo yqars’
rqoupqratuoz us quutq a xozs tuyq ror ttus oouztry to
axxow utsqxr nqtwqqz uts orpqaxs0 azp0 zaturaxxy0 artqr
two yqars or pqaoq azp quuqt ttqrq yust nq a sqzsunxq
uyprovqyqzt uz ttq sqzqrax sutuatuoz2
[···‘
rq yay oozsoxq oursqxvqs ayozs prqsqzt pusooztqzts
ny onsqrvuzs ttat Lozpoz0 uz sputq or ttq uyyqzsq
saorufioqs yapq ny Grqat Brutauz uz ttq rar0 tas
rqsauzqp qffqotuaxxy uts soxup uztqrzatuozax prq1
qyuzqzoq uz ttq worxp0 ny onsqrvuzs ttat wq arq stuxx
ttq srqatqst uztqrzatuozax yarkqt0 ttat wq arq anxq to
yauztauz yozqy ratqs wtuot arq xowqr ttaz ttosq
prqvauxuzs uz Nqw hork0 azp ttat ttq nuxx or qxotazsq
oz Lozpoz0 wtuot artqr ttq rar was sqruousxy
yqzaoqp0 tas0 uz ttq xast rqw yqars0 rqsauzqp uts tuyq1
tozourqp posutuoz as ttq ravourutq uztqrzatuozax
uzstruyqzt azp tokqz or ooyyqroq2
But I wuxx owz ttat az qquaxxy srqat attraotuoz ror
yq0 uz ttq pursuazoq or ttus poxuoy0 tas nqqz ttat
pqoxuzq uz ttq oost or xuvuzs wtuot was pqfizutqxy
proyusqp as ttq rqsuxt or our axxqsuazoq to souzp
yozqy2 I spokq qarxuqr anout ttq uzorqasqp
oozsuyptuoz or tqa azp susar2 Tvqryozq kzows ttq
arsuyqzt uz ravour or a rrqq nrqakrast tanxq0 nut wtat
us ttq nurpqz or ttqsq rqyauzuzs taxqs oz tqa azp
susar ooyparqp to ttq rqxuqr afforpqp to ttq
oozsuyuzs punxuo ny a pqoxuzq or 18 pouzts uz ttq oost
or xuvuzsN ctq upqztufianxq uzorqasq uz ttq purotasuzs
powqr or ttq wasqs or uzsurqp wasq azp saxary
qarzqrs axozq us qquuvaxqzt to a rqyussuoz or uzpurqot
taxatuoz or £16A0AAA0AAA a yqar2 ctus takqs zo
aooouzt or ttq proportuozatq apvaztasqs rqapqp ny
ttq qzoryous zuynqr or pqrsozs0 uzoxupuzs ttq
poorqst uz our yupst0 uzorsazusqp azp uzoataxosuqp0
rroy ttq uyprovqyqzt uz ttq purotasuzs powqr or ttq
tuynxq uzooyqs upoz wtuot ttqy pqpqzp2
[…‘
I pxaoq ttqsq two surpxusqs0 so to spqak0 upoz ttq
yaztqxpuqoq0 wtqrq ttqy oaz nq apyurqp or pqpxorqp
aooorpuzs to earty uzoxuzatuoz2 Naturaxxy0 I ay vqry
pxqasqp ttat ttq rqaxusqp surpxus stouxp tavq
qxoqqpqp0 ny £805AA0AAA0 ttq rorqoast fisurqs wtuot I
savq earxuayqzt xast yqar2 But ttq rqvqzuq upoz
wtuot ttq prospqotuvq surpxus or 19C9 us nasqp tas a
spqouax otary azp vurtuq or uts owz2 ctus yqar ttqrq
arq zo apvqztutuous aups azp zo wuzpraxxs or azy
oozsqquqzoq2 rq tavq passqp ttroust ttat pqruop or
rortuzatq nut xuoky qxpqpuqzts2 rq stazp ozoq yorq
oz ttq nasus or pqryazqzt azp ooztuzuuzs rqvqzuq2
Morunuzp taxqs tavq passqp out or qxustqzoqE
rqvqzuq tas nqooyq uzpqpqzpqzt or tqyporary aups0
or raups ur you xukq to oaxx ttqy soE azp I oaz prqsqzt a
naxazoqp Bupsqt wutt a rqasozanxq prospqot or a
surpxus upoz ttq nasus or ttq rqvqzuqs wtuot wuxx xuvq
azp srow2
[…‘
I tavq zqvqr tap yuot fisoax syypatty wutt ttq
oozsuyqr or xuxuruqs0 azp partuouxarxy or rorqusz
xuxuruqs2 It us to ttq pruyary ooyrorts azp to soyq
qxtqzt vurtuax zqoqssutuqs or ttq yass or ttq
popuxatuoz ttat wq stouxp zow turz our attqztuoz2 I
tavq axrqapy spokqz or ttq uyyqzsq nooz or at xqast
£16A0AAA0AAA a yqar oozrqrrqp upoz ttq wasq
qarzqrs ny ttq rqpuotuoz uz ttq oost or xuvuzs2
Coyparqp wutt ttat uzuvqrsax qasqyqzt0 azyttuzs ttq
prqsqzt surpxus oaz nqstow yust zqoqssaruxy nq
syaxx2 rq rqpuoqp xast yqar ttq tax oz susar at a oost
or £30AAA0AAA or rqvqzuq0 azp ut us to tqa ttat I zow
turz wutt rqqxuzss or soop wuxx2 ctq Coyyuttqq kzow0
rroy ttq azzuax Sqnatqs uz ttus Housq0 ttat I tavq
xozs pqsurqp to qffqot soyq rqpuotuoz uz ttq cqa Suty2
ctqrq us zo ottqr ooyrort wtuot qztqrs so xarsqxy uzto
ttq nupsqt or ttq oottasq toyq0 or ttq stuxx tuynxqr
nupsqts or ttq oxp0 ttq wqak0 azp ttq poor2
ctq rqpuotuoz or ttq rqyovax or ttq tax oz tqa tas
nqqz askqp ror uz a xozs suooqssuoz or earxuayqzts2
Its yutusatuoz wouxp axways tavq nqqz rqsarpqp ny
soouax rqroryqrs or qvqry party as az auspuouous
yuxqstozq uz ttq tustory or ttq Custoy Housq2 ctqrq
tas nqqz a tax oz tqa qvqr suzoq ttq rqusz or Quqqz
Txuzanqtt0 azp I ay sxap to ttuzk ttat ttq rqusz or Hus
Mavqsty Kuzs Gqorsq ttq Furtt wuxx wutzqss ttq totax0
uyyqpuatq0 azp0 I nqxuqvq0 fizax anoxutuozK
Azp wtuxq ttq nunnxuzs azp xoup1tussuzs urz
ctrows up a stqayy ooxuyz0 azp ttq oups
ctat otqqr nut zot uzqnruatq waut oz qaot0
So xqt us wqxooyq pqaoqrux qvqzuzs uz2
I saup ttat ttq rqyussuoz wouxp nq totax azp I tavq
saup so apvusqpxy0 azp0 axttoust ovqr ttrqq1quartqrs
or ttq tqa pruzk uz ttqsq usxazps us propuoqp wuttuz
ttq Brutust Typurq0 Ravazqsq tqa qztqrs to a srqat
qxtqzt uzto ttq otqapqst nxqzps usqp ny ttq poorqst
pqopxq2 co yauztauz ror prqrqrqztuax rqasozs a tax oz
ttus rorqusz tqa wouxp ttqrqrorq qxoxupq rroy ttq
nqzqfits or rqyussuoz ttq vqry oxass ror wtosq sakq0
yost or axx0 ttus sqruous saorufioq or rqvqzuq us nquzs
yapq2
[…‘
I rqqx ttat ttq oorzqr uz our qoozoyuo rortuzqs yay
wqxx zow tavq nqqz turzqp2 ctqrq arq zo oausqs0
apart rroy rrqst oausqs or our owz yakuzs0 wtuot
stouxp prqvqzt ttq zqxt rour or fivq yqars nquzs
qasuqr azp yorq rruutrux ttaz ttosq ttroust wtuot wq
tavq yapq our way2
ctq ruturq xuqs rrqqxy uz our tazps2 aqvuvuzs trapq0
xowqr uzqypxoyyqzt0 qxpazpuzs rqvqzuqs0 otqapqr
yozqy0 yorq ravouranxq oozputuozs ror pqnt
oozvqrsuoz0 xuq nqrorq us at ttus yoyqzt as
rqasozanxq azp tazsunxq pronanuxutuqs2 rq oaz ny
wuspoy azp punxuo spurut nruzs ttqy zqarqr azp
rqaxusq ttqsq xozs soustt ror apvaztasqs2 rq oaz ny
raotuoz0 vuoxqzoq0 azp roxxy pruvq ttqy rar away asauz2
ctq ruturq us uzsorutanxq0 azp ut us qquaxxy vauz to
proptqsy or noast0 nut ror yy part I tavq rautt uz ttq
raur pxay azp ausust ooyyoz sqzsq or ttq Brutust
zatuoz0 azp to ttqur vupsyqzt zow0 azp uz xatqr yqars0
I sunyut wutt oozfipqzoq ttq fizazouax rqoorp or a
Cozsqrvatuvq Apyuzustratuoz2
 ‘A N F N E 8M 8TE 3 C A AA C 8TR @5
A 3 A AT8GE N E SSl

Iz ttq Gqzqrax Txqotuoz or May 19C90 ttq Cozsqrvatuvq

Govqrzyqzt was pqrqatqp azp a Lanour Govqrzyqzt oayq
to powqr2 Cturotuxx0 tavuzs rqtauzqp tus parxuayqztary sqat0
sqt off oz az qxtqzpqp vusut to Cazapa azp ttq dzutqp
Statqs0 stupyuzs ttq poxutuoax systqys uz nott oouztruqs2 Oz
tus rqturz0 puruzs a xqoturq at Oxrorp dzuvqrsuty uz 193A oz
‘earxuayqztary Sqyooraoy azp ttq Toozoyuo eronxqy’ –
punxustqp ttat yqar as a nookxqt0 HarlZaaentary
Novernaent and the EconoaZc HroSlea – tq spokq or tus
qzpuruzs axxqsuazoq0 uzroryqp ny ttrqq pqoapqs’
qxpqruqzoq0 to ttq rqstyuzstqr yopqx or sovqrzyqztK
I sqq ttq Housqs or earxuayqzt – azp partuouxarxy
ttq Housq or Coyyozs – axozq ayozs ttq sqzatqs
azp otaynqrs or ttq worxp a xuvuzs azp ruxuzs qztutyE
ttq swurt vqtuoxq or punxuo opuzuozE ttq arqza –
pqrtaps rortuzatqxy ttq pappqp arqza – or ttq
uzqvutanxq oxass azp soouax oozfluotE ttq Coxxqsq rroy
wtuot ttq Muzustqrs or Statq arq otosqz0 azp tuttqrto
ttq soxup azp uzrauxuzs rouzpatuoz or ttq qxqoutuvq
powqr2
I rqsarp ttqsq parxuayqztary uzstututuozs as
prqouous to us axyost nqyozp ooyparq2 ctqy sqqy to
suvq ny rar ttq oxosqst assoouatuoz yqt aotuqvqp
nqtwqqz ttq xurq or ttq pqopxq azp ttq aotuoz or ttq
Statq2 ctqy possqss apparqztxy az uzxuyutqp oapaouty
or apaptuvqzqss0 azp ttqy stazp az qffqotuvq nuffqr
asauzst qvqry rory or rqvoxutuozary azp rqaotuozary
vuoxqzoq2
 It stouxp nq ttq puty or rauttrux sunvqots to prqsqrvq
ttqsq uzstututuozs uz ttqur tqaxtty vusour0 to suarp
ttqy asauzst ttq qzoroaotyqzt or qxtqrzax roroqs0
azp to rqvuvury ttqy rroy ozq sqzqratuoz to azottqr
rroy ttq spruzss or zatuozax taxqzt0 uztqrqst0 azp
qstqqy2
‘A E A CM 8N 6 A N 3 A E S@ N A F SE AT8N 6 l

Cturotuxx was uzqasy at ttq pxazs nquzs yapq ny ttq

Brutust Govqrzyqzt to srazt Izpua sqxr1ruxq – ttqz oaxxqp
Soyuzuoz Status2 Hq arsuqp ttat ttus wouxp nq roxxowqp ny
az Izpuaz pqyazp ror ruxx uzpqpqzpqzoq0 wtuot tq opposqp0
azp wtuot was zot ttq poxuoy or ttq Brutust Govqrzyqzt2 Hq
axso rqarqp Huzpu – Musxuy ooyyuzax vuoxqzoq0 azp rqxt
ttat ttq Izpuaz ‘uztouotanxqs’ wouxp rqyauz outoasts2
rtqz Matatya Gazptu prqssqp ror a srqatqr pqsrqq or
uzpqpqzpqzoq ttaz ttq Brutust Govqrzyqzt waztqp to
oozoqpq0 Cturotuxx warzqp0 uz spqqot artqr spqqot0 asauzst
suvuzs uz to Gazptu’s pqyazps2 Oz C3 Fqnruary 1931 tq
toxp ttq Couzoux or ttq rqst Tssqx Cozsqrvatuvq
AssoouatuozK
It us axaryuzs azp axso zausqatuzs to sqq Mr Gazptu0
a sqputuous Muppxq cqypxq xawyqr0 zow posuzs as a
rakur or a typq wqxx1kzowz uz ttq Tast0 strupuzs taxr1
zakqp up ttq stqps or ttq euoqrqsax paxaoq0 wtuxq tq
us stuxx orsazusuzs azp oozpuotuzs a pqfiazt oaypausz
or ouvux pusonqpuqzoq0 to parxqy oz qquax tqrys wutt
ttq rqprqsqztatuvq or ttq Kuzs1Typqror2 Suot a
spqotaoxq oaz ozxy uzorqasq ttq uzrqst uz Izpua azp
ttq pazsqr to wtuot wtutq pqopxq ttqrq arq qxposqp2
It oaz ozxy qzoourasq axx ttq roroqs wtuot arq tostuxq
to Brutust auttoruty2
rtat soop oaz possunxy ooyq or suot qxtraorpuzary
zqsotuatuozsN Gazptu tas saup wuttuz ttq xast rqw
wqqks ttat tq pqyazps ttq sunstazoq or
uzpqpqzpqzoq0 ttoust tq kuzpxy apps ttat ttq Brutust
yay kqqp ttq stapow2 Hq pqoxarqs ttat ttq noyoott or
rorqusz oxott yust nq ooztuzuqp uztux quttqr
protunutuoz or a protunutuvq taruff oaz nq put up
asauzst ut ny az Izpuaz zatuozax earxuayqzt2 ctus0 ur
aooqptqp0 wouxp qztaux ttq fizax ruuz or Lazoasturq2
Hq tas axso prqssqp ror ttq rqpupuatuoz or ttq Izpuaz
xoazs0 azp tas xaup oxauy to ttq ooztrox or ttq Aryy
azp rorqusz affaurs2 ctqsq arq tus wqxx1kzowz auys2
Surqxy ttqy rory a strazsq nasus ror tqart1to1tqart
pusoussuozs – ‘swqqt’ wq arq toxp ttqy wqrq – nqtwqqz
ttus yaxuszazt0 sunvqrsuvq razatuo azp ttq euoqroy or
Izpua2
 ‘8 C E CTA 8N E R SF 55E CE 3 E GE CR
AA N 6 l

At ttq qzp or 19310 Cturotuxx0 tavuzs xost tqavuxy uz ttq

raxx Strqqt qoozoyuo ooxxapsq or 19C90 azp topuzs to
rqooup tus xossqs0 asrqqp to uzpqrtakq a strqzuous xqoturq
tour ttroust ttq dzutqp Statqs (sqq Map 16,2 Oz ttq
qvqzuzs or Sqoqynqr 1C0 ttq pay artqr tus first xqoturq0 tq
was orossuzs ttq roap uz Nqw hork wtqz0 xookuzs ttq
wrozs way0 tq was kzookqp powz ny a oar azp napxy turt2
Artqr a wqqk uz tosputax0 tq tap to postpozq tus rqyauzuzs
xqoturqs wtuxq tq rqoupqratqp2 Oz Sqoqynqr C8 tq was
wqxx qzoust to tqxqsrapt az aooouzt or tus qxpqruqzoq ror a
Brutust zqwspapqr0 ttq KaZly TaZl2 Hus aooouzt was
syzpuoatqp axx ovqr ttq worxpK
I oqrtauzxy suffqrqp qvqry pazs0 yqztax azp ptysuoax0
ttat a strqqt aooupqzt or0 I supposq0 a stqxx wouzp oaz
propuoq2 Nozq us uzqzpuranxq2 ctqrq us zquttqr ttq
tuyq zor ttq strqzstt ror sqxr1puty2 ctqrq us zo rooy
ror rqyorsq or rqars2 Ir at azy yoyqzt uz ttus xozs
sqruqs or sqzsatuozs a srqy vqux pqqpqzuzs uzto
nxaokzqss tap pqsoqzpqp upoz ttq sazotuy I stouxp
tavq rqxt or rqarqp zottuzs apputuozax2
Naturq us yqrourux azp poqs zot try tqr otuxprqz0
yaz or nqast0 nqyozp ttqur ooypass2 It us ozxy wtqrq
ttq oruqxty or yaz uztqrvqzqs ttat tqxxust toryqzts
appqar2 For ttq rqst – xuvq pazsqrousxyE takq ttuzss as
ttqy ooyqE prqap zaustt0 axx wuxx nq wqxx2
 
A ptotosrapt or Cturotuxx as a sotooxnoy at Harrow2
 
ctq swuyyuzs poox at Harrow Sotoox0 kzowz as ‘ctq
Suokqr’0 uzto wtuot Cturotuxx pustqp a yorq sqzuor noy2
 
Cturotuxx as a soxpuqr uz Soutt Arruoa0 a ptotosrapt takqz
uz Bxoqyroztquz0 May 19AA2
 
Cturotuxx’s nook Lhe RZver O ar0 punxustqp oz 6 Novqynqr
18992
 
Cturotuxx’s nook or tus Soutt Arruoaz rar zqwspapqr
pqspatotqs0 Sondon to SadysaZth vZa HretorZa
0 punxustqp oz
15 May 19AA2
 
Cturotuxx0 rar rustt0 a zqwspapqr oorrqspozpqzt uz
oaptuvuty0 wutt Brutust soxpuqrs oapturqp ny ttq Boqrs0
erqtorua0 18 Novqynqr 18992
 
Cturotuxx’s tqxqsray anout tus qsoapq rroy Boqr oaptuvuty0
punxustqp uz Lozpoz oz 3A Sqoqynqr 18992

 
Azzouzoqyqzt or ozq or Cturotuxx’s Brutust xqoturqs oz tus
qxpqruqzoqs uz Soutt Arruoa0 Carpuff0 C9 Novqynqr 19AA2

 
Cturotuxx spqakuzs to yuzutuoz workqrs at Tzfiqxp0 18
Sqptqynqr 19152 Hus wurq Cxqyqztuzq xooks oz2
 
Tzfiqxp0 18 Sqptqynqr 19150 yakuzs a pouzt2
 
Tzfiqxp0 18 Sqptqynqr 19150 a wqxx1rqoquvqp vokq2

 
Cturotuxx0 uz pauz roxxowuzs az opqratuoz ror appqzpuoutus0 us
xqp to ttq pxatrory at Suzpqq oz 11 Novqynqr 19CC0
puruzs ttq Gqzqrax Txqotuoz oaypausz2 Hq us wqaruzs tus
Nortt1rqst Froztuqr0 Supaz0 Soutt Arruoa azp Furst rorxp
rar yuxutary yqpaxs2
 
Oz ttq popuuy at Suzpqq0 11 Novqynqr 19CC0 wautuzs to
spqak2 Cxqyqztuzq suts nqxow tuy oz ttq pxatrory0
uyyqpuatqxy to tus xqrt2
 
Cturotuxx at ttq euotorua eaxaoq ctqatrq0 apprqssuzs tus
supportqrs uz ttq Annqy Suvusuoz or rqstyuzstqr0 19 Marot
19CE0 oz xqarzuzs ttat tq tas nqqz pqrqatqp ny ttq
zarrowqst or yarsuzs2 Cxqyqztuzq watotqs as tq spqaks2
 
Cturotuxx as Ctazoqxxor or ttq Txotqquqr xqavuzs 11
Sowzuzs Strqqt ror ttq Housq or Coyyozs0 to pqxuvqr tus
first Bupsqt0 C8 Aprux 19C52
 
Cturotuxx waxkuzs powz rtutqtaxx0 to ttq Housq or
Coyyozs0 to pqxuvqr tus firtt Bupsqt0 15 Aprux 19C92 co tus
xqrt arq tus wurq Cxqyqztuzq0 tus pausttqr Sarat azp tus soz
aazpoxpt2

 
Cturotuxx spqakuzs outsupq ttq Cuty or Lozpoz aqoruutuzs
Cqztrq ror ttq cqrrutoruax Aryy0 Mazsuoz Housq0 Lozpoz0 CE
Aprux 19392

 
Cturotuxx uz tus stupy at Ctartwqxx0 C5 Fqnruary 19390
workuzs at tus uprustt pqsk2
 
Cturotuxx uz tus stupy at Ctartwqxx0 C5 Fqnruary 19390
puotatuzs ny ttq firqpxaoq2 Hus nqprooy us nqyozp2 Bqxow
ttq portraut or tuysqxr us a pauztuzs or tus rattqr0 Lorp
aazpoxpt Cturotuxx2
 
Cturotuxx at Ctartwqxx0 a ptotosrapt takqz oz C5 Fqnruary
1939 azp punxustqp uz ttq Fek Qor‘ LZaes yasazuzq oz 13
Ausust 19392
 
Cturotuxx yakuzs tus first wartuyq nroapoast0 1 Ootonqr
19392
 ‘H E @5 T7 E E N 6 E 8S7 0SAE A K 8N 6
E A N 3 Sl

Artqr rqoupqratuzs uz ttq Batayas ror a yoztt0 Cturotuxx

rqsuyqp tus xqoturq tour or ttq dzutqp Statqs oz C8 Razuary
193C2 Hq spokq uz zuzqtqqz outuqs nqtwqqz Razuary C8 azp
Fqnruary C10 qarzuzs uz ttat stort tuyq yorq ttaz ttq
azzuax saxary or a Brutust eruyq Muzustqr2 Ozq or tus ttqyqs
was ttq Azsxo1Ayqruoaz rqxatuozstupK
rq tqar axways wtqz wq praw oxosqr tosqttqr uz
uztqrzatuozax affaurs ttq wtuspqr0 (azp soyqtuyqs ttq
ory, ‘At0 xook! ctq Tzsxust azp Ayqruoazs arq
workuzs tosqttqr!’
rqxx0 wty stouxp wq nq astayqp or ttatN rty
stouxp wq zot rrazkxy rqooszuzq ttat ttqrq yust nq
soyq souroq or pootruzq azp auttoruty to rqsouq ttq
zatuozs rroy oozrusuozN
aqyqynqr0 I nqs or you0 ttat0 vast as our rqsouroqs
arq0 ttqrq us azottqr powqr ooyuzs uzto nquzs wtuot
yakqs uts appqax to oqrtauz oxassqs uz axx oouztruqs
azp wtuot tas uts asqzts uz axx oouztruqs2 I yqaz ttq
roroq or uztqrzatuozax ooyyuzusy2
I sqq two uyyuzqzt roroqs ttat wuxx nq nroustt to
nqar uz ttq stapuzs or yazkuzp’s pqstuzy – ttq aryqp
Asuatuo oozoqptuoz or ooyyuzusy azp ttq Tzsxust1
spqakuzs upqax or uzpuvupuaxusy2 Our pusuzuoz yay
yakq ttq strussxq qzp ttq wrozs way2
May ut ttqrqrorq zot nq our tuyq zow to rausq
tosqttqr0 wutt our uzutqp tazps0 ttq stazparps or ttq
toyq0 or ttq rayuxy0 or uzpuvupuaxusy0 or GopN ctus wq
oaz po0 zot wutt our tazps rausqp asauzst ttq rqst or
yazkuzp nut wutt our tazps oxaspqp2
 Movuzs uz taryozy wutt ttat spurut0 wq or ttq
Tzsxust1spqakuzs xazps wuxx travqx yorq prospqrousxy
azp travqx rurttqr ur wq trqap ttq patt tosqttqr0 xukq
soop ooypazuozs2
 ‘T7 E SE 1 A N 3 S @5 STF C3 R
TE F T@N 8C R @F T7 Sl

Iz ttq suyyqr or 193C0 Cturotuxx was uz souttqrz Gqryazy0

rqsqarotuzs ttq nuosrapty or tus yuxutary azoqstor Rotz
Cturotuxx0 first Sukq or Marxnoroust0 wto tap pqrqatqp ttq
Frqzot azp Bavaruazs uz 17AE at ttq Battxq or Bxqztquy0 uz
Bavarua2 rtuxq stayuzs uz Muzuot puruzs ttq ooursq or tus
rqsqarotqs0 Cturotuxx wutzqssqp a Nazu prooqssuoz2
Spqakuzs to ttq Housq or Coyyozs oz C3 Novqynqr 193C0
vust tqz wqqks nqrorq Hutxqr oayq to powqr uz Gqryazy –
tq rqoaxxqp tus qxpqruqzoq0 azp0 yakuzs partuouxar
rqrqrqzoq to ttq ttrqat to Bqxsuuy0 eoxazp0 auyazua0
Czqotosxovakua azp husosxavua – tq warzqpK
So zot pqxupq yoursqxvqs2 So zot xqt Hus Mavqsty’s
Govqrzyqzt nqxuqvq – I ay surq ttqy po zot nqxuqvq –
ttat axx ttat Gqryazy us askuzs ror us qquax status2 I
nqxuqvq ttq rqfizqp tqry zow us qquax quaxutatuvq
status ny uzpqfizutqxy pqrqrrqp stasqs2 ctat us zot
wtat Gqryazy us sqqkuzs2
Axx ttqsq nazps or sturpy cqutozuo youtts0 yarotuzs
ttroust ttq strqqts azp roaps or Gqryazy0 wutt ttq
xustt or pqsurq uz ttqur qyqs to suffqr ror ttqur
Fattqrxazp0 arq zot xookuzs ror status2 ctqy arq
xookuzs ror wqapozs0 azp0 wtqz ttqy tavq ttq
wqapozs0 nqxuqvq yq ttqy wuxx ttqz ask ror ttq rqturz
or xost tqrrutoruqs azp xost ooxozuqs0 azp wtqz ttat
pqyazp us yapq ut oazzot raux to stakq azp possunxy
stattqr to ttqur rouzpatuozs or qvqry ozq or ttq
oouztruqs I tavq yqztuozqp0 azp soyq ottqr oouztruqs
I tavq zot yqztuozqp2
[…‘
ctq rqyovax or ttq vust sruqvazoqs or ttq vazquustqp
oustt to prqoqpq ttq pusaryayqzt or ttq vuotors2 co
nruzs anout azyttuzs xukq qquaxuty or aryayqzts ur ut
wqrq uz our powqr to po so0 wtuot ut tappuxy us zot0
wtuxq ttosq sruqvazoqs rqyauz uzrqprqssqp0 wouxp nq
axyost to appouzt ttq pay ror azottqr Turopqaz war –
to fix ut as ur ut wqrq a pruzq1fistt2
It wouxp nq rar sarqr to rqopqz quqstuozs xukq ttosq
or ttq Sazzus Corrupor azp crazsyxvazua0 wutt axx
ttqur pqxuoaoy azp puffiouxty0 uz ooxp nxoop azp uz a
oaxy atyosptqrq azp wtuxq ttq vuotor zatuozs stuxx
tavq aypxq supqruoruty0 ttaz to waut azp prurt oz0 uzot
ny uzot azp stasq ny stasq0 uztux ozoq asauz vast
ooynuzatuozs0 qquaxxy yatotqp0 oozrrozt qaot ottqr
raoq to raoq2
[…‘
As rar as ttus usxazp us oozoqrzqp0 ttq rqspozsunuxuty or
Muzustqrs to suaraztqq ttq sarqty or ttq oouztry rroy
pay to pay azp rroy tour to tour us purqot azp
uzaxuqzanxq2
‘H 7 E N H E CE A 3 A 1 @F T 6 E CM A N R l

Iz 193C azp 19330 ttq Brutust Govqrzyqzt – a Natuozax

Govqrzyqzt qstanxustqp uz 19310 tqapqp ny ttq roryqr
Lanour eruyq Muzustqr0 aaysay MaoSozaxp0 azp wutt a
prqpoyuzaztxy Cozsqrvatuvq Housq or Coyyozs – was
aotuvq at ttq Lqasuq or Natuozs uz supportuzs ttq sqarot ror
worxp pusaryayqzt2 Cturotuxx apprqssqp ttus ussuq0 azp
axso ttq zaturq or Nazu ruxq uz Gqryazy – wtqrq Hutxqr tap
nqooyq Ctazoqxxor oz 3A Razuary 1933 – wtqz tq spokq uz
ttq Housq or Coyyozs oz C3 Marot 1933K
rq axx pqsurq to sqq pqaoq azp soopwuxx qstanxustqp
ayozs ttq zatuozs0 oxp soorqs rorsottqz0 oxp wouzps
tqaxqp0 ttq pqopxqs or Ctrustqzpoy uzutqp to rqnuuxp
ttqur portuoz or ttq worxp0 to soxvq ttq pronxqy or
ttqur touxuzs yassqs0 to suvq a tustqr stazparp or xurq
to ttq tarassqp popuxatuozs2 rq oaz axx qxpatuatq
upoz ttat2 ctq puffqrqzoqs wtuot arusq arq ttosq or
yqttop2 ctqy arusq wtqz our sqztuyqzts ooyq uzto
ooztaot wutt naffluzs azp qxtrqyqxy onstuzatq
oozorqtq onstaoxqs2
Our first suprqyq onvqot us zot to so to war2 co ttat
qzp wq yust po our nqst to prqvqzt ottqrs rroy souzs
to war2 But wq yust nq vqry oarqrux ttat0 uz so pouzs0
wq po zot uzorqasq ttq rusk to oursqxvqs or nquzs
uzvoxvqp uz a war ur0 uzrortuzatqxy0 our wqxx1yqazt
qfforts raux to prqvqzt a quarrqx nqtwqqz ottqr
eowqrs2 It us ny ttus tqst ttat I wust to qxayuzq ttq
rorqusz poxuoy or ttq eruyq Muzustqr2 Suruzs ttq wtoxq
or ttq xast rour yqars tq tas purqotqp0 azp zot ozxy
purqotqp0 nut poyuzatqp0 our rorqusz poxuoy0 azp zo
ozq oaz prqtqzp ttat ttq rqsuxts arq satusraotory2 Oz
ttq ooztrary0 ttq statq or Turopq0 ttq oozputuoz or ttq
Far Tast0 our rqxatuozs wutt Rapaz0 ttq auttoruty azp
prqstusq or ttq Lqasuq or Natuozs0 ttq sqouruty or ttus
usxazp – axx tavq uz varuous pqsrqqs sqzsunxy
pqtqruoratqp2 It yay nq ttat qvqzts tavq nqqz too
strozs ror ttq eruyq Muzustqr2 ctqrq arq tasks nqyozp
ttq powqr or yortax yaz2 It yay wqxx nq so0 azp tus
rruqzps wuxx zaturaxxy xukq to apopt ttat vuqw0 nut
ottqrs yay ttuzk ttat ttq ooursq ttat tq tas apoptqp0
rroy ttq tustqst yotuvqs0 tas aotuaxxy assravatqp ttq
posutuoz2
ctq stapxq or ttq poxuoy or ttq rustt toz2 Gqztxqyaz
tas nqqz pusaryayqzt2 Or ooursq0 ut us truq ttat uz
ttat rqspqot tq was ozxy roxxowuzs ttq poxuoy to wtuot
axx eartuqs wqrq ooyyuttqp azp yazy zatuozs
ooyyuttqp ny trqaty2 Nqvqrttqxqss0 ttq uzpuq
uzsustqzoq upoz pusaryayqzt0 ttq proxozsqp attqypts
at Gqzqva or ozq zatuoz to pusary azottqr0 azp
xattqrxy or qaot zatuoz to put soyq ottqr zatuoz uz ttq
wrozs nqrorq punxuo opuzuoz – ttus proxozsqp prooqss0
wtuot nqsaz nqrorq ttq eruyq Muzustqr was
rqspozsunxq ror our affaurs0 nut wtuot tq tas uypqxxqp
wutt axx ttq rqsouroqs at tus pusposax0 tas zot tap
soop rqsuxts – uz raot0 ut tas uz soyq rqspqots
worsqzqp ttq rqxatuozs nqtwqqz ttq Grqat eowqrs2 I
tavq tqxp ttus vuqw ror soyq yqars0 azp I sqq ut
ooztuzuaxxy oozfiryqp ny qvqzts2 I ay vqry pountrux
wtqttqr ttqrq us azy usq uz prqssuzs zatuozax
pusaryayqzt to a pouzt wtqrq zatuozs ttuzk ttqur
sarqty us ooyproyusqp0 wtuxq ttq quarrqxs wtuot
puvupq ttqy azp wtuot xqap to ttqur aryayqzts azp
ttqur rqars arq stuxx uzapvustqp2
ctq qxanoratq prooqss or yqasuruzs sworps arouzp
ttq tanxq at Gqzqva0 wtuot tas sozq oz ror so yazy
yqars0 sturs axx ttq pqqpqst suspuouozs azp azxuqtuqs or
ttq varuous eowqrs0 azp roroqs axx ttq statqsyqz to
oozsupqr yazy typottqtuoax ooztuzsqzouqs wtuot nut
ror ttus proxozsqp prooqss pqrtaps wouxp zot tavq
orossqp ttqur yuzps azp wouxp ozxy tavq rqyauzqp
nuruqp uz ttq arotuvqs or soyq Gqzqrax Staff2
I tavq axways topqp azp nqxuqvqp ttat ttq
ooztuzuazoq or a xozs pqaoq azp ttq prqssurq or
taxatuoz wouxp xqap to a srapuax0 prosrqssuvq zqsxqot
or aryayqzts uz axx oouztruqs0 as was ttq oasq artqr
ttq oozoxusuoz or ttq srqat Napoxqozuo wars2 I say
zottuzs asauzst pruvatq uztqrotazsqs uz sqorqt
pupxoyaoy nqtwqqz ttq Forqusz Offioqs or ttq
puffqrqzt oouztruqs or a rruqzpxy otaraotqr – ‘Ir you
wuxx zot po ttus0 wq staxx zot tavq to po ttat0’ ‘Ir your
prosray pup zot start so qarxy0 ours wouxp nqsuz qvqz
xatqr0’ azp so oz suot as tavq axways sozq oz0 azp
yay pqrrqotxy xqsutuyatqxy so oz2 I nqxuqvq a srqatqr
apvazoq azp prosrqss towarps a puyuzutuoz or
qxpqzputurq oz aryayqzts yustt tavq nqqz aotuqvqp
ny ttqsq yqttops ttaz ny ttq oozrqrqzoqs azp
sotqyqs or pusaryayqzt wtuot tavq nqqz put
rorwarp at Gqzqva2 It us uz ttus yoop ttat I xook at ttq
eruyq Muzustqr’s xatqst pxaz2
cakuzs a xayyaz’s vuqw or ttqsq raots azp fisurqs0 I
oazzot say ttat ttqy arq uzvuruous to our owz
pqrqzsuvq uztqrqsts0 nut I pount vqry yuot uzpqqp ttq
wuspoy or prqssuzs ttus pxaz upoz Frazoq at ttq
prqsqzt tuyq2 I po zot ttuzk ut us at axx xukqxy ttat ttq
Frqzot wuxx asrqq2 ctqy yust nq srqatxy oozoqrzqp at
wtat us takuzs pxaoq uz Gqryazy0 as wqxx as at ttq
attutupq or soyq ottqrs or ttqur zqustnours2 I parq say
ttat puruzs ttus azxuous yoztt – wq sqqy to tavq
passqp ttroust a vqry azxuous yoztt – ttqrq arq a
soop yazy pqopxq wto tavq saup to ttqysqxvqs0 as I
tavq nqqz sayuzs ror sqvqrax yqars0 ‘ctazk Gop ror
ttq Frqzot Aryy’2
 rtqz wq rqap anout Gqryazy0 wtqz wq watot wutt
surprusq azp pustrqss ttq tuyuxtuous uzsursqzoy or
rqroouty azp war spurut0 ttq putuxqss uxx1trqatyqzt or
yuzorutuqs0 ttq pqzuax or ttq zoryax protqotuozs or
ouvuxuzqp soouqty to xarsq zuynqrs or uzpuvupuaxs soxqxy
oz ttq srouzp or raoq – wtqz wq sqq ttat ooourruzs
uz ozq or ttq yost surtqp0 xqarzqp0 souqztufio azp
roryupanxq zatuozs uz ttq worxp0 ozq oazzot tqxp
rqqxuzs sxap ttat ttq fiqroq passuozs ttat arq zow
rasuzs uz Gqryazy tavq zot rouzp0 as yqt0 azy ottqr
outxqt nut upoz Gqryazs2
At a yoyqzt xukq ttus0 to ask Frazoq to taxvq tqr
aryy wtuxq Gqryazy pounxqs tqrs – ttat us ttq soaxq
or fisurqs – to ask Frazoq to taxvq tqr aur roroq wtuxq
ttq Gqryaz aur roroq rqyauzs wtatqvqr ut us – I ay
awarq ttat ttqrq us zo yuxutary aur roroq pqryuttqp to
rqyauz – suot a proposax0 ut sqqys to yq0 us xukqxy to
nq oozsupqrqp ny ttq Frqzot Govqrzyqzt0 at prqsqzt
at azy ratq0 as soyqwtat uzrqasozanxq2
[…‘
I warz ttq Govqrzyqzt ur wq prqss Frazoq to pusary
azp qzoourasq Gqryazy to rqary to a pouzt wtqrq
pazsqrous oozputuozs arq orqatqp2 Ir you prqss a
oouztry to rqpuoq uts pqrqzoqs nqyozp uts nqttqr
vupsyqzt0 azp ut takqs your apvuoq0 qvqry onxusatuoz
you tavq ooztraotqp0 towqvqr oarqruxxy ut tas nqqz
qxprqssqp0 wuxx nq yuxtupxuqp uz roroq0 azp you wuxx
fizp your posutuoz ooypxuoatqp ny rrqst onxusatuozs or
ooyrapqstup0 tozour azp ooypassuoz wtuot wuxx nq
nroustt vqry proyuzqztxy to ttq rrozt wtqz a oouztry
wtuot tas takqz your apvuoq raxxs uzto sravq vqoparpy0
pqrtaps as a rqsuxt or wtat you tavq prqssqp upoz ut2
[…‘
As xozs as Frazoq us strozs azp Gqryazy us nut
uzapqquatqxy aryqp ttqrq us zo otazoq or Frazoq
nquzs attaokqp wutt suooqss0 azp ttqrqrorq zo
onxusatuoz wuxx arusq uzpqr Looarzo ror us to so to ttq
aup or Frazoq2 I ay vqry surq0 oz ttq ottqr tazp0 ttat
Frazoq0 wtuot us ttq yost paoufio zatuoz uz Turopq at
ttq prqsqzt tuyq0 as stq us0 rortuzatqxy0 ttq yost
qffiouqztxy aryqp0 wouxp zqvqr attqypt azy vuoxatuoz
or ttq crqaty or ooyyut az ovqrt aot asauzst Gqryazy
wuttout ttq sazotuozs or ttq crqaty0 wuttout rqrqrqzoq
to ttq crqaty0 azp0 xqast or axx0 uz opposutuoz to ttq
oouztry wutt wtuot stq us uz suot ayuoanxq rqxatuozs –
Grqat Brutauz2
 ‘T7 E M @N STC@S8TR @5 T7 E
T@TA E 8TA C8A N STATE l

Cturotuxx watotqp oarqruxxy azp wutt pqqp oozoqrz as

Hutxqr uyposqp ttq Nazu puotatorstup oz Gqryazy2 Iz Ruzq
193E tq sqt out tus ttoustts uz az artuoxq punxustqp uz
Hearsonts TagazZne 0 qztutxqp ‘Arq earxuayqzts OnsoxqtqN’ uz
wtuot tq wrotq0 anout ttq GqryazsK
ctus yustty pqopxq0 ttq yost powqrrux azp yost
pazsqrous uz ttq rqstqrz worxp0 tavq rqvqrtqp to ttq
oozputuozs or ttq Muppxq Asqs wutt axx ttq yopqrz
raouxutuqs azp assravatuozs2 rq arq oozrroztqp wutt
ttq yozstrosuty or ttq cotaxutaruaz Statq2 Axx arq to
ttuzk axukq2 No ozq us to pusasrqq2 co pouzt out az
onvuous yustakq or yusoaxouxatuoz us to nq oozvuotqp
or tqrqsy azp trqasoz2 Tvqry xuzk wutt ttq past0 qvqz
wutt ttq yost sxoruous traputuozs0 tas nqqz sqvqrqp2 A
pqspotusy tas nqqz qrqotqp ozxy xqss rrusttrux ttaz
ttq aussuaz zusttyarq2 Its auys arq puffqrqzt0 uts
rorys arq opposutq0 nut uts yqttops arq ttq sayq2
Kuzsstup azp ttq sxoruous yqyoruqs or nysozq pays
arq nrustqp asupq uz ttq uztqrqsts or ttq zqwooyqrs
wto usurp axx ttq xoyaxtuqs puq to ttq sxowxy wovqz
ranruo or ttq raoq2 aqxusuoz yust nq rqap rroy ttq
pruxx nook2 Rqws yust nq nautqp ror nquzs norz Rqws2
Luttxq Rqwust otuxprqz yust nq uzsuxtqp ny rqsuxatuoz
azp routuzq oz partuouxar pays or ttq wqqk or or ttq
yoztt0 azp yapq to rqqx ttq uszoyuzy or ttq statq or
xurq to wtuot ttq Crqator tas oaxxqp ttqy2
eqzqranxq pastors0 uprustt yasustratqs0 worxp
rayous souqztusts azp ptuxosoptqrs0 oapanxq
statqsyqz0 uzpqpqzpqzt yuzpqp yazxy outuzqzs0 rraux
poor oxp woyqz or uzrastuozanxq opuzuozs0 arq
uzvapqp0 nuxxuqp azp nrutaxusqp ny sazss or aryqp
tooxusazs to rqsust wtoy us a oaputax offqzoq2 co nq
ttoustt pusxoyax or qvqz uzqzttusuastuo to ttq rqsuyq
wtuot ozxy yqstqrpay was uzkzowz0 warrazts
uzpqfizutq nozpasq uz az uztqrzyqzt oayp uzpqr
pqrsqoutuozs wtuot ttoust ttqy yay orust ttq
vuotuy0 anasq axso ttq puszuty or yaz2 rtat a ratq ror
Turopq’s strozsqst0 yost uzpustruous azp yost
xqarzqp sozs!
Is ttqrq azyttuzs uz axx ttus wtuot stouxp xqap us0
ttq Tzsxust1spqakuzs worxp0 to rqpupuatq ttq rayous
otauz or qvqzts wtuot tas yapq us wtat wq arqN – to
oast away our earxuayqzt0 our tanqas oorpus0 our
rustts azp yazy rrqqpoys0 our toxqrazoqs0 our
pqoqzouqsN Oz ttq ooztrary0 oustt wq zot nqtuyqs to
nuttrqss azp rortury our azouqzt oozstututuoz0 azp to
yakq surq ttat ut us zot uszoraztxy or xusttxy
pqrazsqpN rtat a xayqztanxq rqsuxt ut wouxp nq ur ttq
Brutust azp Ayqruoaz pqyooraouqs wtqz qzrrazotusqp
squazpqrqp uz a rqw stort yqars or qvqz nqtwqqz
soyq zustt azp yorzuzs axx ttq xozs1storqp tarp1woz
trqasurqs or our usxazp ouvuxusatuoz2 It yust zot nq2
 ‘8 H A S F N 3 E C 7 8S SAE E E l

Iz 19C10 Cturotuxx tap appouztqp Coxozqx c2 T2 Lawrqzoq

(‘Lawrqzoq or Aranua’, as tus Aran Affaurs Apvusqr at ttq
Coxozuax Offioq2 For two yqars ttq two yqz workqp oxosqxy
tosqttqr oz ttq qvoxutuoz or Brutauz’s eaxqstuzq Mazpatq
azp ttq orqatuoz or ttq Kuzspoy or crazsvorpaz2 Iz ttq xatq
19CAs azp qarxy 193As0 Lawrqzoq was az uzrrqquqzt nut
wqxooyq vusutor to Ctartwqxx0 Cturotuxx’s oouztry toyq uz
Kqzt2 Lawrqzoq puqp uz May 19350 kuxxqp uz a yotoroyoxq
aooupqzt2 cwo yqars xatqr0 Cturotuxx wrotq az qssay
punxustqp uz L, E, Sakrence Sy hZs MrZends(qputqp ny
Lawrqzoq’s nrottqr0 A2 r2 Lawrqzoq,K
rtqz Cxqyqzoqau oayq naok rroy Izpua uz tus oxp
asq ttq rqportqrs askqp tuy0 ‘rtat wuxx you po zowN’
Hq rqpxuqp0 ‘I ay souzs to xuvq tuxx I puq’2 ctus was ttq
oasq or Lawrqzoq2 For twqxvq yqars tq sqrvqp as az
aur yqotazuo2 ctq saxxazt Sqrvuoq0 ttq pqoqzt rqxxows0
soop1tqartqp Brutust ooyrapqs0 ttq yqotazusy or
aqropxazq qzsuzqs0 ttq pqsusz or flyuzs noats – tq
tqxp oz to ttqsq2 Oz ozq or ttq vqry rarq oooasuozs
wtqz I saw tuy I taxqp tuy wutt tupuzs tus taxqzt uz a
zapkuz wtuxq ttq Typurq zqqpqp uts nqst2 Hq rqvouzqp
ttat tq was sqttuzs az qxaypxq0 azp ttat ttqrq was
zottuzs uz xurq nqttqr ttaz to nq a soop aurorartyaz2
Hq was oqrtauzxy ttat2 But tow yuot yorq nqsupqs!
Hus srup upoz ttq uyasuzatuoz or ttq yopqrz worxp
was puq to tus uzpuffqrqzoq to axx ttq pqxustts wtuot
zaturq offqrs to tqr yuxtutupqs or otuxprqz2 Hq oouxp
rqqx tqr pazss to ttq ruxx2 Hqr pruzqs pup zot stur tuy2
Hoyq0 yozqy0 ooyrort0 rayq0 powqr utsqxr – yqazt
xuttxq or zottuzs to tuy2 ctq yopqrz worxp tap zo
yqazs or qxqrtuzs ttq sxusttqst puxx upoz tuy2
Soxutary0 austqrq0 uzqxoranxq0 tq yovqp upoz a pxazq
apart rroy azp anovq our ooyyoz xot2 Txustqzoq was
zo yorq ttaz a puty0 yqt a puty rauttruxxy to nq
pusotarsqp2
It was ozxy at xozs uztqrvaxs ttat wq taxkqp
tosqttqr2 But I was uzpqr tus spqxx0 azp pqqyqp
yysqxr tus rruqzp2 Soyqtuyqs tq wouxp stop oz tus
yotor nuoyoxq at yy tousq0 azp I wouxp yakq tastq to
kuxx ttq rattqp oaxr2 Soyqtuyqs tq wouxp stop0 azp
ttqz turry away ror rqar or uztrupuzs – wtqrq tq was
qvqr wqxooyq2
ctq xast tuyq tq oayq was a rqw wqqks nqrorq tus
pqatt2 Hq was rupuzs ozxy a ‘pust1nukq’! Hq oouxp zot
afforp suot xuxuruqs2 I rqyuzpqp tuy ttat tq tap ttq
pursq or Fortuzatus2 Hq tap nut to xurt tus tazp2 But
tq tossqp tus tqap puspauzruxxy2 Suot a ttuzs as a
yotoroyoxq was nqyozp tus yqazs2 Axas0 tq pup zot
stuok to ttus opuzuoz!
I pqqy tuy ozq or ttq srqatqst nquzss axuvq uz our
tuyq2 I po zot sqq tus xukq qxsqwtqrq2 I rqar wtatqvqr
our zqqp wq staxx zqvqr sqq tus xukq asauz2 Kuzs
Gqorsq e wrotq to tus nrottqr0 ‘Hus zayq wuxx xuvq uz
tustory’2 ctat us truq2 It wuxx xuvq uz Tzsxust xqttqrsE ut
wuxx xuvq uz ttq azzaxs or warE ut wuxx xuvq uz ttq
traputuozs or ttq aoyax Aur Foroq0 azp uz ttq xqsqzps
or Aranua2
 ‘7 A F N T8N 6 5E A CS A N 3
SF SA8C 8@N Sl

Iz spqqot artqr spqqot0 uz ttq Housq or Coyyozs azp uz

ttq oouztry0 Cturotuxx soustt to warz or ttq pazsqrs or
axxowuzs Gqryazy to stqax a yarot oz Brutauz uz yuxutary
azp aur prqparatuozs2 Hq topqp ttat tus warzuzss wouxp
sauz tuy a pxaoq uz ttq prqpoyuzaztxy Cozsqrvatuvq
Natuozax Govqrzyqzt0 roryqp at a tuyq or sravq qoozoyuo
orusus uz 19310 azp tqapqp ror zqarxy rour yqars ny ttq
roryqr Lanour eruyq Muzustqr aaysay MaoSozaxp2 ctq
Cozsqrvatuvq xqapqr0 Stazxqy Baxpwuz0 suooqqpqp ttq auxuzs
MaoSozaxp as eruyq Muzustqr oz 7 Ruzq 19352 ctat sayq
pay0 Cturotuxx toxp ttq Housq or CoyyozsK
It us ozxy uz ttq twqztuqtt oqztury ttat ttus tatqrux
oozoqptuoz or uzpuouzs zatuozs to surrqzpqr ny
tqrrorusuzs ttq tqxpxqss ouvux popuxatuoz0 ny
yassaoruzs ttq woyqz azp otuxprqz0 tas sauzqp
aooqptazoq azp oouztqzazoq ayozs yqz2 ctus us zot
ttq oausq or azy ozq zatuoz2 Tvqry oouztry wouxp rqqx
sarqr ur ozoq ut wqrq rouzp ttat ttq noynuzs
aqropxazq was at ttq yqroy or appxuazoqs purqotqp
rroy ttq qartt0 azp ttq tauztuzs rqars azp suspuouozs
wtuot arq xqapuzs zatuozs zqarqr azp zqarqr to
azottqr oatastroptq wouxp nq anatqp2
rq tavq zot ozxy to rqar attaoks upoz our ouvux
popuxatuoz uz our srqat outuqs0 uz rqspqot or wtuot wq
arq yorq vuxzqranxq ttaz azy ottqr oouztry uz ttq
worxp0 nut axso attaoks upoz ttq pookyarps azp ottqr
tqotzuoax qstanxustyqzts wuttout wtuot our Fxqqt0
stuxx az qssqztuax raotor uz our pqrqzoq0 yustt nq
paraxysqp or qvqz pqstroyqp2 ctqrqrorq ut us zot ozxy
ror ttq sakq or a worxp qffort to qxuyuzatq ozq or ttq
worst oausqs or suspuouoz azp or war0 nut as a yqazs
or rqstoruzs to us tqrq uz Grqat Brutauz ttq oxp
sqouruty or our Isxazp0 ttat ttus yattqr stouxp rqoquvq
azp ooyyazp ttq yost vusorous ttoustt or ttq
srqatqst yqz uz our oouztry azp our Govqrzyqzt0
azp stouxp nq prqssqp rorwarp ny qvqry rqsouroq ttat
ttq souqzoq or Brutauz oaz appxy azp ttq wqaxtt or ttq
oouztry oaz xunqratq2
 ‘3 @ R @F N @T TCE M 1 E E 5@C R @F C
C 7 8E 3 CE N 3 l

Oz 1 Sqptqynqr 19350 as Mussoxuzu was ttrqatqzuzs to

uzvapq Tttuopua – wtuot tq pup ttat Ootonqr – Cturotuxx xqrt
Tzsxazp to spqzp ttrqq wqqks uz ttq Soutt or Frazoq0 at
ttq vuxxa or tus yottqr’s rruqzp Maxuzq Txxuott2 Ayozs ttq
ottqr suqsts at ttq vuxxa was ttq Ayqruoaz auttor euzoqzt
Stqqaz0 wto0 uz tus nook 8etkeen the Lhunder and the
Kun 0 punxustqp two yqars xatqr0 rqoorpqp Cturotuxx’s pqqp
oozoqrz ror uztqrzatuozax orpqrK
Hq tap a pustuzotuoz wtuot tq truqp to nruzs out uz
qvqry taxk anout Tttuopua vust ttqzK ut sqqyqp to tuy
vqry uyportazt2 ‘It’s zot ttq ttuzs wq onvqot to0’ tq
wouxp say0 ‘ut’s ttq kuzp or ttuzs2’ I tap zot ttqz
suoouynqp as yuot to tus sqzuax otary as I pup xatqr0
azp I oouxp zot quutq aooqpt ttus2 I yqztuozqp ttq aqp
Sqa0 ttq routq to Izpua0 ttq uyportazoq or Apqz2 Mr
Cturotuxx nrustqp axx ttat asupqK ‘rq poz’t zqqp to
worry anout ttq Itaxuazs0’ tq saup2 ‘It usz’t ttat at axx2
It usz’t ttq ttuzs2 It’s ttq kuzp or ttuzs 2 2 2’
Mr Cturotuxx was puzzqp powz firyxy ozq pay ny az
qxqsazt xapy0 Myq Lqpqxxqtuqr0 wto saup ttat az
onvqotuoz to ttq ttuzs yustt nq praotuoax azp
zqoqssary0 nut ttat Tzsxazp tap zo tustoruoax rustt to
onvqot to ttq kuzp or ttuzs2 Tzsxazp tap too ortqz
profitqp ny ‘ttq kuzp or ttuzs’2
‘At0 nut you sqq0 axx ttat nqxozss to ttq
uzrqsqzqratq past0 us xookqp away uz ttq xuyno or ttq
oxp0 ttq wuokqp pays0’ Mr Cturotuxx saup0 syuxuzs
nqzqvoxqztxy upoz tqr aoross ttq xuzotqoz tanxq2
‘ctq worxp prosrqssqs2 rq tavq qzpqavourqp0 ny
yqazs or ttq Lqasuq or Natuozs azp ttq wtoxq ranruo
or uztqrzatuozax xaw0 to yakq ut uypossunxq ror zatuozs
zowapays to uzrruzsq upoz qaot ottqr’s rustts2 Iz
tryuzs to upsqt ttq qypurq or Tttuopua0 Mussoxuzu us
yakuzs a yost pazsqrous azp rooxtarpy attaok upoz
ttq wtoxq qstanxustqp struoturq0 azp ttq rqsuxts or
suot az attaok arq quutq uzoaxouxanxq2 rto us to say
wtat wuxx ooyq or ut uz a yqar0 or two0 or ttrqqN rutt
Gqryazy aryuzs at nrqakzqok spqqp0 Tzsxazp xost uz
a paoufist prqay0 Frazoq oorrupt azp torz ny
pussqzsuoz0 Ayqruoa rqyotq azp uzpuffqrqzt –
Mapayq0 yy pqar xapy0 po you zot trqynxq ror your
otuxprqzN’
 ‘S@M E 1 @3 R 7 A S T@ STATE T7 E
TCF T7 l

Ozq or Cturotuxx’s yauz rqars puruzs ttq 193As was ttat ttq
Brutust Govqrzyqzt was zot puttuzs suffiouqzt rqsouroqs
uzto aztu1aurorart pqrqzoq2 rtqz ttq uzvqztor or rapar0
aonqrt ratsoz ratt0 oayq to sqq tuy to ask ror tqxp uz
ontauzuzs srqatqr sovqrzyqzt ruzpuzs ror tus work0
Cturotuxx uztqroqpqp wutt ttq rqxqvazt sovqrzyqzt
Muzustqr2 auskuzs ttqur oarqqrs0 sqzuor ouvux sqrvazts rroy
aoross rtutqtaxx0 uzoxupuzs ttq Aur Muzustry0 Forqusz Offioq0
azp ttq Sqorqt Iztqxxusqzoq Sqrvuoq0 nroustt Cturotuxx
qvupqzoq or ttq zqsxqot or Brutauz’s pqrqzoqs azp or ttq truq
soaxq or Gqryaz rqaryayqzt2 Oz C6 Sqptqynqr 19350 tq
spokq at ttq Cuty Carxtoz Cxun uz LozpozK
So rar rroy nquzs taxr as strozs asauz as Gqryazy0 so
rar rroy yakuzs up xqqway0 wq arq axrqapy srqatxy
uzrqruor uz zuynqr azp raxxuzs rurttqr azp rurttqr
nqtuzp qvqry yoztt2
[···‘
No pount ut us zot popuxar to say ttqsq ttuzss0 nut I
ay aooustoyqp to anusq azp I qxpqot to tavq a srqat
pqax yorq or ut nqrorq I tavq fizustqp2 Soyqnopy tas
to statq ttq trutt2 ctqrq oustt to nq a rqw yqynqrs
or ttq Housq or Coyyozs wto arq uz a suffiouqztxy
uzpqpqzpqzt posutuoz to oozrrozt nott Muzustqrs azp
qxqotors wutt uzpaxatanxq trutts2 rq po zot wust our
azouqzt rrqqpoy azp ttq pqoqzt toxqrazt ouvuxusatuoz
wq tavq prqsqrvqp uz ttus usxazp to tazs upoz a
rottqz ttrqap2
 ‘E GE CR K 8N 3 @5 AE CSE C F T8@N l

Cturotuxx rqap Hutxqr’s nook TeZn Caapr (‘My Strussxq’,

azp took sqruousxy Hutxqr’s ttrqats towarps ttq Rqws2 Iz
Novqynqr 1935 tq punxustqp az artuoxq0 ‘ctq crutt anout
Hutxqr’0 uz ttq KtrandyasazuzqK
ctq Rqws0 supposqp to tavq ooztrunutqp0 ny a pusxoyax
azp paoufist uzfluqzoq0 to ttq ooxxapsq or Gqryazy at
ttq qzp or ttq Grqat rar0 wqrq axso pqqyqp to nq ttq
yauz prop or ooyyuzusy azp ttq auttors or pqrqatust
pootruzqs uz qvqry rory2 ctqrqrorq0 ttq Rqws or
Gqryazy0 a ooyyuzuty zuynqrqp ny yazy tuzprqps
or ttousazps0 wqrq to nq struppqp or axx powqr0 pruvqz
rroy qvqry posutuoz uz punxuo azp soouax xurq0 qxpqxxqp
rroy ttq prorqssuozs0 suxqzoqp uz ttq erqss0 azp
pqoxarqp a roux azp opuous raoq2
ctq cwqztuqtt Cqztury tas wutzqssqp wutt surprusq0
zot yqrqxy ttq proyuxsatuoz or ttqsq rqroouous
pootruzqs0 nut ttqur qzroroqyqzt wutt nrutax vusour
ny ttq Govqrzyqzt azp ny ttq popuxaoq2 No past
sqrvuoqs0 zo provqp patruotusy0 qvqz wouzps
sustauzqp uz war0 oouxp proourq uyyuzuty ror pqrsozs
wtosq ozxy oruyq was ttat ttqur parqzts tap nroustt
ttqy uzto ttq worxp2 Tvqry kuzp or pqrsqoutuoz0 sravq
or pqtty0 upoz ttq worxp1rayous souqztusts0 wrutqrs0
azp ooyposqrs at ttq top powz to ttq wrqtotqp xuttxq
Rqwust otuxprqz uz ttq zatuozax sotooxs0 was
praotusqp0 was sxorufiqp0 azp us stuxx nquzs praotusqp
azp sxorufiqp2
A suyuxar prosoruptuoz rqxx upoz soouaxusts azp
ooyyuzusts or qvqry tuq2 ctq crapq dzuozusts azp
xunqrax uztqxxusqztsua arq qquaxxy syuttqz2 ctq sxusttqst
orutuousy us az offqzoq asauzst ttq Statq2 ctq oourts or
vustuoq0 ttoust axxowqp to ruzotuoz uz orpuzary oasqs0
arq supqrsqpqp ror qvqry rory or poxutuoax offqzoq ny
so1oaxxqp pqopxq’s oourts ooyposqp or arpqzt Nazus2
Supq ny supq wutt ttq trauzuzs srouzps or ttq zqw
aryuqs azp ttq srqat aqroproyqs0 ttq oozoqztratuoz
oayps pookyark ttq Gqryaz soux2 Iz ttqsq ttousazps
or Gqryazs arq ooqroqp azp oowqp uzto sunyussuoz to
ttq urrqsustunxq powqr or ttq cotaxutaruaz Statq2
‘3 E C 83 E 3 @N E R T@ 1 E F N 3 E C 83 E 3 l

Cturotuxx’s warzuzss anout ttq zqsxqot or Brutauz’s pqrqzoqs

wqrq ooztuzuous azp qyptatuo2 Oz 1C Novqynqr 1936 tq
toxp ttq Housq or CoyyozsK
ctq Furst Lorp or ttq Apyuraxty uz tus spqqot ttq
ottqr zustt [2 2 2‘ saup0 ‘rq arq axways rqvuqwuzs ttq
posutuoz2’ Tvqryttuzs0 tq assurqp us0 us qzturqxy fluup2 I
ay surq ttat ttat us truq2 Azyozq oaz sqq wtat ttq
posutuoz us2 ctq Govqrzyqzt suypxy oazzot yakq up
ttqur yuzps0 or ttqy oazzot sqt ttq eruyq Muzustqr to
yakq up tus yuzp2 So ttqy so oz uz strazsq parapox0
pqoupqp ozxy to nq uzpqoupqp0 rqsoxvqp to nq
urrqsoxutq0 apayazt ror prurt0 soxup ror fluuputy0 axx1
powqrrux to nq uypotqzt2
So wq so oz prqparuzs yorq yoztts azp yqars –
prqouous0 pqrtaps vutax to ttq srqatzqss or Brutauz –
ror ttq xoousts to qat2 ctqy wuxx say to yq0 ‘A Muzustqr
or Suppxy us zot zqoqssary0 ror axx us souzs wqxx2’ I
pqzy ut2 ‘ctq posutuoz us satusraotory2’ It us zot truq2 ‘Axx
us prooqqpuzs aooorpuzs to pxaz2’ rq kzow wtat ttat
yqazs2
‘H E A CE H 8T7 E F C@AE 1 F T N @T @5
8Tl

Oz C9 May 1938 ttq Feks or the Oorld punxustqp az artuoxq

ny Cturotuxx qztutxqp ‘rty Not “ctq dzutqp Statqs or
Turopq”N’ Iz ut tq ursqp a uzufiqp Turopqaz ooyyuzuty0
nasqp oz ttosq Statqs ‘wutt a traputuoz or xunqrty’2 Hus
artuoxq qzpqpK
But wq tavq our owz prqay azp our owz task2 rq
arq wutt Turopq0 nut zot or ut2 rq arq xuzkqp0 nut zot
ooyprusqp2 rq arq uztqrqstqp azp assoouatqp0 nut zot
ansornqp2 Azp stouxp Turopqaz statqsyqz apprqss
us uz ttq worps wtuot wqrq usqp or oxp – ‘Staxx I
spqak ror ttqq to ttq Kuzs or ttq Captauz or ttq tostN’
– wq stouxp rqpxy wutt ttq Stuzayutq woyazK ‘Nay0
Sur0 ror wq pwqxx ayozs our owz pqopxq2’
ctq oozoqptuoz or a ‘dzutqp Statqs or Turopq’ us
rustt2 Tvqry stqp takqz to ttat qzp wtuot appqasqs
ttq onsoxqtq tatrqps azp vazustqp opprqssuozs0 wtuot
yakqs qasuqr ttq traffio azp rqouprooax sqrvuoqs or
Turopq0 wtuot qzoourasqs uts zatuozs to xay asupq
ttqur ttrqatqzuzs arys or prqoautuozary pazopxy0 us
soop uz utsqxr0 us soop ror ttqy azp soop ror axx2
It us0 towqvqr0 uypqratuvq ttat as Turopq apvazoqs
towarps tustqr uztqrzax uzuty ttqrq staxx nq a
proportuozatq srowtt or soxuparuty ttroustout ttq
Brutust Typurq0 azp axso a pqqpqzuzs sqxr1kzowxqpsq
azp yutuax rqooszutuoz ayozs ttq Tzsxust1spqakuzs
pqopxqs2 ctqz wuttout yussuvuzs azp wuttout
pqtaotyqzt wq oaz watot azp aup ttq assuasqyqzt
or ttq Turopqaz trasqpy0 azp wuttout qzvy survqy
ttqur surq azp souzp approaot to yass1wqaxttE nquzs
vqry oozsouous ttat qvqry strupq towarps Turopqaz
ootqsuoz wtuot us nqzqfiouax to ttq sqzqrax wqxrarq
wuxx yakq us a partzqr uz ttqur soop rortuzq2
‘T7 E A 1 A N 3 @N M E N T A N 3 CF 8N @5
C KE C 7 @SE @GA K 8Al

At ttq Muzuot Cozrqrqzoq at ttq qzp or Sqptqynqr 19380

Brutauz azp Frazoq asrqqp to put prqssurq oz
Czqotosxovakua to oqpq uts xarsq Gqryaz1spqakuzs rqsuoz –
ttq Supqtqzxazp – to Gqryazy2 Bqrorq 191E0 ttq
Supqtqzxazp tap nqqz a part or ttq Austro1Huzsaruaz
Typurq0 zot or Gqryazy2 Hutxqr0 wto uz Marot 1938 tap
azzqxqp Austrua0 was truuyptazt2 rutt ttq Supqtqzxazp0 tq
aoquurqp tqrrutory ruot uz yuzqraxs azp uzpustry wuttout
firuzs a stot2 aqturzuzs to Brutauz rroy Muzuot0 ttq Brutust
eruyq Muzustqr0 Nqvuxxq
Ctaynqrxauz0 wto tap suooqqpqp Stazxqy Baxpwuz uz May
19370 pqoxarqp ttat tq nroustt naok wutt tuy ‘pqaoq uz our
tuyq’2 Iz ttq Housq or Coyyozs0 Cturotuxx qyqrsqp as a
xqapuzs orutuo or ttq Muzuot Asrqqyqzt0 apprqssuzs
Mqynqrs oz 5 Ootonqr 1938 uz ozq or ttq yost azsuustqp
spqqotqs tq tap pqxuvqrqp puruzs tus axyost zuzq yqars out
or offioq azp out or powqr2 It was a spqqot ttat0 as sqvqrax
or ttq supportqrs or appqasqyqzt wto tqarp ut xatqr
ooyyqztqp0 xqrt ttqy uz trqpupatuoz ror ttq ruturqK
Axx us ovqr2 Suxqzt0 yourzrux0 anazpozqp0 nrokqz0
Czqotosxovakua rqoqpqs uzto ttq parkzqss2 Stq tas
suffqrqp uz qvqry rqspqot ny tqr assoouatuoz wutt ttq
rqstqrz pqyooraouqs azp wutt ttq Lqasuq or Natuozs0
or wtuot stq tas axways nqqz az onqpuqzt sqrvazt2
I vqzturq to ttuzk ttat uz ruturq ttq Czqotosxovak
Statq oazzot nq yauztauzqp as az uzpqpqzpqzt qztuty2
hou wuxx fizp ttat uz a pqruop or tuyq wtuot yay nq
yqasurqp ny yqars0 nut yay nq yqasurqp ozxy ny
yoztts0 Czqotosxovakua wuxx nq qzsuxrqp uz ttq Nazu
rqsuyq2 eqrtaps ttqy yay vouz ut uz pqspaur or uz
rqvqzsq2 At azy ratq0 ttat story us ovqr azp toxp2 But
wq oazzot oozsupqr ttq anazpozyqzt azp ruuz or
Czqotosxovakua uz ttq xustt or wtat tappqzqp ozxy
xast yoztt2 It us ttq yost sruqvous oozsqquqzoq
wtuot wq tavq yqt qxpqruqzoqp or wtat wq tavq pozq
azp or wtat wq tavq xqrt uzpozq uz ttq xast fivq yqars
– fivq yqars or rutuxq soop uztqztuoz0 fivq yqars or
qasqr sqarot ror ttq xuzq or xqast rqsustazoq0 fivq
yqars or uzuztqrruptqp rqtrqat or Brutust powqr0 fivq
yqars or zqsxqot or our aur pqrqzoqs2
ctosq arq ttq rqaturqs wtuot I stazp tqrq to
pqoxarq azp wtuot yarkqp az uyprovupqzt
stqwarpstup ror wtuot Grqat Brutauz azp Frazoq tavq
pqarxy to pay2
So rar as ttus oouztry us oozoqrzqp ttq
rqspozsunuxuty yust rqst wutt ttosq wto tavq ttq
uzpusputqp ooztrox or our poxutuoax affaurs2 ctqy
zquttqr prqvqztqp Gqryazy rroy rqaryuzs0 zor pup
ttqy rqary oursqxvqs uz tuyq2 ctqy quarrqxxqp wutt
Itaxy wuttout savuzs Tttuopua2 ctqy qxpxoutqp azp
pusorqputqp ttq vast uzstututuoz or ttq Lqasuq or
Natuozs azp ttqy zqsxqotqp to yakq axxuazoqs azp
ooynuzatuozs wtuot yustt tavq rqpaurqp prqvuous
qrrors0 azp ttus ttqy xqrt us uz ttq tour or truax
wuttout apqquatq zatuozax pqrqzoq or qffqotuvq
uztqrzatuozax sqouruty2
[…‘
rq arq uz ttq prqsqzoq or a pusastqr or ttq first
yaszutupq wtuot tas nqraxxqz Grqat Brutauz azp
Frazoq2 So zot xqt us nxuzp oursqxvqs to ttat2 It yust
zow nq aooqptqp ttat axx ttq oouztruqs or Cqztrax azp
Tastqrz Turopq wuxx yakq ttq nqst tqrys ttqy oaz
wutt ttq truuyptazt Nazu eowqr2
ctq systqy or axxuazoqs uz Cqztrax Turopq upoz
wtuot Frazoq tas rqxuqp ror tqr sarqty tas nqqz
swqpt away0 azp I oaz sqq zo yqazs ny wtuot ut oaz
nq rqoozstututqp2 ctq roap powz ttq Sazunq eaxxqy to
ttq Bxaok Sqa0 ttq rqsouroqs or oorz azp oux0 ttq roap
wtuot xqaps as rar as curkqy0 tas nqqz opqzqp2
[…‘
hou wuxx sqq0 pay artqr pay0 wqqk artqr wqqk0 ttq
qzturq axuqzatuoz or ttosq rqsuozs2 Mazy or ttosq
oouztruqs0 uz rqar or ttq rusq or ttq Nazu eowqr0 tavq
axrqapy sot poxutuouazs0 Muzustqrs0 Govqrzyqzts0 wto
wqrq pro1Gqryaz0 nut ttqrq was axways az qzoryous
popuxar yovqyqzt uz eoxazp0 auyazua0 Buxsarua azp
husosxavua wtuot xookqp to ttq rqstqrz pqyooraouqs
azp xoattqp ttq upqa or tavuzs ttus arnutrary ruxq or
ttq totaxutaruaz systqy ttrust upoz ttqy0 azp topqp
ttat a stazp wouxp nq yapq2 Axx ttat tas sozq ny ttq
noarp2 rq arq taxkuzs anout oouztruqs wtuot arq a
xozs way off azp or wtuot0 as ttq eruyq Muzustqr
yustt say0 wq kzow zottuzs2
[…‘
Mazy pqopxq0 zo pount0 tozqstxy nqxuqvq ttat ttqy arq
ozxy suvuzs away ttq uztqrqsts or Czqotosxovakua0
wtqrqas I rqar wq staxx fizp ttat wq tavq pqqpxy
ooyproyusqp0 azp pqrtaps rataxxy qzpazsqrqp0 ttq
sarqty azp qvqz ttq uzpqpqzpqzoq or Grqat Brutauz
azp Frazoq2
ctus us zot yqrqxy a quqstuoz or suvuzs up ttq
Gqryaz Coxozuqs0 as I ay surq wq staxx nq askqp to
po2 Nor us ut a quqstuoz ozxy or xosuzs uzfluqzoq uz
Turopq2 It soqs rar pqqpqr ttaz ttat2 hou tavq to
oozsupqr ttq otaraotqr or ttq Nazu yovqyqzt azp ttq
ruxq wtuot ut uypxuqs2
ctq eruyq Muzustqr pqsurqs to sqq oorpuax rqxatuozs
nqtwqqz ttus oouztry azp Gqryazy2 ctqrq us zo
puffiouxty at axx uz tavuzs oorpuax rqxatuozs wutt ttq
Gqryaz pqopxq2 Our tqarts so out to ttqy2 But ttqy
tavq zo powqr2
 hou yust tavq pupxoyatuo azp oorrqot rqxatuozs0 nut
ttqrq oaz zqvqr nq rruqzpstup nqtwqqz ttq Brutust
pqyooraoy azp ttq Nazu eowqr0 ttat eowqr wtuot
spurzs Ctrustuaz qttuos0 wtuot otqqrs uts ozwarp
ooursq ny a narnarous pasazusy0 wtuot vauzts ttq
spurut or assrqssuoz azp oozquqst0 wtuot pqruvqs
strqzstt azp pqrvqrtqp pxqasurq rroy pqrsqoutuoz0
azp usqs0 as wq tavq sqqz0 wutt putuxqss nrutaxuty ttq
ttrqat or yurpqrous roroq2 ctat eowqr oazzot qvqr nq
ttq trustqp rruqzp or ttq Brutust pqyooraoy2
rtat I fizp uzqzpuranxq us ttq sqzsq or our oouztry
raxxuzs uzto ttq powqr0 uzto ttq ornut azp uzfluqzoq or
Nazu Gqryazy azp or our qxustqzoq nqooyuzs
pqpqzpqzt upoz ttqur soop wuxx or pxqasurq2 It us to
prqvqzt ttat ttat I tavq truqp yy nqst to ursq ttq
yauztqzazoq or qvqry nuxwark or pqrqzoq – first ttq
tuyqxy orqatuoz or az Aur Foroq supqruor to azyttuzs
wuttuz strukuzs pustazoq or our storqsE sqoozpxy ttq
sattqruzs tosqttqr or ttq ooxxqotuvq strqzstt or yazy
zatuozsE azp tturpxy0 ttq yakuzs or axxuazoqs azp
yuxutary oozvqztuozs0 axx wuttuz ttq Covqzazt0 uz orpqr
to sattqr tosqttqr roroqs at azy ratq to rqstrauz ttq
ozwarp yovqyqzt or ttus eowqr2 It tas axx nqqz uz
vauz2 Tvqry posutuoz tas nqqz suooqssuvqxy
uzpqryuzqp azp anazpozqp oz spqouous azp
pxausunxq qxousqs2
I tavq nqqz oastuzs anout to sqq tow yqasurqs oaz
nq takqz to protqot us rroy ttus apvazoq or ttq Nazu
eowqr0 azp to sqourq ttosq rorys or xurq wtuot arq so
pqar to us2 rtat us ttq soxq yqttop ttat us opqzN ctq
soxq yqttop ttat us opqz us ror us to rqsauz our oxp
usxazp uzpqpqzpqzoq ny aoquuruzs ttat suprqyaoy uz
ttq aur wtuot wq wqrq proyusqp0 ttat sqouruty uz our
aur pqrqzoqs wtuot wq wqrq assurqp wq tap0 azp ttus
to yakq oursqxvqs az usxazp ozoq asauz2
 ctat0 uz axx ttus sruy outxook0 stuzqs out as ttq
ovqrwtqxyuzs raot2 Az qffort at rqaryayqzt ttq xukq
or wtuot tas zot nqqz sqqz oustt to nq yapq
rorttwutt0 azp axx ttq rqsouroqs or ttus oouztry azp axx
uts uzutqp strqzstt stouxp nq nqzt to ttat task2 I was
vqry sxap to sqq ttat Lorp Baxpwuz yqstqrpay uz ttq
Housq or Lorps saup ttat tq wouxp yonuxusq uzpustry
to1yorrow2 But I ttuzk ut wouxp tavq nqqz yuot
nqttqr ur Lorp Baxpwuz tap saup ttat C½ yqars aso0
wtqz qvqryozq pqyazpqp a Muzustry or Suppxy2 I wuxx
vqzturq to say to toz2 Gqztxqyqz suttuzs tqrq nqtuzp
ttq Govqrzyqzt Bqzot0 toz2 Fruqzps or yuzq0 wtoy I
ttazk ror ttq patuqzoq wutt wtuot ttqy tavq xustqzqp
to wtat I tavq to say0 ttat ttqy tavq soyq
rqspozsunuxuty ror axx ttus too0 nqoausq0 ur ttqy tap
suvqz ozq tuttq or ttq otqqrs ttqy tavq xavustqp upoz
ttus trazsaotuoz or Czqotosxovakua to ttq syaxx nazp
or Mqynqrs wto wqrq qzpqavouruzs to sqt tuyqxy
rqaryayqzt sqt uz yotuoz0 wq stouxp zot zow nq uz
ttq posutuoz uz wtuot wq arq2 Hoz2 Gqztxqyqz
opposutq0 azp toz2 Mqynqrs oz ttq Lunqrax nqzotqs0
arq zot qztutxqp to ttrow ttqsq stozqs2
I rqyqynqr ror two yqars tavuzs to raoq0 zot ozxy
ttq Govqrzyqzt’s pqprqoatuoz0 nut ttqur stqrz
pusapprovax2 Lorp Baxpwuz tas zow suvqz ttq suszax0
tarpy ttoust ut yay nqE xqt us at xqast onqy ut2 Artqr
axx0 ttqrq arq zo sqorqts zow anout wtat tappqzqp uz
ttq aur azp uz ttq yonuxusatuoz or our aztu1aurorart
pqrqzoqs2 ctqsq yattqrs tavq nqqz0 as yy toz2 azp
saxxazt Fruqzp ttq Mqynqr ror ttq Annqy Suvusuoz
saup0 sqqz ny ttousazps or pqopxq2 ctqy oaz rory
ttqur owz opuzuozs or ttq otaraotqr or ttq statqyqzts
wtuot tavq nqqz pqrsustqztxy yapq to us ny Muzustqrs
oz ttus sunvqot2 rto prqtqzps zow ttat ttqrq us aur
paruty wutt GqryazyN rto prqtqzps zow ttat our
aztu1aurorart pqrqzoqs wqrq apqquatqxy yazzqp or
aryqpN rq kzow ttat ttq Gqryaz Gqzqrax Staff arq
wqxx uzroryqp upoz ttqsq sunvqots0 nut ttq Housq or
Coyyozs tas tuttqrto zot takqz sqruousxy uts puty or
rqquuruzs to assurq utsqxr oz ttqsq yattqrs2
ctq Hoyq Sqorqtary saup ttq ottqr zustt ttat tq
wouxp wqxooyq uzvqstusatuoz2 Mazy ttuzss tavq nqqz
pozq wtuot rqflqot ttq srqatqst orqput upoz ttq
apyuzustratuoz2 But ttq vutax yattqrs arq wtat wq
wazt to kzow anout2 I tavq askqp asauz azp asauz
puruzs ttqsq ttrqq yqars ror a sqorqt Sqssuoz wtqrq
ttqsq yattqrs oouxp nq ttrastqp out0 or ror az
uzvqstusatuoz ny a Sqxqot Coyyuttqq or ttq Housq0 or
ror soyq ottqr yqttop2 I ask zow ttat0 wtqz wq yqqt
asauz uz ttq autuyz0 ttat stouxp nq a yattqr oz
wtuot ttq Govqrzyqzt stouxp takq ttq Housq uzto uts
oozfipqzoq0 nqoausq wq tavq a rustt to kzow wtqrq
wq stazp azp wtat yqasurqs arq nquzs takqz to
sqourq our posutuoz2
I po zot srupsq our xoyax0 nravq pqopxq0 wto wqrq
rqapy to po ttqur puty zo yattqr wtat ttq oost0 wto
zqvqr fluzotqp uzpqr ttq strauz or xast wqqk – I po zot
srupsq ttqy ttq zaturax0 spoztazqous outnurst or voy
azp rqxuqr wtqz ttqy xqarzqp ttat ttq tarp orpqax
wouxp zo xozsqr nq rqquurqp or ttqy at ttq yoyqztE
nut ttqy stouxp kzow ttq trutt2 ctqy stouxp kzow
ttat ttqrq tas nqqz sross zqsxqot azp pqfiouqzoy uz
our pqrqzoqsE ttqy stouxp kzow ttat wq tavq
sustauzqp a pqrqat wuttout a war ttq oozsqquqzoqs or
wtuot wuxx travqx rar wutt us axozs our roapE ttqy
stouxp kzow ttat wq tavq passqp az awrux yuxqstozq
uz our tustory0 wtqz ttq wtoxq qquuxunruuy or Turopq
tas nqqz pqrazsqp0 azp ttat ttq tqrrunxq worps tavq
ror ttq tuyq nquzs nqqz prozouzoqp asauzst ttq
rqstqrz pqyooraouqsK
‘ctou art wqustqp uz ttq naxazoq azp rouzp
waztuzs2’
 Azp po zot supposq ttat ttus us ttq qzp2 ctus us ozxy
ttq nqsuzzuzs or ttq rqokozuzs2 ctus us ozxy ttq first
sup0 ttq first rorqtastq or a nuttqr oup wtuot wuxx nq
proffqrqp to us yqar ny yqar uzxqss ny a suprqyq
rqoovqry or yorax tqaxtt azp yartuax vusour0 wq arusq
asauz azp takq our stazp ror rrqqpoy as uz ttq oxpqz
tuyq2
 ‘@N E 7 E A E T7 R 6 C@H E l

Cturotuxx’s rqars ttat Brutauz wouxp zot nq propqrxy

prqparqp ur war oayq wqrq aooqztuatqp ny Nqvuxxq
Ctaynqrxauz’s rqrusax to orqatq a Muzustry or Suppxy2 Oz 17
Novqynqr 19380 Cturotuxx toxp ttq Housq or Coyyozs0
puruzs a pqnatq oz ttq zqqp ror suot a MuzustryK
I oozrqss ttat I fizp soyq puffiouxty uz yakuzs azottqr
spqqot uz ravour or a Muzustry or Suppxy2 I tavq usqp
axx ttq arsuyqzts or ursqzoy azp I tavq qzpqavourqp
to qxpxauz yazy or ttq prooqssqs or pqtaux0 ttrqq yqars
aso0 two yqars aso0 azp0 fizaxxy0 ozxy sux yoztts aso2 I
tavq pxqapqp ttus oausq uz soop tuyq0 I tavq pxqapqp
wtqz ut was axrqapy xatqE azp pqrtaps yy rustt toz2
Fruqzp yay rqyqynqr I tavq qvqz apvurqp tuy zot to
nq pqtqrrqp rroy pouzs rustt nqoausq ut was
uyprqssqp oz tuy ny ttq pqvux2 But zquttqr rqasoz zor
pqrsuasuoz zor ooaxuzs tas tap ttq sxusttqst qffqot
asauzst ttq yassuvq onstuzaoy or ttq powqrs ttat nq0
ttq powqrs ttat tavq xqp us to wtqrq wq arq zow2
ctus Sqnatq0 towqvqr0 puffqrs rroy ottqrs wq tavq
tap oz ttq sayq sunvqot2 It us possunxq to votq tozustt
upoz a pqrrqotxy oxqar ussuq2 rq arq uzpqntqp to ttq
Lunqrax earty ror tavuzs nroustt ttq Housq or
Coyyozs squarqxy up to ttq rqzoq2 ctq Housq yust
vuyp ttat rqzoq or swqrvq uszoyuzuousxy away rroy ut
azp0 uz ttq rqsuxt0 as I nqxuqvq0 xosq a raoq upoz wtuot
ttq stakqs zot ozxy ooyprusq ttq sarqty or our
oouztry0 nut axso affqot srqat oausqs or worxp
suszufioazoq2
I ay souzs to apprqss yysqxr partuouxarxy to toz2
Fruqzps or yuzq anovq ttq Gazsway wto sut nqtuzp
ttq Muzustqrs2 I oazzot nqxuqvq ttat yazy or ttqy po
zot starq ttq azxuqtuqs wtuot arq prqssuzs upoz ttq
ttuzkuzs yavoruty or ttqur rqxxow1oouztryyqz2 I
appqax0 ttqrqrorq0 to ttqsq sqztxqyqz0 nut I po zot
appqax uz suppxuazt tqrysE uzpqqp0 ur at axx0 ut us uz
yuzatory azp ooyyuzatory tqrys2 I say ttqy tavq a
sravq rqspozsunuxuty ror our prqsqzt pxustt2
ctq tustory or Tzsxazp us stuxx to nq wruttqz azp
uzroxpqp2 Hustory wuxx pusqztazsxq uzpuvupuax
rqspozsunuxuty azp wuxx xay ttq nxayq oz ttq stouxpqrs
wtqrq nxayq stouxp nq0 nut toz2 Gqztxqyqz anovq
ttq Gazsway – pxqpsqp0 xoyax0 rauttrux supportqrs oz
axx oooasuozs or Hus Mavqsty’s Govqrzyqzt – yust zot
uyasuzq ttat ttqy oaz ttrow ttqur nurpqz wtoxxy oz
ttq Muzustqrs or ttq Crowz2 Muot powqr tas rqstqp
wutt ttqy2 Ozq tqaxtty srowx rroy ttosq nqzotqs
ttrqq yqars aso – azp tow puffqrqzt topay wouxp nq
ttq wtoxq xay1out or our aryayqzts propuotuoz! Axas0
ttat sqrvuoq was zot rorttooyuzs2
rq tavq prurtqp oz uz sqzqrax soop1zaturqp
aoquuqsoqzoq ror ttrqq wtoxq yqars – zot ror ttrqq
wtoxq yqars or uszorazoq or uzawarqzqss0 nut ror
ttrqq wtoxq yqars wutt ttq raots sxaruzs us ruxx uz ttq
raoq2
rq tavq prurtqp oz azp wq tavq prurtqp powz0 azp
ttq quqstuoz to1zustt us starpxy0 nrutaxxy qvqz0
wtqttqr wq staxx so oz prurtuzs or yakq a rqzqwqp
qffort to rusq anrqast or ttq xqvqx or qvqzts2
I put ut as nxuztxy as I possunxy oaz2 Ir ozxy 5A
Mqynqrs or ttq Cozsqrvatuvq earty wqzt uzto ttq
Lonny to1zustt to votq ror ttus Ayqzpyqzt0 ut wouxp
zot affqot ttq xurq or ttq Govqrzyqzt0 nut ut wouxp
yakq ttqy aot2 It wouxp yakq a rorwarp yovqyqzt
or rqax powqr0 or rqax qzqrsy2 rq stouxp sqt our
Muzustry or Suppxy zo pount0 nut yuot yorq ttaz
ttatK wq stouxp sqt a rqqxuzs or rqzqwqp strqzstt azp
a prqstusq outsupq ttus oouztry wtuot wouxp nq or rqax
sqrvuoq azp vaxuq2 I ttuzk ut rustt to put ttqsq pouzts
at ttq outsqt or yy onsqrvatuozs2 ctqy arq zot yqazt
uz azy spurut nut ttat or ozq wto starqs wutt toz2
Gqztxqyqz ttq pqruxs or ttq oouztry uz wtuot wq arq
axx uzvoxvqp2 ctus us zo earty quqstuoz2 It tas zottuzs
to po wutt earty2 It us qzturqxy az ussuq affqotuzs ttq
nroap sarqty or ttq zatuoz2
 ‘H 7 E CE 8 5A 8E E 3 , 5@C A E E M R
1 C8E E 8A N T 6 85TSl

rtqz ttq puvusuoz was takqz uz ttq Muzustry or Suppxy

pqnatq oz 17 Novqynqr 19380 ozxy two Cozsqrvatuvqs
roxxowqp Cturotuxx uzto ttq LonnyK Brqzpaz Braokqz azp
Haroxp Maoyuxxaz2 Nqvuxxq Ctaynqrxauz’s ooyyqzt puruzs
ttq pqnatq ttat0 ror axx tus nruxxuazt surts0 Cturotuxx xaokqp
ttq raouxty or vupsqyqzt tap yapq uts yark – azp stuzs
Cturotuxx to ttq quuok2 Oz Sqoqynqr 90 tq took up ttq
otaxxqzsq0 at Ctuzsrorp uz tus Tppuzs oozstutuqzoyK
ctq eruyq Muzustqr saup uz ttq Housq or Coyyozs
ttq ottqr pay ttat wtqrq I rauxqp0 ror axx yy nruxxuazt
surts0 was uz ttq raouxty or vupsuzs2 I wuxx sxapxy
sunyut yy vupsyqzt anout rorqusz affaurs azp
zatuozax pqrqzoq puruzs ttq xast fivq yqars0 uz
ooyparusoz wutt tus owz2
Iz Fqnruary ttq eruyq Muzustqr saup ttat tqzsuoz uz
Turopq tap srqatxy rqxaxqp2 A rqw wqqks xatqr Nazu
Gqryazy squzqp Austrua2 I prqpuotqp ttat tq wouxp
rqpqat ttus statqyqzt as sooz as ttq stook or ttq rapq
or Austrua passqp away2 Hq pup so uz ttq vqry sayq
worps at ttq qzp or Ruxy2 By ttq yuppxq or Ausust
Gqryazy was yonuxusuzs ror ttosq nosus yazoquvrqs
wtuot0 artqr nruzsuzs us axx to ttq vqrsq or a worxp
war0 qzpqp uz ttq ooypxqtq pqstruotuoz azp
ansorptuoz or ttq aqpunxuo or Czqotosxovakua2
At ttq Lorp Mayor’s nazquqt uz Novqynqr at ttq
Guuxptaxx0 tq toxp us ttat Turopq was sqttxuzs powz to
a yorq pqaoqrux statq2 ctq worps wqrq tarpxy out or
tus youtt nqrorq ttq Nazu atrooutuqs oz ttq Rqwust
popuxatuoz rqsouzpqp ttroustout ttq ouvuxusqp worxp2
Cturotuxx ttqz spokq or Ctaynqrxauz’s prqpqoqssorK
Iz 193E I warzqp Mr Baxpwuz ttat ttq Gqryazs tap a
sqorqt Aur Foroq azp wqrq rapupxy ovqrtauxuzs ours2 I
savq pqfizutq fisurqs azp rorqoasts2 Or ooursq0 ut was
axx pqzuqp wutt axx ttq wqustt or offiouax auttoruty2 I
was pqpuotqp a soarqyozsqr2 Lqss ttaz sux yoztts
artqr0 Mr Baxpwuz tap to ooyq powz to ttq Housq azp
apyut tq was wrozs azp tq saup0 ‘rq arq axx to nxayq’
azp qvqrynopy saup0 ‘How vqry tozqst or tuy to apyut
tus yustakq2’
Hq sot yorq appxausq ror yakuzs ttus yustakq0
wtuot yay provq ratax to ttq Brutust Typurq azp to
Brutust rrqqpoy0 ttaz orpuzary pqopxq wouxp po artqr
ttqy rqzpqrqp soyq srqat sqrvuoq wtuot appqp to uts
sqouruty azp powqr2 rqxx0 Mr Ctaynqrxauz was0 zqxt
to Mr Baxpwuz0 ttq yost powqrrux Mqynqr or ttat
Govqrzyqzt2 Hq was Ctazoqxxor or ttq Txotqquqr2 Hq
kzqw axx ttq raots2 Hus vupsyqzt rauxqp vust xukq ttat
or Mr Baxpwuz azp wq arq suffqruzs rroy ttq
oozsqquqzoqs or ut topay2
Cturotuxx zqxt rqrqrrqp to Lorp Sayuqx0 tus ooxxqasuq uz ttq
Lunqrax Govqrzyqzt nqrorq ttq Furst rorxp rarK
Four yqars aso0 wtqz I askqp ttat ttq Aur Foroq
stouxp nq pounxqp azp rqpounxqp – yorq ttaz ttat us
nquzs pozq zow – Lorp Sayuqx ttoustt yy vupsyqzt
so pqrqotuvq ttat tq xukqzqp yq to a Maxay ruzzuzs
ayok2 It wouxp tavq nqqz wqxx ror tuy azp tus
pqrsqoutqp raoq ur yy apvuoq tap nqqz takqz2 ctqy
wouxp zot nq wtqrq ttqy arq zow azp wq stouxp zot
nq wtqrq wq arq zow2
[…‘
It us oz ttq naoksrouzp or ttqsq provqp qrrors or
vupsyqzt uz ttq past ttat I praw your attqztuoz to
soyq or ttq vupsyqzts wtuot tavq nqqz passqp upoz
ttq ruturq0 ttq rqsuxts or wtuot tavq zot yqt nqqz
provqp2
 ‘A N @T7 E C C @N 5C@N TAT8@N A N 3
TC8A E @5 STCE N 6 T7 l

Iz ttq yoztts roxxowuzs ttq Muzuot Asrqqyqzt0 Cturotuxx

xookqp ror azy susz ttat Nqvuxxq Ctaynqrxauz’s Govqrzyqzt
was takuzs stqps to stazp up to azy ruturq Gqryaz
assrqssuoz2 Oz 9 Fqnruary 1939 tq wrotq0 uz ozq or tus
rortzusttxy zqwspapqr artuoxqs ror ttq KaZlyLelegraphazp
TornZng Host (xatqr rqpruztqp uz tus ooxxqotuoz or spqqotqs
Ktep Sy Ktep ,K
ctq yoyqztous pqoxaratuoz yapq ny Mr2
Ctaynqrxauz uz ttq Housq or Coyyozs oz Mozpay
ttat az aot or assrqssuoz asauzst Frazoq rroy azy
quartqr wouxp nq qquaxxy rqsustqp ny Grqat Brutauz
stows ttat ttq two rqstqrz pqyooraouqs arq rqsoxvqp
to aot as ozq azp stazp tosqttqr2 Fqw oaz qsoapq ttq
rqqxuzs ttat ttq zqxt rqw yoztts wuxx wutzqss azottqr
oozrroztatuoz azp truax or strqzstt azp wuxxpowqr
nqtwqqz ttq ruvax roroqs uz Turopq2
rtqz Hqrr Hutxqr qxprqssqp tus nqxuqr ttat a xozs
pqruop or pqaoq xay atqap0 ut was zo pount uz ttq
qxpqotatuoz ttat yattqrs wouxp0 artqr a tuyq or
tqzsuoz0 nq apvustqp to ttq satusraotuoz or ttq two
Suotatoruax eowqrs2 rtqttqr ttus wuxx nq so or zot zo
yaz oaz prqpuot2 ctq assurazoqs wtuot Suszor
Mussoxuzu tas rqzqwqp ttat Itaxy sqqks zo tqrrutoruax
sauzs at ttq qxpqzsq or Spauz po zot touot ttq
yuxutary ussuq2 ctq vuotory or Gqzqrax Frazoo yay nq
roxxowqp ny arrazsqyqzts wtuot0 wuttout axtqruzs
sovqrquszty0 suvq ttq qffqotuvq usq or axx Spazust
nasqs0 nott zavax azp aur0 to ttq two oouztruqs wto
tavq tqxpqp tuy so yuot2 Suot arrazsqyqzts wouxp0
to axx uztqzts azp purposqs0 nq as pqtruyqztax to
Brutust azp Frqzot uztqrqsts as az aotuax trazsrqrqzoq
or tqrrutory2
It wouxp zot0 towqvqr0 nq rustt ozxy to xook upoz
ttq parkqr supq2 ctq rqyarkanxq aotuoz or erqsupqzt
aoosqvqxt0 uzpountqpxy sustauzqp ny ttq sovqrzyqzt
azp pqopxq or ttq dzutqp Statqs0 uz xqttuzs ut nq wupqxy
kzowz ttat zot ozxy Ayqruoaz yorax support nut axso
praotuoax aup uz yuzutuozs azp suppxuqs wuxx nq
aooorpqp to ttq rqstqrz pqyooraouqs stouxp ttqy
nqooyq ttq vuotuys or uzprovokqp assrqssuoz0 us a
potqzt stanuxusuzs roroq2 It yay wqxx nq ttat ttq
prqsqrvatuoz or Turopqaz pqaoq wuxx nq sqourqp
ttroust tus rarsusttqp azp oourasqous poxuoy2 ctq
spurut or rqsustazoq to Nazu qzoroaotyqzt tas zot
nqqz qxtuzsuustqp uz Tastqrz azp Soutt1qastqrz
Turopq2 Couztruqs wtuot nqrorq Muzuot wqrq uzpqr
ttq uyprqssuoz ttat ttqy wqrq nquzs askqp to oozrqr
ravours oz Frazoq azp Grqat Brutauz0 tavq zow
rqaxusqp rorounxy ttat ut us ttqur owz xuvqs wtuot arq
qzpazsqrqp2
Hqrq at toyq uz Tzsxazp ttqrq tas nqqz a
rqoozsoxupatuoz or zatuozax uzuoz2 ctq attutupq or ttq
Govqrzyqzt tas stuffqzqp0 azp soyq past puffqrqzoqs
arq rapuzs uzto tustory2 Anovq axx0 ttqrq us a sqzsq or
sattqruzs strqzstt2 ctq powqr azp oozputuoz or ttq
aoyax Navy rqxatuvq to uts possunxq tasks us
uzprqoqpqztqp2 ctq xozs1pqxayqp flow or aurorart azp
yuzutuozs us zow arruvuzs2
Ir rqpounxqp qxqrtuozs arq yapq0 a rar srqatqr
yqasurq or sqouruty yay nq proourqp ror ttq ouvux
popuxatuoz asauzst aur raups2 rtuxq ozxy astroxosqrs
azp ottqr yqrotazts or supqrstutuoz oaz pqoxarq ttq
ruturq0 ttq pay yay yqt ooyq wtqz ttq pqaoqrux0 xaw1
rqspqotuzs Brutust zatuoz yay ozoq asauz nq anxq to
pursuq uts vourzqy wuttout tavuzs to waut azp xustqz
oz ttq wurqxqss rroy wqqk to wqqk to ttq puotatoruax
oratuozs or oouztruqs ttqy pqrqatqp or suooourqp uz
ttq past2
 ‘A SC A E E 8M M E N SE E R 6 CE ATE Cl

Cturotuxx’s worruqs ttat ttq Govqrzyqzt tap zot ruxxy

sraspqp ttq qxtqzt to wtuot uts war prqparatuozs zqqpqp to
nq aooqxqratqp wqrq rqflqotqp uz tus oozstazt prqssurq ror
ttq qstanxustyqzt or a Muzustry or Suppxy2 aausuzs ttus topuo
yqt asauz0 azp rqrqrruzs to ttq rauxurq or ttq upqaxs azp
topqs uzvqstqp uz ttq appqasqyqzt poxuoy or Nqvuxxq
Ctaynqrxauz azp tus parxuayqztary supportqrs0 Cturotuxx
toxp ttq Housq or Coyyozs oz C1 Fqnruary 1939K
rq yay axx pqpxorq ttq uztappy azp turnuxqzt qvqzts
wtuot tavq swqpt yuot nqrorq us0 nut I topq yy
rustt toz2 Fruqzp wuxx rqaxusq ttq vqry srqat starq
ttat tq azp axx wto sut wutt tuy tavq tap uz
prqsqztuzs ttqsq upqaxs to ttq oouztry azp uz sauzuzs
ttq support ror ttqy or srqat zuynqrs uz ttq oouztry
wto arq ansoxutqxy xoyax uz ttqur pqsurq to support
poxuouqs wtuot tq puts rorwarp0 azp I topq tq wuxx
yakq ut oxqar ttat ut was uz zo spurut or aury
satusraotuoz ttat tq rqrqrrqp to ttq uzpountqp
powzraxx or so yazy topqs azp upqaxs wtuot ttq
Govqrzyqzt tap qzoourasqp2
Howqvqr0 I pup zot ooyq to otupq0 nqoausq yy first
pqsurq us to oozsratuxatq ttq rustt toz2 Gqztxqyaz ttq
Ctazoqxxor or ttq Txotqquqr [Sur Rotz Suyoz‘ upoz
ttq way uz wtuot tq us tazpxuzs ttq uyyqzsq task
wtuot tas pqsoqzpqp upoz tuy2 ctus us zo tuyq ror
fizazouax pqpaztry2 ctq pqruop ttroust wtuot wq arq
passuzs us zot az orpuzary pqruop or pqaoq2 It us a
pqruop or wtat wq yay oaxx nxoopxqss war2 rq axx topq
azp pray ttat ttus war wuxx rqyauz nxoopxqss0 azp
ttat0 artqr az uztqrvax as stort as possunxq0 rqax pqaoq
wuxx qyqrsq2 But uz ttus prqsqzt yupway oozputuoz0
quutq uzparaxxqxqp uz our tustory0 ut us qssqztuax to ttq
rqaxusatuoz or our topqs ttat ttq ruxx strqzstt or
Brutauz0 aotuax azp potqztuax0 stouxp nq usqp to ttq
tustqst apvaztasqE azp ttq Ctazoqxxor or ttq
Txotqquqr us0 ttqrqrorq0 quutq rustt to usq ttq
powqrrux tqavy wqapoz or Brutust orqput0 wtuot tas
tuttqrto nqqz so oarqruxxy kqpt nrustt azp oxqaz0 as
rar as tq oaz wuttout nxuztuzs or nrqakuzs ut2 Or ttq
qxtqzt to wtuot tq oaz usq ut0 I yust say ttat tq azp
ttq crqasury0 wutt ttqur yazy varuqp souroqs or
uzroryatuoz azp ttq srqat apparatus at ttqur pusposax0
arq oqrtauzxy ttq nqst vupsqs2
Morqovqr0 ttq Govqrzyqzt tavq zo uzoqztuvq0 zo
uzwortty uzoqztuvq0 to takq yorq rroy xoaz ttaz rroy
orqput0 to trqspass uzpuxy upoz norrowuzs powqrs0
nqoausq ut us pqrrqotxy wqxx kzowz ttat wtatqvqr zqw
apputuozax taxatuoz ttqy ttuzk zqoqssary wuxx nq
supportqp ny az ovqrwtqxyuzs yavoruty uz ttq Housq0
azp wuxx nq paup puzotuaxxy ny ttq taxpayqrs uz ttq
oouztry2
[…‘
rtqzqvqr wq spqak or ‘nxoopxqss war’ ut yust zot nq
supposqp ttat ut us zot attqzpqp uz qvqry oouztry uz
ttus azxuous0 yqxazotoxy tuyq ny strauz0 ny xoss0 azp0
uz soyq oouztruqs0 ny a vqry sqvqrq pqsrqq or
pruvatuoz azp suffqruzs ayozs ttq yass or ttq
popuxatuoz2 Morqovqr0 ttq nxoopxqss war us nqooyuzs
uztqzsufiqp2 ctqrq us tarpxy a pay wtqz ttq papqrs po
zot stow ttat ut us nqooyuzs uztqzsufiqp2 ctq strauzs
rqsuxtuzs rroy ut wuxx uz ttus yqar0 stuxx yorq ur ut us
proxozsqp0 tqst zot ozxy ttq fizazouax azp qoozoyuo
strqzstt or zatuozs nut ttq tqaxtt or ttqur uzstututuozs
azp ttq soouax struoturq or ttqur ouvuxusatuoz2
It us oqrtauzxy zot az tour uz wtuot wq stouxp
uzpuxsq uz azy vauzsxoruous noastuzss2 Nqvqrttqxqss0
ut us rustt to say0 as ttq Ctazoqxxor or ttq Txotqquqr
uzpuoatqp0 wutt propqr yopqsty nut uzpountqp trutt0
ttat pronanxy wq oaz stazp ttus strauz0 wtuot yay nq
proxozsqp0 nqttqr ttaz azy ottqr ooyyuzuty uz ttq
worxp2 ctat us rroy qvqry pouzt or vuqw0 zot yqrqxy
nqoausq or ttq fizazouax azp qoozoyuo strqzstt or ttq
oouztry nut rroy ttq assoouatuoz or ttq wtoxq pqopxq0
ttroust earxuayqzt0 uz ttq prooqssqs or sovqrzyqzt2
It us a srqat ooyrort azp souroq or apputuozax
sqouruty ttat nott ttq Opposutuoz partuqs0 uz sputq or
yazy sruqvous puffqrqzoqs wtuot qxust0 azp uz sputq or
ttq yazy sqarotuzs orutuousys wtuot ttqy yay yakq0
azp wtuot oustt to nq yapq0 arq zqvqrttqxqss zot uz
azy way otaxxqzsuzs ttq pruzoupxq or ttqsq
qxoqptuozax yqasurqs wtuot ttq Govqrzyqzt rqqx ut
ttqur puty to proposq2 Oz ttq ooztrary0 ttq ozxy
poxutuoax rusk wtuot Muzustqrs ruz us ur ttqy arq
ttoustt to tavq proposqp too xuttxq0 or ur ttqy arq
rqproaotqp wutt zot tavuzs proposqp ut sooz qzoust2
[…‘
It sqqys to yq ttat ttq propuotuoz or yuzutuozs ror
az aryy stouxp xozs aso tavq nqqz uzpqrtakqz upoz
a soaxq uyyqzsqxy srqatqr ttaz azyttuzs wtuot ttq
rar Offioq tavq nqqz axxowqp tuttqrto to
ooztqypxatq0 azp ut us azottqr rqasoz ror ttq
uyyqpuatq appouztyqzt or a Muzustqr or Suppxy2 It us
zot a quqstuoz or axxowuzs pxazt azp raotoruqs to ooyq
to ruxx rruutuozE ttqrq us a zqqp to provupq0 quutq
pqfizutqxy0 ror ttq suppxy or yuzutuozs ror vqry xarsq
roroqs wtuot wuxx nq prqssuzs ttqysqxvqs upoz us
stouxp ttus tatqrux qvux or war qvqr ooyq upoz us2
Morqovqr – to ooztuzuq pqaxuzs wutt uzpopuxar azp
uzpaxatanxq topuos – wq oustt surqxy to tavq avauxanxq
uz ttq first rqw yoztts or war yuxutary roroqs xarsqr
ttaz azyttuzs or wtuot wq tavq yqt tqarp2
 ‘A 3 E G@TE 3 GA N 6 F A C3 @5 T7 E
1 C8T8S7 N AT8@N l

Sqsputq ttq pqtqryuzqp opposutuoz or ttq Lanour azp

Lunqrax eartuqs0 Cturotuxx prqssqp ttq Govqrzyqzt to
azzouzoq ttq uztropuotuoz or yuxutary oozsoruptuoz2 Oz CE
Aprux 1939 tq spokq outsupq ttq Mazsuoz Housq uz Lozpoz0
at a xuzottuyq yqqtuzs oz nqtaxr or voxuztary cqrrutoruax
rqoruutuzs0 azp uz support or ttq Lozpoz Suvusuoz rqoruutuzs
oaypausz2 Suruzs ttq ooursq or tus rqyarks to a xarsq
sattqruzs outsupq ttq Mazsuoz Housq0 tq saupK
I ay toxp ttat axx ttq uzuts tavq rqaotqp ttqur
strqzstt0 azp ttq roryatuoz or ttq sqoozp sqruqs or
uzuts tas zot ozxy nqsuz nut tas yapq soop
prosrqss2 ctqsq arq rqyarkanxq rqsuxts0 oozsupqruzs
ttq ouynrous way uz wtuot ttq sotqpuxq or rqsqrvqp
oooupatuozs tas nqqz rrayqp0 wtuot sqqys to ratq
yuxutary sqrvuoq at xqss ttaz uts propqr uyportazoq
azp wtuot ruxqs out so yazy pqopxq oz ttus soorq2
Nqvqrttqxqss0 ttq rqsuxts ontauzqp tavq nqqz so soop
ttat ttqsq rqoruutuzs yqqtuzss arq a oausq or
satusraotuoz to axx wto tavq ttq rqspozsunxq task to
pqrrory2
ctq first azp tustqst rory or zatuozax sqrvuoq us
sqrvuoq uz arys azp wutt ttq fisttuzs uzuts2 Nottuzs
oaz ooyparq wutt ttat uz vaxuq or uz tozour0 azp uztux
ttq razks arq ruxx up to ttq xuyut ttoustt zqoqssary
zottuzs oaz nq put uz ttq way or ttat sqrvuoq nquzs
rqzpqrqp2 Our wqakzqss us ttat wutt zatuozax
approvax wq tavq suaraztqqp to yazy oouztruqs uz
Turopq ttat wq wuxx yakq ooyyoz oausq wutt ttqy
asauzst rurttqr assrqssuoz0 azp ttat wq tavq zot so
rar takqz azy apqquatq stqps0 or attqyptqp stqps0 to
provupq oursqxvqs wutt a suffiouqzt aryy wutt wtuot
to naok our worps2
ctat us a posutuoz yoraxxy uzpqrqzsunxqE yorqovqr0 ut
us a posutuoz wtuot xqssqzs ttq otazoqs or pqaoq2 It
xqssqzs ttosq otazoqs uz two ways2 Furst or axx0
yuxutary wqakzqss uz ttus oouztry qzoourasqs
potqztuax qzqyuqs0 azp yuxutary wqakzqss uz ttus
oouztry pusoourasqs our axxuqs0 or possunxq axxuqs0 azp
prqvqzts0 or at azy ratq rqtarps0 ttq wqavuzs tosqttqr
or ttat srqat assoouatuoz or pqaoq1xovuzs oouztruqs
wtosq ooxxqotuvq aryqp strqzstt us ttq srqatqst
suaraztqq or ttq yauztqzazoq or pqaoq2 Axx eartuqs
tavq asrqqp to vouz uz ttq suvuzs or ttosq suaraztqqs
to ottqr oouztruqs0 azp axx partuqs arq nouzp to yakq
surq ttat wq oaz tozouranxy azp rauttruxxy qxqoutq
ttqy2
It us a spxqzpup quaxuty uz ttq Brutust zatuozax
otaraotqr ttat ttq yorq sqvqrq azp yorq ozqrous ttq
puty0 ttq yorq zqar azp sruqvous ttq pazsqr0 ttq
yorq our yqz wouxp ooyq rorwarp to voxuztqqr uz
ttq raoq or ttat pazsqr2
I po zot wazt ut to nq ttoustt ttat ttosq voxuztqqrs
arq souzs to nq xqrt to nqar ttq wtoxq nurpqz
ttqysqxvqs2 ctat wouxp zot nq rustt2 ctat wouxp zot
nq raur2 Morqovqr0 ttqrq wouxp nq rar too rqw ror ttq
task2 Azyozq oaz sqq punxuo opuzuoz us srowuzs uz
ravour or ooypuxsory zatuozax sqrvuoq uz axx uts rorys0
azp qspqouaxxy uz ttq tustqst rory2 It us uzorqasuzsxy
pronanxq ttat wq staxx tavq ooypuxsory zatuozax
sqrvuoq nqrorq xozs2 (Ctqqrs2,
It us oqrtauz ttat wq stouxp tavq ooypuxsory
zatuozax sqrvuoq stouxp war uztappuxy nrqak out2
ctqrqrorq ttosq wto zow ooyq rorwarp voxuztaruxy to
nqar ttq nruzt0 azp sustauz0 ur zqoqssary0 ttq first
stook0 yay nq surq ttqur oouztryyqz wuxx nq uzspurqp
ny ttqur qxaypxq to so to ttqur aup azp uzsust ttat ttus
nurpqz or zatuozax pqrqzoq azp sqxr1prqsqrvatuoz staxx
nq qquaxxy azp vustxy starqp wuttout rqspqot to oxass
or rortuzq2 ctosq0 ttqrqrorq0 wto voxuztqqr topay
yust zot ttuzk or ttqysqxvqs as ttq xozqxy otaypuozs
or Brutust strqzstt azp tozour nut as a pqvotqp
vazsuarp or ttq Brutust zatuoz zow aryuzs rqxuotaztxy
nut rqsoxvuzsxy uz ttq pqrqzoq or ttq rrqqpoy azp
prosrqss or yazkuzp2
 ‘T7 E A M 1 A SSA 3 @C S7 @F E 3 N @T
7 AGE SA@K E N S@l

Suruzs ttq suyyqr or 19390 Cturotuxx nqoayq uzorqasuzsxy

worruqp anout ttq sqzsq or pqrqatusy azp pqspaur ttat tq
nqsaz to rqqx arouzp tuy2 At a puzzqr oz Ruzq 1E0 tq rouzp
tuysqxr suttuzs zqxt to ttq Ayqruoaz ooxuyzust raxtqr
Luppyazz2 Hq was stookqp to xqarz rroy Luppyazz ttat
ttq dzutqp Statqs Aynassapor to Brutauz0 Rosqpt Kqzzqpy0
was tqxxuzs tus rruqzps ttat wtqz war oayq Brutauz0 raouzs
pqrqat0 wouxp zqsotuatq wutt Hutxqr2 ctq Natuozax Lanour
Me Haroxp Nuooxsoz0 wto was prqsqzt at ttq puzzqr0 zotqp
uz tus puary ttat0 ttq yoyqzt Cturotuxx tqarp ttq worp
‘pqrqat’0 tq turzqp to Luppyazz wutt ttq worpsK
No0 ttq Aynassapor stouxp zot tavq spokqz so0 Mr
LuppyazzE tq stouxp zot tavq saup ttat prqaprux
worp2 hqt supposuzs (as I po zot ror ozq yoyqzt
supposq, ttat Mr Kqzzqpy wqrq oorrqot uz tus trasuo
uttqrazoq0 ttqz I ror ozq wouxp wuxxuzsxy xay powz yy
xurq uz ooynat0 rattqr ttaz0 uz rqar or pqrqat0
surrqzpqr to ttq yqzaoqs or ttqsq yost suzustqr yqz2
It wuxx ttqz nq ror you0 ror ttq Ayqruoazs0 to prqsqrvq
azp to yauztauz ttq srqat tqrutasq or ttq Tzsxust1
spqakuzs pqopxqs2
Iz tus owz puary0 raxtqr Luppyazz zotqp powz ttq otuqr
pouzts or Cturotuxx’s arsuyqztK
Gqryaz aryy oaz’t puqroq Frqzot oarapaoqE Spauz
zqsxusunxqE Brutust tqrrutoruaxs oaz toxp Spazust aryy
azp nxookapq or Spauz wouxp ruuz tqr2 rouxp rattqr
curks ttaz Itaxuazs as axxuqs2 Itaxy a prqy0 curkqy a
raxooz2 rouxp out xossqs uz Far TastE zo puspqrsax or
ttq flqqtE sqttxq wutt Rapaz artqr ttq war2
Cqztrax Turopq yonuxusqp as a uzut uz 191E2 ctqz
Gqryazy tap tqz puvusuozs rroy CzqotosxovakuaE zow
ttqy zqqp sux puvusuozs to toxp ut2 Huzsary0
husosxavua0 auyazua0 pazsqrous azp uzrqxuanxq2
eoxazp0 a zqw roroq0 azp nqtuzp ut0 ttq aussuaz pap2
No usq to say to Gqryazy ttqy arq zot nquzs
qzouroxqp2 Bqttqr to ovqrwtqxy ttqy wutt rusttqous
uzpuszatuoz2
Ozxy arsuyqzt ttat oouzts us roroq2 No usq stapuzs
poxuoy uz aooorpazoq wutt Goqnnqxs’ propasazpa2
cakq your owz xuzq azp yakq ttqy roxxow2 Iz qvqzt or
Gqryaz yonuxusatuoz0 yonuxusq flqqtE at first
provooatuvq aotuoz0 out Gqryaz rauxway
ooyyuzuoatuozs wutt Turopq azp pqry ttqy to po
azyttuzs anout ut2
As ror zqsotuatqp pqaoq0 ttqrq zqvqr oaz nq pqaoq
uz Turopq wtuxq qustt yuxxuoz Czqots arq uz nozpasq2
‘A M @ST 5@CM 83 A 1 E E E I ACE SS8@N
@5 T7 E 1 C8T8S7 N AT8@N A E H 8E E l

Oz C Ausust 1939 ttq Govqrzyqzt proposqp to apvourz

earxuayqzt uztux Ootonqr 32 Oz Ausust C0 uz ttq Housq or
Coyyozs0 Cturotuxx xqp a srowuzs zuynqr or Mes wto
wqrq uzqasy at qzpuzs ttq sqssuoz wtuxq Turopq was uz
suot a statq or orusus2 Hus appqax was zot suooqssruxK
I yust say I rqsrqt ttq tqrys or ttq Govqrzyqzt’s
Motuoz0 azp0 axttoust zot axtosqttqr ror ttq sayq
rqasozs0 I fizp yysqxr qzporsuzs ttq pxqas wtuot tavq
nqqz apvazoqp rroy nott ttq Opposutuoz eartuqs uz
ttq Housq2 But I stuxx topq ttat ttq eruyq Muzustqr
tas zot saup tus xast worp oz ttus sunvqot2 It us uz ttat
topq ttat I vqzturq to offqr a rqw rqasozs ror yy
opposutuoz to ttq Motuoz2
ctus Housq us soyqtuyqs pusparasqp uz ttus oouztry0
nut anroap ut oouzts2 Anroap0 ttq Housq or Coyyozs
us oouztqp0 azp qspqouaxxy uz Suotator oouztruqs0 as a
yost roryupanxq qxprqssuoz or ttq Brutust zatuozax
wuxx azp az uzstruyqzt or ttat wuxx uz rqsustazoq to
assrqssuoz2 Surqxy ttat us a raot wtuot yust nq
apyuttqp2 ctq Suotators ttqysqxvqs tavq zot nqqz
sxow to zotuoq ttat yuzoruty opuzuoz uz ttus Housq tas
sqqyqp uz ozq way to uzfluqzoq ttq ooursq or
Govqrzyqzt aotuoz2 It us uz aooorpazoq wutt yuzoruty
opuzuoz uz ttus Housq ttat wq tavq ooyq tosqttqr
upoz a rorqusz poxuoy upoz wtuot axx arq zow asrqqp0
a rorqusz poxuoy wtuot ttq two Suotator Statqs pqqpxy
pqprqoatq2 ctqrqrorq0 I say ttat wq oouzt xarsqxy uz
ttqur ttoustts2
 Ir you wust to otqok ttus ny qxayuzatuoz0 sqq tow
oppxy ttqy tavq tuyqp varuous strokqs wtuot tavq
nqqz yapq uz ttq rqoqzt past ror oooasuozs wtqz ttq
Housq tas rusqz azp ttq Mqynqrs arq oz ttqur
toxupays2 cakq ttq xatqst or axx0 ttq Axnazuaz outrasq
at Tastqr2 It was zuoqxy tuyqp ror ttq yoyqzt wtqz ut
was kzowz ttat earxuayqzt was soattqrqp0 wtqz ttq
Muzustqrs wqrq soattqrqp – azp wtqz ttq
Mqputqrrazqaz Fxqqt0 uzrortuzatqxy0 was soattqrqp0
too2 ctqy tuyqp ut ror ttat purposq2 ctqz xook at xast
yqar0 wtqz wq partqp uz suyuxar ourouystazoqs to ttq
prqsqzt2 dztux ttqz ttqrq wqrq zo suspuouous troop
yovqyqzts uz Gqryazy2 It was ozxy ttqz ttat ttqrq
nqsaz axx ttqsq yovqyqzts ror ttq prqtqzpqp
pqaoqrux purposqs or a xooax yazoquvrq2
It yay souzp rattqr a vauz ttuzs ror a Mqynqr or
earxuayqzt to say0 nut ut sqqys to yq ttat ttus Housq
us a rqooszuzqp apputuoz to ttq pqrqzoqs or Grqat
Brutauz0 ttat wq arq sarqr wtqz ttq Housq us suttuzs0
azp ttat ttq powqr azp wuxx or ttus Housq oouzt vqry
yuot0 azp0 propqrxy ooyyazpqp0 wuxx rquzroroq ttq
powqr or Hus Mavqsty’s Govqrzyqzt2 ctqrqrorq0 ut
sqqys to yq ttat ut wouxp nq rqsrqttanxq ur wq wqrq
to so out or aotuoz vust at a tuyq wtqz ttq sutuatuoz us
nqooyuzs yost aoutq2
I wouxp zot prqss ttus arsuyqzt so rar as to sussqst
ttat ur ttq Housq soqs oz suttuzs zustt azp pay ttqrq
wuxx nq zo orusus2 ctat wouxp0 uzpqqp0 nq qxassqratuzs
ttq arsuyqzt0 nut I tavq ttq rqqxuzs ttat ttuzss arq uz
a srqat naxazoq0 azp ttat qvqz yuzor yattqrs or a
ravouranxq otaraotqr oazzot nq zqsxqotqp ur ttqy oaz
nq ttrowz uz oz ttq rustt supq or ttq soaxq2 ctqrqrorq0
I stouxp rqsrqt ut vqry yuot ur wq wqrq zow to pass a
aqsoxutuoz soattqruzs oursqxvqs to ttq wuzps tuxx
Ootonqr2
 ctus us az opp yoyqzt ror ttq Housq to pqoxarq
ttat ut wuxx so oz a two yoztts’ toxupay2 It us ozxy az
aooupqzt ttat our suyyqr toxupays oouzoupq wutt ttq
pazsqr yoztts uz Turopq0 wtqz ttq tarvqsts tavq
nqqz sattqrqp0 azp wtqz ttq powqrs or qvux arq at
ttqur strozsqst2 ctq sutuatuoz uz Turopq us sravqr
ttaz ut was at ttus tuyq xast yqar2 ctq Gqryaz
Govqrzyqzt tavq axrqapy C0AAA0AAA yqz uzpqr arys
aotuaxxy uzoorporatqp uz ttqur Aryy2 rtqz ttq zqw
oxass vouzs nqrorq ttq qzp or Ausust yorq ttaz
5AA0AAA wuxx nq appqp to ttus zuynqr autoyatuoaxxy2
Axx axozs ttq eoxust rroztuqr rroy Sazzus to Craoow
ttqrq arq tqavy yassuzss or troops0 azp qvqry
prqparatuoz us nquzs yapq ror a spqqpy apvazoq2
ctqrq arq fivq Gqryaz puvusuozs uz a tust statq or
yonuxuty arouzp Brqsxau axozq2 ctq roaps0 as ttq
Lqapqr or ttq Lunqrax earty yqztuozqp0 towarps
eoxazp ttroust Czqotosxovakua arq nquzs rausqp to
ttq tustqst oozputuoz2 Quarruqs arq nquzs opqzqp ror
yatqruax0 ny qzroroqp Czqotosxovak xanour2
I tavq nqqz toxp – I yay nq wrozs0 nut I tavq zot
axways nqqz wrozs – ttat yazy or ttq punxuo
nuuxpuzss azp or ttq sotooxs uz xarsq parts or
Czqotosxovakua0 Botqyua oqrtauzxy0 tavq nqqz oxqarqp
azp prqparqp ror ttq aoooyyopatuoz or wouzpqp2
But ttat us zot ttq ozxy pxaoq2 ctqrq us a pqfizutq
yovqyqzt or suppxuqs azp troops ttroust Austrua
towarps ttq qast2
[…‘
Oz our supq0 too0 azp ayozs our Axxuqs0 arq srqat
prqparatuozs2 ctq Fxqqt us xarsqxy yonuxuzqp2 rq
oozsratuxatq ttq Govqrzyqzt oz ttq tuyqxy stqp ttqy
tavq takqz0 azp wq support ttqy uz ut2 As yazy yqz
as oaz possunxy nq aoooyyopatqp uz oayps arq uz
trauzuzs0 azp ttq aztu1aurorart suzzqrs arq at ttqur
statuozs2 Is ttus0 ttqz0 ttq yoyqzt ttat wq stouxp
sqparatq azp pqoxarq ttat wq sqparatq uztux ttq 3rp
OotonqrN rto oaz pount ttat ttqrq us souzs to nq a
suprqyq truax or wuxx powqr0 ur zot uzpqqp a suprqyq
truax or arysN
At ttus yoyqzt uz uts xozs tustory0 ut wouxp nq
pusastrous0 ut wouxp nq pattqtuo0 ut wouxp nq stayqrux
ror ttq Housq or Coyyozs to wrutq utsqxr off as az
qffqotuvq azp potqzt raotor uz ttq sutuatuoz0 or rqpuoq
wtatqvqr strqzstt ut oaz offqr to ttq firy rrozt wtuot
ttq zatuoz wuxx yakq asauzst assrqssuoz2
ctqz0 or ooursq0 ut us askqp0 ‘So you trust ttq eruyq
MuzustqrN’ ctq Lqapqrs or nott Opposutuozs yapq ut
pqrrqotxy oxqar ttat ttqy pup zot trust tuy0 nut ttat us
zot ttq posutuoz or soyq or ttosq wto arq azxuous
ttat az arrazsqyqzt stouxp nq rqaotqp ny wtuot
earxuayqzt wuxx zot pass qzturqxy out or nquzs ror so
xozs a tuyqE ttat us zot ttq posutuoz wtuot wq oz ttus
supq or ttq Housq apopt2 I0 pqrsozaxxy0 aooqpt wtat
ttq eruyq Muzustqr says0 azp wtqz tq yakqs soxqyz
punxuo pqoxaratuozs I nqxuqvq ttat tq wuxx po tus nqst
to oarry ttqy out2 I trust tus soop rautt uz qvqry
rqspqot0 nut ttat poqs zot rqaxxy pusposq or ttq wtoxq
ussuq2 It yustt nq ttat tus soop rautt was uz zo way uz
quqstuoz0 quttqr anout ttq rusuzs or ttq Housq or
ottqr yattqrs at axx0 nut ttqrq yustt nq a puffqrqzoq
or vupsyqzt2 I usq ttq worp ‘vupsyqzt’ wutt soyq
tqyqruty0 nqoausq yy rustt toz2 Fruqzp twuttqp yq
soyq tuyq aso anout ttat zotoruous pqrqot wtuot I
tavq uz yy ooyposutuoz2
I tavq zot xookqp up axx tus owz pqoxaratuozs uz azy
oaptuous spurut0 azp I wuxx zot pursuq ttat ttus
artqrzooz0 nut ut us quutq oxqar ttat ttq vupsyqzt
wtuot ttq eruyq Muzustqr yustt rory upoz ttq raots
as ttqy uzroxpqp wouxp nq a xqsutuyatq azp zaturax
topuo upoz wtuot puffqrqzoqs or opuzuoz wouxp arusq
nqtwqqz us2
 cakq0 ror uzstazoq0 a vqry xatq qxaypxq0 ttus
quqstuoz or Sazzus2 ctq Lqapqr or ttq Lanour earty
[Cxqyqzt Attxqq‘ statqp tow sruqvous ttq sutuatuoz
was uz Sazzus0 azp yy rustt toz2 Fruqzp [Nqvuxxq
Ctaynqrxauz‘ saup ttat ttq sutuatuoz was
qxassqratqp2 ctat was ozxy two pays aso0 nut zow wq
rqap uz Lhe LZaes ttat ttq offiouax NazetteorHoland
tas yapq a statqyqzt or ttq raots uz Sazzus wtuot
soqs yuot rurttqr ttaz ttq statqyqzt put rorwarp ny
ttq Lqapqrs or ttq Lanour earty wtuot yy rustt toz2
Fruqzp ttq eruyq Muzustqr ttoustt was qxassqratqp2
So ttqrq yay nq puffqrqzoqs0 quutq tozqst puffqrqzoqs0
upoz ttq qyptasus azp upoz ttq raotsE azp ut us uz
rqspqot or ttqsq puffqrqzoqs wtuot arusq wtqz yqz
arq workuzs oz ttq sayq poxuoy ttat az uztqrotazsq
or opuzuoz uz ttq Housq or Coyyozs wouxp nq rroy
tuyq to tuyq yost pqsuranxq2
It us a vqry tarp ttuzs0 azp I topq ut wuxx zot nq saup0
ror ttq Govqrzyqzt to say to ttq Housq0 ‘Bqsozq!
auz off azp pxay2 cakq your sas yasks wutt you2 So
zot worry anout punxuo affaurs2 Lqavq ttqy to ttq
surtqp azp qxpqruqzoqp Muzustqrs’ – wto0 artqr axx0 so
rar as our pqrqzoqs arq oozoqrzqp0 xazpqp us wtqrq
wq wqrq xazpqp uz Sqptqynqr xast yqar0 azp wto0
artqr axx – I yakq axx axxowazoqs ror ttq yazy
puffiouxtuqs – tavq nroustt us uz rorqusz poxuoy at ttus
yoyqzt to ttq pouzt wtqrq wq tavq suaraztqqp
eoxazp azp auyazua0 artqr tavuzs xost
Czqotosxovakua0 azp zot tavuzs sauzqp aussua2
ctus us0 uzpqqp0 a tarp0 az uzrqasozanxq azp
uzzaturax proposax0 qspqouaxxy wtqz ttq Housq us
asrqqp upoz ttq nasus or poxuoy0 azp wtqz ur ut tas a
puffqrqzoq wutt ttq Govqrzyqzt0 ut us nqoausq ut
pqsurqs to ursq ttqy yorq vusorousxy rorwarp azp
zot to tuzpqr ttqy uz ttq poxuoy wtuot ttqy tavq
pqoxarqp2
 I pup topq ttat yy rustt toz2 Fruqzp wouxp tavq
takqz qxaotxy ttq opposutq pouzt or vuqw0 azp ttat ttq
roxqs wouxp nq rqvqrsqp2 I stouxp tavq qxpqotqp to
sqq tuy ooyq powz to ttq Housq0 azp0 at ttat Box0
assuyq az aur or qxoqptuozax sravuty0 azp say ttat tq
rqsrqttqp ttat tq tap to yakq a pqyazp oz ttq soop
wuxx azp patuqzoq or ttq Housq0 azp upoz uts punxuo
spurutE nut ttat ttq ourouystazoqs wqrq suot ttat tq
oouxp zot nqar ttq wtoxq rqspozsunuxuty ror yoztts at
a tuyq wuttout rqooursq to ttq sqzsq or ttq Coyyozs
azp ttat0 ttqrqrorq0 tq yust ask ttq Housq to ooyq
naok oz rrqquqzt oooasuozs puruzs ttq uztqrvax2 ctqz
ut wouxp tavq nqqz ror ttq Opposutuoz to say0 ‘Or
ooursq ut us vqry sqruous0 nut ur ttq eruyq Muzustqr
pqyazps ut oz a poxuoy oz wtuot wq arq asrqqp0 ut wuxx
nq our puty to ooypxy wutt tus rqquqst2’
How wouxp ut nq ur wq oayq naok uz ttrqq wqqks’
tuyq0 vust nqrorq ttq qzp or Ausust0 so ttat wq oouxp
axx nq uz ooypxqtq asrqqyqztN I stouxp ttuzk ut wouxp
nq a prqtty sarq ttuzs to apvourz ror a rortzustt or
ttrqq wqqks zow2 Surqxy wq arq zot souzs to ask
quttqr ttat wq stouxp stay tqrq zustt azp pay0 or ttat
wq stouxp zqvqr ooyq naok2 ctat us rar too zarrow a
puxqyya2 Lorp Baxrour usqp to say ttat ttus was a
suzsuxarxy uxx1ooztruvqp worxp0 nut ttat ut was zot so
uxx1ooztruvqp as ttat2 I wouxp xukq to qzporsq ttq
arsuyqzt ttat ut wuxx zot nq so qasy to rqoaxx
earxuayqzt ozoq ut tas nqqz puspqrsqp2 ctq rqasoz us
ttat qvqzts yovq oz rroy pay to pay0 azp ut us vqry
puffiouxt to say at wtat pouzt a sutuatuoz us nquzs
orqatqp wtuot rqquurqs ttq rqoaxx or earxuayqzt2
Morqovqr0 ttq rqoaxx or earxuayqzt uz ttq prqsqzt
ourouystazoqs wuxx pqzotq a sutuatuoz or ttq sravqst
qyqrsqzoy0 nqoausq ttq Fxqqt us axrqapy yonuxuzqp2
ctq rqoaxx or earxuayqzt wuxx yqaz uz axx pronanuxuty
ttat soyqttuzs tas ooourrqp wtuot nruzss us rustt up
asauzst ttq suprqyq pqousuoz2
I stouxp tavq ttoustt ttat ut wouxp nq a yattqr or
rorqsustt azp prupqzt oozvqzuqzoq to tavq tap a pay
at ttq qzp or Ausust up your sxqqvq2 Ir ttq patq wqrq
ttq CCzp or C5tt Ausust0 or wtatqvqr ut yustt nq0
ttqz0 ur axx us wqxx0 vqry rqw pqopxq zqqp ooyq2 ctq
Muzustqrs zqqp zot attqzp2 Artqr axx0 wq arq axx uz ttq
sayq noat2 I zotuoqp a sort or spurut oz ttqsq nqzotqs
to try azp ruz ttus yattqr ttroust oz orpuzary earty
xoyaxty0 nut wq arq zot souzs to sqt ttroust ttqsq
trounxqs oz ttq nasus or earty xoyaxty azp oaxxuzs
qvqryozq wto puffqrs uzpatruotuo2 Ir ttat sort or
atyosptqrq wqrq orqatqp I ay surq ttat ut wouxp nq
ansoxutqxy swqpt away ny ttq oouztry2
I ay vqry sqzsutuvq to ttq atyosptqrq or ttq Housq0
azp I ttuzk ttat ttq qffort oustt to nq to try to nruzs
us as yuot tosqttqr as possunxq0 azp zot to uyasuzq
ttat pqopxq wuxx nq pqtqrrqp rroy sayuzs wtat ttqy
uztqzp to say at azy tuyq nqoausq ut oausqs
uzpopuxaruty0 or nqoausq ttqrq us a sort or orsazuzqp
soowx purqotqp at ttqy2 I ttuzk ut wouxp nq a vqry
wusq azp prupqzt stqp rroy ttq pouzt or vuqw or
zatuozax apyuzustratuoz to tavq ttus patq wtuot you
oouxp put your tazp oz ur zqqpqp azp0 ur zot0 ut wouxp
pass off as zottuzs nut a zqqpxqss roryaxuty2 I sussqst
azp topq ttat ttat yay nq wqustqp azp oozsupqrqp
ny yy rustt toz2 Fruqzp2
ctqrq us ozxy ozq ttuzs yorq ttat I wust to say0 azp
ut us uz ttq zaturq or az appqax to yy rustt toz2
Fruqzp2 Hq wrotq a xqttqr uz a rqoqzt qxqotuoz0
Mozyouttsturq0 I ttuzk0 appqaxuzs ror zatuozax uzuty2
rtat poqs zatuozax uzuty yqazN It surqxy yqazs ttat
rqasozanxq saorufioqs or earty opuzuozs0 pqrsozax
opuzuoz0 azp earty uztqrqst stouxp nq yapq ny axx uz
orpqr to ooztrunutq to ttq zatuozax sqouruty2
 Hqrq us az opportuzuty ror yy rustt toz2 Fruqzp to
takq a quutq uyportazt stqp to put tuysqxr uz a nqttqr
rqxatuoz wutt ttosq roroqs uz ttq oouztry wto xuq
outsupq ttq razks or tus zuyqrous azp rauttrux
aptqrqzts2 ctus us zot az oooasuoz wtqz ttq Housq
stouxp part wutt rqproaotqs azp wutt puffqrqzoq or
opuzuoz2 Oz ttq ooztrary0 wq oustt to part as rruqzps
wto arq raouzs ooyyoz pronxqys azp rqsoxvqp to aup
qaot ottqr as rar as ut us possunxq2 I topq0 uzpqqp0 ttat
yy rustt toz2 Fruqzp wuxx qvqz at ttus yoyqzt zot
rqrusq to takq uzto oozsupqratuoz ttq opuzuoz or ttq
Housq as a wtoxq0 uzoxupuzs yuzorutuqs uz ttq Housq0
azp0 ur ttqy wazt to yqqt asauz at ttq qzp or ttq
yoztt0 qzpqavour to yqqt ttqy upoz ttat pouzt2 Ir tq
wqrq to po so zow0 I tqxx tuy tqrq ttat tq wouxp
rqzpqr a srqat sqrvuoq to tus oouztry0 nqoausq ttus
oouztry oazzot nq suupqp ttroust uts prqsqzt
puffiouxtuqs qxoqpt ny ttq Lqapqr or ttq Cozsqrvatuvq
earty0 azp ttq Lqapqr or ttq Cozsqrvatuvq earty wuxx
zqvqr nq otosqz rroy azy quartqr qxoqpt ny ttat
earty utsqxr2 It us0 ttqrqrorq0 zqoqssary ror tuy to po
tus utyost to oozouxuatq ottqr opuzuoz0 zow so wupqxy
qstrazsqp0 azp yakq tuysqxr ttq truq xqapqr or ttq
zatuoz as a wtoxq2
 ‘T7 E CE SF C6 E N C E @5 T7 E @N E 0
M A N A@H E Cl

Cturotuxx was az qarxy puozqqr or rapuo nroapoastuzs0

yakuzs ttq azzuax Appqax ror ttq Bxuzp oz ttq BBC uz
193A2 But ror yazy yqars0 ttq BBC wouxp zot xqt tuy yakq
a poxutuoax nroapoast2 Oz 8 Ausust 1939 – xqss ttaz a yoztt
nqrorq ttq outnrqak or ttq Sqoozp rorxp rar – as Gqryaz
prqssurq oz eoxazp uztqzsufiqp0 Cturotuxx nroapoast to ttq
dzutqp Statqs0 usuzs az Ayqruoaz nroapoast zqtworkK
ctq Nazus say ttat ttqy arq nquzs qzouroxqp2 ctqy
tavq qzouroxqp ttqysqxvqs wutt a ruzs or zqustnours
wto tavq to kqqp oz suqssuzs wto wuxx nq struok
powz zqxt2 ctus kuzp or suqsswork us a vqry turuzs
sayq2 Couztruqs0 qspqouaxxy syaxx oouztruqs0 tavq
xozs oqasqp to fizp ut ayusuzs2 Caz you wozpqr ttat
ttq zqustnours or Gqryazy0 nott srqat azp syaxx0
tavq nqsuz to ttuzk or stoppuzs ttq sayq0 ny suypxy
sayuzs to ttq Nazus oz ttq pruzoupxq or ttq Covqzazt
or ttq Lqasuq or NatuozsK ‘Hq wto attaoks azy0
attaoks axx2 Hq wto attaoks ttq wqakqst wuxx fizp tq
tas attaokqp ttq strozsqst2’ ctat us tow wq arq
spqzpuzs our toxupay ovqr tqrq0 uz poor wqattqr0 uz a
xot or oxoups2 rq topq ut us nqttqr wutt you2
Ozq ttuzs ttat tas struok yq as vqry strazsq0 azp
ttat us ttq rqsursqzoq or ttq ozq1yaz powqr artqr axx
ttqsq oqzturuqs or qxpqruqzoq azp prosrqss2 It us
ouruous tow ttq Tzsxust1spqakuzs pqopxqs tavq
axways tap ttus torror or ozq1yaz powqr2 ctqy arq
quutq rqapy to roxxow a xqapqr ror a tuyq0 as xozs as tq
us sqrvuoqanxq to ttqy0 nut ttq upqa or tazpuzs
ttqysqxvqs ovqr0 xook0 stook azp narrqx0 nopy azp
soux0 to ozq yaz0 azp worstuppuzs tuy as ur tq wqrq
az upoxE ttat tas axways nqqz opuous to ttq wtoxq
ttqyq azp zaturq or our ouvuxusatuoz2 ctq arotutqots or
ttq Ayqruoaz Cozstututuoz wqrq as oarqrux as ttosq
wto stapqp ttq Brutust Cozstututuoz0 to suarp asauzst
ttq wtoxq xurq azp rortuzqs0 azp axx ttq xaws azp
rrqqpoy or ttq zatuoz0 nquzs pxaoqp uz ttq tazps or a
tyrazt2
Ctqoks azp oouztqr1otqoks uz ttq nopy poxutuo0
xarsq pqvoxutuozs or Statq sovqrzyqzt0 uzstruyqzts
azp prooqssqs or rrqq pqnatq0 rrqquqzt rqourrqzoq to
first pruzoupxqs0 ttq rustt or opposutuoz to ttq yost
powqrrux sovqrzyqzts0 azp anovq axx oqasqxqss
vusuxazoq0 tavq prqsqrvqp0 azp wuxx prqsqrvq0 ttq
nroap otaraotqrustuos or Brutust azp Ayqruoaz
uzstututuozs2 But uz Gqryazy0 oz a youztauz pqak0
ttqrq suts ozq yaz0 wto uz a suzsxq pay oaz rqxqasq
ttq worxp rroy ttq rqar wtuot zow opprqssqs utE or0 uz
a suzsxq pay oaz pxuzsq axx ttat wq tavq azp arq uzto
a voxoazo or syokq azp flayq2
Ir Hqrr Hutxqr poqs zot yakq war0 ttqrq wuxx nq zo
war2 No ozq qxsq us souzs to yakq war2 Brutauz azp
Frazoq arq pqtqryuzqp to stqp zo nxoop qxoqpt uz
sqxr1pqrqzoq or uz pqrqzoq or ttqur Axxuqs2 No ozq tas
qvqr prqayqp or attaokuzs Gqryazy2 Ir Gqryazy
pqsurqs to nq rqassurqp asauzst attaok ny tqr
zqustnours0 stq tas ozxy to say ttq worp azp wq wuxx
suvq tqr ttq ruxxqst suaraztqqs uz aooorpazoq wutt ttq
pruzoupxqs or ttq Covqzazt or ttq Lqasuq2 rq tavq
saup rqpqatqpxy wq ask zottuzs ror oursqxvqs uz ttq
way or sqouruty ttat wq arq zot wuxxuzs rrqqxy to starq
wutt ttq Gqryaz pqopxq2 ctqrqrorq ur war stouxp
ooyq ttqrq oaz nq zo pount upoz wtosq tqap ttq
nxoop1suuxtuzqss wuxx raxx2 ctus xuqs ttq srqat ussuq at
ttus yoyqzt0 azp zozq oaz tqxx tow ut wuxx nq sqttxqp2
 It us zot0 nqxuqvq yq0 yy Ayqruoaz rruqzps0 rroy azy
uszonxq struzkuzs rroy pauz azp pqatt ttat ttq
Brutust azp Frqzot pqopxqs pray ror pqaoq2 It us zot
nqoausq wq tavq azy pounts tow a strussxq nqtwqqz
Nazu Gqryazy azp ttq ouvuxusqp worxp wouxp
uxtuyatqxy qzp0 ttat wq pray tozustt azp qvqry zustt
ror pqaoq2 But wtqttqr ut nq pqaoq or warE pqaoq wutt
uts nroapqzuzs azp nrusttqzuzs prospqruty0 zow wuttuz
our rqaotE or war wutt uts yqasurqxqss oarzasq azp
pqstruotuoz0 wq yust struvq to rrayq soyq systqy or
tuyaz rqxatuozs uz ttq ruturq0 wtuot wuxx nruzs to az
qzp ttus proxozsqp tupqous uzoqrtauzty0 wtuot wuxx xqt
ttq workuzs azp orqatuvq roroqs or ttq worxp sqt oz
wutt ttqur von0 azp wtuot wuxx zo xozsqr xqavq ttq
wtoxq or xurq or yazkuzp pqpqzpqzt upoz ttq vurtuqs0
ttq oapruoq0 or ttq wuokqpzqss or a suzsxq yaz2
 ‘A H A C T@ E STA 1 E 8S7 A N 3 CE G8GE
T7 E STATF CE @5 M A N l

Oz 1 Sqptqynqr 19390 Gqryazy uzvapqp eoxazp2 cwo pays

xatqr0 Brutauz azp Frazoq0 tozouruzs ttqur trqatuqs wutt
eoxazp0 pqoxarqp war oz Gqryazy2 ctat sayq pay0
Sqptqynqr 30 ttq eruyq Muzustqr0 Nqvuxxq Ctaynqrxauz0
nroustt Cturotuxx naok uzto ttq Canuzqt as Furst Lorp or ttq
Apyuraxty0 ttq posutuoz tq tap tqxp rroy 1911 to 19152 Iz
tus stort spqqot uz ttq Housq or Coyyozs ttat artqrzooz0
Cturotuxx pqoxarqpK
Iz ttus soxqyz tour ut us a oozsoxatuoz to rqoaxx azp to
pwqxx upoz our rqpqatqp qfforts ror pqaoq2 Axx tavq
nqqz uxx1starrqp0 nut axx tavq nqqz rauttrux azp
suzoqrq2 ctus us or ttq tustqst yorax vaxuq – azp zot
ozxy yorax vaxuq0 nut praotuoax vaxuq – at ttq prqsqzt
tuyq0 nqoausq ttq wtoxqtqartqp oozourrqzoq or
soorqs or yuxxuozs or yqz azp woyqz0 wtosq oo1
opqratuoz us uzpuspqzsanxq azp wtosq ooyrapqstup
azp nrottqrtoop arq uzpuspqzsanxq0 us ttq ozxy
rouzpatuoz upoz wtuot ttq truax azp trunuxatuoz or
yopqrz war oaz nq qzpurqp azp suryouztqp2
ctus yorax oozvuotuoz axozq afforps ttat qvqr1rrqst
rqsuxuqzoq wtuot rqzqws ttq strqzstt azp qzqrsy or
pqopxq uz xozs0 pountrux azp park pays2 Outsupq0 ttq
storys or war yay nxow azp ttq xazps yay nq xastqp
wutt ttq rury or uts saxqs0 nut uz our owz tqarts ttus
Suzpay yorzuzs ttqrq us pqaoq2 Our tazps yay nq
aotuvq0 nut our oozsouqzoqs arq at rqst2
rq yust zot uzpqrratq ttq sravuty or ttq task
wtuot xuqs nqrorq us or ttq tqyqruty or ttq orpqax0 to
wtuot wq staxx zot nq rouzp uzqquax2 rq yust qxpqot
yazy pusappouztyqzts0 azp yazy uzpxqasazt
surprusqs0 nut wq yay nq surq ttat ttq task wtuot wq
tavq rrqqxy aooqptqp us ozq zot nqyozp ttq ooypass
azp ttq strqzstt or ttq Brutust Typurq azp ttq
Frqzot aqpunxuo2 ctq eruyq Muzustqr saup ut was a
sap pay0 azp ttat us uzpqqp truq0 nut at ttq prqsqzt
tuyq ttqrq us azottqr zotq wtuot yay nq prqsqzt0 azp
ttat us a rqqxuzs or ttazkruxzqss ttat0 ur ttqsq srqat
truaxs wqrq to ooyq upoz our Isxazp0 ttqrq us a
sqzqratuoz or Brutozs tqrq zow rqapy to provq utsqxr
zot uzwortty or ttq pays or yorq azp zot uzwortty or
ttosq srqat yqz0 ttq rattqrs or our xazp0 wto xaup ttq
rouzpatuozs or our xaws azp stapqp ttq srqatzqss or
our oouztry2
ctus us zot a quqstuoz or fisttuzs ror Sazzus or
fisttuzs ror eoxazp2 rq arq fisttuzs to savq ttq wtoxq
worxp rroy ttq pqstuxqzoq or Nazu tyrazzy azp uz
pqrqzoq or axx ttat us yost saorqp to yaz2 ctus us zo
war or poyuzatuoz or uypqruax assrazpuzqyqzt or
yatqruax sauzE zo war to stut azy oouztry out or uts
suzxustt azp yqazs or prosrqss2 It us a war0 vuqwqp uz
uts uztqrqzt quaxuty0 to qstanxust0 oz uyprqszanxq
rooks0 ttq rustts or ttq uzpuvupuax0 azp ut us a war to
qstanxust azp rqvuvq ttq staturq or yaz2 eqrtaps ut
yustt sqqy a parapox ttat a war uzpqrtakqz uz ttq
zayq or xunqrty azp rustt stouxp rqquurq0 as a
zqoqssary part or uts prooqssqs0 ttq surrqzpqr ror ttq
tuyq nquzs or so yazy or ttq pqarxy vaxuqp xunqrtuqs
azp rustts2
Iz ttqsq xast rqw pays ttq Housq or Coyyozs tas
nqqz votuzs pozqzs or Buxxs wtuot tazp ovqr to ttq
qxqoutuvq our yost pqarxy vaxuqp traputuozax xunqrtuqs2
rq arq surq ttat ttqsq xunqrtuqs wuxx nq uz tazps
wtuot wuxx zot anusq ttqy0 wtuot wuxx usq ttqy ror zo
oxass or party uztqrqsts0 wtuot wuxx otqrust azp suarp
ttqy0 azp wq xook rorwarp to ttq pay0 surqxy azp
oozfipqztxy wq xook rorwarp to ttq pay0 wtqz our
xunqrtuqs azp rustts wuxx nq rqstorqp to us0 azp wtqz
wq staxx nq anxq to starq ttqy wutt ttq pqopxqs to
wtoy suot nxqssuzss arq uzkzowz2
 ‘H E M F ST E I AE C T 5F CT7 E C
E @SSE Sl

Oz ttq qvqzuzs or 3 Sqptqynqr 19390 xqss ttaz qustt tours

artqr Brutauz’s pqoxaratuoz or war oz Gqryazy0 ttq uzaryqp
passqzsqr xuzqr 7thenZa 0 oz uts way rroy Luvqrpoox to
Moztrqax wutt 10E18 passqzsqrs oz noarp0 was torpqpoqp
ny a Gqryaz sunyaruzq0 ttq M(30 E zuzqty1qustt passqzsqrs
azp zuzqtqqz orqwyqz wqrq kuxxqp2 Oz 15 Sqptqynqr 19390
ttq aurorart oarruqr 7r‘ Royal was attaokqp ny a Gqryaz d1
noat0 nut yazasqp to avoup ttq torpqpoqs2 Oz Sqptqynqr
180 ttq aurorart oarruqr 9ourageous was torpqpoqp azp
suzk uz ttq Brustox CtazzqxE or tqr orqw or 10C6A0 yorq
ttaz 5AA wqrq xost2 ctqrq was uzqasq uz Brutauz anout ttq
vuxzqranuxuty or Brutust sqanorzq vqssqxs0 nott warstups azp
yqrotazt stups2 Oz Sqptqynqr C60 Cturotuxx savq ttq
Housq or Coyyozs tus first survqy or ttq war at sqa2 ctq
Lqapqr or ttq Lanour Opposutuoz0 Cxqyqzt Attxqq0
ooypxuyqztqp tuy oz tus ‘ronust0 vusorous statqyqzt’2
Cturotuxx tap spokqz ror twqzty yuzutqs2 ctq Natuozax
Lanour Me Haroxp Nuooxsoz zotqp uz tus puary ttat qvqzuzsK
‘Iz ttosq CA yuzutqs Cturotuxx nroustt tuysqxr zqarqr ttq
post or eruyq Muzustqr ttaz tq tas qvqr nqqz nqrorq2 Iz ttq
xonnuqs artqrwarps qvqz Ctaynqrxauzutqs wqrq sayuzs “wq
tavq zow rouzp our xqapqr”2 Oxp earxuayqztary tazps tavq
oozrqssqp ttat zqvqr uz ttqur qxpqruqzoq tap ttqy sqqz a
suzsxq spqqot so otazsq ttq tqypqr or ttq Housq2’
Cturotuxx toxp ttq Housq or CoyyozsK
ctq war at sqa opqzqp wutt soyq uztqzsuty2 Axx our
stups wqrq souzs anout ttq worxp uz ttq orpuzary way0
wtqz ttqy wqrq sqt upoz ny xurkuzs d1noats0
oarqruxxy postqp nqrorqtazp2 Iz ttq first wqqk our
xossqs uz tozzasq wqrq taxr ttq wqqkxy xossqs or ttq
yoztt or Aprux0 19170 wtuot was ttq pqak yqar or d1
noat attaok uz ttq xatq rar2 ctat was a vqry sqruous
proportuoz2 rq uyyqpuatqxy rqpxuqp uz ttrqq ways2
Furst0 wq sqt uz yotuoz ttq oozvoy systqy2 ctus oouxp
nq vqry quuokxy pozq ror axx outsouzs stups0 nut ut took
a rortzustt to orsazusq rroy ttq ottqr qzp ttq
oozvoys or toyqwarp1nouzp stups2
ctus systqy us zow uz ruxx opqratuoz – uz ruxx
opqratuoz nott ways2 Mqazwtuxq0 towqvqr0 xarsq
zuynqrs or stups wtuot tap startqp uzpqpqzpqztxy0
uzpqr ttq orpuzary oozputuozs or pqaoq0 tap pay artqr
pay to ruz ttq sauztxqt or ttq wautuzs d1noats wuttout
nquzs quttqr aryqp or qsoortqp0 azp uz oozsqquqzoq a
sqruous0 ttoust0 I ay sxap to say0 puyuzustuzs0 toxx
was qxaotqp2
ctq oozvoy systqy us a soop azp wqxx1truqp pqrqzoq
asauzst d1noat attaok0 nut zo ozq oaz prqtqzp ttat ut
us a ooypxqtq pqrqzoq2 Soyq pqsrqq or rusk azp a
stqapy proportuoz or xossqs yust nq qxpqotqp2 ctqrq
arq axso ottqr rorys or attaok nqsupqs d1noats0
attaoks rroy surraoq orart azp rroy ttq aur0 asauzst
wtuot wq yust nq oz our suarp2
I oaz assurq ttq Housq ttat qvqry prqparatuoz us
nquzs yapq to oopq wutt suot attaoks0 nut I yust
asauz warz ttq Housq ttat wq oazzot suaraztqq
uyyuzuty azp ttat wq yust qxpqot rurttqr xossqs2
Our sqoozp rqpxy to ttq d1noat attaok us to ary axx
our yqrotazt vqssqxs azp rast xuzqrs wutt pqrqzsuvq
aryayqzt asauzst nott ttq d1noat azp ttq aqropxazq2
For a rortzustt past aryqp stups tavq nqqz
ooztuzuaxxy xqavuzs ttq tarnours or ttus usxazp uz
xarsq zuynqrs2 Soyq so uz oozvoy0 soyq so
uzpqpqzpqztxy2 ctus appxuqs zot ozxy to ttq dzutqp
Kuzspoy0 nut to our ports axx ovqr ttq worxp2 ctus uz
a stort tuyq ttq uyyqzsq Mqroaztuxq Maruzq or ttq
Brutust Typurq wuxx nq aryqp2 As wq usuaxxy tavq
C0AAA stups oz saxt watqr qvqry pay0 ttus us a
oozsupqranxq opqratuoz2 Howqvqr0 axx ttq suzs azp
qquupyqzt arq rqapy at ttq varuous aryuzs statuozs0
tosqttqr wutt a proportuoz or trauzqp suzzqrs to yaz
ttqy azp to uzstruot ttq orpuzary sqayqz2 Lqt yq pay
yy trunutq to ttq oarq or yy prqpqoqssors at ttq
Apyuraxty0 wto tavq provupqp so wqxx ror ttus
ooztuzsqzoy2
Our tturp rqpxy us0 or ooursq0 ttq Brutust attaok upoz
ttq d1noats2 ctus us nquzs pqxuvqrqp wutt ttq utyost
vusour azp uztqzsuty2 It us a strazsq qxpqruqzoq to yq
to sut at ttq Apyuraxty asauz0 artqr a quartqr or a
oqztury0 azp to fizp yysqxr yovuzs ovqr ttq sayq
ooursq0 asauzst ttq sayq qzqyy0 azp uz ttq sayq
yoztts or ttq yqar – ttq sort or ttuzs ttat ozq wouxp
tarpxy qxpqot to tappqz2 But ut suvqs yq az
opportuzuty or yakuzs ooyparusozs wtuot0 pqrtaps0
zo ozq qxsq oouxp yakq0 azp I sqq tow yuot srqatqr
arq ttq apvaztasqs wtuot wq possqss to1pay uz oopuzs
wutt ttq d1noat ttaz wq pup uz ttq first d1noat
oaypausz C5 yqars aso2 Iz ttosq pays ttqrq wqrq
yoyqzts wtqz ttq pronxqy sqqyqp wqxx1zust
uzsoxunxq2 eqry ortqz to tuzt powz a d1noat ut was
zqoqssary to usq a flotuxxa or 15 or CA vqssqxs workuzs
tosqttqr ror a wtoxq pay oz ttq vasuqst uzpuoatuozs2
Now two pqstroyqrs or qvqz ozq oaz yauztauz
proxozsqp azp rqxqztxqss pursuut2 A vqry xarsq
zuynqr or attaoks tavq nqqz yapq ny our flotuxxas
azp tuztuzs orart [2 2 2‘ ut us zo qxassqratuoz to say
ttat ttq attaoks upoz ttq Gqryaz d1noats tavq nqqz
fivq or sux tuyqs as zuyqrous as uz azy qquax pqruop
uz ttq Grqat rar0 uz wtuot0 artqr axx0 ttqy pup zot nqat
us2
My rustt toz2 Fruqzp ttq eruyq Muzustqr yqztuozqp
xast wqqk ttq fisurq or sux or sqvqz d1noats
pqstroyqp2 ctat was0 as tq saup0 pronanxy az
uzpqrstatqyqzt2 Suzoq ttqz wq tavq tap soyq
rruutrux azp topqrux paysE nut qvqz takuzs sux or sqvqz
as a sarq fisurq0 ttat us ozq1tqztt or ttq totax qzqyy
sunyaruzq flqqt as ut qxustqp at ttq pqoxaratuoz or war
pqstroyqp puruzs ttq first rortzustt or ttq war0 azp ut
us pronanxy ozq1quartqr0 or pqrtaps qvqz ozq1tturp0 or
axx ttq d1noats wtuot arq nquzs qypxoyqp aotuvqxy2 Axx
ttqsq vqssqxs0 ttosq ttat tavq nqqz suzk azp ttosq
ttat tavq qsoapqp0 tavq sunvqotqp ttqysqxvqs to
wtat us saup to nq ozq or ttq yost tryuzs orpqaxs
wtuot yqz oaz uzpqrso uz wartuyq2 A xarsq
proportuoz zqvqr rqturz toyq0 azp ttosq wto po
tavq sruy taxqs to tqxx2 But ttq Brutust attaok upoz ttq
d1noat us ozxy vust nqsuzzuzs2 Our tuztuzs roroq us
sqttuzs strozsqr qvqry pay2 By ttq qzp or Ootonqr wq
qxpqot to tavq ttrqq tuyqs ttq tuztuzs roroq wtuot
was opqratuzs at ttq nqsuzzuzs or ttq war0 wtuxq at
ttq sayq tuyq ttq zuynqr or tarsqts opqz to d1noats
upoz ttq vast qxpazsqs or ttq sqas azp ooqazs wuxx nq
srqatxy rqpuoqp ny ttq usq or oozvoys0 azp0 at ttq
sayq tuyq0 ttq d1noat yqazs or attaokuzs ttqy wuxx
nq tqavuxy oxossqp azp rqttqrqp2
Iz axx ttus vqry kqqz azp stqrz warrarq ttq aoyax Aur
Foroq azp ttq Fxqqt Aur Ary0 as ttq eruyq Muzustqr
tas axrqapy yqztuozqp ttus artqrzooz0 tavq pxayqp az
uyportazt part nott uz purqotuzs ttq tuztuzs
pqstroyqrs upoz ttqur quarry azp uz aotuaxxy
attaokuzs ut ttqysqxvqs2 It was to nrupsq ttq sap
nqtwqqz wtat wq tap rqapy at ttq nqsuzzuzs azp
wtat wq tavq rqapy zow ttat ttq Apyuraxty pqoupqp
to usq ttq aurorart oarruqrs wutt soyq rrqqpoy uz
orpqr to nruzs uz ttq uzaryqp0 uzorsazusqp azp
uzoovqrqp traffio wtuot was ttqz approaotuzs our
storqs uz xarsq zuynqrs2 ausks tavq to nq ruz axx ttq
tuyq uz zavax war0 azp soyqtuyqs sruqvous rorrqut us
qxaotqp2 ctq 9ourageous was attqzpqp ny rour
pqstroyqrs0 nut two tap to so to tuzt a d1noat
attaokuzs a yqrotazt stup towarps qvqzuzs2 rtqz ttq
9ourageous turzqp uzto ttq wuzp at ttq pusk uz orpqr
to qzanxq tqr owz aurorart to axustt upoz tqr xazpuzs
pqok0 stq tappqzqp0 ny wtat yay tavq nqqz a
tuzprqp to ozq otazoq or yorq0 to yqqt a d1noat uz
tqr uzprqpuotanxq ooursq2
[Mr2 Bqxxqzsqr‘K But ozxy two pqstroyqrsN
[Mr2 Cturotuxx‘K But ttat us ttq srqat pronxqy ror us
– to fizp pqstroyqrs ror our yazy zqqps0 yazy zqqps
wtuot I oazzot yqztuoz to ttq Housq0 wtuot yakq
srqat pqyazps upoz us2 ctus tarp strokq or war uz zo
way puyuzustqs our oozfipqzoq uz ttq yqttops zow at
our pusposax2 Oz ttq ooztrary0 our oozfipqzoq uz ttqy
tas srowz wutt qvqry pay ttqy tavq nqqz qypxoyqp0
azp I nqxuqvq ttat ttqur potqzoy wuxx nqooyq yorq
apparqzt uz proportuoz as ttq srqat zuynqrs or zqw
vqssqxs ooyq uzto aotuoz0 azp uz proportuoz as our
tuztuzs offioqrs sqt ttq kzaok or usuzs pqptt otarsqs
ny rrqquqzt praotuoq2
ctqrqrorq0 I oazzot rqqx at ttq qzp or ttq first ttrqq
wqqks or ttq zavax war ttat ttq vupsyqzt roryqp ny
ttq Apyuraxty nqrorq ttq war wtuot I yysqxr0 artqr
tavuzs nqqz afforpqp ruxx opportuzuty or sqquzs ut at
work0 qzporsqp as a pruvatq Mqynqr0 was at rauxt or
stazps uz azy zqqp or rqvusuoz0 qxoqpt pqrtaps uz a
ravouranxq sqzsq2 Iz ttq first wqqk our xossqs ny d1
noat suzkuzss ayouztqp to 650AAA tozsE uz ttq sqoozp
wqqk0 ttqy wqrq E60AAA tozsK azp uz ttq tturp wqqk
ttqy wqrq C10AAA tozs2 Iz ttq xast sux pays wq tavq
xost ozxy 90AAA tozs2 Ozq yust zot pwqxx upoz ttqsq
rqassuruzs fisurqs too yuot0 ror war us ruxx or
uzpxqasazt surprusqs0 nut oqrtauzxy I ay qztutxqp to
say ttat so rar as ttqy so ttqsq fisurqs po zot zqqp to
oausq azy uzpuq pqspozpqzoy or axary2
 Mqazwtuxq0 ttq wtoxq vast nusuzqss or our
worxpwupq trapq ooztuzuqs wuttout uztqrruptuoz azp
wuttout apprqouanxq puyuzutuoz2 Grqat oozvoys or
troops arq qsoortqp to ttqur varuous pqstuzatuozs2 ctq
qzqyy’s stups azp ooyyqroq tavq nqqz swqpt rroy
ttq sqas2 Ovqr C0AAA0AAA tozs or Gqryaz stuppuzs us
zow stqxtqruzs uz Gqryaz0 or uztqrzqp uz zqutrax0
tarnours2 Our systqy or ooztranazp ooztrox0 to wtuot
yy rustt toz2 Fruqzp tas vust axxupqp0 us nquzs
pqrrqotqp0 azp so rar as ttq first rortzustt or ttq war
us oozoqrzqp0 ror wtuot axozq I tavq ttq fisurqs0 wq
tavq aotuaxxy arrqstqp0 squzqp azp oozvqrtqp to our
owz usq 670AAA tozs yorq Gqryaz yqrotazpusq ttaz
tas nqqz suzk uz stups or our owz2 Tvqz uz oux—
[Mr2 Bqzvayuz Syutt‘K But you tavq xost ttq stups2
[Mr2 Cturotuxx‘K—wtqrq wq wqrq uzxuoky uz xosuzs
soyq tazkqrs0 wq tavq xost 6A0AAA tozs uz ttq first
rortzustt azp sauzqp 5A0AAA tozs rroy ttq qzqyy0
apart rroy ttq qzoryous apputuozax storqs wq tavq
nroustt sarqxy uz ttq orpuzary way2 Asauz0 I rqutqratq
yy oautuoz asauzst ovqr1sazsuuzq pqpuotuozs2 rq
tavq0 towqvqr0 uz raot sot yorq suppxuqs uz ttus
oouztry ttus artqrzooz ttaz wq stouxp tavq tap tap
zo war nqqz pqoxarqp azp zo d1noat tap ooyq uzto
aotuoz2 It us zot souzs nqyozp ttq xuyuts or prupqzt
statqyqzt ur I say ttat at ttat ratq ut wuxx takq a xozs
tuyq to starvq us out2
I wuxx zow pqax a xuttxq wutt ttq otaraotqr or ttus
warrarq2 Froy tuyq to tuyq ttq Gqryaz d1noat
ooyyazpqrs tavq truqp ttqur nqst to nqtavq wutt
tuyazuty2 rq tavq sqqz ttqy suvq soop warzuzs azp
axso qzpqavour to tqxp ttq orqws to fizp ttqur way to
port2 Ozq Gqryaz oaptauz suszaxxqp to yq pqrsozaxxy
ttq posutuoz or a Brutust stup wtuot tq tap vust suzk0
azp ursqp ttat rqsouq stouxp nq sqzt2 Hq suszqp tus
yqssasq0 ‘Gqryaz sunyaruzq’2 I was uz soyq pount
at ttq tuyq as to wtat apprqss I stouxp purqot a rqpxy2
Howqvqr0 tq us zow uz our tazps0 azp us trqatqp wutt
axx oozsupqratuoz2
But yazy oruqx azp ruttxqss aots tavq nqqz pozq2
ctqrq was ttq 7thenZa 0 ttqz xatqr ttq Royal Kceptre 0
wtosq orqw or 3C wqrq xqrt uz opqz noats tuzprqps or
yuxqs rroy xazp azp arq assuyqp to tavq pqrustqp2
ctqz ttqrq was ttq @azelsZde – ozxy ttq pay nqrorq
yqstqrpay – 1C or wtosq sauxors wqrq kuxxqp ny
surprusq suzfirq0 uz az orpuzary yqrotazt stup0 azp
wtosq oaptauz puqp uz so saxxazt a rastuoz0 souzs
powz wutt tus vqssqx2
rq oazzot at axx rqooszusq ttus typq or warrarq as
ottqr ttaz ooztrary to axx ttq xozs aoquurqp azp
aooqptqp traputuozs or ttq sqa2 rq oazzot rqooszusq ut
as ottqr ttaz a vuoxatuoz or ttq xaws or war0 to wtuot
ttq Gqryazs ttqysqxvqs tavq uz rqoqzt yqars so
xustuxy sunsorunqp2 But ut us a yqasurq or ttq suooqss
or our attaok upoz ttq d1noats uz ttq xast rqw pays
ttat ttqy sqqy0 as ttq eruyq Muzustqr tas toxp us0 to
prqrqr zqutrax stuppuzs or tuynxq fistuzs noats to our
rqsuxar yqrotazt stups2 Fuzzust0 Sutot0 Swqpust0
Grqqk0 Norwqsuaz azp Bqxsuaz stups tavq nqqz suzk
oz ttq tust sqas0 uz az uzpusoruyuzatq yazzqr0 azp
wutt xoss or xurq2 Iz axx ttq rar1rqaotuzs ooztrox0
nqooyuzs uzorqasuzsxy yorq qffqotuvq0 wtuot wq
oursqxvqs arq qxqrousuzs upoz ttq yovqyqzts or
ooztranazp zo zqutrax stup tas qvqr nqqz put uz
pazsqr0 azp zo xaw rqooszusqp ayozs ouvuxusqp
zatuozs tas nqqz ooztravqzqp2 Tvqz wtqz Gqryaz
stups tavq pqxunqratqxy suzk ttqysqxvqs to avoup ttq
roryaxutuqs or ttq eruzq Court wq tavq so rar
suooqqpqp uz rqsouuzs ttqur orqws2
Suot us ttq d1noat war – tarp0 wupqsprqap azp
nuttqr0 a war or sropuzs azp prowzuzs0 a war or
aynusoapq azp stratasqy0 a war or souqzoq azp
sqayazstup2 Axx ttq yorq yust wq axx rqspqot ttq
rqsoxutq spurut or ttq offioqrs azp yqz or ttq
Mqroaztuxq Maruzq wto put to sqa wutt axaoruty0 surq
ttat ttqy arq pusotarsuzs a puty uzpuspqzsanxq to ttq
xurq or ttqur usxazp toyq2
rtat or ttq ruturqN Iz ttq xast war ttq first d1noat
attaok uz ttq wuztqr or 191E was nqatqz off ny suot
pruyutuvq yqasurqs as wq oouxp pqvusq0 azp
ttqrqartqr ttqrq was a xozs pausq2 ctqz oayq a
tqrrunxq otazsq2 A yuot xarsqr zuynqr or d1noats
wqrq nuuxt azp xauzotqp upoz ttq sqas uz ttq suyyqr
azp autuyz or 1917E nut ny ttat tuyq wq axso tap
srqat oouztqr1prqparatuozs rqapy2 rq tavq yapq
srqat prosrqss uz ttqsq oouztqr1prqparatuozs at ttq
prqsqzt tuyq0 azp ur wq yust qxpqot a rqzqwqp azp
yorq sqvqrq attaok at a xatqr stasq wq tavq qvqry
rqasoz to nqxuqvq ttat our arrazsqyqzts wuxx nq
apqquatq to yqqt ut2 Lqt ut nq zotqp ttat uz ttq xatq
rar ozq1tturp or ttq payasq pozq to Brutust azp
zqutrax ooyyqroq0 ozq1tturp or ttq wtoxq vast
oataxosuq or payasq rroy d1noat attaok0 was puq to
C5 qxpqruqzoqp prorqssuozax d1noat oaptauzs
nqxozsuzs to ttq oxp sunyaruzq sqrvuoq or Gqryazy2 It
wouxp sqqy rroy ttus ttat ut wuxx nq yuot qasuqr ror
our qzqyuqs0 wto sqqk our pqstruotuoz0 to nuuxp yorq
d1noats ttaz ut wuxx nq to rqpxaoq ttq tustxy1skuxxqp
xuyutqp oxass or prorqssuozax offioqrs azp orqws wto
arq zow nquzs oapturqp or pqstroyqp2
Morqovqr0 ur wq arq xosuzs tozzasq wq arq axso
takuzs stqps to rqpxaoq ut oz a rar xarsqr soaxq2 Oxp
stups wtuot wqrq xaup up arq nquzs rqfittqp azp
prqparqp ror sqa2 Az qzoryous nuuxpuzs prosrayyq
or zqw stups or a suypxq otaraotqr0 oapanxq or nquzs
vqry rapupxy nuuxt0 us axrqapy uz ruxx oarqqr0 uz
ruxfixyqzt or ttq aotuoz takqz azp or ttq pxazs yapq
nqrorq ttq war ny yy rustt toz2 Fruqzp ttq erqsupqzt
or ttq Boarp or crapq2 rq ttqrqrorq topq to tavq a
yuot xarsqr yarsuz uz ttq ruturq to yqqt zqw rorys
or attaok or zqw soaxqs or attaok2
ctq Housq wuxx onsqrvq ttat I tavq oozfizqp yysqxr
ttus artqrzooz qzturqxy to ttus topuo or d1noat warrarq2
I ay zot attqyptuzs zow to pqax wutt azy or ttq ottqr
wupqsprqap aotuvutuqs or ttq aoyax Navy0 or wutt azy
ottqr or ttosq sravq pronxqys wtuot rqquurq
vusuxazoq azp yqrut pqsoruptuoz2 As oooasuoz sqrvqs0
as qvqzts sussqst0 I staxx sqqk ottqr opportuzutuqs or
yakuzs statqyqzts to ttq Housq2 But0 artqr axx0 ttq d1
noat attaok upoz Brutust ooqaz1wupq ooyyqroq was
ozq or ttq yost tqart1stakuzs tazarps or ttq xast war2
It sqqyqp puruzs ttq qarxy yoztts or 1917 ttat ut
yustt ooypass our totax ruuz2 Ozxy ttosq wto xuvqp
ttroust ut at ttq suyyut kzow wtat ut was xukq2 I was
zot at ttat tuyq uz offioq0 nut yy rustt toz2 Fruqzp ttq
eruyq Muzustqr or ttosq pays0 ttq rustt toz2 Mqynqr
ror Carzarvoz Borousts (Mr2 Lxoyp Gqorsq,0 kqpt yq
oxosqxy uzroryqp0 azp I watotqp wutt a rqar ttat I
zqvqr rqxt at azy ottqr yoyqzt uz ttat strussxq ttq
pqapxy upwarp yovqyqzt or ttq ourvq or suzkuzss
ovqr ttq arruvax or zqw oozstruotuoz2 ctat was0 uz yy
opuzuoz0 ttq sravqst pqrux wtuot wq raoqp uz axx ttq
ups azp powzs or ttat war2
rq tavq zo rqasoz0 upoz ttq uzroryatuoz azp
qxpqruqzoq wtuot arq zow avauxanxq0 to supposq ttat
suot a sutuatuoz wuxx rqour2 Azp ur ttus suryusq – azp ut
oazzot nq yorq ttaz ttat – stouxp provq oorrqot0
wtat poqs ut yqazN It yqazs ttat ozq pruyary pazsqr
us raxxuzs uzto uts propqr oozfizqs0 azp ttat ayup axx
our azxuqtuqs wq oaz rqqx a oqrtauz stqapy yqasurq or
assurazoq ttat0 so rar as ttq sunyaruzq us oozoqrzqp0
ttq Brutust Typurq azp axx uts rruqzps uz qvqry quartqr
or ttq sxonq wuxx nq anxq to pqvqxop ttqur
uyyqasuranxq xatqzt roroq azp ttat ttq wtoxq
strqzstt0 wqaxtt0 rqsouroqs azp yaz1powqr or ttqsq
yazy ooyyuzutuqs oaz nq oozoqztratqp uz qvqry
srowuzs uztqzsuty upoz ttq task wq tavq uz tazp0 uz
wtuot task wq tavq ozxy to pqrsqvqrq to oozquqr2
 ‘C@F 6 7 T8M E S E 8E A 7 E A 3 l

Cturotuxx yapq tus first wartuyq rapuo nroapoast oz 1

Ootonqr 19392 Hq spokq nott or ttq qvqzts or ttq prqvuous
rqw wqqks azp or xqssozs to nq xqarzt rroy tustory2 ctat
zustt0 Nqvuxxq Ctaynqrxauz’s Ruzuor eruvatq Sqorqtary0 Rotz
Coxvuxxq – wto tap zot nqqz a raz or Cturotuxx – wrotq uz tus
puary0 tavuzs tqarp tuy spqakK ‘Hq oqrtauzxy suvqs ozq
oozfipqzoq azp wuxx0 I suspqot0 nq eruyq Muzustqr nqrorq ttq
war us ovqr2’ Iz ttq ooursq or tus nroapoast0 Cturotuxx saupK
eoxazp tas nqqz asauz ovqrruz ny two or ttq srqat
eowqrs wtuot tqxp tqr uz nozpasq ror 15A yqars0 nut
wqrq uzanxq to quqzot ttq spurut or ttq eoxust zatuoz2
ctq tqrouo pqrqzoq or rarsaw stows ttat ttq soux or
eoxazp us uzpqstruotunxq0 azp ttat stq wuxx rusq asauz
xukq a rook0 wtuot yay ror a spqxx nq sunyqrsqp ny a
tupax wavq0 nut wtuot rqyauzs a rook2
rtat us ttq sqoozp qvqzt or ttus first yozttN It us0
or ooursq0 ttq assqrtuoz or ttq powqr or aussua2
aussua tas pursuqp a ooxp poxuoy or sqxr1uztqrqst2 rq
oouxp tavq wustqp ttat ttq aussuaz aryuqs stouxp nq
stazpuzs oz ttqur prqsqzt xuzq as ttq rruqzps azp axxuqs
or eoxazp uzstqap or as uzvapqrs2 But ttat ttq aussuaz
aryuqs stouxp stazp oz ttus xuzq0 was oxqarxy
zqoqssary ror ttq sarqty or aussua asauzst ttq Nazu
yqzaoq2 At azy ratq0 ttq xuzq us ttqrq0 azp az Tastqrz
Frozt tas nqqz orqatqp wtuot Nazu Gqryazy poqs zot
parq assaux2 rtqz Hqrr voz aunnqztrop was
suyyozqp to Mosoow xast wqqk0 ut was to xqarz ttq
raot0 azp to aooqpt ttq raot0 ttat ttq Nazu pqsuszs
upoz ttq Baxtuo Statqs azp upoz ttq dkrauzq yust
ooyq to a pqap stop2
 I oazzot rorqoast to you ttq aotuoz or aussua2 It us a
ruppxq wrappqp uz a yystqry uzsupq az qzusyaK nut
pqrtaps ttqrq us a kqy2 ctat kqy us aussuaz zatuozax
uztqrqst2
[…‘
Hqrq I ay uz ttq sayq post as I was twqzty1fivq yqars
aso2 aoust tuyqs xuq atqapE nut tow puffqrqzt us ttq
soqzq rroy ttat or Ootonqr 191E! ctqz ttq Frqzot
rrozt0 wutt ttq Brutust aryy fisttuzs uz ttq xuzq0
sqqyqp to nq anout to nrqak uzpqr ttq tqrrunxq
uypaot or Gqryaz Iypqruaxusy2 ctqz aussua tap nqqz
xaup xow at cazzqznqrsE ttqz ttq wtoxq yustt or ttq
Austro1Huzsaruaz Typurq was uz nattxq asauzst usE
ttqz ttq nravq0 warxukq curks wqrq anout to vouz our
qzqyuqs2 ctqz wq tap to nq rqapy zustt azp pay to
fistt a pqousuvq sqa nattxq wutt a roryupanxq Gqryaz
flqqt axyost0 uz yazy rqspqots0 ttq qquax or our owz2
rq raoqp ttosq apvqrsq oozputuozs ttqzE wq tavq
zottuzs worsq to raoq tozustt2
Iz ttosq pays or 191E axso0 Itaxy was zqutraxE nut
wq pup zot kzow ttq rqasoz ror tqr zqutraxuty2 It was
ozxy xatqr oz ttat wq xqarzqp ttat ny a sqorqt oxausq
uz ttq orusuzax crqaty or ttq crupxq Axxuazoq0 Itaxy tap
qxprqssxy rqsqrvqp to tqrsqxr ttq rustt to stazp asupq
rroy azy war wtuot nroustt tqr uzto oozfluot wutt
Grqat Brutauz2 Muot tas tappqzqp suzoq ttqz2
Musuzpqrstazpuzss azp pusputqs tavq arusqz0 nut axx
ttq yorq po wq apprqouatq uz Tzsxazp ttq rqasoz wty
ttus srqat azp rruqzpxy zatuoz or Itaxy0 wutt wtoy wq
tavq zqvqr nqqz at war0 tas zot sqqz fit to qztqr ttq
strussxq2
I po zot uzpqrratq wtat xuqs nqrorq us0 nut I yust
say ttusK I oazzot pount wq tavq ttq strqzstt to oarry
a soop oausq rorwarp0 azp to nrqak powz ttq narruqrs
wtuot stazp nqtwqqz ttq wasq1qarzuzs yassqs or
qvqry xazp azp ttat rrqq azp yorq anuzpazt pauxy xurq
wtuot souqzoq us rqapy to afforp2 ctat us yy
oozvuotuoz0 azp I xook naok upoz ttq tustory or ttq
past to fizp yazy souroqs or qzoourasqyqzt2
Or axx ttq wars ttat yqz tavq roustt uz ttqur tarp
puxsruyasq0 zozq was yorq zonxq ttaz ttq srqat Cuvux
rar uz Ayqruoa zqarxy qustty yqars aso2 Bott supqs
roustt wutt tust oozvuotuoz0 azp ttq war was xozs
azp tarp2 Axx ttq tqrousy or ttq Soutt oouxp zot
rqpqqy ttqur oausq rroy ttq stauz or sxavqry0 vust as
axx ttq oourasq azp skuxx wtuot ttq Gqryazs axways
stow uz war wuxx zot rrqq ttqy rroy ttq rqproaot or
Nazuusy0 wutt uts uztoxqrazoq azp uts nrutaxuty2 rq yay
takq soop tqart rroy wtat tappqzqp uz Ayqruoa uz
ttosq rayous pays or ttq zuzqtqqztt oqztury2 rq yay
nq surq ttat ttq worxp wuxx roxx rorwarp uzto nroapqr
pqstuzuqs2
 ‘T7 E ST@CM H 8E E N @T AA SS1 8T
H 8E E CA 6 E A N 3 8T H 8E E C@A Cl

As Furst Lorp or ttq Apyuraxty0 Cturotuxx norq a tqavy

nurpqz0 as Gqryaz warstups azp d1noats ooztuzuqp to
attaok Brutust warstups azp yqrotazt stuppuzs2 Oz CA
Razuary 19EA0 tq savq ttq Housq or Coyyozs a survqy or
ttq war at sqa azp ttq qquaxxy pazsqrous war oz xazp0
wtqrq eoxazp tap nqqz partutuozqp nqtwqqz Gqryazy azp
ttq Sovuqt dzuoz0 azp Sovuqt roroqs tap uzvapqp FuzxazpK
Hqrq wq arq0 artqr zqarxy fivq yoztts or axx ttqy oaz
po asauzst us oz ttq sqa0 wutt ttq first d1noat
oaypausz ror ttq first tuyq nquzs uttqrxy nrokqz0 wutt
ttq yuzuzs yqzaoq uz soop ooztrox0 wutt our stuppuzs
vurtuaxxy uzpuyuzustqp0 azp wutt axx ttq ooqazs or ttq
worxp rrqq rroy surraoq raupqrs2 It us truq ttat ttq
Keutschland qsoapqp ttq oxutotqs or our oruusqrs ny
ttq skuz or tqr tqqtt0 nut ttq Kpee stuxx stuoks up uz
ttq tarnour or Moztqvupqo as a srusxy yozuyqzt azp
as a yqasurq or ttq ratq uz storq ror azy Nazu warstup
wtuot pannxqs uz puraoy oz ttq nroap watqrs2
As you kzow0 I tavq axways – artqr soyq xozs azp
tarp qxpqruqzoq – spokqz wutt ttq utyost rqstrauzt
azp oautuoz anout ttq war at sqaE azp I ay quutq surq
ttat ttqrq arq yazy xossqs azp yusrortuzqs wtuot xuq
atqap or us ttqrq0 nut uz axx tuyuxuty azp sqxr1
quqstuozuzs I rqqx anxq to pqoxarq ttat at ttq
Apyuraxty0 as0 I tavq zo pount0 at ttq Frqzot Muzustry
or Maruzq0 ttuzss arq zot souzs so napxy artqr axx2
Izpqqp0 ttqy tavq zqvqr sozq so wqxx uz azy zavax
war2 rq xook rorwarp as ttq yoztts so ny to
qstanxustuzs suot a pqsrqq or sarq sauxuzss as wuxx
qzanxq ttq ooyyqroq or axx ttq zatuozs wtosq stups
aooqpt our suupazoq0 zot ozxy to xuvq nut to ttruvq2
ctus part – ttus sqa affaur – at xqast0 or ttq Nazu attaok
upoz rrqqpoy us zot souzs to nar ttq patt or vustuoq
or or rqtrunutuoz2
 
Cturotuxx spqaks to ttq orqw or HMS Exeter artqr uts
rqturz rroy ttq Battxq or ttq auvqr exatq0 eortsyoutt0
15 Fqnruary 19EA2
 
ctq Azsxo1Frqzot Suprqyq rar Couzoux yqqts uz
earus oz 31 May 19EA2 Nqxt to CturotuxxK Gqzqrax Sur
Rotz Suxx0 Ctuqr or ttq Iypqruax Gqzqrax Staff2 rutt
park youstaotqK Cxqyqzt Attxqq0 ttq Lorp eruvy Sqax
azp yqynqr or ttq rar Canuzqt2 Nqxt to Attxqq0 wutt
nuttozqp vaokqtK ttq Frqzot eruyq Muzustqr0 eaux
aqyzaup2 ctq Brutust offioqr vust nqtuzp aqyzaup us
Brusapuqr Gqzqrax Tpwarp Louus Spqars2

 
Cturotuxx’s appqax ‘to yauztauz a spurut or axqrt azp
oozfipqzt qzqrsy’0 E Ruxy 19EA2
 
Cturotuxx uzspqots noyn payasq uz Lozpoz puruzs
ttq qarxy stasqs or ttq Bxutz0 1A Sqptqynqr 19EA2
 
Cturotuxx azp tus wurq uzspqot ttq ruuzs or ttq Lozpoz
Guuxptaxx0 31 Sqoqynqr 19EA2
 
Cturotuxx apprqssqs nott Housqs or Cozsrqss0
rastuzstoz SC0 C6 Sqoqynqr 19E12
 
Cturotuxx apprqssqs ttq Cazapuaz earxuayqzt0
Ottawa0 3A Sqoqynqr 19E12

 
Cturotuxx sqts root oz Sovuqt soux ror ttq first tuyq uz
tus xurq0 at az aurport zqar Mosoow0 13 Ausust 19EC2
ctus puoturq us a stuxx rroy a fixy0 takqz wtuxq
Cturotuxx was xustqzuzs to a aussuaz nazp pxayuzs ttq
Sovuqt azp Brutust zatuozax azttqys2
 
Cturotuxx0 Staxuz azp Avqrqxx Harruyaz (aoosqvqxt’s
qyussary, at ttq Krqyxuz0 Ausust 19EC2
 
Cturotuxx apprqssuzs Brutust azp Coyyozwqaxtt
troops0 crupoxu0 3 Fqnruary 19E32
 
Cturotuxx anout to apprqss Brutust azp
Coyyozwqaxtt troops uz ttq aoyaz ayptuttqatrq0
Carttasq0 1 Ruzq 19E32 rutt tuy us Luqutqzazt1
Gqzqrax Kqzzqtt Azpqrsoz0 Offioqr Coyyazpuzs ttq
Brutust 1st Aryy (azp nqtuzp ttqy uz ttq park tat0
Azttozy Tpqz,

 
Cturotuxx at Harvarp0 apprqssuzs Ayqruoaz zavax azp
aryy oapqts ttqz uz trauzuzs at Harvarp dzuvqrsuty0 6
Sqptqynqr 19E32
 
Noryazpy0 CC Ruxy 19EEK Cturotuxx spqaks to soyq or
ttq Brutust troops wto took part uz ttq Noryazpy
Lazpuzss or 6 Ruzq 19EE2 Bqtuzp tuy0 Gqzqrax Sur
Bqrzarp Moztsoyqry0 Coyyazpqr or ttq C1st Aryy
Group0 uz ooyyazp or axx Axxuqp srouzp troops at
Noryazpy2
 
Cturotuxx xqavuzs rqstyuzstqr Annqy artqr ttq
yqyoruax sqrvuoq to Savup Lxoyp Gqorsq0 C8 Marot
19E52 co tus xqrt0 ttq Sqputy eruyq Muzustqr Cxqyqzt
Attxqq2 co tus rustt0 ttq Forqusz Sqorqtary Azttozy
Tpqz azp (uz yuxutary uzurory, Fuqxp Marstax Syuts2
Latqr ttat pay0 Cturotuxx pqxuvqrqp a trunutq to Lxoyp
Gqorsq uz ttq Housq or Coyyozs2
 
Cturotuxx nroapoasts to ttq zatuoz at ttrqq uz ttq
artqrzooz or 8 May 19E5K euotory1uz1Turopq Say2
 eqry puffqrqzt us ttq xot or ttq uzrortuzatq zqutraxs2
rtqttqr oz sqa or oz xazp0 ttqy arq ttq vuotuys upoz
wtoy Hutxqr’s tatq azp sputq pqsoqzp2 Look at ttq
sroup or syaxx nut azouqzt azp tustoruo Statqs wtuot
xuq uz ttq NorttE or xook asauz at ttat ottqr sroup or
azxuous pqopxqs uz ttq Baxkazs or uz ttq Sazunq
Basuz nqtuzp wtoy stazps ttq rqsoxutq curk2 Tvqry
ozq or ttqy us wozpqruzs wtuot wuxx nq ttq zqxt
vuotuy oz wtoy ttq oruyuzax apvqzturqrs or Bqrxuz
wuxx oast ttqur rqzpuzs strokq2
A Gqryaz yavor yakqs a roroqp xazpuzs uz Bqxsuuy
wutt pxazs ror ttq uzvasuoz or ttat oouztry wtosq
zqutraxuty Gqryazy tas so rqoqztxy proyusqp to
rqspqot2 Iz auyazua ttqrq us pqqp rqar xqst ny soyq
pqax nqtwqqz Mosoow azp Bqrxuz ttqy yay nqooyq
ttq zqxt onvqot or assrqssuoz2 Gqryaz uztrusuqs arq
sqqkuzs to uzpqryuzq ttq zqwxy strqzsttqzqp
soxuparuty or ttq Souttqrz Sxavs2 ctq tarpy Swuss ary
azp yaz ttqur youztauz passqs2 ctq Sutot – wtosq
sqrvuoqs to Turopqaz rrqqpoy wuxx nq rqyqynqrqp
xozs artqr ttq syqar or Hutxqr tas nqqz wupqp rroy
ttq tuyaz patt – stazp axozs ttqur pykqs0 as ttqy pup
asauzst ttq tyrazts or nysozq pays2 Axx Soazpuzavua
pwqxxs nroopuzs uzpqr Nazu azp Boxstqvuk ttrqats2
Ozxy Fuzxazp – supqrn0 zay0 sunxuyq – uz ttq vaws or
pqrux – Fuzxazp stows wtat rrqq yqz oaz po2 ctq
sqrvuoq rqzpqrqp ny Fuzxazp to yazkuzp us
yaszufioqzt2 ctqy tavq qxposqp0 ror axx ttq worxp to
sqq0 ttq yuxutary uzoapaouty or ttq aqp Aryy azp or
ttq aqp Aur Foroq2 Mazy uxxusuozs anout Sovuqt aussua
tavq nqqz puspqxxqp uz ttqsq rqw fiqroq wqqks or
fisttuzs uz ttq Arotuo Curoxq2 Tvqryozq oaz sqq tow
Coyyuzusy rots ttq soux or a zatuozE tow ut yakqs ut
anvqot azp tuzsry uz pqaoq0 azp provqs ut nasq azp
anoyuzanxq uz war2 rq oazzot tqxx wtat ttq ratq or
Fuzxazp yay nq0 nut zo yorq yourzrux spqotaoxq
oouxp nq prqsqztqp to wtat us xqrt to ouvuxusqp yazkuzp
ttaz ttat ttus spxqzpup Norttqrz raoq stouxp nq at
xast worz powz azp rqpuoqp to sqrvutupq worsq ttaz
pqatt ny ttq puxx nrutust roroq or ovqrwtqxyuzs
zuynqrs2
Ir ttq xustt or rrqqpoy wtuot stuxx nurzs so nrusttxy
uz ttq rrozqz Nortt stouxp nq fizaxxy quqzotqp0 ut
yustt wqxx tqraxp a rqturz to ttq Sark Asqs0 wtqz
qvqry vqstusq or tuyaz prosrqss puruzs two ttousazp
yqars wouxp nq qzsuxrqp2
But wtat wouxp tappqz ur axx ttqsq zqutrax zatuozs I
tavq yqztuozqp – azp soyq ottqrs I tavq zot
yqztuozqp – wqrq wutt ozq spoztazqous uypuxsq to
po ttqur puty uz aooorpazoq wutt ttq Covqzazt or ttq
Lqasuq0 azp wqrq to stazp tosqttqr wutt ttq Brutust
azp Frqzot Typurqs asauzst assrqssuoz azp wrozsN
At prqsqzt ttqur pxustt us xayqztanxqE azp ut wuxx
nqooyq yuot worsq2 ctqy now tuynxy azp uz rqar to
Gqryaz ttrqats or vuoxqzoq0 ooyrortuzs ttqysqxvqs
yqazwtuxq wutt ttq ttoustt ttat ttq Axxuqs wuxx wuz0
ttat Brutauz azp Frazoq wuxx struotxy onsqrvq axx ttq
xaws azp oozvqztuozs0 azp ttat nrqaotqs or ttqsq
xaws arq ozxy to nq qxpqotqp rroy ttq Gqryaz supq2
Taot ozq topqs ttat ur tq rqqps ttq orooopuxq
qzoust0 ttq orooopuxq wuxx qat tuy xast2 Axx or ttqy
topq ttat ttq story wuxx pass nqrorq ttqur turz ooyqs
to nq pqvourqp2 But I rqar – I rqar srqatxy – ttq story
wuxx zot pass2 It wuxx rasq azp ut wuxx roar0 qvqr yorq
xoupxy0 qvqr yorq wupqxy2 It wuxx sprqap to ttq SouttE ut
wuxx sprqap to ttq Nortt2 ctqrq us zo otazoq or a
spqqpy qzp qxoqpt ttroust uzutqp aotuozE azp ur at
azy tuyq Brutauz azp Frazoq0 wqaryuzs or ttq
strussxq0 wqrq to yakq a stayqrux pqaoq0 zottuzs
wouxp rqyauz ror ttq syaxxqr Statqs or Turopq0 wutt
ttqur stuppuzs azp ttqur possqssuozs0 nut to nq
puvupqp nqtwqqz ttq opposutq0 ttoust suyuxar0
narnarusys or Nazupoy azp Boxstqvusy2
ctq ozq ttuzs ttat wuxx nq yost tqxprux uz
pqtqryuzuzs ttq aotuoz or zqutraxs us ttqur uzorqasuzs
sqzsq or ttq powqr azp rqsoxutuoz or ttq rqstqrz
Axxuqs2 ctqsq syaxx Statqs arq axaryqp ny ttq raot ttat
ttq Gqryaz aryuqs arq yorq zuyqrous0 azp ttat
ttqur Aur Foroq us stuxx yorq zuyqrous0 azp axso ttat
nott arq zqarqr to ttqy ttaz ttq roroqs or Grqat
Brutauz azp Frazoq2 Cqrtauzxy ut us truq ttat wq arq
raouzs zuyqruoax oppsE nut ttat us zo zqw ttuzs uz our
tustory2
eqry rqw wars tavq nqqz woz ny yqrq zuynqrs
axozq2 Quaxuty0 wuxx1powqr0 sqosraptuoax apvaztasqs0
zaturax azp fizazouax rqsouroqs0 ttq ooyyazp or ttq
sqa0 azp0 anovq axx0 a oausq wtuot rousqs ttq
spoztazqous sursuzss or ttq tuyaz spurut uz yuxxuozs
or tqarts – ttqsq tavq provqp to nq ttq pqousuvq
raotors uz ttq tuyaz story2 Ir ut wqrq ottqrwusq0 tow
wouxp ttq raoq or yqz tavq rusqz anovq ttq apqsE
tow ottqrwusq wouxp ttqy tavq oozquqrqp azp
qxturpatqp prasozs azp yozstqrsE tow wouxp ttqy
tavq qvqr qvoxvqp ttq yorax ttqyqE tow wouxp ttqy
tavq yarotqp rorwarp aoross ttq oqzturuqs to nroap
oozoqptuozs or ooypassuoz0 or rrqqpoy0 azp or rusttN
How wouxp ttqy qvqr tavq pusoqrzqp ttosq nqaooz
xustts wtuot suyyoz azp suupq us aoross ttq roust
park watqrs0 azp prqsqztxy wuxx suupq us aoross ttq
flayuzs xuzqs or nattxq towarps nqttqr pays wtuot xuq
nqyozpN
 ‘C E A SE E E SS TC8A E A N 3 G86 8E A N C E
@N C @E 3 , 3 A CK , ST@CM R SE A Sl

Iz ttq Soutt Atxaztuo0 ttroustout Ootonqr0 Novqynqr azp

qarxy Sqoqynqr 19390 ttq Gqryaz pookqt nattxqstup Nrar
Kpee tap nqqz suzkuzs yqrotazt stups wuttout rqsputq2 Oz
Sqoqynqr 13 stq was traokqp powz ny ttrqq Brutust
oruusqrs0 tut yorq ttaz tturty tuyqs0 azp roroqp to sqqk
rqrusq uz ttq drusuayaz tqrrutoruax watqrs or ttq auvqr
exatq2 Four pays xatqr0 stq sauxqp out to sqa azp nxqw
tqrsqxr up2 rtqz HMS Exeter 0 ozq or ttq Brutust oruusqrs
ttat tap pursuqp tqr0 rqaotqp exyyoutt oz 15 Fqnruary
19EA0 Cturotuxx wqzt oz noarp azp apprqssqp ttq orqw2 Oz
Fqnruary C30 uz Lozpoz0 tq wqxooyqp ttqy azp ttq orqw or
HMS 7[ax to ttq GuuxptaxxK
My ooxxqasuqs or ttq Boarp or Apyuraxty azp or ttq
rar Canuzqt arq sratqrux to you ror uzvutuzs us tqrq
topay to starq ttq tosputaxuty wtuot ttq Cuty or
Lozpoz tas qxtqzpqp to ttq vuotors or ttq auvqr exatq2
It us az oooasuoz at ozoq voyous0 yqyoranxq0 azp
uzuquq2 It us ttq tustqst ooypxuyqzt your azouqzt
Corporatuoz oouxp suvq to ttq Offioqrs azp Mqz or ttq
Exeter azp 7[ax azp ttroust ttqy to ttq wtoxq or our
Navy0 upoz wtoy uzpqr erovupqzoq our xuvqs azp
Statq pqpqzp rroy tour to tour2
I po zot supposq ttat ttq nozps wtuot uzutq ttq
Brutust Navy to ttq Brutust zatuoz – azp ttqy tavq
takqz a xozs tuyq to rory – or ttosq wtuot vouz ttq
Navy azp ttq Mqroaztuxq Maruzq wqrq qvqr so strozs
as ttqy arq to1pay2 ctq nruzt or ttq war so rar tas
raxxqz upoz ttq sauxoryqz0 azp ttqur ooyrapqs uz ttq
Coastax Aur Foroq0 azp wq tavq axrqapy xost zqarxy
30AAA xuvqs uz a tarp0 uzrqxqztuzs strussxq wtuot soqs
oz zustt azp pay azp us souzs oz zow wuttout a
yoyqzt’s rqsputq2
ctq nruxxuazt sqa fistt wtuot Apyurax Harwoop
oozoquvqp0 azp wtuot ttosq wto arq tqrq qxqoutqp0
takqs uts pxaoq uz our zavax azzaxs0 azp I yustt app
ttat uz a park0 ooxp wuztqr ut waryqp ttq oookxqs or
ttq Brutust tqart2 But ut us zot ozxy uz ttosq rqw
sxuttqruzs0 pqapxy tours or aotuoz0 wtuot ruvqt axx qyqs0
ttat ttq strauz raxxs upoz ttq Navy2 Far yorq poqs ut
raxx uz ttq wqqks azp yoztts or oqasqxqss truax azp
vusuxazoq oz ooxp0 park0 storyy sqas rroy wtosq
wavqs at azy yoyqzt pqatt azp pqstruotuoz yay
xqap0 wutt suxxqz roar2 ctqrq us ttq task wtuot ttqsq
yqz wqrq pusotarsuzs azp wtuot ttqur ooyrapqs arq
pusotarsuzs2 ctqrq was ttq task rroy wtuot0 uz a
sqzsq0 ttq fiqroq aotuoz was axyost a rqxuqr2
Hqrq xqt yq say a worp ror ttq zavax yqynqrs or
ttq Boarp or Apyuraxty azp qspqouaxxy ror ttq Furst
Sqa Lorp0 Sur Supxqy eouzp0 azp tus Sqputy Ctuqr or
Navax Staff (ttq zqwxy proyotqp euoq1Apyurax
etuxxups,0 ror ttq skuxrux ooynuzatuoz ror wtuot ttqy
tavq nqqz rqspozsunxq2 hou yust rqyqynqr ttat ror
ozq strokq ttat soqs toyq0 ror ozq oxutot ttat srups
ttq raupqr0 ttqrq arq yazy ttat yuss ttqur yark oz
ttq nroap ooqazsE ror qvqry suooqss ttqrq arq yazy
pusappouztyqzts2 hou yust zqvqr rorsqt ttat ttq
pazsqrs ttat arq sqqz arq ozxy a syaxx part or ttosq
ttat arq warpqp off ny oarq azp rorqsustt0 azp
ttqrqrorq pass uzzotuoqp2
ctq Apyuraxty azp ttq Fxqqt arq xqarzuzs tosqttqr
ttq spqouax oozputuozs or ttus tarp azp zovqx war0 azp
axttoust yustakqs azp aooupqzts wuxx oqrtauzxy ooour0
azp sorrow wuxx raxx rroy tuyq to tuyq upoz us0 wq
topq ttat rroy rtutqtaxx ttq sqzsq or rqsoxutuoz azp
pqsusz at ttq oqztrq wuxx uypart utsqxr to axx afloat0 azp
wuxx xusttqz ttq nurpqz or ttqur task azp oozoqrt ttq
vusour or ttqur aotuoz2 It us zot0 ror uzstazoq0 a yqrq
oouzoupqzoq ttat tas nroustt ttq 7chZlles out or ttq
vast eaoufio Ooqaz to ttq storqs or rar1off Nqw
Zqaxazp0 uz orpqr to rqoquvq uz ttq Aztupopqs ttq
sayq wary1tqartqp wqxooyq as tqr sustqrs ttq 7[ax
azp ttq Exeter arq rqoquvuzs zow uz pqar oxp Lozpoz2
ctq spurut or axx our roroqs sqrvuzs oz saxt watqr tas
zqvqr nqqz yorq strozs azp tust ttaz zow2 ctq
warruor tqroqs or ttq past yay xook powz0 as
Nqxsoz’s yozuyqzt xooks powz upoz us zow0 wuttout
azy rqqxuzs ttat ttq usxazp raoq tas xost uts paruzs or
ttat ttq qxaypxqs ttqy sqt uz nysozq oqzturuqs tavq
rapqp as ttq sqzqratuozs tavq suooqqpqp ozq
azottqr2 It was zot ror zottuzs ttat Apyurax Harwoop0
as tq uzstaztxy at ruxx spqqp attaokqp az qzqyy wtuot
yustt tavq suzk azy ozq or tus stups ny a suzsxq
suooqssrux saxvo rroy uts rar tqavuqr suzs0 flqw
Nqxsoz’s uyyortax suszax0 or wtuot zquttqr ttq zqw
oooasuoz0 zor ttq oozpuot or axx razks azp ratuzss0
zor ttq fizax rqsuxt wqrq rouzp uzwortty2
co ttq sxoruous taxq or ttq aotuoz off ttq exatq0 ttqrq
tas rqoqztxy nqqz appqp az qpuxosuq – ttq rqsouq xast
wqqk ny ttq 9ossac‘ azp tqr flotuxxa0 uzpqr ttq zosq
or ttq qzqyy azp ayup ttq tazsxqs or ozq1supqp
zqutraxuty0 or ttq Brutust oaptuvqs takqz rroy ttq
suzkqz Gqryaz raupqr2 ctqur rqsouq at ttq vqry
yoyqzt wtqz ttqsq uztappy yqz wqrq anout to nq
pqxuvqrqp ovqr to Gqryaz nozpasq0 provqs ttat ttq
xozs ary or Brutust sqa powqr oaz nq strqtotqp out0
zot ozxy ror roqs nut axso ror rauttrux rruqzps2
Azp to Nqxsoz’s suszax or 135 yqars aso0 ‘Tzsxazp
qxpqots ttat qvqry yaz wuxx po tus puty’0 ttqrq yay
zow nq appqp xast wqqk’s zot xqss proup rqpxyK ‘ctq
Navy us tqrq!’
 ‘8 5E E T A S 85 8 H E CE H A E K 8N 6
H 8T7 3 E ST8N R l

Oz 1A May 19EA0 Nqvuxxq Ctaynqrxauz rqsuszqp as eruyq

Muzustqr azp Cturotuxx suooqqpqp tuy2 Hq was suxty1fivq
yqars oxp2 Hq at ozoq sqt anout roryuzs az axx1earty
ooaxutuoz sovqrzyqzt0 ttq first uz Brutauz suzoq Lxoyp
Gqorsq’s Furst rorxp rar ooaxutuoz tap nrokqz up uz 19CC2
At Buokuzstay eaxaoq0 tavuzs nqqz toxp ny Kuzs Gqorsq eIK
‘I wazt to ask you to rory a Govqrzyqzt’0 tq savq ttq Kuzs
ttq zayqs or rour sqzuor Lanour earty poxutuouazs wtoy tq
waztqp uz tus apyuzustratuoz2 By yupzustt ttq yauz
appouztyqzts tap nqqz yapq2 As Cturotuxx xatqr wrotq uz
Lhe Kecond Oorld OarK
ctus0 ttqz0 oz ttq zustt or ttq 1Att or May0 at ttq outsqt or
ttus yustty nattxq0 I aoquurqp ttq otuqr powqr uz ttq Statq0
wtuot tqzoqrortt I wuqxpqp uz qvqr1srowuzs yqasurq ror
fivq yqars azp ttrqq yoztts or worxp war0 at ttq qzp or
wtuot tuyq0 axx our qzqyuqs tavuzs surrqzpqrqp
uzoozputuozaxxy or nquzs anout to po so0 I was uyyqpuatqxy
pusyussqp ny ttq Brutust qxqotoratq rroy axx rurttqr oozpuot
or ttqur affaurs2
Suruzs ttqsq xast orowpqp pays or ttq poxutuoax orusus yy
puxsq tap zot quuokqzqp at azy yoyqztK I took ut axx as ut
oayq2 But I oazzot oozoqax rroy ttq rqapqr or ttus truttrux
aooouzt ttat as I wqzt to nqp at anout 3 a2y2 I was
oozsouous or a prorouzp sqzsq or rqxuqr2 At xast I tap ttq
auttoruty to suvq purqotuozs ovqr ttq wtoxq soqzq2
I rqxt as ur I wqrq waxkuzs wutt pqstuzy0 azp ttat axx yy
past xurq tap nqqz nut a prqparatuoz ror ttus tour azp ror
ttus truax2 cqz yqars uz ttq poxutuoax wuxpqrzqss tap rrqqp yq
rroy orpuzary party aztasozusys2 My warzuzss ovqr ttq
xast sux yqars tap nqqz so zuyqrous0 so pqtauxqp0 azp wqrq
zow so tqrrunxy vuzpuoatqp0 ttat zo ozq oouxp sauzsay yq2 I
oouxp zot nq rqproaotqp quttqr ror yakuzs ttq war or wutt
wazt or prqparatuoz ror ut2 I ttoustt I kzqw a soop pqax
anout ut axx0 azp I was surq I stouxp zot raux2 ctqrqrorq0
axttoust uypatuqzt ror ttq yorzuzs0 I sxqpt souzpxy azp tap
zo zqqp ror otqqruzs prqays2 Faots arq nqttqr ttaz prqays2
 ‘N F M 1 E C @N E l

Iz 19AA0 puruzs ttq war uz Soutt Arruoa0 a E71yqar1oxp zavax

suzzqry offioqr0 Captauz eqroy Soott0 ttqz Muxutary
Coyyazpazt or Surnaz0 wrotq to ttq C51yqar1oxp CturotuxxK
‘I ay oqrtauz ttat I staxx soyq pay stakq tazps wutt you as
eruyq Muzustqr or Tzsxazp0 you possqss ttq two zqoqssary
quaxufioatuozs0 sqzuus azp pxop2 Coynuzqp0 I nqxuqvq zottuzs
oaz kqqp ttqy naok2’ Forty yqars wqrq to pass nqrorq
Soott’s prqpuotuoz was ruxfixxqp0 nut ruxfixxqp ut was2 Soott0
axas0 tap puqp uz 19CE2 Oz 1C May 19EA0 Cturotuxx’s soz
aazpoxpt wrotq to tus rattqr rroy tus aryy oaypK ‘At xast
you tavq ttq powqr azp auttoruty out or wtuot ttq oauous
tavq otqatqp you azp Tzsxazp ror zuzq xozs yqars! I oazzot
tqxx you tow proup azp tappy I ay2 I ozxy topq ttat ut us zot
too xatq2’ Iz Lhe Kecond O orld O ar0 Cturotuxx rqflqotqp oz
wtat tus powqr as eruyq Muzustqr yqaztK
Iz yy xozs poxutuoax qxpqruqzoq I tap tqxp yost or ttq
srqat offioqs or Statq0 nut I rqapuxy apyut ttat ttq post
wtuot tap zow raxxqz to yq was ttq ozq I xukqp ttq
nqst2 eowqr0 ror ttq sakq or xorpuzs ut ovqr rqxxow1
orqaturqs0 or appuzs to pqrsozax poyp0 us rusttxy
vupsqp nasq2 But powqr uz a zatuozax orusus0 wtqz a
yaz nqxuqvqs tq kzows wtat orpqrs stouxp nq suvqz0
us a nxqssuzs2 Iz yy sptqrq or aotuoz ttqrq oaz nq zo
ooyparusoz nqtwqqz ttq posutuozs or zuynqr ozq azp
zuynqrs two0 ttrqq0 or rour2
ctq putuqs azp ttq pronxqys or axx pqrsozs ottqr
ttaz zuynqr ozq arq quutq puffqrqzt azp uz yazy
ways yorq puffiouxt2 It us axways a yusrortuzq wtqz
zuynqr two or ttrqq tas to uzutuatq a poyuzazt pxaz
or poxuoy2 Hq tas to oozsupqr zot ozxy ttq yqruts or
ttq poxuoy0 nut ttq yuzp or tus otuqrE zot ozxy wtat to
apvusq0 nut wtat ut us propqr ror tuy uz tus sutuatuoz to
apvusqE zot ozxy wtat to po0 nut tow to sqt ut asrqqp0
azp tow to sqt ut pozq2 Morqovqr0 zuynqr two or
ttrqq wuxx tavq to rqokoz wutt zuynqrs rour0 fivq azp
sux0 or yaynq soyq nrustt outsupqr0 zuynqr twqzty2
Aynutuoz0 zot so yuot ror vuxsar qzps0 nut ror
rayq0 sxuzts uz qvqry yuzp2 ctqrq arq axways sqvqrax
pouzts or vuqw wtuot yay nq rustt0 azp yazy wtuot
arq pxausunxq2 I was ruuzqp ror ttq tuyq nquzs uz 1915
ovqr ttq Sarpazqxxqs0 azp a suprqyq qztqrprusq was
oast away0 ttroust yy tryuzs to oarry out a yavor azp
oarpuzax opqratuoz or war rroy a sunorpuzatq
posutuoz2 Mqz arq uxx apvusqp to try suot vqzturqs2
ctus xqssoz tap suzk uzto yy zaturq2
At ttq top ttqrq arq srqat suypxufioatuozs2 Az
aooqptqp xqapqr tas ozxy to nq surq or wtat ut us nqst
to po0 or at xqast to tavq yapq up tus yuzp anout ut2
ctq xoyaxtuqs wtuot oqztrq upoz zuynqr ozq arq
qzoryous2 Ir tq trups tq yust nq sustauzqp2 Ir tq
yakqs yustakqs ttqy yust nq oovqrqp2 Ir tq sxqqps tq
yust zot nq waztozxy pusturnqp2 Ir tq us zo soop tq
yust nq poxq1axqp2 But ttus xast qxtrqyq prooqss
oazzot nq oarruqp out qvqry payE azp oqrtauzxy zot uz
ttq pays vust artqr tq tas nqqz otosqz2
 ‘1 E @@3 , T@8E , TE A CS A N 3 SH E ATl

ctroustout 11 azp 1C May 19EA0 Cturotuxx was roryuzs tus

zqw apyuzustratuoz2 Hq oaxxqp ut ttq Grazp Coaxutuoz2
Suruzs May 130 yost or ttq sqzuor posutuozs wqrq fixxqp2
rtqz Cturotuxx suyyozqp ttq zqw Muzustqrs to Apyuraxty
Housq ttat artqrzooz0 tq toxp ttqyK ‘I tavq zottuzs to offqr
nut nxoop0 toux0 tqars azp swqat2’ A rqw tours xatqr tq
rqpqatqp ttat ptrasq uz ttq Housq or Coyyozs0 wtqz tq
spokq ttqrq ror ttq first tuyq as eruyq MuzustqrK
Mr2 Spqakqr0 oz Frupay qvqzuzs xast I rqoquvqp Hus
Mavqsty’s ooyyussuoz to rory a zqw Apyuzustratuoz2
It was ttq qvupqzt wust azp wuxx or earxuayqzt azp ttq
zatuoz ttat ttus stouxp nq oozoquvqp oz ttq nroapqst
possunxq nasus azp ttat ut stouxp uzoxupq axx partuqs0
nott ttosq wto supportqp ttq xatq Govqrzyqzt azp
axso ttq partuqs or ttq Opposutuoz2 I tavq ooypxqtqp
ttq yost uyportazt part or ttus task2 A rar Canuzqt
tas nqqz roryqp or fivq Mqynqrs0 rqprqsqztuzs0 wutt
ttq Lunqrax Opposutuoz0 ttq uzuty or ttq zatuoz2 ctq
ttrqq party Lqapqrs tavq asrqqp to sqrvq0 quttqr uz
ttq rar Canuzqt or uz tust qxqoutuvq offioq2 ctq ttrqq
Fusttuzs Sqrvuoqs tavq nqqz fixxqp2
It was zqoqssary ttat ttus stouxp nq pozq uz ozq
suzsxq pay0 oz aooouzt or ttq qxtrqyq ursqzoy azp
rusour or qvqzts2 A zuynqr or ottqr kqy posutuozs
wqrq fixxqp yqstqrpay0 azp I ay sunyuttuzs a rurttqr
xust to Hus Mavqsty tozustt2 I topq to ooypxqtq ttq
appouztyqzt or ttq pruzoupax Muzustqrs puruzs
toyorrow2 ctq appouztyqzt or ttq ottqr Muzustqrs
usuaxxy takqs a xuttxq xozsqr0 nut I trust ttat wtqz
earxuayqzt yqqts asauz0 ttus part or yy task wuxx nq
ooypxqtqp0 azp ttat ttq apyuzustratuoz wuxx nq
ooypxqtq uz axx rqspqots2
Sur0 I oozsupqrqp ut uz ttq punxuo uztqrqst to sussqst
ttat ttq Housq stouxp nq suyyozqp to yqqt topay2
Mr2 Spqakqr asrqqp0 azp took ttq zqoqssary stqps0 uz
aooorpazoq wutt ttq powqrs oozrqrrqp upoz tuy ny
ttq aqsoxutuoz or ttq Housq2 At ttq qzp or ttq
prooqqpuzss topay0 ttq Apvourzyqzt or ttq Housq wuxx
nq proposqp uztux cuqspay0 ttq C1st or May0 wutt0 or
ooursq0 provusuoz ror qarxuqr yqqtuzs0 ur zqqp nq2 ctq
nusuzqss to nq oozsupqrqp puruzs ttat wqqk wuxx nq
zotufiqp to Mqynqrs at ttq qarxuqst opportuzuty2 I zow
uzvutq ttq Housq0 ny ttq aqsoxutuoz wtuot stazps uz
yy zayq0 to rqoorp uts approvax or ttq stqps takqz
azp to pqoxarq uts oozfipqzoq uz ttq zqw Govqrzyqzt2
Sur0 to rory az Apyuzustratuoz or ttus soaxq azp
ooypxqxuty us a sqruous uzpqrtakuzs uz utsqxr0 nut ut
yust nq rqyqynqrqp ttat wq arq uz ttq prqxuyuzary
stasq or ozq or ttq srqatqst nattxqs uz tustory0 ttat wq
arq uz aotuoz at yazy pouzts uz Norway azp uz
Hoxxazp0 ttat wq tavq to nq prqparqp uz ttq
Mqputqrrazqaz0 ttat ttq aur nattxq us ooztuzuous azp
ttat yazy prqparatuozs tavq to nq yapq tqrq at
toyq2
Iz ttus orusus I topq I yay nq parpozqp ur I po zot
apprqss ttq Housq at azy xqzstt topay2 I topq ttat
azy or yy rruqzps azp ooxxqasuqs0 or roryqr
ooxxqasuqs0 wto arq affqotqp ny ttq poxutuoax
rqoozstruotuoz0 wuxx yakq axxowazoq0 axx axxowazoq0
ror azy xaok or oqrqyozy wutt wtuot ut tas nqqz
zqoqssary to aot2 I wouxp say to ttq Housq0 as I saup
to ttosq wto tavq vouzqp ttus GovqrzyqztK ‘I tavq
zottuzs to offqr nut nxoop0 toux0 tqars azp swqat2’
rq tavq nqrorq us az orpqax or ttq yost sruqvous
kuzp2 rq tavq nqrorq us yazy0 yazy xozs yoztts or
strussxq azp or suffqruzs2 hou ask0 wtat us our poxuoyN
I wuxx sayK It us to wasq war0 ny sqa0 xazp azp aur0 wutt
axx our yustt azp wutt axx ttq strqzstt ttat Gop oaz
suvq usE to wasq war asauzst a yozstrous tyrazzy0
zqvqr surpassqp uz ttq park azp xayqztanxq
oataxosuq or tuyaz oruyq2 ctat us our poxuoy2
hou ask0 wtat us our auyN I oaz azswqr uz ozq worpK
ut us vuotory0 vuotory at axx oosts0 vuotory uz sputq or axx
tqrror0 vuotory0 towqvqr xozs azp tarp ttq roap yay
nqE ror wuttout vuotory0 ttqrq us zo survuvax2 Lqt ttat
nq rqaxuzqpE zo survuvax ror ttq Brutust Typurq0 zo
survuvax ror axx ttat ttq Brutust Typurq tas stoop ror0
zo survuvax ror ttq ursq azp uypuxsq or ttq asqs0 ttat
yazkuzp wuxx yovq rorwarp towarps uts soax2
But I takq up yy task wutt nuoyazoy azp topq2 I
rqqx surq ttat our oausq wuxx zot nq suffqrqp to raux
ayozs yqz2 At ttus tuyq I rqqx qztutxqp to oxauy ttq
aup or axx0 azp I say0 ‘Coyq ttqz0 xqt us so rorwarp
tosqttqr wutt our uzutqp strqzstt2’
 ‘8 SA N 6 M R F SF A E S@N 6 l

As Gqryaz roroqs ovqrraz Bqxsuuy azp Hoxxazp0 azp

prqssqp towarps earus0 1980CC9 Brutust azp 1390997 Frqzot
troops trappqp at Suzkurk wqrq qvaouatqp to Brutauz0
xqavuzs axyost axx ttqur ayyuzutuoz azp aryourqp vqtuoxqs
oz ttq nqaottqap2 Oz 31 May 19EA0 Cturotuxx flqw to earus
ror a yqqtuzs or ttq Azsxo1Frqzot rar Couzoux2 rutt tuy
wqrq ttq sqzuor Lanour earty yqynqr or tus apyuzustratuoz0
Cxqyqzt Attxqq0 azp Brusapuqr1Gqzqrax Tpwarp Louus
Spqars0 ozq or Cturotuxx’s oxpqst rruqzps0 wtoy tq tap yqt
uz ttq trqzotqs uz 19162 Spqars was nuxuzsuax uz Frqzot azp
Tzsxust0 azp oouxp0 Cturotuxx wrotq0 ‘say ttuzss to ttq tust
Frqzot pqrsozzqx wutt az qasq azp roroq wtuot I tavq
zqvqr sqqz qquaxxqp’2 Basuzs tuysqxr oz ttq ttqz1sqorqt
rqoorps or ttq yqqtuzs0 Cturotuxx wrotq uz Lhe Kecond
O orld OarK
Attxqq azp I rouzp aqyzaup azp Marstax eétauz
opposutq to us as ttq ozxy Frqzot Muzustqrs2 ctus was
ttq first appqarazoq or eétauz0 zow euoq1erqsupqzt or
ttq Couzoux0 at azy or our yqqtuzss2 Hq worq pxauz
oxottqs2
[…‘
ctq first quqstuoz was ttq posutuoz uz Norway2 I saup
ttat ttq Brutust Govqrzyqzt was or ttq oozsupqrqp
opuzuoz ttat ttq Narvuk arqa stouxp nq qvaouatqp at
ozoq2 Our troops ttqrq0 ttq pqstroyqrs uzvoxvqp0 azp a
tuzprqp aztu1aurorart suzs wqrq napxy waztqp
qxsqwtqrq2 rq ttqrqrorq proposqp az qvaouatuoz
nqsuzzuzs oz Ruzq C2 ctq Brutust Navy wouxp
trazsport azp rqpatruatq ttq Frqzot roroqs0 ttq Kuzs
or Norway0 azp azy Norwqsuaz troops wto wustqp to
ooyq2 aqyzaup saup ttat ttq Frqzot Govqrzyqzt
asrqqp wutt ttus poxuoy2 ctq pqstroyqrs wouxp nq
ursqztxy rqquurqp uz ttq Mqputqrrazqaz uz ttq qvqzt
or war wutt Itaxy2 ctq 160AAA yqz wouxp nq vqry
vaxuanxq oz ttq xuzq or ttq Auszq azp ttq Soyyq2 ctus
yattqr was ttqrqrorq sqttxqp2
I ttqz turzqp to Suzkurk2 ctq Frqzot sqqyqp to
tavq zo yorq upqa or wtat was tappqzuzs to ttq
Norttqrz Aryuqs ttaz wq tap anout ttq yauz Frqzot
rrozt2 rtqz I toxp ttqy ttat 1650AAA yqz0 or wtoy
150AAA wqrq Frqzot0 tap nqqz takqz off ttqy wqrq
astozustqp2 ctqy zaturaxxy prqw attqztuoz to ttq
yarkqp Brutust prqpozpqrazoq2 I qxpxauzqp ttat ttus
was puq xarsqxy to ttq raot ttat ttqrq tap nqqz yazy
Brutust apyuzustratuvq uzuts uz ttq naok arqa wto tap
nqqz anxq to qynark nqrorq fisttuzs troops oouxp nq
sparqp rroy ttq rrozt2 Morqovqr0 ttq Frqzot up to ttq
prqsqzt tap tap zo orpqrs to qvaouatq2 Ozq or ttq
otuqr rqasozs wty I tap ooyq to earus was to yakq
surq ttat ttq sayq orpqrs wqrq suvqz to ttq Frqzot
troops as to ttq Brutust2 ctq ttrqq Brutust puvusuozs
zow toxpuzs ttq oqztrq wouxp oovqr ttq qvaouatuoz or
axx ttq Axxuqp roroqs2 ctat0 azp ttq sqa trazsport0
wouxp nq ttq Brutust ooztrunutuoz to offsqt ttq tqavy
Axxuqp xossqs wtuot yust zow nq raoqp2 Hus Mavqsty’s
Govqrzyqzt tap rqxt ut zqoqssary uz ttq purq
ourouystazoqs to orpqr Lorp Gort to takq off fisttuzs
yqz azp xqavq ttq wouzpqp nqtuzp2 Ir prqsqzt topqs
wqrq oozfiryqp0 CAA0AAA anxq1nopuqp troops yustt nq
sot away2 ctus wouxp nq axyost a yuraoxq2 Four pays
aso I wouxp zot tavq wasqrqp oz yorq ttaz 5A0AAA
as a yaxuyuy2 I pwqxt upoz our tqrrunxq xossqs uz
qquupyqzt2 aqyzaup paup a tazpsoyq trunutq to ttq
work or ttq Brutust Navy azp Aur Foroq0 ror wtuot I
ttazkqp tuy2 rq ttqz spokq at soyq xqzstt upoz
wtat oouxp nq pozq to rqnuuxp ttq Brutust roroqs uz
Frazoq2
Mqazwtuxq Apyurax Sarxaz tap prartqp a tqxqsray
to Apyurax Anruax at SuzkurkK
(1, A nrupsqtqap staxx nq tqxp rouzp Suzkurk
wutt ttq puvusuozs uzpqr your ooyyazp azp
ttosq uzpqr Brutust ooyyazp2
(C, As sooz as you arq oozvuzoqp ttat zo troops
outsupq ttq nrupsqtqap oaz yakq ttqur way to
ttq pouzts or qynarkatuoz ttq troops toxpuzs
ttq nrupsqtqap staxx wuttpraw azp qynark0 ttq
Brutust roroqs qynarkuzs first2
I uztqrvqzqp at ozoq to say ttat ttq Brutust wouxp
zot qynark first0 nut ttat ttq qvaouatuoz stouxp
prooqqp oz qquax tqrys nqtwqqz ttq Brutust azp ttq
Frqzot – ‘8ras dessus Sras desso us 2’ ctq Brutust
wouxp rory ttq rqarsuarp2 ctus was asrqqp2
[…‘
I was ansoxutqxy oozvuzoqp wq tap ozxy to oarry oz
ttq fistt to oozquqr2 Tvqz ur ozq or us stouxp nq
struok powz0 ttq ottqr yust zot anazpoz ttq
strussxq2 ctq Brutust Govqrzyqzt wqrq prqparqp to
wasq war rroy ttq Nqw rorxp0 ur ttroust soyq
pusastqr Tzsxazp tqrsqxr wqrq xaup wastq2 Ir Gqryazy
pqrqatqp quttqr axxy or nott0 stq wouxp suvq zo yqroyE
wq stouxp nq rqpuoqp to ttq status or vassaxs azp
sxavqs ror qvqr2 It wouxp nq nqttqr rar ttat ttq
ouvuxusatuoz or rqstqrz Turopq wutt axx uts
aotuqvqyqzts stouxp ooyq to a trasuo nut spxqzpup
qzp ttaz ttat ttq two srqat pqyooraouqs stouxp
xuzsqr oz0 struppqp or axx ttat yapq xurq wortt xuvuzs2
Mr2 Attxqq ttqz saup ttat tq qzturqxy asrqqp wutt yy
vuqw2 ‘ctq Brutust pqopxq zow rqaxusq ttq pazsqr wutt
wtuot ttqy arq raoqp0 azp kzow ttat uz ttq qvqzt or a
Gqryaz vuotory qvqryttuzs ttqy tavq nuuxt up wuxx nq
pqstroyqp2 ctq Gqryazs kuxx zot ozxy yqz0 nut upqas2
Our pqopxq arq rqsoxvqp as zqvqr nqrorq uz ttqur
tustory2’
aqyzaup ttazkqp us ror wtat wq tap saup2 Hq was
surq ttat ttq yoraxq or ttq Gqryaz pqopxq was zot
up to ttq xqvqx or ttq yoyqztary truuypt or ttqur
Aryy2 Ir Frazoq oouxp toxp ttq Soyyq wutt ttq tqxp
or Brutauz azp ur Ayqruoaz uzpustry oayq uz to yakq
soop ttq pusparuty uz arys0 ttqz wq oouxp nq surq or
vuotory2 Hq was yost sratqrux0 tq saup0 ror yy
rqzqwqp assurazoq ttat ur ozq oouztry wqzt uzpqr
ttq ottqr wouxp zot anazpoz ttq strussxq2
ctq roryax yqqtuzs ttqz qzpqp2
Artqr wq rosq rroy ttq tanxq soyq or ttq pruzoupaxs
taxkqp tosqttqr uz ttq nay wuzpow uz a soyqwtat
puffqrqzt atyosptqrq2 Ctuqr ayozs ttqsq was
Marstax eétauz2 Spqars was wutt yq0 tqxpuzs yq out
wutt yy Frqzot azp spqakuzs tuysqxr2 ctq youzs
Frqzotyaz0 Captauz pq Marsqruq0 tap axrqapy spokqz
anout fisttuzs ut out uz Arruoa2 But Marstax eétauz’s
attutupq0 pqtaotqp azp soynrq0 savq yq ttq rqqxuzs
ttat tq wouxp raoq a sqparatq pqaoq2 ctq uzfluqzoq or
tus pqrsozaxuty0 tus rqputatuoz0 tus sqrqzq aooqptazoq
or ttq yarot or apvqrsq qvqzts0 apart rroy azy worps
tq usqp0 was axyost ovqrpowqruzs to ttosq uzpqr tus
spqxx2 Ozq or ttq Frqzotyqz0 I oazzot rqyqynqr
wto0 saup uz ttqur poxustqp way ttat a ooztuzuazoq or
yuxutary rqvqrsqs yustt uz oqrtauz qvqztuaxutuqs
qzroroq a yopufioatuoz or rorqusz poxuoy upoz Frazoq2
Hqrq Spqars rosq to ttq oooasuoz0 azp0 apprqssuzs
tuysqxr partuouxarxy to Marstax eétauz0 saup uz pqrrqot
FrqzotK ‘I supposq you uzpqrstazp0 M2 xq Maréotax0
ttat ttat wouxp yqaz nxookapqN’ Soyqozq qxsq saupK
‘ctat wouxp pqrtaps nq uzqvutanxq2’ But ttqz Spqars
to eétauz’s raoqK ‘ctat wouxp zot ozxy yqaz nxookapq0
nut noynarpyqzt or axx Frqzot ports uz Gqryaz
tazps2’ I was sxap to tavq ttus saup2 I sazs yy usuax
sozsK wq wouxp fistt oz wtatqvqr tappqzqp or
wtoqvqr rqxx out2
 ‘H E S7 A E E N @T 5E A 6 @C 5A 8E 1 H E
S7 A E E 6 @ @N T@ T7 E E N 3 1l

Foxxowuzs ttq qvaouatuoz rroy Suzkurk0 ttq possunuxuty or az

uyyuzqzt Gqryaz uzvasuoz or Brutauz oouxp zot nq ruxqp
out2 Oz Ruzq E0 ttq xast pay or ttq Suzkurk qvaouatuoz0 azp
ozxy twqzty1fivq pays artqr nqooyuzs eruyq Muzustqr0
Cturotuxx – qotouzs ttq worps tq tap twuoq tqarp
Cxqyqzoqau uttqr uz earus uz Marot 1918 – sqt out tus
ttoustts oz uzvasuoz uz ttq Housq or Coyyozs0 to azxuous
parxuayqztaruazs0 azp to az azxuous Brutust pqopxqK
I wouxp onsqrvq ttat ttqrq tas zqvqr nqqz a pqruop uz
axx ttqsq xozs oqzturuqs or wtuot wq noast wtqz az
ansoxutq suaraztqq asauzst uzvasuoz0 stuxx xqss asauzst
sqruous raups0 oouxp tavq nqqz suvqz to our pqopxq2 Iz
ttq pays or Napoxqoz ttq sayq wuzp wtuot wouxp
tavq oarruqp tus trazsports aoross ttq Ctazzqx yustt
tavq pruvqz away ttq nxookapuzs flqqt2 ctqrq was
axways ttq otazoq0 azp ut us ttat otazoq wtuot tas
qxoutqp azp nqrooxqp ttq uyasuzatuozs or yazy
Coztuzqztax tyrazts2
Mazy arq ttq taxqs ttat arq toxp2 rq arq assurqp
ttat zovqx yqttops wuxx nq apoptqp0 azp wtqz wq sqq
ttq orusuzaxuty or yaxuoq0 ttq uzsqzuuty or assrqssuoz0
wtuot our qzqyy puspxays0 wq yay oqrtauzxy prqparq
oursqxvqs ror qvqry kuzp or zovqx stratasqy azp qvqry
kuzp or nrutax azp trqaotqrous yazoquvrq2 I ttuzk
ttat zo upqa us so outxazpust ttat ut stouxp zot nq
oozsupqrqp azp vuqwqp wutt a sqarotuzs0 nut at ttq
sayq tuyq0 I topq0 wutt a stqapy qyq2 rq yust zqvqr
rorsqt ttq soxup assurazoqs or sqa powqr azp ttosq
wtuot nqxozs to aur powqr ur ut oaz nq xooaxxy
qxqrousqp2
I tavq0 yysqxr0 ruxx oozfipqzoq ttat ur axx po ttqur
puty0 ur zottuzs us zqsxqotqp0 azp ur ttq nqst
arrazsqyqzts arq yapq0 as ttqy arq nquzs yapq0 wq
staxx provq oursqxvqs ozoq asauz anxq to pqrqzp our
usxazp toyq0 to rupq out ttq story or war0 azp to
outxuvq ttq yqzaoq or tyrazzy0 ur zqoqssary ror yqars0
ur zqoqssary axozq2 At azy ratq0 ttat us wtat wq arq
souzs to try to po2 ctat us ttq rqsoxvq or Hus Mavqsty’s
Govqrzyqzt – qvqry yaz or ttqy2 ctat us ttq wuxx or
earxuayqzt azp ttq zatuoz2
ctq Brutust Typurq azp ttq Frqzot aqpunxuo0 xuzkqp
tosqttqr uz ttqur oausq azp uz ttqur zqqp0 wuxx pqrqzp
to ttq pqatt ttqur zatuvq soux0 aupuzs qaot ottqr xukq
soop ooyrapqs to ttq utyost or ttqur strqzstt2
Tvqz ttoust xarsq traots or Turopq azp yazy oxp
azp rayous Statqs tavq raxxqz or yay raxx uzto ttq
srup or ttq Gqstapo azp axx ttq opuous apparatus or
Nazu ruxq0 wq staxx zot flas or raux2 rq staxx so oz to
ttq qzp0 wq staxx fistt uz Frazoq0 wq staxx fistt oz ttq
sqas azp ooqazs0 wq staxx fistt wutt srowuzs
oozfipqzoq azp srowuzs strqzstt uz ttq aur0 wq staxx
pqrqzp our usxazp0 wtatqvqr ttq oost yay nq0 wq staxx
fistt oz ttq nqaotqs0 wq staxx fistt oz ttq xazpuzs
srouzps0 wq staxx fistt uz ttq fiqxps azp uz ttq strqqts0
wq staxx fistt uz ttq tuxxsE wq staxx zqvqr surrqzpqr0
azp qvqz ur0 wtuot I po zot ror a yoyqzt nqxuqvq0 ttus
usxazp or a xarsq part or ut wqrq sunvusatqp azp
starvuzs0 ttqz our Typurq nqyozp ttq sqas0 aryqp
azp suarpqp ny ttq Brutust Fxqqt0 wouxp oarry oz ttq
strussxq0 uztux0 uz Gop’s soop tuyq0 ttq zqw worxp0
wutt axx uts powqr azp yustt0 stqps rortt to ttq rqsouq
azp ttq xunqratuoz or ttq oxp2
 ‘H E S7 A E E 586 7 T @N
F N C @N B F E CA 1 E E l

Four tuyqs nqtwqqz 16 May azp 13 Ruzq 19EA0 Cturotuxx

flqw to Frazoq to ursq ttq Frqzot Govqrzyqzt zot to
surrqzpqr2 Mqazwtuxq0 as Gqryaz troops ttrust pqqpqr azp
pqqpqr uzto Frazoq0 a rurttqr 1110AAA Brutust troops wqrq
qvaouatqp rroy rqstqrz Frazoq0 azp 160AAA yorq takqz
prusozqr nqrorq ttqy oouxp qynark2 Oz 16 Ruzq 19EA0 as
Gqryaz troops swqpt souttwarp ttroust Frazoq0 a orusus
yqqtuzs or ttq Frqzot Govqrzyqzt was tqxp at Borpqaux2
eaux aqyzaup0 ttq Frqzot eruyq Muzustqr0 pxqapqp uz vauz
ror ttq fistt to ooztuzuq2 ctq Muzustqr or rar0 ttq vqzqranxq
Marstax eétauz – tqro or ttq pqrqzoq or eqrpuz uz 1916 –
prqvauxqpK Frazoq yust sqqk az aryustuoq wutt Gqryazy2
Lqarzuzs ttus oz Ruzq 170 Cturotuxx yapq a stort punxuo
statqyqzt to ttq Brutust pqopxqK
ctq zqws rroy Frazoq us vqry nap azp I sruqvq ror ttq
saxxazt Frqzot pqopxq wto tavq raxxqz uzto ttus
tqrrunxq yusrortuzq2 Nottuzs wuxx axtqr our rqqxuzss
towarps ttqy or our rautt ttat ttq sqzuus or Frazoq
wuxx rusq asauz2 rtat tas tappqzqp uz Frazoq yakqs
zo puffqrqzoq to our aotuozs azp purposq2
rq tavq nqooyq ttq soxq otaypuozs zow uz arys to
pqrqzp ttq worxp oausq2 rq staxx po our nqst to nq
wortty or ttus tust tozour2 rq staxx pqrqzp our usxazp
toyq azp wutt ttq Brutust Typurq wq staxx fistt oz
uzoozquqranxq uztux ttq oursq or Hutxqr us xurtqp rroy
ttq nrows or yazkuzp2
rq arq surq ttat uz ttq qzp axx wuxx ooyq rustt2
 ‘H E 7 AGE T@ T7 8N K @5 T7 E
5F TF CE A N 3 N @T @5 T7 E AA STl

ctqrq was nuttqrzqss uz Frazoq ttat Brutauz tap zot nqqz

anxq to po yorq to tqxp taxt ttq Gqryaz apvazoq0 nut ttq
wqustt or Gqryaz aryour azp aur powqr was roryupanxq2
ctqrq was axso nuttqrzqss uz Brutauz asauzst ttq prq1war
Muzustqrs wto tap rauxqp to put Brutauz uz a strozsqr
posutuoz yuxutaruxy azp uz ttq aur2 Oz 18 Ruzq 19EA0 Cturotuxx
toxp ttq Housq or CoyyozsK
Our Aryy azp 1CA0AAA Frqzot troops wqrq uzpqqp
rqsouqp ny ttq Brutust Navy rroy Suzkurk nut ozxy
wutt ttq xoss or ttqur oazzoz0 vqtuoxqs azp yopqrz
qquupyqzt2 ctus xoss uzqvutanxy took soyq wqqks to
rqpaur0 azp uz ttq first two or ttosq wqqks ttq nattxq
uz Frazoq tas nqqz xost2
rtqz wq oozsupqr ttq tqrouo rqsustazoq yapq ny
ttq Frqzot Aryy asauzst tqavy opps uz ttus nattxq0
ttq qzoryous xossqs uzfluotqp upoz ttq qzqyy azp ttq
qvupqzt qxtaustuoz or ttq qzqyy0 ut yay wqxx nq
ttoustt ttat ttqsq C5 puvusuozs or ttq nqst1trauzqp
azp nqst1qquuppqp troops yustt tavq turzqp ttq
soaxq2 Howqvqr0 Gqzqrax rqysazp tap to fistt
wuttout ttqy2 Ozxy ttrqq Brutust puvusuozs or ttqur
qquuvaxqzt wqrq anxq to stazp uz ttq xuzq wutt ttqur
Frqzot ooyrapqs2 ctqy tavq suffqrqp sqvqrqxy0 nut
ttqy tavq roustt wqxx2 rq sqzt qvqry yaz wq oouxp to
Frazoq as rast as wq oouxp rq1qquup azp trazsport
ttqur roryatuozs2
I ay zot rqoutuzs ttqsq raots ror ttq purposq or
rqoruyuzatuoz2 ctat0 I vupsq to nq uttqrxy rutuxq azp
qvqz taryrux2 rq oazzot afforp ut2 I rqoutq ttqy uz
orpqr to qxpxauz wty ut was wq pup zot tavq0 as wq
oouxp tavq tap0 nqtwqqz 1C azp 1E Brutust puvusuozs
fisttuzs uz ttq xuzq uz ttus srqat nattxq uzstqap or ozxy
ttrqq2 Now I put axx ttus asupq2 I put ut oz ttq stqxr0
rroy wtuot ttq tustoruazs0 wtqz ttqy tavq tuyq0 wuxx
sqxqot ttqur poouyqzts to tqxx ttqur storuqs2
rq tavq to ttuzk or ttq ruturq azp zot or ttq past2
ctus axso appxuqs uz a syaxx way to our owz affaurs at
toyq2 ctqrq arq yazy wto wouxp toxp az uzquqst uz
ttq Housq or Coyyozs oz ttq oozpuot or ttq
Govqrzyqzts – azp or earxuayqzts0 ror ttqy arq uz ut0
too – puruzs ttq yqars wtuot xqp up to ttus
oatastroptq2 ctqy sqqk to uzpuot ttosq wto wqrq
rqspozsunxq ror ttq suupazoq or our affaurs2 ctus axso
wouxp nq a rooxust azp pqrzuouous prooqss2 ctqrq arq
too yazy uz ut2 Lqt qaot yaz sqarot tus oozsouqzoq
azp sqarot tus spqqotqs2 I rrqquqztxy sqarot yuzq2
Or ttus I ay quutq surq0 ttat ur wq opqz a quarrqx
nqtwqqz ttq past azp ttq prqsqzt0 wq staxx fizp ttat
wq tavq xost ttq ruturq2 ctqrqrorq0 I oazzot aooqpt
ttq prawuzs or azy pustuzotuozs nqtwqqz Mqynqrs or
ttq prqsqzt Govqrzyqzt2 It was roryqp at a yoyqzt
or orusus uz orpqr to uzutq axx ttq partuqs azp axx
sqotuozs or opuzuoz2 It tas rqoquvqp ttq axyost
uzazuyous support or nott Housqs or earxuayqzt2 Its
Mqynqrs arq souzs to stazp tosqttqr0 azp0 sunvqot to
ttq auttoruty or ttq Housq or Coyyozs0 wq arq souzs
to sovqrz ttq oouztry azp fistt ttq war2
It us ansoxutqxy zqoqssary at a tuyq xukq ttus ttat
qvqry Muzustqr wto truqs qaot pay to po tus puty staxx
nq rqspqotqp0 azp ttqur sunorpuzatqs yust kzow ttat
ttqur otuqrs arq zot ttrqatqzqp yqz0 yqz wto arq
tqrq to1pay azp sozq to1yorrow0 nut ttat ttqur
purqotuozs yust nq puzotuaxxy azp rauttruxxy onqyqp2
ruttout ttus oozoqztratqp powqr wq oazzot raoq wtat
xuqs nqrorq us2
 ‘85 7 8TE E C 5A 8E S T@ 8N GA 3 E l

Oz CA Ruzq 19EA0 uz a spqqot to a Sqorqt Sqssuoz uz ttq

Housq or Coyyozs0 rroy wtuot axx vourzaxusts azp
yqynqrs or ttq punxuo wqrq qxoxupqp0 Cturotuxx savq
Mqynqrs or earxuayqzt a sqzsq or tus owz oozfipqzoq uz
ttq ooursq or ttq war2 No tqxt or ttq spqqot was rqoorpqp
uz @ansard 0 nut Cturotuxx’s zotqs0 rroy wtuot tq spokq0
survuvq2 ctus pasq rroy ttqy suvqs ttq oqztrax part or tus
yqssasq0 uz ttq rory uz wtuot ttq zotqs wqrq typqp out ny
tus sqorqtaryK
Ir Hutxqr rauxs to uzvapq
or pqstroy Brutauz
tq tas xost ttq war2
 
I po zot oozsupqr ozxy ttq sqvqrutuqs
or ttq wuztqr uz Turopq2
 
I xook to supqruoruty uz Aur powqr
uz ttq ruturq2
 
crazsatxaztuo rquzroroqyqzts2
 
Ir sqt ttroust zqxt 3 yoztts
sqt ttroust zqxt 3 yqars2
 
It yay wqxx nq our fizq Aryuqs
tavq zot saup soopnyq to ttq Coztuzqzt
or Turopq2
 
Ir qzqyy ooastxuzq qxtqzps rroy ttq Arotuo
to ttq Mqputqrrazqaz
 
azp wq rqtauz sqa1powqr
azp a srowuzs Aur powqr
 
ut us qvupqzt ttat Hutxqr
yastqr or a starvuzs0 asozuzqp azp
sursuzs TuropqE
 
wuxx tavq tus pazsqrs as wqxx as wq2
 ‘T7 E SF ACE M E 7 @F Cl

Frazoq suszqp az aryustuoq wutt Gqryazy oz C5 Ruzq 19EA2

ctq tqrys uzoxupqp ttq trazsrqr or ttq Frqzot Fxqqt to
Gqryaz ooztrox2 Oz 3 Ruxy 19EA0 wtqz ttq Frqzot warstups
at ttq Frqzot yuxutary port or Mqrs qx1Kqnur0 uz Frqzot
Nortt Arruoa0 rqrusqp a Brutust pqyazp to tazp ttqysqxvqs
ovqr to Brutauz0 or to trazsrqr to a zqutrax port0 Cturotuxx
orpqrqp az uyyqpuatq Brutust zavax noynarpyqzt to
prqvqzt ttq stups sauxuzs to Gqryaz1ooztroxxqp couxoz2 Iz
ttat noynarpyqzt0 10C97 Frqzot sauxors wqrq kuxxqp2 Oz
ttq roxxowuzs pay Cturotuxx toxp ttq Housq or CoyyozsK
It us wutt suzoqrq sorrow ttat I yust zow azzouzoq to
ttq Housq ttq yqasurqs wtuot wq tavq rqxt nouzp to
takq uz orpqr to prqvqzt ttq Frqzot Fxqqt rroy raxxuzs
uzto Gqryaz tazps2 rtqz two zatuozs arq fisttuzs
tosqttqr uzpqr xozs azp soxqyz axxuazoq asauzst a
ooyyoz roq0 ozq or ttqy yay nq struokqz powz azp
ovqrwtqxyqp0 azp yay nq roroqp to ask uts Axxy to
rqxqasq ut rroy uts onxusatuozs2 But ttq xqast ttat oouxp
nq qxpqotqp was ttat ttq Frqzot Govqrzyqzt0 uz
anazpozuzs ttq oozfluot azp xqavuzs uts wtoxq wqustt
to raxx upoz Grqat Brutauz azp ttq Brutust Typurq0
wouxp tavq nqqz oarqrux zot to uzfluot zqqpxqss uzvury
upoz ttqur rauttrux ooyrapq0 uz wtosq fizax vuotory ttq
soxq otazoq or Frqzot rrqqpoy xay0 azp xuqs2
As ttq Housq wuxx rqyqynqr0 wq offqrqp to suvq ruxx
rqxqasq to ttq Frqzot rroy ttqur crqaty onxusatuozs0
axttoust ttqsq wqrq pqsuszqp ror prqousqxy ttq oasq
wtuot arosq0 oz ozq oozputuoz0 zayqxy0 ttat ttq
Frqzot Fxqqt stouxp nq sauxqp ror Brutust tarnours
nqrorq ttq sqparatq aryustuoq zqsotuatuozs wutt ttq
qzqyy wqrq ooypxqtqp2 ctus was zot pozq0 nut oz ttq
ooztrary0 uz sputq or qvqry kuzp or pruvatq azp
pqrsozax proyusq azp assurazoq suvqz ny Apyurax
Sarxaz to ttq Furst Lorp azp to tus Navax ooxxqasuq
ttq Furst Sqa Lorp or ttq Brutust Apyuraxty0 az
aryustuoq was suszqp wtuot was nouzp to pxaoq ttq
Frqzot Fxqqt as qffqotuvqxy uz ttq powqr or Gqryazy
azp uts Itaxuaz roxxowuzs0 as ttat portuoz or ttq Frqzot
Fxqqt was pxaoqp uz our powqr wtqz yazy or ttqy0
nquzs uzanxq to rqaot Arruoaz ports0 oayq uzto ttq
tarnours or eortsyoutt azp exyyoutt anout tqz pays
aso2
ctus I yust pxaoq oz rqoorp ttat wtat yustt tavq
nqqz a yortax uzvury was pozq to us ny ttq Borpqaux
Govqrzyqzt wutt ruxx kzowxqpsq or ttq oozsqquqzoqs
azp or our pazsqrs0 azp artqr rqvqotuzs axx our
appqaxs at ttq yoyqzt wtqz ttqy wqrq anazpozuzs
ttq Axxuazoq0 azp nrqakuzs ttq qzsasqyqzts wtuot
rortufiqp ut2
ctqrq was azottqr qxaypxq or ttus oaxxous azp
pqrtaps qvqz yaxqvoxqzt trqatyqzt wtuot wq
rqoquvqp0 zot uzpqqp rroy ttq Frqzot zatuoz0 wto
tavq zqvqr nqqz azp apparqztxy zqvqr arq to nq
oozsuxtqp upoz ttqsq trazsaotuozs0 nut rroy ttq
Borpqaux Govqrzyqzt2 ctus us ttq uzstazoq2 ctqrq
wqrq ovqr rour tuzprqp Gqryaz aur puxots wto wqrq
prusozqrs uz Frazoq0 yazy or ttqy0 pqrtaps yost or
ttqy0 stot powz ny ttq aoyax Aur Foroq2 I ontauzqp
rroy M2 aqyzaup a pqrsozax proyusq ttat ttqsq puxots
stouxp nq sqzt ror sarq kqqpuzs to Tzsxazp0 azp
orpqrs wqrq suvqz ny tuy to ttat qffqotE nut wtqz M2
aqyzaup rqxx0 ttqsq puxots wqrq pqxuvqrqp ovqr to
Gqryazy uz orpqr0 zo pount0 to wuz ravour ror ttq
Borpqaux Govqrzyqzt wutt ttqur Gqryaz yastqrs0
azp to wuz ut wuttout rqsarp to ttq uzvury pozq to us2
 ctq Gqryaz Aur Foroq axrqapy rqqxs aoutqxy ttq
stortasq or tust srapq puxots0 azp ut sqqyqp to yq
partuouxarxy opuous0 ur I yay usq ttq worp0 ttat ttqsq
rour tuzprqp skuxxqp yqz stouxp nq tazpqp ovqr wutt
ttq surq kzowxqpsq ttat ttqy wouxp nq usqp to noyn
ttus oouztry0 azp ttus roroq our auryqz to stoot ttqy
powz ror ttq sqoozp tuyq ovqr2 Suot wrozsrux pqqps I
ay surq wuxx zot nq oozpozqp ny tustory0 azp I firyxy
nqxuqvq ttat a sqzqratuoz or Frqzotyqz wuxx arusq wto
wuxx oxqar ttqur zatuozax tozour rroy axx oouztqzazoq
or ttqy2
I saup xast wqqk ttat wq yust zow xook wutt
partuouxar attqztuoz to our owz saxvatuoz2 I tavq
zqvqr uz yy qxpqruqzoq sqqz so sruy azp soynrq a
quqstuoz as wtat wq wqrq to po anout ttq Frqzot
Fxqqt pusoussqp uz a Canuzqt2 It stows tow strozs
wqrq ttq rqasozs ror ttq ooursq wtuot wq ttoustt ut
our puty to takq0 ttat qvqry Mqynqr or ttq Canuzqt
tap ttq sayq oozvuotuoz anout wtat stouxp nq pozq
azp ttqrq was zot ttq sxusttqst tqsutatuoz or
puvqrsqzoq ayozs ttqy0 azp ttat ttq ttrqq Sqrvuoq
Muzustqrs0 as wqxx as yqz xukq ttq Muzustqr or
Izroryatuoz azp ttq Sqorqtary or Statq ror ttq
Coxozuqs0 partuouxarxy zotqp ror ttqur xozs rruqzpstup
wutt Frazoq0 wtqz ttqy wqrq oozsuxtqp wqrq qquaxxy
oozvuzoqp ttat zo ottqr pqousuoz ttaz ttat wtuot wq
took was possunxq2
rq took ttat pqousuoz0 azp ut was a pqousuoz to
wtuot0 wutt aotuzs tqarts nut wutt oxqar vusuoz0 wq
uzutqpxy oayq2 Aooorpuzsxy qarxy yqstqrpay yorzuzs0
3rp Ruxy0 artqr axx prqparatuozs tap nqqz yapq0 wq
took ttq srqatqr part or ttq Frqzot Fxqqt uzpqr our
ooztrox0 or qxsq oaxxqp upoz ttqy0 wutt apqquatq
roroq0 to ooypxy wutt our rqquurqyqzts2 cwo
nattxqstups0 two xustt oruusqrs0 soyq sunyaruzqs0
uzoxupuzs a vqry xarsq ozq0 ttq Kurcour0 qustt
pqstroyqrs azp approxuyatqxy CAA syaxxqr nut
qxtrqyqxy usqrux yuzqswqqpuzs azp aztu1sunyaruzq
orart0 wtuot xay ror ttq yost part at eortsyoutt azp
exyyoutt0 ttoust ttqrq wqrq soyq at Stqqrzqss0
wqrq noarpqp ny supqruor roroqs0 artqr nruqr zotuoq
tap nqqz suvqz wtqrqvqr possunxq to ttqur oaptauzs2
ctus opqratuoz was suooqssruxxy oarruqp out wuttout
rqsustazoq or nxoopstqp qxoqpt uz ozq uzstazoq2 A
soufflq arosq ttroust a yusuzpqrstazpuzs uz ttq
sunyaruzq Kurcour0 uz wtuot ozq Brutust xqapuzs
sqayaz was kuxxqp azp two Brutust offioqrs azp ozq
ratuzs wouzpqp azp ozq Frqzot offioqr kuxxqp azp ozq
wouzpqp2
For ttq rqst0 ttq Frqzot sauxors uz ttq yauz
otqqrruxxy aooqptqp ttq qzp or a pqruop or
uzoqrtauzty2 A oozsupqranxq zuynqr0 8AA or 9AA0 tavq
qxprqssqp az arpqzt pqsurq to ooztuzuq ttq war0 azp
soyq tavq askqp ror Brutust zatuozaxuty2 ctus wq arq
rqapy to srazt wuttout prqvupuoq to ttq ottqr
Frqzotyqz0 zuynqrqp ny ttousazps0 wto prqrqr to
fistt oz wutt us as Frqzotyqz2 Axx ttq rqst or ttosq
orqws wuxx nq uyyqpuatqxy rqpatruatqp to Frqzot
ports0 ur ttq Frqzot Govqrzyqzt arq anxq to yakq
arrazsqyqzts ror ttqur rqoqptuoz ny pqryussuoz or
ttqur Gqryaz ruxqrs2
rq arq axso rqpatruatuzs axx Frqzot troops wto
wqrq uz ttus oouztry0 qxoqptuzs ttosq wto0 or ttqur
owz rrqq wuxx0 tavq voxuztqqrqp to roxxow Gqzqrax pq
Gauxxq uz ttq Frqzot roroqs or xunqratuoz or wtoy tq
us otuqr2 Sqvqrax Frqzot sunyaruzqs tavq axso vouzqp
us uzpqpqzpqztxy0 azp wq tavq aooqptqp ttqur
sqrvuoqs2
Now I turz to ttq Mqputqrrazqaz2 At Axqxazprua0
wtqrq a strozs Brutust nattxq flqqt us xyuzs0 ttqrq arq0
nqsupqs a Frqzot nattxqstup0 rour Frqzot oruusqrs0
ttrqq or ttqy yopqrz 81uzot suz vqssqxs0 azp a
zuynqr or syaxxqr stups2 ctqsq tavq nqqz uzroryqp
ttat ttqy oazzot nq pqryuttqp to xqavq tarnour azp
ttus raxx wuttuz ttq powqr or ttq Gqryaz oozquqrors
or Frazoq2 Nqsotuatuozs azp pusoussuozs0 wutt ttq
pqtauxs or wtuot I zqqp zot trounxq ttq Housq0 tavq
zqoqssaruxy nqqz takuzs pxaoq0 azp yqasurqs tavq
zow nqqz takqz to qzsurq ttat ttosq stups0 wtuot arq
ooyyazpqp ny a vqry saxxazt Apyurax0 staxx nq suzk
or ottqrwusq yapq to ooypxy wutt our wustqs2
ctq azsuust wtuot ttus prooqss tas0 zaturaxxy0
oausqp to ttq Brutust azp Frqzot zavax offioqrs
oozoqrzqp yay nq rqapuxy uyasuzqp0 wtqz I tqxx ttq
Housq ttat ozxy ttus yorzuzs0 uz ttq aur raup upoz
Axqxazprua ny Itaxuaz aurorart0 soyq or ttq Frqzot
stups firqp tqavuxy azp qffqotuvqxy wutt us asauzst ttq
ooyyoz qzqyy2 rq staxx0 or ooursq0 offqr ttq ruxxqst
raouxutuqs to axx Frqzot offioqrs azp yqz at Axqxazprua
wto wust to ooztuzuq ttq war0 azp wuxx provupq ror
ttqy azp yauztauz ttqy puruzs ttq oozfluot2 rq tavq
axso proyusqp to rqpatruatq axx ttq rqst0 azp qvqry
oarq uz our powqr wuxx nq takqz0 ur ttqy axxow ut0 ror
ttqur sarqty azp ttqur ooyrort2 So yuot ror
Axqxazprua2
But ttq yost sqruous part or ttq story rqyauzs2 cwo
or ttq fizqst vqssqxs or ttq Frqzot Fxqqt0 ttq
Kun‘erque azp ttq KtrasSourg0 yopqrz nattxq
oruusqrs yuot supqruor to Kcharnhorst azp
NneZsenau – azp nuuxt ror ttq purposq or nquzs
supqruor to ttqy – xay wutt two nattxqstups0 sqvqrax
xustt oruusqrs azp a zuynqr or pqstroyqrs azp
sunyaruzqs azp ottqr vqssqxs at Oraz azp at uts
apvaoqzt yuxutary port or Mqrs1Tx1Kqnur oz ttq
Norttqrz Arruoaz storq 2 2 2 hqstqrpay yorzuzs0 a
oarqruxxy otosqz Brutust offioqr0 Captauz Hoxxazp0
xatqxy Navax Attaoté uz earus0 was sqzt oz uz a
pqstroyqr azp wautqp upoz ttq Frqzot Apyurax
Gqzsoux2 Artqr nquzs rqrusqp az uztqrvuqw0 tq
prqsqztqp ttq roxxowuzs poouyqzt0 wtuot I wuxx rqap
to ttq Housq2 ctq first two parasrapts or ttq
poouyqzt pqax wutt ttq sqzqrax quqstuoz or ttq
Aryustuoq0 wtuot I tavq axrqapy qxpxauzqp uz yy owz
worps2 ctq rourtt parasrapt nqsuzs as roxxowsK
ctus us ttq opqratuvq parasraptK ‘It us uypossunxq ror
us0 your ooyrapqs up to zow0 to axxow your fizq stups
to raxx uzto ttq powqr or ttq Gqryaz or Itaxuaz qzqyy2
rq arq pqtqryuzqp to fistt oz to ttq qzp0 azp ur wq
wuz0 as wq ttuzk wq staxx0 wq staxx zqvqr rorsqt ttat
Frazoq was our Axxy0 ttat our uztqrqsts arq ttq sayq
as tqrs azp ttat our ooyyoz qzqyy us Gqryazy2
Stouxp wq oozquqr0 wq soxqyzxy pqoxarq ttat wq staxx
rqstorq ttq srqatzqss azp tqrrutory or Frazoq2 For ttus
purposq0 wq yust yakq surq ttat ttq nqst stups or
ttq Frqzot Navy arq zot usqp asauzst us ny ttq
ooyyoz roq2 Iz ttqsq ourouystazoqs0 Hus Mavqsty’s
Govqrzyqzt tavq uzstruotqp yq’ – ttat us0 ttq Brutust
Apyurax – ‘to pqyazp ttat ttq Frqzot Fxqqt zow at
Mqrs1Tx1Kqnur azp Oraz staxx aot uz aooorpazoq wutt
ozq or ttq roxxowuzs axtqrzatuvqsK
‘(a, Saux wutt us azp ooztuzuq to fistt ror vuotory
asauzst ttq Gqryazs azp Itaxuazs2 (n, Saux wutt
rqpuoqp orqws uzpqr our ooztrox to a Brutust port2
ctq rqpuoqp orqws wuxx nq rqpatruatqp at ttq qarxuqst
yoyqzt2 Ir quttqr or ttqsq ooursqs us apoptqp ny you0
wq wuxx rqstorq your stups to Frazoq at ttq oozoxusuoz
or ttq war or pay ruxx ooypqzsatuoz0 ur ttqy arq
payasqp yqazwtuxq2 (o, Axtqrzatuvqxy0 ur you rqqx
nouzp to stupuxatq ttat your stups stouxp zot nq usqp
asauzst ttq Gqryazs or Itaxuazs uzxqss ttqsq nrqak
ttq Aryustuoq0 ttqz saux ttqy wutt us wutt rqpuoqp
orqws0 to soyq Frqzot port uz ttq rqst Izpuqs0
Martuzuquq0 ror uzstazoq0 wtqrq ttqy oaz nq
pqyuxutarusqp to our satusraotuoz or nq pqrtaps
qztrustqp to ttq dzutqp Statqs azp rqyauz sarq uztux
ttq qzp or ttq war0 ttq orqws nquzs rqpatruatqp2 Ir
you rqrusq ttqsq raur offqrs0 I yust0 wutt prorouzp
rqsrqt0 rqquurq you to suzk your stups wuttuz sux
tours2 Fuzaxxy0 rauxuzs ttq anovq0 I tavq ttq orpqrs or
Hus Mavqsty’s Govqrzyqzt to usq wtatqvqr roroq yay
nq zqoqssary to prqvqzt your stups rroy raxxuzs uzto
Gqryaz or Itaxuaz tazps2’
rq tap topqp ttat ozq or ottqr or ttq axtqrzatuvqs
wtuot wq prqsqztqp wouxp tavq nqqz aooqptqp0
wuttout ttq zqoqssuty or usuzs ttq tqrrunxq roroq or a
Brutust nattxq squaproz2 Suot a squaproz arruvqp
nqrorq Oraz two tours artqr Captauz Hoxxazp azp tus
pqstroyqr2 ctus nattxq squaproz was ooyyazpqp ny
euoq1Apyurax Soyqrvuxxq0 az offioqr wto pustuzsuustqp
tuysqxr xatqxy uz ttq nruzsuzs1off or ovqr 1AA0AAA
Frqzotyqz puruzs ttq qvaouatuoz rroy Suzkurk2
Apyurax Soyqrvuxxq was rurttqr provupqp0 nqsupqs tus
nattxqstups0 wutt a oruusqr roroq azp strozs flotuxxas2
Axx pay ttq parxqys ooztuzuqp0 azp wq topqp uztux
ttq artqrzooz ttat our tqrys wouxp nq aooqptqp
wuttout nxoopstqp2 Howqvqr0 zo pount uz onqpuqzoq
to ttq orpqrs puotatqp ny ttq Gqryazs rroy
ruqsnapqz0 wtqrq ttq Frazoo1Gqryaz Aryustuoq
Coyyussuoz us uz sqssuoz0 Apyurax Gqzsoux rqrusqp to
ooypxy azp azzouzoqp tus uztqztuoz or fisttuzs2
Apyurax Soyqrvuxxq was ttqrqrorq orpqrqp to
ooypxqtq tus yussuoz nqrorq parkzqss rqxx0 azp at 5253
p2y2 tq opqzqp firq upoz ttus powqrrux Frqzot Fxqqt0
wtuot was axso protqotqp ny uts storq nattqruqs2 At 6
p2y2 tq rqportqp ttat tq was tqavuxy qzsasqp2 ctq
aotuoz xastqp ror soyq 1A yuzutqs azp was roxxowqp
ny tqavy attaoks rroy our zavax aurorart0 oarruqp uz
ttq 7r‘ Royal2 At 72CA p2y2 Apyurax Soyqrvuxxq
rorwarpqp a rurttqr rqport0 wtuot statqp ttat a nattxq
oruusqr or ttq Strasnours oxass was payasqp azp
astorqE ttat a nattxqstup or ttq Brqtaszq oxass tap
nqqz suzk0 ttat azottqr or ttq sayq oxass tap nqqz
tqavuxy payasqp0 azp ttat two Frqzot pqstroyqrs azp
a sqapxazq oarruqr0 9oaaandant Leste 0 wqrq axso
suzk or nurzqp2
rtuxq ttus yqxazotoxy aotuoz was nquzs roustt0
quttqr ttq nattxq oruusqr KtrasSourg or ttq
Kun‘erque 0 ozq or ttq ottqr0 yazasqp to sxup out or
tarnour uz a saxxazt qffort to rqaot couxoz or a Nortt
Arruoaz port azp pxaoq tqrsqxr uzpqr Gqryaz ooztrox0
uz aooorpazoq wutt ttq Aryustuoq tqrys or ttq
Borpqaux Govqrzyqzt2
[…‘
I zqqp tarpxy say ttat ttq Frqzot stups wqrq roustt0
axnqut uz ttus uzzaturax oausq0 wutt ttq otaraotqrustuo
oourasq or ttq Frqzot Navy0 azp qvqry axxowazoq
yust nq yapq ror Apyurax Gqzsoux azp tus offioqrs
wto rqxt ttqysqxvqs onxusqp to onqy ttq orpqrs ttqy
rqoquvqp rroy ttqur Govqrzyqzt azp oouxp zot xook
nqtuzp ttat Govqrzyqzt to sqq ttq Gqryaz puotatuoz2
I rqar ttq xoss or xurq ayozs ttq Frqzot azp uz ttq
tarnour yust tavq nqqz tqavy0 as wq wqrq ooypqxxqp
to usq a sqvqrq yqasurq or roroq azp sqvqrax
uyyqzsq qxpxosuozs wqrq tqarp2 Nozq or ttq Brutust
stups takuzs part uz ttq aotuoz was uz azy way
affqotqp uz suz1powqr or yonuxuty ny ttq tqavy firq
purqotqp upoz ttqy2 I tavq zot yqt rqoquvqp azy
rqports or our oasuaxtuqs0 nut Apyurax Soyqrvuxxq’s
Fxqqt us0 uz axx yuxutary rqspqots0 uztaot azp rqapy ror
rurttqr aotuoz2
ctq Itaxuaz Navy0 ror wtosq rqoqptuoz wq tap axso
yapq arrazsqyqzts azp wtuot us0 or ooursq0
oozsupqranxy strozsqr zuyqruoaxxy ttaz ttq Fxqqt wq
usqp at Oraz0 kqpt prupqztxy out or ttq way2 Howqvqr0
wq trust ttat ttqur turz wuxx ooyq puruzs ttq
opqratuozs wtuot wq staxx pursuq to sqourq ttq
qffqotuax ooyyazp or ttq Mqputqrrazqaz2
A xarsq proportuoz or ttq Frqzot Fxqqt tas0
ttqrqrorq0 passqp uzto our tazps or tas nqqz put out
or aotuoz or ottqrwusq wutttqxp rroy Gqryazy ny
yqstqrpay’s qvqzts2 ctq Housq wuxx zot qxpqot yq to
say azyttuzs anout ottqr Frqzot stups wtuot arq at
xarsq qxoqpt ttat ut us our uzflqxunxq rqsoxvq to po
qvqryttuzs ttat us possunxq uz orpqr to prqvqzt ttqy
raxxuzs uzto ttq Gqryaz srup2
I xqavq ttq vupsyqzt or our aotuoz0 wutt oozfipqzoq0
to earxuayqzt2 I xqavq ut to ttq zatuoz0 azp I xqavq ut to
ttq dzutqp Statqs2 I xqavq ut to ttq worxp azp to
tustory2
Now I turz to ttq uyyqpuatq ruturq2 rq yust0 or
ooursq0 qxpqot to nq attaokqp0 or qvqz uzvapqp0 ur ttat
provqs to nq possunxq – ut tas zot nqqz provqp yqt – uz
our owz usxazp nqrorq vqry xozs2 rq arq yakuzs qvqry
prqparatuoz uz our powqr to rqpqx ttq assauxts or ttq
qzqyy0 wtqttqr ttqy nq purqotqp upoz Grqat Brutauz0
or upoz Irqxazp0 wtuot axx Irustyqz0 wuttout
pustuzotuoz or orqqp or party0 stouxp rqaxusq us uz
uyyuzqzt pazsqr2 ctqsq asauz arq yattqrs upoz
wtuot wq tavq oxqar vuqws2 ctqsq prqparatuozs arq
oozstaztxy oooupyuzs our toux rroy yorz tuxx zustt0
azp rar uzto ttq zustt2 But0 axttoust wq tavq oxqar
vuqws0 ut wouxp zot0 I ttuzk0 nq profitanxq ror us to
pusouss ttqy uz punxuo0 or qvqz0 so rar as ttq
Govqrzyqzt arq oozoqrzqp0 qxoqpt uzpqr vqry
oozsupqranxq rqsqrvq0 uz a pruvatq sqssuoz2 I oaxx upoz
axx sunvqots or Hus Mavqsty0 azp upoz our Axxuqs0 azp
wqxx1wustqrs – azp ttqy arq zot a rqw – axx ovqr ttq
worxp0 oz nott supqs or ttq Atxaztuo0 to suvq us ttqur
utyost aup2 Iz ttq ruxxqst taryozy wutt our
Soyuzuozs0 wq arq yovuzs ttroust a pqruop or
qxtrqyq pazsqr azp or spxqzpup topq0 wtqz qvqry
vurtuq or our raoq wuxx nq tqstqp0 azp axx ttat wq tavq
azp arq wuxx nq rrqqxy stakqp2 ctus us zo tuyq ror
pount or wqakzqss2 It us ttq suprqyq tour to wtuot
wq tavq nqqz oaxxqp2
 ‘H E S7 A E E N @T 5A 8E 8N @F C 3 F TR ,
7 @H E GE C AA 8N 5F E l

Oz E Ruxy 19EA0 raoqp wutt rqports or pqrqatust taxk at yazy

xqvqxs or tus apyuzustratuoz0 Cturotuxx sqzt a yqssasq to
qvqry sqzuor ouvux sqrvazt uz axx sovqrzyqzt pqpartyqzts2
At ttq qzp or tus spqqot oz ttq noynarpyqzt or ttq Frqzot
Fxqqt at Mqrs qx1Kqnur0 tq toxp ttq assqynxqp Mqynqrs or
earxuayqztK
I wuxx vqzturq to rqap to ttq Housq a yqssasq wtuot I
tavq oausqp to nq sqzt to axx wto arq sqrvuzs uz
posutuozs or uyportazoq uzpqr ttq Crowz0 azp ur ttq
Housq stouxp vuqw ut wutt syypatty0 I stouxp nq vqry
sxap to sqzp a oopy or ut to qvqry Mqynqr ror tus owz
usq0 zot ttat suot qxtortatuozs arq zqqpqp2 ctus us
ttq yqssasqK
‘Oz wtat yay nq ttq qvq or az attqyptqp uzvasuoz
or nattxq ror our zatuvq xazp0 ttq eruyq Muzustqr
pqsurqs to uyprqss upoz axx pqrsozs toxpuzs
rqspozsunxq posutuozs uz ttq Govqrzyqzt0 uz ttq
Fusttuzs Sqrvuoqs0 or uz ttq Cuvux Sqpartyqzts0 ttqur
puty to yauztauz a spurut or axqrt azp oozfipqzt
qzqrsy2 rtuxq qvqry prqoautuoz yust nq takqz ttat
tuyq azp yqazs afforp0 ttqrq arq zo srouzps ror
supposuzs ttat yorq Gqryaz troops oaz nq xazpqp uz
ttus oouztry0 quttqr rroy ttq aur or aoross ttq sqa0
ttaz oaz nq pqstroyqp or oapturqp ny ttq strozs
roroqs at prqsqzt uzpqr arys2 ctq aoyax Aur Foroq us
uz qxoqxxqzt orpqr azp at ttq tustqst strqzstt ut tas
yqt attauzqp2 ctq Gqryaz Navy was zqvqr so wqak0
zor ttq Brutust Aryy at toyq so strozs as zow2
 ‘ctq eruyq Muzustqr qxpqots axx Hus Mavqsty’s
sqrvazts uz tust pxaoqs to sqt az qxaypxq or
stqapuzqss azp rqsoxutuoz2 ctqy stouxp otqok azp
rqnukq qxprqssuozs or xoosq azp uxx1pusqstqp opuzuoz
uz ttqur ouroxqs0 or ny ttqur sunorpuzatqs2 ctqy stouxp
zot tqsutatq to rqport0 or ur zqoqssary rqyovq0 azy
offioqrs or offiouaxs wto arq rouzp to nq oozsouousxy
qxqrousuzs a pusturnuzs or pqprqssuzs uzfluqzoq0 azp
wtosq taxk us oaxouxatqp to sprqap axary azp
pqspozpqzoy2 ctus axozq wuxx ttqy nq wortty or ttq
fisttuzs yqz0 wto0 uz ttq aur0 oz ttq sqa0 azp oz xazp0
tavq axrqapy yqt ttq qzqyy wuttout azy sqzsq or
nquzs outyatotqp uz yartuax quaxutuqs2’
I rqqx ttat wq arq qztutxqp to ttq oozfipqzoq or ttq
Housq azp ttat wq staxx zot raux uz our puty0 towqvqr
pauzrux2 ctq aotuoz wq tavq axrqapy takqz stouxp nq0
uz utsqxr0 suffiouqzt to pusposq ozoq azp ror axx or ttq
xuqs azp ruyours wtuot tavq nqqz so uzpustruousxy
sprqap ny Gqryaz propasazpa azp Furtt Coxuyz
aotuvutuqs ttat wq tavq ttq sxusttqst uztqztuoz or
qztqruzs uzto zqsotuatuozs uz azy rory azp ttroust
azy otazzqx wutt ttq Gqryaz azp Itaxuaz
Govqrzyqzts2 rq staxx0 oz ttq ooztrary0 prosqoutq
ttq war wutt ttq utyost vusour ny axx ttq yqazs ttat
arq opqz to us uztux ttq rusttqous purposqs ror wtuot
wq qztqrqp upoz ut tavq nqqz ruxfixxqp2
 ‘A H A C @5 T7 E F N K N @H N
H A CC8@CSl

ctroustout ttq first two wqqks or Ruxy 19EA0 as Brutauz

awautqp a Gqryaz uzvasuoz0 Cturotuxx tqxp qyqrsqzoy
yqqtuzss wutt ttosq wto wouxp tavq to orsazuzq ttq
pqrqzoq or Brutauz’s nqaotqs2 As Gqryaz warpxazqs
noynqp ttq Ctazzqx ports0 Cturotuxx uzspqotqp ttq troops
azp rortufioatuozs or ttq Soutt Coast pqrqzoqs2 auflqs azp
ayyuzutuoz wqrq arruvuzs ny sqa rroy ttq dzutqp Statqs2
Oz Ruxy 1E0 Cturotuxx nroapoast a yqssasq or optuyusy azp
pqfiazoq to ttq Brutust pqopxqK
rq yust prqparq zot ozxy ror ttq suyyqr0 nut ror ttq
wuztqrE zot ozxy ror 19E10 nut ror 19ECE wtqz ttq rar
wuxx0 I trust0 takq a puffqrqzt rory rroy ttq pqrqzsuvq0
uz wtuot ut tas tuttqrto nqqz nouzp2 I pwqxx oz ttqsq
qxqyqzts uz our strqzstt – oz ttqsq rqsouroqs wtuot
wq tavq yonuxusqp azp ooztrox – I pwqxx oz ut azp
ttqy nqoausq ut us rustt to stow ttat ttq soop oausq
oaz ooyyazp ttq yqazs or survuvaxE azp ttat wtuxq
wq toux ttroust ttq park vaxxqy wq oaz sqq ttq
suzxustt oz ttq upxazps nqyozp2
I stazp at ttq tqap or a Govqrzyqzt rqprqsqztuzs
axx partuqs uz ttq Statq – axx orqqps0 axx oxassqs0 qvqry
rqooszusanxq sqotuoz or opuzuoz2 rq arq razsqp
nqzqatt ttq Crowz or our azouqzt yozaroty2 rq arq
supportqp ny a rrqq earxuayqzt azp a rrqq erqssE nut
ttqrq us ozq nozp wtuot uzutqs us axx azp sustauzs us
uz ttq punxuo rqsarp – zayqxy (as us uzorqasuzsxy
nqooyuzs kzowz,0 ttat wq arq prqparqp to prooqqp to
axx qxtrqyutuqs0 to qzpurq ttqy azp to qzroroq ttqyE
ttat us our nozp or uzuoz uz Hus Mavqsty’s
Govqrzyqzt to1zustt2 ctus ozxy0 uz tuyqs xukq ttqsq0
oaz zatuozs prqsqrvq ttqur rrqqpoyE azp ttus ozxy oaz
ttqy uptoxp ttq oausq qztrustqp to ttqur oarq2
But axx pqpqzps zow upoz ttq wtoxq xurq1strqzstt or
ttq Brutust raoq uz qvqry part or ttq worxp azp or axx
our assoouatqp pqopxqs azp or axx our wqxx1wustqrs uz
qvqry xazp0 pouzs ttqur utyost zustt azp pay0 suvuzs
axx0 paruzs axx0 qzpuruzs axx – to ttq utyost – to ttq
qzp2
ctus us zo war or otuqrtauzs or or pruzoqs0 or
pyzastuqs or zatuozax aynutuozE ut us a war or pqopxqs
azp or oausqs2 ctqrq arq vast zuynqrs zot ozxy uz
ttus usxazp nut uz qvqry xazp0 wto wuxx rqzpqr rauttrux
sqrvuoq uz ttus rar0 nut wtosq zayqs wuxx zqvqr nq
kzowz0 wtosq pqqps wuxx zqvqr nq rqoorpqp2
ctus us a rar or ttq dzkzowz rarruorsE nut xqt axx
struvq wuttout rauxuzs uz rautt or uz putyE azp ttq park
oursq or Hutxqr wuxx nq xurtqp rroy our asq2
 ‘N E GE C 8N T7 E 58E E 3 @5 7 F M A N
C @N 5E 8C Tl

Oz 1E Ausust 19EA0 Cturotuxx xqarzqp ttat 5C6 Brutust

puxots tap nqqz kuxxqp uz aotuoz uz ttq skuqs anovq Brutauz
azp ttq Tzsxust Ctazzqx uz Ruzq azp Ruxy2 Oz Ausust 150 tq
uzroryqp aoosqvqxt or ‘ttq sqvqrq aur fisttuzs’ or ttq
prqvuous wqqk2 Oz Ausust 160 tq wqzt to aAF dxnrupsq0 to
vusut ttq Opqratuozs aooy or No2 11 Group aAF at ttq
tqustt or ttat pay’s aur nattxq2 As tq provq away0 tq
rqyarkqp to Gqzqrax Sur Hastuzss Isyay0 ttq tqap or tus
Sqrqzoq Sqorqtaruat0 wto was suttuzs uz rrozt or tuyK ‘Soz’t
spqak to yqE I tavq zqvqr nqqz so yovqp2’ ctqz0 artqr
anout fivq yuzutqs or suxqzoq0 Cturotuxx xqazt rorwarp azp
saupK ‘Nqvqr uz ttq fiqxp or tuyaz oozfluot tas so yuot nqqz
owqp ny so yazy to so rqw2’ Isyay xatqr rqoaxxqpK ‘ctq
worps nurzqp uzto yy nrauz azp I rqpqatqp ttqy to yy wurq
wtqz I sot toyq2 Cturotuxx too tap qvupqztxy ptotosraptqp
ttqy uz tus yuzp2’ ctq ptrasq ‘ctq Fqw’ sooz oayq to
pqsorunq ttq Axxuqp aurorqw or aAF Fusttqr Coyyazp0
wtosq pqspqratq strussxq uz Ausust azp Sqptqynqr 19EA
prqvqztqp ttq Gqryaz Aur Foroq rroy pqstroyuzs Brutauz’s
fisttqr aur pqrqzoqs2 rutt ttosq pqrqzoqs stuxx uz pxaoq0 a
Gqryaz uzvasuoz or Brutauz wouxp tavq nqqz qxtrqyqxy
puffiouxt2 Oz CA Ausust 19EA0 rour pays artqr tus vusut to aAF
dxnrupsq0 Cturotuxx toxp ttq Housq or CoyyozsK
aattqr yorq ttaz a quartqr or a yqar tas passqp
suzoq ttq zqw Govqrzyqzt oayq uzto powqr uz ttus
oouztry2 rtat a oataraot or pusastqr tas pourqp out
upoz us suzoq ttqz! 2 2 2 Mqazwtuxq0 wq tavq zot ozxy
rortufiqp our tqarts nut our Isxazp2 rq tavq rqaryqp
azp rqnuuxt our aryuqs uz a pqsrqq wtuot wouxp tavq
nqqz pqqyqp uypossunxq a rqw yoztts aso 2 2 2 ctq
wtoxq Isxazp nrustxqs asauzst uzvapqrs0 rroy ttq sqa
or rroy ttq aur2
[…‘
ctq strozsqr our Aryy at toyq0 ttq xarsqr yust ttq
uzvapuzs qxpqputuoz nq0 azp ttq xarsqr ttq uzvapuzs
qxpqputuoz0 ttq xqss puffiouxt wuxx nq ttq task or ttq
Navy uz pqtqotuzs uts assqynxy azp uz uztqroqptuzs
azp pqstroyuzs ut uz passasqE azp ttq srqatqr axso
wouxp nq ttq puffiouxty or rqqpuzs azp suppxyuzs ttq
uzvapqrs ur qvqr ttqy xazpqp 2 2 2 Our Navy us rar
strozsqr ttaz ut was at ttq nqsuzzuzs or ttq war2 ctq
srqat flow or zqw oozstruotuoz sqt oz root at ttq
outnrqak us zow nqsuzzuzs to ooyq uz2
[…‘
rty po I say axx ttusN Not0 assurqpxy0 to noastE zot0
assurqpxy0 to suvq ttq sxusttqst oouztqzazoq to
ooypxaoqzoy2 ctq pazsqrs wq raoq arq stuxx qzoryous0
nut so arq our apvaztasqs azp rqsouroqs2 I rqoouzt
ttqy nqoausq ttq pqopxq tavq a rustt to kzow ttat
ttqrq arq soxup srouzps ror ttq oozfipqzoq wtuot wq
rqqx0 azp ttat wq tavq soop rqasoz to nqxuqvq
oursqxvqs oapanxq0 as I saup uz a vqry park tour two
yoztts aso0 or ooztuzuuzs ttq war ‘ur zqoqssary
axozq0 ur zqoqssary ror yqars’2
[…‘
ctq srqat aur nattxq wtuot tas nqqz uz prosrqss ovqr
ttus Isxazp ror ttq xast rqw wqqks tas rqoqztxy
attauzqp a tust uztqzsuty2 It us too sooz to attqypt to
assusz xuyuts quttqr to uts soaxq or to uts puratuoz2 rq
yust oqrtauzxy qxpqot ttat srqatqr qfforts wuxx nq
yapq ny ttq qzqyy ttaz azy tq tas so rar put rortt2
[…‘
It us quutq pxauz ttat Hqrr Hutxqr oouxp zot apyut
pqrqat uz tus aur attaok oz Grqat Brutauz wuttout
sustauzuzs yost sqruous uzvury2 Ir artqr axx tus
noastuzss azp nxoopourpxuzs ttrqats azp xurup
aooouzts truypqtqp rouzp ttq worxp or ttq payasq
tq tas uzfluotqp0 or ttq vast zuynqrs or our Aur Foroq
tq tas stot powz0 so tq says0 wutt so xuttxq xoss to
tuysqxr [2 2 2‘ ur artqr axx ttus tus wtoxq aur ozsxaustt
wqrq roroqp artqr a wtuxq tayqxy to pqtqr out0 ttq
Futrqr’s rqputatuoz ror vqraouty or statqyqzt yustt
nq sqruousxy uypuszqp2 rq yay nq surq0 ttqrqrorq0
ttat tq wuxx ooztuzuq as xozs as tq tas ttq strqzstt to
po so2
[…‘
It yust axso nq rqyqynqrqp ttat axx ttq qzqyy
yaotuzqs azp puxots wtuot arq stot powz ovqr our
Isxazp0 or ovqr ttq sqas wtuot surrouzp ut0 arq quttqr
pqstroyqp or oapturqpE wtqrqas a oozsupqranxq
proportuoz or our yaotuzqs0 azp axso or our puxots0 arq
savqp0 azp sooz asauz uz yazy oasqs ooyq uzto
aotuoz2
[…‘
rq nqxuqvq ttat wq staxx nq anxq to ooztuzuq ttq aur
strussxq uzpqfizutqxy azp as xozs as ttq qzqyy
pxqasqs0 azp ttq xozsqr ut ooztuzuqs ttq yorq rapup
wuxx nq our approaot0 first towarps ttat paruty0 azp
ttqz uzto ttat supqruoruty0 uz ttq aur upoz wtuot uz a
xarsq yqasurq ttq pqousuoz or ttq war pqpqzps2
[…‘
ctq sratutupq or qvqry toyq uz our Isxazp0 uz our
Typurq0 azp uzpqqp ttroustout ttq worxp0 qxoqpt uz
ttq anopqs or ttq suuxty0 soqs out to ttq Brutust
auryqz wto0 uzpauztqp ny opps0 uzwqaruqp uz ttqur
oozstazt otaxxqzsq azp yortax pazsqr0 arq turzuzs
ttq tupq or ttq rorxp rar ny ttqur prowqss azp ny
ttqur pqvotuoz2 Nqvqr uz ttq fiqxp or tuyaz oozfluot
was so yuot owqp ny so yazy to so rqw2
Axx tqarts so out to ttq fisttqr puxots0 wtosq
nruxxuazt aotuozs wq sqq wutt our owz qyqs pay artqr
pay0 nut wq yust zqvqr rorsqt ttat axx ttq tuyq0 zustt
artqr zustt0 yoztt artqr yoztt0 our noynqr
squaprozs travqx rar uzto Gqryazy0 fizp ttqur tarsqts
uz ttq parkzqss ny ttq tustqst zavusatuozax skuxx0 auy
ttqur attaoks0 ortqz uzpqr ttq tqavuqst firq0 ortqz wutt
sqruous xoss0 wutt pqxunqratq0 oarqrux pusoruyuzatuoz0
azp uzfluot stattqruzs nxows upoz ttq wtoxq or ttq
tqotzuoax azp war1yakuzs struoturq or ttq Nazu
powqr2 Oz zo part or ttq aoyax Aur Foroq poqs ttq
wqustt or ttq war raxx yorq tqavuxy ttaz oz ttq
payxustt noynqrs wto wuxx pxay az uzvaxuanxq part uz
ttq oasq or uzvasuoz azp wtosq uzfluzotuzs zqax ut tas
nqqz zqoqssary uz ttq yqazwtuxq oz zuyqrous
oooasuozs to rqstrauz2
[…‘
A soop yazy pqopxq tavq wruttqz to yq to ask yq to
yakq oz ttus oooasuoz a ruxxqr statqyqzt or our war
auys0 azp or ttq kuzp or pqaoq wq wust to yakq artqr
ttq war0 ttaz us ooztauzqp uz ttq vqry oozsupqranxq
pqoxaratuoz wtuot was yapq qarxy uz ttq autuyz [2 2 2‘
I po zot ttuzk ut wouxp nq wusq at ttus yoyqzt0 wtuxq
ttq nattxq rasqs azp ttq war us stuxx pqrtaps ozxy uz uts
qarxuqr stasq0 to qynark upoz qxanoratq spqouxatuozs
anout ttq ruturq stapq wtuot stouxp nq suvqz to
Turopq [2 2 2‘ But nqrorq wq oaz uzpqrtakq ttq task or
rqnuuxpuzs wq tavq zot ozxy to nq oozvuzoqp
oursqxvqs0 nut wq tavq to oozvuzoq axx ottqr oouztruqs
ttat ttq Nazu tyrazzy us souzs to nq fizaxxy nrokqz2
ctq rustt to suupq ttq ooursq or worxp tustory us ttq
zonxqst pruzq or vuotory2 rq arq stuxx touxuzs up ttq tuxxE
wq tavq zot yqt rqaotqp ttq orqst1xuzq or utE wq
oazzot survqy ttq xazpsoapq or qvqz uyasuzq wtat uts
oozputuoz wuxx nq wtqz ttat xozsqp1ror yorzuzs
ooyqs2 ctq task wtuot xuqs nqrorq us uyyqpuatqxy us
at ozoq yorq praotuoax0 yorq suypxq azp yorq stqrz2
[…‘
For ttq rqst0 wq tavq to sauz ttq vuotory2 ctat us our
task2
[…‘
Soyq yoztts aso wq oayq to ttq oozoxusuoz ttat ttq
uztqrqsts or ttq dzutqp Statqs azp or ttq Brutust
Typurq nott rqquurqp ttat ttq dzutqp Statqs stouxp
tavq raouxutuqs ror ttq zavax azp aur pqrqzoq or ttq
rqstqrz Hqyusptqrq asauzst ttq attaok or a Nazu
powqr [2 2 2‘ rq tap ttqrqrorq pqoupqp spoztazqousxy0
azp wuttout nquzs askqp or offqrqp azy uzpuoqyqzt0
to uzrory ttq Govqrzyqzt or ttq dzutqp Statqs ttat
wq wouxp nq sxap to pxaoq suot pqrqzoq raouxutuqs at
ttqur pusposax ny xqasuzs suutanxq sutqs uz our
crazsatxaztuo possqssuozs ror ttqur srqatqr sqouruty
asauzst ttq uzyqasurqp pazsqrs or ttq ruturq [2 2 2‘
Hus Mavqsty’s Govqrzyqzt arq qzturqxy wuxxuzs to
aooorp pqrqzoq raouxutuqs to ttq dzutqp Statqs oz a 99
yqars’ xqasqtoxp nasus [2 2 2‘
dzpountqpxy ttus prooqss yqazs ttat ttqsq two
srqat orsazusatuozs or ttq Tzsxust1spqakuzs
pqyooraouqs0 ttq Brutust Typurq azp ttq dzutqp
Statqs0 wuxx tavq to nq soyqwtat yuxqp up tosqttqr
uz soyq or ttqur affaurs ror yutuax azp sqzqrax
apvaztasq2 For yy owz part0 xookuzs out upoz ttq
ruturq0 I po zot vuqw ttq prooqss wutt azy yussuvuzss2
I oouxp zot stop ut ur I wustqpE zo ozq oaz stop ut2 Lukq
ttq Mussussuppu0 ut vust kqqps roxxuzs axozs2 Lqt ut roxx2
Lqt ut roxx oz ruxx floop0 uzqxoranxq0 urrqsustunxq0
nqzuszazt0 to nroapqr xazps azp nqttqr pays2
 ‘E E T 6 @3 3 E 5E N 3 T7 E C86 7 Tl

Suruzs Ausust 19EA0 Gqryaz prqparatuozs ror uzvasuoz

wqrq ooztuzuous0 wutt uzvasuoz narsqs uz ttq Ctazzqx azp
Nortt Sqa ports or Frazoq0 Bqxsuuy azp Hoxxazp nquzs
yapq rqapy to trazsport troops to ttq nqaotqs or Soutt
Tast Tzsxazp2 Iz ttq aur0 Gqryaz noynqrs soustt to
pqstroy Brutust aurfiqxps azp fisttqr pqrqzoqs2 ctat Ausust0
yorq ttaz fivq ttousazp ouvuxuazs wqrq kuxxqp puruzs
Gqryaz aur raups0 ttq yavoruty uz Lozpoz2 Oz 11 Sqptqynqr
19EA0 as ttq noynuzs uztqzsufiqp0 ut was azzouzoqp ttat
10C11 ouvuxuazs tap nqqz kuxxqp uz ttq prqvuous wqqk0 976 or
ttqy uz Lozpoz2 ctat pay Cturotuxx nroapoast asauz to ttq
Brutust pqopxqK
Ir ttus uzvasuoz us souzs to nq truqp at axx0 ut poqs zot
sqqy ttat ut oaz nq xozs pqxayqp2 ctq wqattqr yay
nrqak at azy tuyq2 Bqsupqs ttus0 ut us puffiouxt ror ttq
qzqyy to kqqp ttqsq sattqruzss or stups wautuzs
anout uzpqfizutqxy0 wtuxq ttqy arq noynqp qvqry zustt
ny our noynqrs0 azp vqry ortqz stqxxqp ny our
warstups wtuot arq wautuzs ror ttqy outsupq2
ctqrqrorq0 wq yust rqsarp ttq zqxt wqqk or so as a
vqry uyportazt pqruop uz our tustory2 It razks wutt ttq
pays wtqz ttq Spazust Aryapa was approaotuzs ttq
Ctazzqx0 azp Srakq was fizustuzs tus sayq or nowxsE
or wtqz Nqxsoz stoop nqtwqqz us azp Napoxqoz’s
Grazp Aryy at Bouxoszq2 rq tavq rqap axx anout ttus
uz ttq tustory nooksE nut wtat us tappqzuzs zow us oz
a rar srqatqr soaxq azp or rar yorq oozsqquqzoq to
ttq xurq azp ruturq or ttq worxp azp uts ouvuxuzatuoz
ttaz ttqsq nravq oxp pays or ttq past2
 Tvqry yaz azp woyaz wuxx ttqrqrorq prqparq
tuysqxr to po tus puty0 wtatqvqr ut yay nq0 wutt
spqouax prupq azp oarq2 Our flqqts azp flotuxxas arq
vqry powqrrux azp zuyqrousE our Aur Foroq us at ttq
tustqst strqzstt ut tas qvqr rqaotqp0 azp ut us
oozsouous or uts provqp supqruoruty0 zot uzpqqp uz
zuynqrs0 nut uz yqz azp yaotuzqs2 Our storqs arq
wqxx rortufiqp azp strozsxy yazzqp0 azp nqtuzp ttqy0
rqapy to attaok ttq uzvapqrs0 wq tavq a rar xarsqr azp
nqttqr qquuppqp yonuxq Aryy ttaz wq tavq qvqr tap
nqrorq2
Bqsupqs ttus0 wq tavq yorq ttaz a yuxxuoz azp a taxr
yqz or ttq Hoyq Guarp0 wto arq vust as yuot
soxpuqrs or ttq aqsuxar Aryy as ttq Grqzapuqr
Guarps0 azp wto arq pqtqryuzqp to fistt ror qvqry
uzot or ttq srouzp uz qvqry vuxxasq azp uz qvqry
strqqt2
It us wutt pqvout nut surq oozfipqzoq ttat I sayK Lqt
Gop pqrqzp ttq austt2
ctqsq oruqx0 waztoz0 uzpusoruyuzatq noynuzss or
Lozpoz arq0 or ooursq0 a part or Hutxqr’s uzvasuoz
pxazs2 Hq topqs0 ny kuxxuzs xarsq zuynqrs or ouvuxuazs0
azp woyqz azp otuxprqz0 ttat tq wuxx tqrroruzq azp
oow ttq pqopxq or ttus yustty uypqruax outy0 azp yakq
ttqy a nurpqz azp az azxuqty to ttq Govqrzyqzt azp
ttus pustraot our attqztuoz uzpuxy rroy ttq rqroouous
ozsxaustt tq us prqparuzs2 Luttxq poqs tq kzow ttq
spurut or ttq Brutust zatuoz0 or ttq toust finrq or ttq
Lozpozqrs0 wtosq rorqnqars pxayqp a xqapuzs part uz
ttq qstanxustyqzt or earxuayqztary uzstututuozs azp
wto tavq nqqz nrqp to vaxuq rrqqpoy rar anovq ttqur
xuvqs2
ctus wuokqp yaz0 ttq rqposutory azp qynopuyqzt or
yazy rorys or soux1pqstroyuzs tatrqp0 ttus yozstrous
propuot or roryqr wrozss azp stayq0 tas zow
rqsoxvqp to try to nrqak our rayous Isxazp raoq ny a
prooqss or uzpusoruyuzatq sxausttqr azp pqstruotuoz2
rtat tq tas pozq us to kuzpxq a firq uz Brutust tqarts0
tqrq azp axx ovqr ttq worxp0 wtuot wuxx sxow xozs
artqr axx traoqs or ttq oozflasratuoz tq tas oausqp uz
Lozpoz tavq nqqz rqyovqp2 Hq tas xusttqp a firq
wtuot wuxx nurz wutt a stqapy azp oozsuyuzs flayq
uztux ttq xast vqstusqs or Nazu tyrazzy tavq nqqz
nurzt out or Turopq0 azp uztux ttq Oxp rorxp azp ttq
Nqw oaz vouz tazps to rqnuuxp ttq tqypxqs or yaz’s
rrqqpoy azp yaz’s tozour0 upoz rouzpatuozs wtuot
wuxx zot sooz or qasuxy nq ovqrttrowz2
[…‘
Axx ttq worxp ttat us stuxx rrqq yarvqxs at ttq
ooyposurq azp rortutupq wutt wtuot ttq outuzqzs or
Lozpoz arq raouzs azp suryouztuzs ttq srqat orpqax
to wtuot ttqy arq sunvqotqp0 ttq qzp or wtuot or ttq
sqvqruty or wtuot oazzot yqt nq rorqsqqz2 It us a
yqssasq or soop otqqr to our fisttuzs Foroqs oz ttq
sqas0 uz ttq aur0 azp uz our wautuzs Aryuqs uz axx ttqur
posts azp statuozs0 ttat wq sqzp ttqy rroy ttus
oaputax outy2 ctqy kzow ttat ttqy tavq nqtuzp ttqy a
pqopxq wto wuxx zot fluzot or wqary or ttq strussxq –
tarp azp protraotqp ttoust ut wuxx nqE nut ttat wq
staxx rattqr praw rroy ttq tqart or suffqruzs utsqxr ttq
yqazs or uzspuratuoz azp survuvax0 azp or a vuotory
woz zot ozxy ror oursqxvqs nut ror axx – a vuotory woz
zot ozxy ror our owz tuyq0 nut ror ttq xozs azp nqttqr
pays ttat arq to ooyq2
[…‘
rtqzqvqr ttq wqattqr us ravouranxq wavqs or
Gqryaz noynqrs0 protqotqp ny fisttqrs0 ortqz ttrqq
or rour tuzprqp at a tuyq0 sursq ovqr ttus Isxazp0
qspqouaxxy ttq proyoztory or Kqzt0 uz ttq topq or
attaokuzs yuxutary azp ottqr onvqotuvqs ny payxustt2
Howqvqr0 ttqy arq yqt ny our fisttqr squaprozs azp
zqarxy axways nrokqz up0 azp ttqur xossqs avqrasq
ttrqq to ozq uz yaotuzqs azp sux to ozq uz puxots2
ctus qffort or ttq Gqryazs to sqourq payxustt
yastqry or ttq aur ovqr Tzsxazp us or ooursq ttq orux
or ttq wtoxq war2 So rar ut tas rauxqp oozspuouousxy2 It
tas oost ttqy vqry pqar0 azp wq tavq rqxt strozsqr0
azp aotuaxxy arq rqxatuvqxy a soop pqax strozsqr0 ttaz
wtqz ttq tarp fisttuzs nqsaz uz Ruxy2 ctqrq us zo
pount ttat Hqrr Hutxqr us usuzs up tus fisttqr roroq at
a vqry tust ratq0 azp ttat ur tq soqs oz ror yazy yorq
wqqks tq wuxx wqar powz azp ruuz ttus vutax part or
tus Aur Foroq2 ctat wuxx suvq us a srqat apvaztasq2
Oz ttq ottqr tazp0 ror tuy to try to uzvapq ttus
oouztry wuttout tavuzs sqourqp yastqry uz ttq aur
wouxp nq a vqry tazarpous uzpqrtakuzs2
Nqvqrttqxqss0 axx tus prqparatuozs ror uzvasuoz oz a
srqat soaxq arq stqapuxy souzs rorwarp2 Sqvqrax
tuzprqps or sqxr1propqxxqp narsqs arq yovuzs powz
ttq ooasts or Turopq0 rroy ttq Gqryaz azp Sutot
tarnours to ttq ports or Norttqrz Frazoq0 rroy
Suzkurk to Brqst0 azp nqyozp Brqst to ttq Frqzot
tarnours uz ttq Bay or Busoay2
Bqsupqs ttus0 oozvoys or yqrotazt stups uz tqzs azp
pozqzs arq nquzs yovqp ttroust ttq Strauts or Sovqr
uzto ttq Ctazzqx0 popsuzs axozs rroy port to port
uzpqr ttq protqotuoz or ttq zqw nattqruqs wtuot ttq
Gqryazs tavq nuuxt oz ttq Frqzot storq2 ctqrq arq
zow oozsupqranxq sattqruzss or stuppuzs uz ttq
Gqryaz0 Sutot0 Bqxsuaz azp Frqzot tarnours0 axx ttq
way rroy Haynurs to Brqst2 Fuzaxxy0 ttqrq arq soyq
prqparatuozs yapq or stups to oarry az uzvapuzs roroq
rroy Norwqsuaz watqrs2
Bqtuzp ttqsq oxustqrs or stups or narsqs ttqrq stazp
xarsq zuynqrs or Gqryaz troops0 awautuzs ttq orpqr
to so oz noarp azp sqt out oz ttqur vqry pazsqrous
azp uzoqrtauz voyasq aoross ttq sqas2 rq oazzot tqxx
wtqz ttqy wuxx try to ooyqE wq oazzot nq surq ttat uz
raot ttqy wuxx try at axxE nut zo1ozq stouxp nxuzp
tuysqxr to ttq raot ttat a tqavy ruxx1soaxq uzvasuoz or
ttus Isxazp us nquzs prqparqp wutt axx ttq usuax
Gqryaz ttoroustzqss azp yqttop0 azp ttat ut yay nq
xauzotqp zow – upoz Tzsxazp0 upoz Sootxazp0 or
upoz Irqxazp0 or upoz axx ttrqq2
 ‘T7 E SE N E I T 5E H H E E K S A CE
6 CAGE A N 3 A N I 8@F Sl

Iz ttq first two wqqks or Sqptqynqr0 two ttousazp Brutust

ouvuxuazs tap nqqz kuxxqp azp qustt ttousazp wouzpqp0 rour1
firtts uz Lozpoz0 ny Gqryaz aur noynarpyqzt2 At ttq sayq
tuyq0 Cturotuxx kzqw rroy ttq yost sqorqt souroqs or
Brutust uztqxxusqzoq ttat ttq Gqryaz Aur Foroq tap nqqz
axqrtqp to prqparq ror provupuzs oovqr ror ttq uzvasuoz
narsqs ttqz awautuzs ttq troops wto wouxp nq xazpuzs oz
Brutust soux2 Hq axso kzqw ttat ttq uzorqasuzs zuynqr or
rossy pays uz ttq Tzsxust Ctazzqx azp Nortt Sqa wouxp nq
a rurttqr protqotuoz ror ttosq narsqs2 rtat tq pup zot kzow
was ttat Hutxqr was anout to otazsq tus yuzp0 azp to sqt
ttq uzvasuoz or ttq Sovuqt dzuoz as tus pruoruty2 Oz 17
Sqptqynqr 19EA0 Cturotuxx toxp ttq Housq or Coyyozs0 uz
a Sqorqt Sqssuoz rroy wtuot axx vusutors azp vourzaxusts
wqrq narrqpK
ctqsq zqxt rqw wqqks arq sravq azp azxuous2 I saup
vust zow uz ttq eunxuo Sqssuoz ttat ttq pqpxoyyqzt or
ttq qzqyy’s uzvasuoz prqparatuozs azp ttq assqynxy
or tus stups azp narsqs us stqapuxy prooqqpuzs0 azp
ttat at azy yoyqzt a yavor assauxt yay nq xauzotqp
upoz ttus Isxazp2 I zow say uz sqorqt ttat upwarps or
107AA sqxr1propqxxqp narsqs azp yorq ttaz CAA sqa1
souzs stups0 soyq vqry xarsq stups0 arq axrqapy
sattqrqp at ttq yazy uzvasuoz ports uz Gqryaz
oooupatuoz2
Ir ttus us axx a prqtqzoq azp stratasqy to puz us
powz tqrq0 ut tas nqqz qxqoutqp wutt surprusuzs
ttoroustzqss azp oz a susaztuo soaxq2 Soyq or ttqsq
stups azp narsqs0 wtqz struok ny our noynuzs
oouztqr1attaok azp prqvqztuvq attaok0 tavq nxowz up
wutt trqyqzpous qxpxosuozs0 stowuzs ttat ttqy arq
ruxxy xoapqp wutt axx ttq yuzutuozs zqqpqp ror ttq
uzvapuzs aryuqs azp to nqat us powz azp sunvusatq
us uttqrxy2
ctq stuppuzs avauxanxq azp zow assqynxqp us
suffiouqzt to oarry uz ozq voyasq zqarxy taxr a yuxxuoz
yqz2 rq stouxp0 or ooursq0 qxpqot to prowz a srqat
yazy oz ttq way ovqr0 azp to pqstroy a xarsq
proportuoz or ttqur vqssqxs2 But wtqz you rqflqot upoz
ttq yazy pouzts rroy wtuot ttqy oouxp start0 azp
upoz ttq raot ttat qvqz ttq yost xukqxy sqotor or
uzvasuoz0 u2q20 ttq sqotor uz wtuot qzqyy fisttqr
support us avauxanxq ror ttqur noynqrs azp puvq1
noynqrs0 qxtqzpuzs rroy ttq rast to ttq Isxq or
rustt0 us zqarxy as xozs as ttq wtoxq rrozt uz Frazoq
rroy ttq Axps to ttq sqa0 azp axso upoz ttq pazsqrs
or ros or artufiouax ros0 ozq yust qxpqot yazy
xopsyqzts or attqyptqp xopsyqzts to nq yapq oz our
Isxazp suyuxtazqousxy2 ctqsq wq staxx topq to pqax
wutt as ttqy ooour0 azp axso to out off ttq suppxy
aoross ttq sqa ny wtuot ttq qzqyy wuxx sqqk to
zourust tus xopsyqzts2
ctq puffiouxtuqs or ttq uzvapqr arq zot qzpqp wtqz
tq sqts root oz storq2 A zqw otaptqr or pqruxs opqzs
upoz tuy2 I ay oozfipqzt ttat wq staxx suooqqp uz
pqrqatuzs azp xarsqxy pqstroyuzs ttus yost
trqyqzpous ozsxaustt ny wtuot wq arq zow
ttrqatqzqp0 azp azytow0 wtatqvqr tappqzs0 wq wuxx
axx so powz fisttuzs to ttq qzp2 I rqqx as surq as ttq
suz wuxx rusq toyorrow ttat wq staxx nq vuotoruous2
 ‘M A N lS 8N ST8N C T8GE 3 E 58A N C E @5
TR CA N N R l

ctq xast pay or Sqptqynqr 19EA yarkqp ttq sqoozp

azzuvqrsary or ttq Muzuot Asrqqyqzt0 wtqrqny Hutxqr –
tavuzs assurqp Nqvuxxq Ctaynqrxauz ttat tq pup zot wust to
tavq azy yorq Czqots uzpqr Gqryaz ruxq – ontauzqp
Brutauz’s azp Frazoq’s asrqqyqzt to tus pqyazp ror ttq
azzqxatuoz or ttq yuzqrax1ruot azp prqpoyuzaztxy Gqryaz1
spqakuzs Supqtqzxazp norpqr rqsuozs or Czqotosxovakua2
Oz ttat pay0 Sqptqynqr 3A0 Cturotuxx nroapoast ovqr ttq
BBC to ttq pqopxq or Czqotosxovakua0 axx or wtoy tap nqqz
xuvuzs uzpqr ttq tarst sqvqruty or Nazu ruxq suzoq ttq
Gqryaz oooupatuoz or erasuq uz Marot 1939K
co1pay us ttq sqoozp azzuvqrsary or ttq Muzuot
Asrqqyqzt0 a patq wtuot ttq worxp wuxx axways
rqyqynqr ror ttq trasuo saorufioq yapq ny ttq
Czqotosxovak pqopxq uz ttq uztqrqst or Turopqaz
pqaoq2 ctq topqs wtuot ttus asrqqyqzt sturrqp uz ttq
tqart or ouvuxuzqp yazkuzp tavq nqqz rrustratqp2
ruttuz sux yoztts ttq soxqyz pxqpsqs suvqz ny ttq
uzsorupuxous yqz wto ooztrox ttq pqstuzy or
Gqryazy wqrq nrokqz azp ttq asrqqyqzt pqstroyqp
wutt a ruttxqsszqss wtuot uzyaskqp ttq truq zaturq
or ttqur rqokxqss aynutuozs to ttq wtoxq worxp2
ctq protqotuoz wtuot Hutxqr roroqp upoz you tas
nqqz a stay azp a oxoak ror ttq uzoorporatuoz or your
ozoq flourustuzs oouztry uz ttq so1oaxxqp Grqatqr
aquot2 Izstqap or protqotuoz tq tas nroustt you
zottuzs nut yorax azp yatqruax pqvastatuoz0 azp to1
pay ttq roxxowqrs or ttat srqat azp toxqrazt
tuyazutaruaz0 erqsupqzt Masaryk0 arq nquzs
pqrsqoutqp wutt a pqxunqratq oruqxty wtuot tas rqw
paraxxqxs uz yopqrz tustory2
Iz ttus tour or your yartyrpoy I sqzp you ttus
yqssasqK ctq nattxq wtuot wq uz Brutauz arq fisttuzs
topay us zot ozxy our nattxq2 It us axso your nattxq0 azp0
uzpqqp0 ttq nattxq or axx zatuozs wto prqrqr xunqrty to
a souxxqss sqrrpoy2 It us ttq strussxq or ouvuxuzqp
zatuozs ror ttq rustt to xuvq ttqur owz xurq uz ttq
yazzqr or ttqur owz otoosuzs2 It rqprqsqzts yaz’s
uzstuzotuvq pqfiazoq or tyrazzy azp or az uypqrsozax
uzuvqrsq2
ctroustout tustory zo Turopqaz zatuoz tas stowz
a srqatqr wuxx to survuvq ttaz yours0 azp topay asauz
your pqopxq tavq suvqz oouztxqss proors or ttqur
oourasq uz apvqrsuty2 Hqrq uz Brutauz wq tavq
wqxooyqp wutt prupq azp sratutupq your soxpuqrs azp
auryqz wto tavq ooyq ny paruzs qsoapq to takq part
wutt qvqr1uzorqasuzs suooqss uz ttat nattxq ror Brutauz
wtuot us axso ttq nattxq ror Czqotosxovakua2 Azp zo
xqss suzoqrq us our apyuratuoz or ttosq Czqots azp
Sxovaks wto oz ttq toyq rrozt arq ruskuzs pqatt0 azp
worsq ttaz pqatt0 uz orpqr to rostqr rqsustazoq
asauzst a oruqx azp tqartxqss opprqssor2
It us nqoausq wq nott arq fisttuzs ror ttq
ruzpayqztax pqoqzouqs or tuyaz xurq ttat wq arq
pqtqryuzqp ttat zquttqr our strussxq zor your
strussxq staxx nq uz vauz2 It us ror ttus rqasoz ttat wq
tavq rqrusqp to rqooszuzq azy or ttq nrutax oozquqsts
or Gqryazy uz Cqztrax Turopq azp qxsqwtqrq0 ttat wq
tavq wqxooyqp a Czqotosxovak erovusuozax
Govqrzyqzt uz ttus oouztry0 azp ttat wq tavq yapq
ttq rqstoratuoz or Czqotosxovak xunqrtuqs ozq or our
pruzoupax war auys2 rutt firyzqss azp rqsoxutuoz0 two
quaxutuqs wtuot our zatuozs starq uz qquax yqasurq0
ttqsq auys wuxx nq aotuqvqp2
 Bq or soop otqqr2 ctq tour or your pqxuvqrazoq wuxx
ooyq2 ctq soux or rrqqpoy us pqattxqssE ut oazzot0 azp
wuxx zot0 pqrust2
‘SE E E A T@ 6 AT7 E C STCE N 6 T7 5@C
T7 E M @CN 8N 6 l

Cturotuxx azsuustqp ovqr ttq pxustt or Frazoq uzpqr

Gqryaz oooupatuoz azp ooztrox0 vust as tq tap azsuustqp
ovqr ttq orpqr to noynarp ttq Frqzot warstups at Mqrs qx1
Kqnur2 Oz CC Ruxy 19EA tq tap orqatqp ttq Spqouax
Opqratuozs Txqoutuvq (SOT,0 otarsqp wutt sqttuzs up
rqsustazoq sroups uzsupq Frazoq0 azp qxsqwtqrq uz Gqryaz1
oooupuqp Turopq0 ttat oouxp uz puq ooursq oarry out aztu1
Gqryaz sanotasq2 Hus uzstruotuoz to uts yqynqrs wasK ‘Sqt
Turopq anxazq!’ Oz Ootonqr C1 tq nroapoast0 first uz
Tzsxust azp ttqz uz Frqzot0 az appqax to axx Frqzotyqz
azp woyqzK
aqyqynqr wq staxx zqvqr stop0 zqvqr wqary0 azp
zqvqr suvq uz0 azp ttat our wtoxq pqopxq azp Typurq
tavq vowqp ttqysqxvqs to ttq task or oxqazsuzs
Turopq rroy ttq Nazu pqstuxqzoq azp savuzs ttq worxp
rroy ttq zqw Sark Asqs2 So zot uyasuzq0 as ttq
Gqryaz1ooztroxxqp wurqxqss tqxxs you0 ttat wq Tzsxust
sqqk to takq your stups azp ooxozuqs2 rq sqqk to nqat
ttq xurq azp soux out or Hutxqr azp Hutxqrusy2 ctat
axozq0 ttat axx ttq tuyq0 ttat to ttq qzp2
rq po zot oovqt azyttuzs rroy azy zatuoz qxoqpt
ttqur rqspqot2 ctosq Frqzotyqz wto arq uz ttq
Frqzot Typurq0 azp ttosq wto arq uz so1oaxxqp
uzoooupuqp Frazoq0 yay sqq ttqur way rroy tuyq to
tuyq to usqrux aotuoz2 I wuxx zot so uzto pqtauxs2 Hostuxq
qars arq xustqzuzs2 As ror ttosq0 to wtoy Tzsxust
tqarts so out uz ruxx0 nqoausq ttqy sqq ttqy uzpqr ttq
starp pusoupxuzq0 opprqssuoz0 azp spyuzs or ttq Huz –
as to ttosq Frqzotyqz uz ttq oooupuqp rqsuozs0 to
ttqy I say0 wtqz ttqy ttuzk or ttq ruturq xqt ttqy
rqyqynqr ttq worps wtuot Gaynqtta0 ttat srqat
Frqzotyaz0 uttqrqp artqr 187A anout ttq ruturq or
Frazoq azp wtat was to ooyqK ‘ctuzk or ut axwaysK
spqak or ut zqvqr2’
Goopzustt ttqzK sxqqp to sattqr strqzstt ror ttq
yorzuzs2 For ttq yorzuzs wuxx ooyq2 Brusttxy wuxx ut
stuzq oz ttq nravq azp truq0 kuzpxy upoz axx wto
suffqr ror ttq oausq0 sxoruous upoz ttq toyns or
tqroqs2 ctus wuxx stuzq ttq pawz2 euvq xa Frazoq!
Lozs xuvq axso ttq rorwarp yarot or ttq ooyyoz
pqopxq uz axx ttq xazps towarps ttqur vust azp truq
uztqrutazoq0 azp towarps ttq nroapqr azp ruxxqr asq2
 ‘T7 E @N E R 6 F 83 E T@ A M A N 8S 7 8S
C @N SC 8E N C E l

Nqvuxxq Ctaynqrxauz puqp oz 9 Novqynqr 19EA2 For ttq two

pqaoqtuyq yqars or tus prqyuqrstup0 tq tap nqqz
Cturotuxx’s yauz poxutuoax apvqrsary0 kqqpuzs Cturotuxx out
or offioq azp punxuoxy nqxuttxuzs tus vupsqyqzt2 Iz
Sqptqynqr 1939 tq tap nroustt Cturotuxx uzto tus rar
Canuzqt0 azp uz Aprux 19EA tq tap uzorqasqp Cturotuxx’s
powqrs wuttuz ut2 Oz nqooyuzs eruyq Muzustqr oz 1A May
19EA0 Cturotuxx tap yapq Ctaynqrxauz a yqynqr or tus
owz rar CanuzqtE azp ut rqxx to tuy as eruyq Muzustqr to
spqak uz ttq Housq or Coyyozs oz Novqynqr 1C anout tus
prqpqoqssorK
Suzoq wq xast yqt0 ttq Housq tas suffqrqp a vqry
sruqvous xoss uz ttq pqatt or ozq or uts yost
pustuzsuustqp Mqynqrs azp or a statqsyaz azp punxuo
sqrvazt wto0 puruzs ttq nqst part or ttrqq yqyoranxq
yqars0 was first Muzustqr or ttq Crowz2
ctq fiqroq azp nuttqr ooztrovqrsuqs wtuot tuzs
arouzp tuy uz rqoqzt tuyqs wqrq tustqp ny ttq zqws
or tus uxxzqss azp arq suxqzoqp ny tus pqatt2 Iz payuzs
a trunutq or rqspqot azp or rqsarp to az qyuzqzt yaz
wto tas nqqz takqz rroy us0 zo ozq us onxusqp to
axtqr ttq opuzuozs wtuot tq tas roryqp or qxprqssqp
upoz ussuqs wtuot tavq nqooyq a part or tustoryE nut
at ttq Lyotsatq wq yay axx pass our owz oozpuot azp
our owz vupsyqzts uzpqr a sqarotuzs rqvuqw2
It us zot suvqz to tuyaz nquzss0 tappuxy ror ttqy0
ror ottqrwusq xurq wouxp nq uztoxqranxq0 to rorqsqq or
to prqpuot to azy xarsq qxtqzt ttq uzroxpuzs ooursq or
qvqzts2 Iz ozq ptasq yqz sqqy to tavq nqqz rustt0 uz
azottqr ttqy sqqy to tavq nqqz wrozs2 ctqz asauz0 a
rqw yqars xatqr0 wtqz ttq pqrspqotuvq or tuyq tas
xqzsttqzqp0 axx stazps uz a puffqrqzt sqttuzs2 ctqrq us
a zqw proportuoz2 ctqrq us azottqr soaxq or vaxuqs2
Hustory wutt uts fluokqruzs xayp stuynxqs axozs ttq
traux or ttq past0 tryuzs to rqoozstruot uts soqzqs0 to
rqvuvq uts qotoqs0 azp kuzpxq wutt paxq sxqays ttq
passuoz or roryqr pays2
rtat us ttq wortt or axx ttusN ctq ozxy suupq to a
yaz us tus oozsouqzoqE ttq ozxy stuqxp to tus yqyory
us ttq rqotutupq azp suzoqruty or tus aotuozs2 It us vqry
uyprupqzt to waxk ttroust xurq wuttout ttus stuqxp0
nqoausq wq arq so ortqz yookqp ny ttq rauxurq or our
topqs azp ttq upsqttuzs or our oaxouxatuozsE nut wutt
ttus stuqxp0 towqvqr ttq ratqs yay pxay0 wq yarot
axways uz ttq razks or tozour2
It rqxx to Nqvuxxq Ctaynqrxauz uz ozq or ttq suprqyq
orusqs or ttq worxp to nq ooztrapuotqp ny qvqzts0 to nq
pusappouztqp uz tus topqs0 azp to nq pqoquvqp azp
otqatqp ny a wuokqp yaz2 But wtat wqrq ttqsq topqs
uz wtuot tq was pusappouztqpN rtat wqrq ttqsq
wustqs uz wtuot tq was rrustratqpN rtat was ttat
rautt ttat was anusqpN ctqy wqrq surqxy ayozs ttq
yost zonxq azp nqzqvoxqzt uzstuzots or ttq tuyaz
tqart – ttq xovq or pqaoq0 ttq toux ror pqaoq0 ttq strurq
ror pqaoq0 ttq pursuut or pqaoq0 qvqz at srqat pqrux
azp oqrtauzxy to ttq uttqr puspauz or popuxaruty or
oxayour2
rtatqvqr qxsq tustory yay or yay zot say anout
ttqsq tqrrunxq0 trqyqzpous yqars0 wq oaz nq surq ttat
Nqvuxxq Ctaynqrxauz aotqp wutt pqrrqot suzoqruty
aooorpuzs to tus xustts azp strovq to ttq utyost or tus
oapaouty azp auttoruty0 wtuot wqrq powqrrux0 to savq
ttq worxp rroy ttq awrux0 pqvastatuzs strussxq uz
wtuot wq arq zow qzsasqp2 ctus axozq wuxx stazp tuy
uz soop stqap as rar as wtat us oaxxqp ttq vqrpuot or
tustory us oozoqrzqp2
But ut us axso a tqxp to our oouztry azp to our wtoxq
Typurq0 azp to our pqoqzt rauttrux way or xuvuzs ttat0
towqvqr xozs ttq strussxq yay xast0 or towqvqr park
yay nq ttq oxoups wtuot ovqrtazs our patt0 zo
ruturq sqzqratuoz or Tzsxust1spqakuzs roxks – ror ttat
us ttq trunuzax to wtuot wq appqax – wuxx pount ttat0
qvqz at a srqat oost to oursqxvqs uz tqotzuoax
prqparatuoz0 wq wqrq suuxtxqss or ttq nxoopstqp0
tqrror azp yusqry wtuot tavq qzsuxrqp so yazy xazps
azp pqopxqs0 azp yqt sqqk zqw vuotuys stuxx2 Hqrr
Hutxqr protqsts wutt rraztuo worps azp sqsturqs ttat
tq tas ozxy pqsurqp pqaoq2 rtat po ttqsq ravuzss azp
outpouruzss oouzt nqrorq ttq suxqzoq or Nqvuxxq
Ctaynqrxauz’s toynN Lozs azp tarp0 tazarpous yqars
xuq nqrorq us0 nut at xqast wq qztqrqp upoz ttqy
uzutqp azp wutt oxqaz tqarts2
I po zot proposq to suvq az apprqouatuoz or Nqvuxxq
Ctaynqrxauz’s xurq azp otaraotqr0 nut ttqrq wqrq
oqrtauz quaxutuqs0 axways apyurqp uz ttqsq Isxazps0
wtuot tq possqssqp uz az axtosqttqr qxoqptuozax
pqsrqq2 Hq tap a ptysuoax azp yorax toustzqss or
finrq wtuot qzanxqp tuy axx ttroust tus varuqp oarqqr
to qzpurq yusrortuzq azp pusappouztyqzt wuttout
nquzs uzpuxy pusoourasqp or wqaruqp2 Hq tap a
prqousuoz or yuzp azp az aptutupq ror nusuzqss wtuot
rausqp tuy rar anovq ttq orpuzary xqvqxs or our
sqzqratuoz2 Hq tap a firyzqss or spurut wtuot was zot
ortqz qxatqp ny suooqss0 sqxpoy powzoast ny rauxurq
azp zqvqr swayqp ny pazuo2
rtqz0 ooztrary to axx tus topqs0 nqxuqrs azp
qxqrtuozs0 ttq war oayq upoz tuy0 azp wtqz0 as tq
tuysqxr saup0 axx ttat tq tap workqp ror was
stattqrqp0 ttqrq was zo yaz yorq rqsoxvqp to pursuq
ttq uzsoustt quarrqx to ttq pqatt2 ctq sayq quaxutuqs
wtuot yapq tuy ozq or ttq xast to qztqr ttq war0
yapq tuy ozq or ttq xast wto wouxp quut ut uztux ttq
ruxx vuotory or a rusttqous oausq was woz2 I tap ttq
suzsuxar qxpqruqzoq or passuzs uz a pay rroy nquzs
ozq or tus yost proyuzqzt oppozqzts azp orutuos to
nquzs ozq or tus pruzoupax xuqutqzazts0 azp oz azottqr
pay or passuzs rroy sqrvuzs uzpqr tuy to nqooyq ttq
tqap or a Govqrzyqzt or wtuot0 wutt pqrrqot xoyaxty0
tq was ooztqzt to nq a yqynqr2 Suot rqxatuozstups
arq uzusuax uz our punxuo xurq2
I tavq nqrorq toxp ttq Housq tow0 oz ttq yorrow or
ttq Sqnatq wtuot uz ttq qarxy pays or May otaxxqzsqp
tus posutuoz0 tq pqoxarqp to yq azp a rqw ottqr
rruqzps ttat ozxy a Natuozax Govqrzyqzt oouxp raoq
ttq story anout to nrqak upoz us0 azp ttat ur tq wqrq
az onstaoxq to ttq roryatuoz or suot a Govqrzyqzt0
tq wouxp uzstaztxy rqturq2 ctqrqartqr0 tq aotqp wutt
ttat suzsxqzqss or purposq azp suypxuouty or oozpuot
wtuot at axx tuyqs0 azp qspqouaxxy uz srqat tuyqs0
oustt to nq a yopqx ror us axx2 rtqz tq rqturzqp to
puty a rqw wqqks artqr a yost sqvqrq opqratuoz0 ttq
noynarpyqzt or Lozpoz azp or ttq sqat or
Govqrzyqzt tap nqsuz2 I was a wutzqss puruzs ttat
rortzustt or tus rortutupq uzpqr ttq yost sruqvous azp
pauzrux nopuxy affluotuozs0 azp I oaz tqstury ttat0
axttoust ptysuoaxxy ozxy ttq wrqok or a yaz0 tus
zqrvq was uzstakqz azp tus rqyarkanxq yqztax
raouxtuqs uzuypaurqp2
Artqr tq xqrt ttq Govqrzyqzt tq rqrusqp axx
tozours2 Hq wouxp puq xukq tus rattqr0 pxauz Mr2
Ctaynqrxauz2 I soustt ttq pqryussuoz or ttq Kuzs
towqvqr to tavq tuy suppxuqp wutt ttq Canuzqt
papqrs0 azp uztux a rqw pays or tus pqatt tq roxxowqp
our affaurs wutt kqqzzqss0 uztqrqst azp tqzaouty2 Hq
yqt ttq approaot or pqatt wutt a stqapy qyq2 Ir tq
sruqvqp at axx0 ut was ttat tq oouxp zot nq a spqotator
or our vuotory0 nut I ttuzk tq puqp wutt ttq ooyrort or
kzowuzs ttat tus oouztry tap0 at xqast0 turzqp ttq
oorzqr oozoqrzqp2
At ttus tuyq our ttoustts yust pass to ttq sraouous
azp otaryuzs xapy wto starqp tus pays or truuypt
azp apvqrsuty wutt a oourasq azp quaxuty ttq qquax or
tus owz2 Hq was0 xukq tus rattqr azp tus nrottqr0
Austqz0 nqrorq tuy0 a rayous Mqynqr or ttq Housq
or Coyyozs0 azp wq tqrq assqynxqp ttus yorzuzs0
Mqynqrs or axx partuqs0 wuttout a suzsxq qxoqptuoz0
rqqx ttat wq po oursqxvqs azp our oouztry tozour uz
saxutuzs ttq yqyory or ozq wtoy Susraqxu wouxp
tavq oaxxqp az ‘Tzsxust wortty’2
‘6 8GE F S T7 E T@@E S, A N 3 H E H 8E E
58N 8S7 T7 E 9@1 l

Notwuttstazpuzs ttq tqrouo qfforts or ttq aoyax Aur Foroq uz

rqpqxxuzs ttq Gqryaz aur assauxt ttroustout ttq suyyqr
azp autuyz or 19EA0 ttq Brutust punxuo0 artqr ttq fiqroq
nattqruzs or ttq Bxutz0 rqyauzqp pqqpxy azxuous xqst Hutxqr0
tavuzs sunvusatqp Sqzyark azp Norway0 Bqxsuuy0
Luxqynours0 Hoxxazp azp Frazoq to Nazu ruxq0 wouxp
uzvapq Brutauz uz ttq spruzs or 19E12 Iz a nroapoast oz 9
Fqnruary 19E10 Cturotuxx spokq wutt oozfipqzoq azp
oozvuotuozK
hou wuxx tavq sqqz ttat Sur Rotz Suxx0 our pruzoupax
yuxutary apvusqr0 ttq Ctuqr or ttq Iypqruax Gqzqrax
Staff0 tas warzqp us axx ttat Hutxqr yay nq roroqp ny
ttq stratqsuo0 qoozoyuo azp poxutuoax strqssqs uz
Turopq0 to try to uzvapq ttqsq usxazps uz ttq zqar
ruturq2 ctat us a warzuzs wtuot zo ozq stouxp
pusrqsarp2
Naturaxxy0 wq arq workuzs zustt azp pay to tavq
qvqryttuzs rqapy2 Or ooursq0 wq arq rar strozsqr ttaz
wq qvqr wqrq nqrorq0 uzooyparanxy strozsqr ttaz wq
wqrq uz Ruxy0 Ausust azp Sqptqynqr2 Our Navy us
yorq powqrrux0 our flotuxxas arq yorq zuyqrousE wq
arq rar strozsqr0 aotuaxxy azp rqxatuvqxy0 uz ttq aur
anovq ttqsq usxazps0 ttaz wq wqrq wtqz our Fusttqr
Coyyazp nqat off azp nqat powz ttq Nazu attaok xast
autuyz2 Our Aryy us yorq zuyqrous0 yorq yonuxq
azp rar nqttqr qquuppqp azp trauzqp ttaz uz
Sqptqynqr0 azp stuxx yorq ttaz uz Ruxy2
I tavq ttq srqatqst oozfipqzoq uz our Coyyazpqr1
uz1Ctuqr0 Gqzqrax Brookq0 azp uz ttq sqzqraxs or
provqp anuxuty wto0 uzpqr tuy0 suarp ttq puffqrqzt
quartqrs or our xazp2 But yost or axx I put yy rautt uz
ttq suypxq uzaffqotqp rqsoxvq to oozquqr or puq wtuot
wuxx azuyatq azp uzspurq zqarxy rour yuxxuoz Brutozs
wutt sqrvuoqanxq wqapozs uz ttqur tazps2 It us zot az
qasy yuxutary opqratuoz to uzvapq az usxazp xukq Grqat
Brutauz0 wuttout ttq ooyyazp or ttq sqa azp wuttout
ttq ooyyazp or ttq aur0 azp ttqz to raoq wtat wuxx nq
wautuzs ror ttq uzvapqr tqrq2
But I yust prop ozq worp or oautuozE ror zqxt to
oowarpuoq azp trqaotqry0 ovqr1oozfipqzoq0 xqapuzs to
zqsxqot or sxottruxzqss0 us ttq worst or yartuax oruyqs2
ctqrqrorq0 I prop ozq worp or oautuoz2 A Nazu
uzvasuoz or Grqat Brutauz xast autuyz wouxp tavq
nqqz a yorq or xqss uyprovusqp affaur2 Hutxqr took ut
ror sraztqp ttat wtqz Frazoq savq uz wq stouxp suvq
uzE nut wq pup zot suvq uz2 Azp tq tap to ttuzk asauz2
Az uzvasuoz zow wuxx nq supportqp ny a yuot yorq
oarqruxxy prqparqp taokxq azp qquupyqzt or xazpuzs1
orart azp ottqr apparatus0 axx or wtuot wuxx tavq nqqz
pxazzqp azp yazuraoturqp uz ttq wuztqr yoztts2 rq
yust axx nq prqparqp to yqqt sas attaoks0 paraotutq
attaoks0 azp sxupqr attaoks0 wutt oozstazoy0
rorqttoustt azp praotusqp skuxx2
I yust asauz qyptasuzq wtat Gqzqrax Suxx tas saup0
azp wtat I pouztqp out yysqxr xast yqar2 Iz orpqr to
wuz ttq war Hutxqr yust pqstroy Grqat Brutauz2 Hq
yay oarry tavoo uzto ttq Baxkaz StatqsE tq yay tqar
srqat provuzoqs out or aussuaE tq yay yarot to ttq
CaspuazE tq yay yarot to ttq satqs or Izpua2 Axx ttus
wuxx avaux tuy zottuzs2 It yay sprqap tus oursq yorq
wupqxy ttroustout Turopq azp Asua0 nut ut wuxx zot
avqrt tus pooy2 rutt qvqry yoztt ttat passqs ttq
yazy proup azp ozoq tappy oouztruqs tq us zow
toxpuzs powz ny nrutq roroq azp vuxq uztrusuq arq
xqarzuzs to tatq ttq erussuaz yokq azp ttq Nazu zayq
as zottuzs tas qvqr nqqz tatqp so fiqroqxy azp so
wupqxy ayozs yqz nqrorq2 Azp axx ttq tuyq0 yastqrs
or ttq sqa azp aur0 ttq Brutust Typurq – zay0 uz a
oqrtauz sqzsq0 ttq wtoxq Tzsxust1spqakuzs worxp –
wuxx nq oz tus traok0 nqaruzs wutt ttqy ttq sworps or
vustuoq2
ctq ottqr pay0 erqsupqzt aoosqvqxt savq tus
oppozqzt uz ttq xatq erqsupqztuax Txqotuoz a xqttqr or
uztropuotuoz to yq0 azp uz ut tq wrotq out a vqrsq0 uz
tus owz tazpwrutuzs0 rroy Lozsrqxxow0 wtuot tq saup0
‘appxuqs to you pqopxq as ut poqs to us’2 Hqrq us ttq
vqrsqK
2 2 2 Saux oz0 O Stup or Statq!
Saux oz0 O dzuoz0 strozs azp srqat!
Huyazuty wutt axx uts rqars0
rutt axx ttq topqs or ruturq yqars0
Is tazsuzs nrqattxqss oz tty ratq!
rtat us ttq azswqr ttat I staxx suvq0 uz your zayq0 to
ttus srqat yaz0 ttq ttruoq1otosqz tqap or a zatuoz or
a tuzprqp azp tturty yuxxuozsN Hqrq us ttq azswqr
wtuot I wuxx suvq to erqsupqzt aoosqvqxtK eut your
oozfipqzoq uz us2 Guvq us your rautt azp your nxqssuzs0
azp0 uzpqr erovupqzoq0 axx wuxx nq wqxx2
rq staxx zot raux or raxtqrE wq staxx zot wqakqz or
turq2 Nquttqr ttq suppqz stook or nattxq0 zor ttq xozs1
prawz truaxs or vusuxazoq azp qxqrtuoz0 wuxx wqar us
powz2 Guvq us ttq tooxs0 azp wq wuxx fizust ttq von2
 ‘H @N 3 E C5F E E I E CT8@N S 7 AGE
1 EEN M A3 El

Oz 11 Marot 19E10 erqsupqzt aoosqvqxt suszqp ttq Lqzp –

Lqasq Aot0 wtqrqny Brutauz was anxq to purotasq axx ttq
war suppxuqs stq zqqpqp0 to nq paup ror ozxy artqr ttq war2
But Ayqruoa rqyauzqp zqutraxE aoosqvqxt tap proyusqp uz
ttq Novqynqr 19EA prqsupqztuax qxqotuoz oaypausz ttat zo
Ayqruoaz troops wouxp nq sqzt ovqrsqas to fistt2 Hq kqpt
tus proyusq0 wtuxq uz yup1Aprux 19E1 asrqquzs ttat az
Ayqruoaz flqqt wouxp patrox ttq wqstqrz Atxaztuo azp wouxp
warz axx yqrotazt stups or ttq prqsqzoq or Gqryaz azp
Itaxuaz sunyaruzqs2 Oz C7 Aprux 19E10 wutt Gqryaz troops0
tavuzs attaokqp azp oozquqrqp husosxavua0 anout to
ovqrruz Grqqoq0 Cturotuxx nroapoast to ttq dzutqp StatqsK
rozpqrrux qxqrtuozs tavq nqqz yapq ny our Navy
azp Aur ForoqE ny ttq tuzprqps or yuzq1swqqpuzs
vqssqxs wtuot wutt ttqur yarvqxxous appxuazoqs kqqp
our ports oxqar uz sputq or axx ttq qzqyy oaz poE ny
ttq yqz wto nuuxp azp rqpaur our uyyqzsq flqqts or
yqrotazt stupsE ny ttq yqz wto xoap azp uzxoap
ttqyE azp zqqp I say ny ttq offioqrs azp yqz or ttq
Mqrotazt Navy wto so out uz axx wqattqrs azp uz ttq
tqqtt or axx pazsqrs to fistt ror ttq xurq or ttqur zatuvq
xazp azp ror a oausq ttqy ooyprqtqzp azp sqrvq2
Stuxx0 wtqz you ttuzk tow qasy ut us to suzk stups at
sqa azp tow tarp ut us to nuuxp ttqy azp protqot
ttqy0 azp wtqz you rqyqynqr ttat wq tavq zqvqr
xqss ttaz two ttousazp stups afloat azp ttrqq or rour
tuzprqp uz ttq pazsqr zozqE wtqz you ttuzk or ttq
srqat aryuqs wq arq yauztauzuzs azp rquzrorouzs uz
ttq Tast0 azp or ttq worxp1wupq traffio wq tavq to
oarry oz – wtqz you rqyqynqr axx ttus0 oaz you
wozpqr ttat ut us ttq Battxq or ttq Atxaztuo wtuot
toxps ttq first pxaoq uz ttq ttoustts or ttosq upoz
wtoy rqsts ttq rqspozsunuxuty ror proouruzs ttq
vuotoryN
It was ttqrqrorq wutt uzpqsorunanxq rqxuqr ttat I
xqarzqp or ttq trqyqzpous pqousuozs xatqxy takqz ny
ttq erqsupqzt azp pqopxq or ttq dzutqp Statqs2 ctq
Ayqruoaz Fxqqt azp flyuzs noats tavq nqqz orpqrqp to
patrox ttq wupq watqrs or ttq rqstqrz Hqyusptqrq0
azp to warz ttq pqaoqrux stuppuzs or axx zatuozs
outsupq ttq ooynat zozq or ttq prqsqzoq or xurkuzs d1
noats or raupuzs oruusqrs nqxozsuzs to ttq two
assrqssor zatuozs2 rq Brutust staxx ttqrqrorq nq anxq
to oozoqztratq our protqotuzs roroqs rar yorq upoz
ttq routqs zqarqr toyq0 azp to takq a rar tqavuqr toxx
or ttq d1noats ttqrq2 I tavq rqxt ror soyq tuyq ttat
soyqttuzs xukq ttus was nouzp to tappqz2
ctq erqsupqzt azp Cozsrqss or ttq dzutqp Statqs0
tavuzs zqwxy rortufiqp ttqysqxvqs ny ooztaot wutt
ttqur qxqotors0 tavq soxqyzxy pxqpsqp ttqur aup to
Brutauz uz ttus war nqoausq ttqy pqqy our oausq vust0
azp nqoausq ttqy kzow ttqur owz uztqrqsts azp sarqty
wouxp nq qzpazsqrqp ur wq wqrq pqstroyqp2 ctqy arq
taxuzs ttqysqxvqs tqavuxy2 ctqy tavq passqp srqat
xqsusxatuoz2 ctqy tavq turzqp a xarsq part or ttqur
susaztuo uzpustry to yakuzs ttq yuzutuozs wtuot wq
zqqp2 ctqy tavq qvqz suvqz us or xqzt us vaxuanxq
wqapozs or ttqur owz2 I oouxp zot nqxuqvq ttat ttqy
wouxp axxow ttq tust purposqs to wtuot ttqy tavq sqt
ttqysqxvqs to nq rrustratqp azp ttq propuots or ttqur
skuxx azp xanour suzk to ttq nottoy or ttq sqa2
d1noat warrarq as oozpuotqp ny Gqryazy us
qzturqxy ooztrary to uztqrzatuozax asrqqyqzts rrqqxy
sunsorunqp to ny Gqryazy ozxy a rqw yqars aso2
ctqrq us zo qffqotuvq nxookapq0 nut ozxy a yqrouxqss
yurpqr azp yaraupuzs ovqr wupq0 uzpusoruyuzatq
arqas uttqrxy nqyozp ttq ooztrox or ttq Gqryaz sqa
powqr2
rtqz I saup tqz wqqks asoK ‘Guvq us ttq tooxs azp
wq wuxx fizust ttq von’0 I yqazt0 suvq ttqy to usK put
ttqy wuttuz our rqaot – azp ttat us wtat ut zow
sqqys ttq Ayqruoazs arq souzs to po2 Azp ttat us wty
I rqqx a vqry strozs oozvuotuoz ttat ttoust ttq Battxq
or ttq Atxaztuo wuxx nq xozs azp tarp0 azp uts ussuq us
ny zo yqazs yqt pqtqryuzqp0 ut tas qztqrqp upoz a
yorq sruy nut at ttq sayq tuyq a rar yorq ravouranxq
ptasq2 rtqz you ooyq to ttuzk or ut0 ttq dzutqp
Statqs arq vqry oxosqxy nouzp up wutt us zow0 azp
tavq qzsasqp ttqysqxvqs pqqpxy uz suvuzs us yorax0
yatqruax0 azp0 wuttuz ttq xuyuts I tavq yqztuozqp0
zavax support2
It us worttwtuxq ttqrqrorq to takq a xook oz nott
supqs or ttq ooqaz at ttq roroqs wtuot arq raouzs qaot
ottqr uz ttus awrux strussxq0 rroy wtuot ttqrq oaz nq
zo prawuzs naok2 No prupqzt azp rar1sqquzs yaz oaz
pount ttat ttq qvqztuax azp totax pqrqat or Hutxqr azp
Mussoxuzu us oqrtauz0 uz vuqw or ttq rqspqotuvq
pqoxarqp rqsoxvqs or ttq Brutust azp Ayqruoaz
pqyooraouqs2 ctqrq arq xqss ttaz sqvqzty yuxxuoz
yaxuszazt Huzs – soyq or wtoy arq ouranxq azp
ottqrs kuxxanxq – yazy or wtoy arq axrqapy qzsasqp
uz toxpuzs powz Austruazs0 Czqots0 eoxqs0 Frqzot0
azp ttq yazy ottqr azouqzt raoqs ttqy zow nuxxy azp
puxxasq2
ctq pqopxqs or ttq Brutust Typurq azp or ttq dzutqp
Statqs zuynqr zqarxy two tuzprqp yuxxuozs uz ttqur
toyqxazps azp uz ttq Brutust Soyuzuozs axozq2 ctqy
possqss ttq uzotaxxqzsqanxq ooyyazp or ttq ooqazs0
azp wuxx sooz ontauz pqousuvq supqruoruty uz ttq aur2
ctqy tavq yorq wqaxtt0 yorq tqotzuoax rqsouroqs0
azp ttqy yakq yorq stqqx0 ttaz ttq wtoxq or ttq rqst
or ttq worxp put tosqttqr2 ctqy arq pqtqryuzqp ttat
ttq oausq or rrqqpoy staxx zot nq traypxqp powz0 zor
ttq tupq or worxp prosrqss turzqp naokwarps0 ny ttq
oruyuzax Suotators2
rtuxq ttqrqrorq wq zaturaxxy vuqw wutt sorrow azp
azxuqty yuot ttat us tappqzuzs uz Turopq azp uz
Arruoa0 azp yay tappqz uz Asua0 wq yust zot xosq our
sqzsq or proportuoz azp ttus nqooyq pusoourasqp or
axaryqp2 rtqz wq raoq wutt a stqapy qyq ttq
puffiouxtuqs wtuot xuq nqrorq us0 wq yay pqruvq zqw
oozfipqzoq rroy rqyqynqruzs ttosq wq tavq axrqapy
ovqrooyq2 Nottuzs ttat us tappqzuzs zow us
ooyparanxq uz sravuty wutt ttq pazsqrs ttroust
wtuot wq passqp xast yqar2 Nottuzs ttat oaz tappqz
uz ttq Tast us ooyparanxq wutt wtat us tappqzuzs uz
ttq rqst2
Last tuyq I spokq to you I quotqp ttq xuzqs or
Lozsrqxxow wtuot erqsupqzt aoosqvqxt tap wruttqz
out ror yq uz tus owz tazp2 I tavq soyq ottqr xuzqs
wtuot arq xqss wqxx kzowz nut wtuot sqqy apt azp
appropruatq to our rortuzqs to1zustt0 azp I nqxuqvq
ttqy wuxx nq so vupsqp wtqrqvqr ttq Tzsxust xazsuasq
us spokqz or ttq flas or rrqqpoy fluqsK
For wtuxq ttq turqp wavqs0 vauzxy nrqakuzs0
Sqqy tqrq zo pauzrux uzot to sauz0
Far naok0 ttroust orqqks azp uzxqts yakuzs0
Coyqs suxqzt0 floopuzs uz0 ttq yauz2
 
Azp zot ny qastqrz wuzpows ozxy0
rtqz payxustt ooyqs0 ooyqs uz ttq xusttE
Iz rrozt ttq suz oxuyns sxow0 tow sxowxy!
But wqstwarp0 xook0 ttq xazp us nrustt2
 ‘@F C AF E SE S T7 C@1 A N 3 1 E AT A S
@N E l

Oz 16 Ruzq 19E10 Cturotuxx nroapoast rroy ttq Cqztrax rar

aooy uz Lozpoz to ttq dzutqp StatqsK ut was tus aooqptazoq
spqqot ror az tozorary pqsrqq ttat tq tap nqqz awarpqp
ny ttq dzuvqrsuty or aootqstqr uz Nqw hork Statq2
Cturotuxx’s yottqr tap xuvqp uz aootqstqr as a otuxp0 nut
tap zot – as tq saup uz tus spqqot – nqqz norz ttqrqE stq
tap uz raot nqqz norz uz Brookxyz2 Cturotuxx usqp ttq
opportuzuty to yakq a powqrrux appqax to ttq Ayqruoazs2
ctq worps azp ptrasqs ttat Cturotuxx otazsqp nqrorq
rqapuzs ttq spqqot arq stowz uz squarq nraokqts2
I ay sratqrux0 erqsupqzt eaxqztuzq0 ror ttq tozour
wtuot you tavq oozrqrrqp upoz yq uz yakuzs yq a
Sootor or Laws or aootqstqr dzuvqrsuty uz ttq Statq or
Nqw hork2 I ay qxtrqyqxy ooypxuyqztqp ny ttq
qxprqssuozs or prausq azp ooyyqzpatuoz uz wtuot you
tavq apprqssqp yq0 zot nqoausq I ay or qvqr oaz nq
wortty or ttqy0 nut nqoausq ttqy arq az qxprqssuoz
or Ayqruoaz oozfipqzoq azp affqotuoz wtuot I staxx
qvqr struvq to pqsqrvq2 But wtat touotqs yq yost uz
ttus oqrqyozy us ttat sqzsq or kuzstup azp or uzuty
wtuot I rqqx qxusts nqtwqqz us ttus artqrzooz2 As I
spqak rroy Sowzuzs Strqqt to aootqstqr dzuvqrsuty
azp ttroust you to ttq pqopxq or ttq dzutqp Statqs0 I
axyost rqqx I tavq ttq rustt to po so0 nqoausq yy
yottqr0 as you tavq statqp0 was norz uz your outy0 azp
tqrq yy srazprattqr0 Lqozarp Rqroyq0 xuvqp ror so
yazy yqars0 oozpuotuzs as a proyuzqzt azp rusuzs
outuzqz a zqwspapqr wutt ttq qxoqxxqzt qusttqqztt1
oqztury tutxq or ttq HlaZn Kealer
2
 ctq srqat Burkq tas truxy saup0 ‘eqopxq wuxx zot xook
rorwarp to postqruty wto zqvqr xook naokwarp to
ttqur azoqstors’0 azp I rqqx ut yost asrqqanxq to rqoaxx
to you ttat ttq Rqroyqs wqrq rootqp ror yazy
sqzqratuozs uz Ayqruoaz soux0 azp roustt uz
rastuzstoz’s aryuqs ror ttq uzpqpqzpqzoq or ttq
Ayqruoaz Coxozuqs azp ttq rouzpatuoz or ttq dzutqp
Statqs2 I qxpqot I was oz nott supqs ttqz2 Azp I yust
say I rqqx oz nott supqs or ttq Atxaztuo Ooqaz zow2
At uztqrvaxs puruzs ttq xast rorty yqars I tavq
apprqssqp soorqs or srqat Ayqruoaz aupuqzoqs uz
axyost qvqry part or ttq dzuoz2 I tavq xqarzt to
apyurq ttq oourtqsy or ttqsq aupuqzoqsE ttqur sqzsq or
raur pxayE ttqur sovqrqusz sqzsq or tuyour0 zqvqr
yuzpuzs ttq vokq ttat us turzqp asauzst ttqysqxvqsE
ttqur qarzqst0 voraouous pqsurq to ooyq to ttq root or
ttq yattqr azp to nq wqxx azp truxy uzroryqp oz Oxp
rorxp affaurs2
Azp zow0 uz ttus tuyq or worxp story0 wtqz I tavq
nqqz oaxxqp upoz ny Kuzs azp earxuayqzt azp wutt
ttq support or axx eartuqs uz ttq Statq to nqar ttq otuqr
rqspozsunuxuty uz Grqat Brutauz0 azp wtqz I tavq tap
ttq suprqyq tozour or spqakuzs ror ttq Brutust zatuoz
uz uts yost pqapxy pazsqr azp uz uts fizqst tour0 ut tas
suvqz yq ooyrort azp uzspuratuoz to rqqx ttat I ttuzk
as you po0 ttat our tazps arq vouzqp aoross ttq
ooqazs0 azp ttat our puxsqs ttron azp nqat as ozq2
Izpqqp I wuxx yakq so noxp as to say ttat tqrq at xqast0
uz yy yottqr’s nurtt outy or aootqstqr0 I toxp a
xatotkqy to Ayqruoaz tqarts2
 
euotory1uz1Turopq0 Say cwo0 9 May 19E52 Cturotuxx oz
ttq naxoozy or ttq Muzustry or Hqaxtt0 rtutqtaxx2 co
tus rustt0 Trzqst Bqvuz0 Muzustqr or Lanour azp
Natuozax Sqrvuoq0 azp Oxuvqr Lyttqxtoz0 Muzustqr or
eropuotuoz2
 
Oz ttq Muzustry or Hqaxtt naxoozy0 9 May 19E52 Bqvuz
us oz Cturotuxx’s rustt azp Sur Rotz Azpqrsoz0
Ctazoqxxor or ttq Txotqquqr0 oz tus xqrt2
 
Cturotuxx0 stazpuzs uz az opqz oar0 yakqs tus way
ttroust ttq orowp uz rtutqtaxx0 9 May 19E52
 
Cturotuxx uz tus oozstutuqzoy0 qxqotuozqqruzs wutt tus
wurq0 C6 May 19E52

 
Cturotuxx qxqotuozqqruzs uz tus oozstutuqzoy0 E Ruxy
19E52
 
Cturotuxx azp erqsupqzt cruyaz0 aoooypazuqp ny two
G1Mqz0 oz ttqur way to rqstyuzstqr Coxxqsq0 wtqrq
Cturotuxx was to pqxuvqr tus Fuxtoz spqqot0 5 Marot
19E62
 
Cturotuxx pqxuvqruzs tus Fuxtoz spqqot2 cruyaz us
suttuzs nqxow tuy0 wqaruzs a yortar noarp2 Iz rrozt or
Cturotuxx us ttq ‘Sqax or ttq erqsupqzt or ttq dzutqp
Statqs’2
 
Oz 8 Marot 19E60 ttrqq pays artqr tus Fuxtoz spqqot0
Cturotuxx rqaotqs auotyozp0 eursuzua0 wtqrq tq was
to spqak2 rutt tuy us Gqzqrax Tusqztowqr2 Bqtuzp
ttqy arq Cxqyqztuzq Cturotuxx azp Mayuq
Tusqztowqr2
 
Cturotuxx us ovqrwtqxyqp as tq us aooorpqp a
stazpuzs ovatuoz artqr tus spqqot at ttq Cozsrqss or
Turopq0 ctq Hasuq0 7 May 19E82 Lqrt to rustt nqtuzp
tuy0 appxaupuzs0 arq rour or ttq xqapqrs or ttq
Turopqaz MovqyqztK euqtqr Apruaaz Kqrstqzs
(Hoxxazp,0 eaux aayapuqr (Frazoq,0 Rosqpt aqtuzsqr
(Sqorqtary Gqzqrax or ttq Cozsrqss, azp Sqzus pq
aousqyqzt (Swutzqrxazp,2
 
Cturotuxx arruvqs at Harrow Sotoox0 7 Novqynqr
195C0 ror ttq azzuax sotoox sozss2
 
Cturotuxx spqakuzs at ttq Cozsqrvatuvq earty
oozrqrqzoq0 Marsatq0 1A Ootonqr 19532
 
Cturotuxx’s 8Att nurttpay trunutq uz rqstyuzstqr Haxx0
3A Novqynqr 195E2 ctq Gratay Suttqrxazp portraut
us nqtuzp tuy2 Cxqyqzt Attxqq us suttuzs oz ttq rar
rustt2
 
Cturotuxx workuzs oz ttq proors or tus xast nook0 ttq
rour1voxuyq 7 @Zstoryor the EnglZsh(Kpea‘Zng
Heoples0 at euxxa La eausa0 aoquqnruzq0 Soutt or
Frazoq2 ctus ptotosrapt was takqz ny tus tost at La
eausa azp xutqrary asqzt0 Tyqry aqvqs2
 Strozs tupqs or qyotuoz0 fiqroq sursqs or passuoz0
swqqp ttq nroap qxpazsqs or ttq dzuoz uz ttus yqar or
ratq2 Iz ttat propusuous travaux ttqrq arq yazy
qxqyqztax roroqs0 ttqrq us yuot tqart1sqarotuzs azp
sqxr1quqstuozuzsE soyq pazss0 soyq sorrow0 soyq
oozfluot or vouoqs0 nut zo rqar2 ctq worxp us wutzqssuzs
ttq nurtt ttroqs or a sunxuyq rqsoxvq2 I staxx prqsuyq
to oozrqss to you ttat I tavq zo pounts wtat ttat
rqsoxvq wuxx nq2
ctq [ratq‘ pqstuzy or yazkuzp us zot pqoupqp ny
yatqruax ooyputatuoz2 rtqz srqat oausqs arq oz ttq
yovq uz ttq worxp0 sturruzs axx yqz’s souxs0 prawuzs
ttqy rroy ttqur [tqartts azp toyqs‘ firqsupqs0
oastuzs [away‘ asupq ooyrort0 wqaxtt azp ttq pursuut
or tappuzqss [ror soyqttuzs quutq out or ttq orpuzary‘
uz rqspozsq to uypuxsqs at ozoq [awrux‘ awqstrukuzs
azp [sunxuyq‘ urrqsustunxq0 wq xqarz ttat wq arq
spuruts0 zot azuyaxs0 azp ttat soyqttuzs us souzs oz uz
spaoq azp tuyq0 azp nqyozp spaoq azp tuyq0 wtuot0
wtqttqr wq xukq ut or zot0 spqxxs puty2
A wozpqrrux story us uzroxpuzs nqrorq our qyqs2
How ut wuxx qzp wq arq zot axxowqp to kzow2 But oz
nott supqs or ttq Atxaztuo wq axx rqqx0 I rqpqat0 axx0 ttat
wq arq a part or ut0 ttat our ruturq azp ttat or yazy
sqzqratuozs us at stakq2 rq arq surq ttat ttq
otaraotqr or tuyaz soouqty wuxx nq stapqp ny ttq
rqsoxvqs wq takq azp ttq pqqps wq po2 rq zqqp zot
nqwaux ttq raot ttat wq tavq nqqz oaxxqp upoz to raoq
suot soxqyz rqspozsunuxutuqs2 rq yay nq proup0 azp
qvqz rqvouoq ayup our trunuxatuozs0 ttat wq tavq nqqz
norz at ttus oarpuzax tuyq ror so srqat az asq azp so
spxqzpup az opportuzuty or sqrvuoq tqrq nqxow2
ruokqpzqss0 qzoryous0 pazopxuqp0 qynattxqp0
sqqyuzsxy truuyptazt0 oasts uts stapow ovqr Turopq
azp Asua2 Laws [azp posutuoz‘0 oustoys azp traputuozs
arq nrokqz up2 Rustuoq us oast rroy tqr sqat2 ctq
rustts or ttq wqak arq traypxqp powz2 ctq srazp
rrqqpoys or wtuot ttq erqsupqzt or ttq dzutqp Statqs
tas spokqz so yovuzsxy arq spurzqp azp otauzqp2 ctq
wtoxq staturq or yaz0 tus sqzuus0 tus [nqttqr zaturq‘
uzutuatuvq azp tus zonuxuty0 us srouzp powz uzpqr
systqys or yqotazuoax narnarusy azp or orsazuzqp
azp sotqpuxqp tqrror2
For yorq ttaz a yqar wq Brutust tavq stoop axozq0
upxurtqp ny your syypatty azp rqspqot azp sustauzqp
ny our owz uzoozquqranxq wuxx powqr azp ny ttq
uzorqasuzs srowtt azp topqs or your yassuvq aup2 Iz
ttqsq [syaxx‘ Brutust Isxazps ttat xook so syaxx upoz
ttq yap wq stazp0 ttq rauttrux suarpuazs or ttq rustts
azp pqarqst topqs or a pozqz Statqs azp zatuozs zow
sruppqp azp toryqztqp uz a nasq azp oruqx sqrvutupq2
rtatqvqr tappqzs wq staxx qzpurq to ttq qzp2
But wtat us ttq qxpxazatuoz or ttq qzsxavqyqzt or
Turopq ny ttq Gqryaz Nazu rqsuyqN How pup ttqy po
utN It us nut a rqw yqars aso suzoq ozq uzutqp sqsturq
ny ttq pqopxqs0 srqat azp syaxx0 wto arq zow nrokqz
uz ttq pust0 wouxp tavq [stoop nqtwqqz‘ warpqp off
rroy yazkuzp [azp‘ ttq rqarrux orpqax ut tas tap to
uzpqrso2 But ttqrq was zo uzuty2 ctqrq was zo vusuoz2
ctq zatuozs wqrq puxxqp powz ozq ny ozq wtuxq ttq
ottqrs sapqp azp otattqrqp2 Ozq ny ozq0 qaot uz tus
turz0 ttqy xqt ttqysqxvqs nq oaustt2 Ozq artqr
azottqr ttqy wqrq rqxxqp ny nrutax vuoxqzoq or
pousozqp rroy wuttuz ny suntxq uztrusuq2
Azp zow ttq oxp xuoz [azp‘ wutt tqr xuoz ouns at tqr
supq stazps axozq asauzst tuztqrs wto arq aryqp
wutt [ttqur‘ pqapxy wqapozs azp [tqxp‘ uypqxxqp ny
pqspqratq azp pqstruotuvq rasq2 Is ttq trasqpy to
rqpqat utsqxr ozoq yorqN At zo2 ctus us zot ttq qzp or
ttq taxq2 ctq stars uz ttqur ooursqs prooxauy ttq
pqxuvqrazoq or yazkuzp2 Not so qasuxy staxx ttq
ozwarp prosrqss or [ttq zatuozs‘ ttq pqopxqs nq
narrqp2 Not so qasuxy staxx ttq xustts or rrqqpoy puq2
But tuyq us stort2 Tvqry [pay‘ yoztt ttat passqs
apps to ttq [puffiouxty‘ xqzstt , to ttq pqruxs or ttq
vourzqy ttat wuxx tavq to nq yapq2 dzutqp wq stazp2
Suvupqp wq raxx2 [dzutqp‘ Suvupqp0 ttq park asqs
rqturz2 dzutqp0 [wq oaz savq yazkuzp‘ wq oaz savq ,
suupq ttq worxp2
 ‘H E S7 A E E 6 8GE H 7 ATE GE C 7 E E A
H E C A N T@ CF SS8Al

Oz CC Ruzq 19E10 wuttuz a wqqk or Cturotuxx’s nroapoast to

ttq dzutqp Statqs0 Gqryazy uzvapqp ttq Sovuqt dzuoz2
Suzoq Ausust 19390 Hutxqr’s Gqryazy azp Staxuz’s Sovuqt
dzuoz tap nqqz axxuqs2 Iz Ootonqr 1939 ttqy tap vouztxy
ovqrruz azp partutuozqp eoxazp0 ror wtosq uzpqpqzpqzoq
Brutauz tap sozq to war2 rutt ttq suppqz azp rqroouous
Gqryaz attaok oz Ruzq CC0 Cturotuxx tap to pqoupq wtqttqr
or zot Brutauz wouxp oozsupqr ttq Sovuqt dzuoz az axxy0 azp
suvq wtatqvqr aup Brutauz oouxp to try to prqvqzt a Gqryaz
vuotory2 Hq savq tus azswqr uz a rapuo nroapoast ttat zustt
to ttq Brutust pqopxqK
ctq Nazu rqsuyq us uzpustuzsuustanxq rroy ttq worst
rqaturqs or Coyyuzusy2 It us pqvoup or axx ttqyq azp
pruzoupxq qxoqpt appqtutq azp raouax poyuzatuoz2 It
qxoqxs axx rorys or tuyaz wuokqpzqss uz ttq
qffiouqzoy or uts oruqxty azp rqroouous assrqssuoz2 No
ozq tas nqqz a yorq oozsustqzt oppozqzt or
Coyyuzusy ttaz I tavq ror ttq xast twqzty1fivq
yqars2 I wuxx uzsay zo worp ttat I tavq spokqz anout
ut2 But axx ttus rapqs away nqrorq ttq spqotaoxq wtuot
us zow uzroxpuzs2 ctq past wutt uts oruyqs0 uts roxxuqs
azp uts trasqpuqs0 flastqs away2
[…‘
rq tavq nut ozq auy azp ozq suzsxq0 urrqvooanxq
purposq2 rq arq rqsoxvqp to pqstroy Hutxqr azp qvqry
vqstusq or ttq Nazu rqsuyq2 Froy ttus zottuzs wuxx
turz us – zottuzs2
ctat us our poxuoy azp ttat us our pqoxaratuoz2 It
roxxows0 ttqrqrorq0 ttat wq staxx suvq wtatqvqr tqxp
wq oaz to aussua azp to ttq aussuaz pqopxq2 rq staxx
appqax to axx our rruqzps azp axxuqs uz qvqry part or ttq
worxp to takq ttq sayq ooursq azp pursuq ut0 as wq
staxx0 rauttruxxy azp stqaprastxy to ttq qzp2 rq wuxx
zqvqr parxqy0 wq wuxx zqvqr zqsotuatq wutt Hutxqr or
azy or tus sazs2 rq staxx fistt tuy ny xazp0 wq staxx
fistt tuy ny sqa0 wq staxx fistt tuy uz ttq aur0 uztux
wutt Gop’s tqxp wq tavq rup ttq qartt or tus stapow
azp xunqratqp uts pqopxqs rroy tus yokq2
Azy yaz or Statq wto fistts oz asauzst Nazupoy
wuxx tavq our aup2 Azy yaz or statq wto yarotqs wutt
Hutxqr us our roq2 ctus appxuqs zot ozxy to orsazuzqp
statqs nut to axx rqprqsqztatuvqs or ttat vuxq raoq or
quusxuzss wto yakq ttqysqxvqs ttq tooxs azp asqzts
or ttq Nazu rqsuyq asauzst ttqur rqxxow1oouztryyqz
azp ttq xazps or ttqur nurtt2 ctqy – ttqsq quusxuzss –
xukq ttq Nazu xqapqrs ttqysqxvqs0 ur zot pusposqp or ny
ttqur rqxxow1oouztryyqz0 wtuot wouxp savq trounxq0
wuxx nq pqxuvqrqp ny us oz ttq yorrow or vuotory to
ttq vustuoq or ttq Axxuqp trunuzaxs2
rq tavq offqrqp ttq Govqrzyqzt or Sovuqt aussua
azy tqotzuoax or qoozoyuo assustazoq wtuot us uz our
powqr0 azp wtuot us xukqxy to nq or sqrvuoq to ttqy2
rq staxx noyn Gqryazy ny pay as wqxx as ny zustt uz
qvqr1uzorqasuzs yqasurq0 oastuzs upoz ttqy yoztt
ny yoztt a tqavuqr pusotarsq or noyns0 azp yakuzs
ttq Gqryaz pqopxq tastq azp suxp qaot yoztt a
starpqr posq or ttq yusqruqs ttqy tavq stowqrqp
upoz yazkuzp2 It us zotqwortty ttat ozxy yqstqrpay
ttq aoyax Aur Foroq0 fisttuzs uzxazp ovqr Frqzot
tqrrutory0 out powz wutt vqry syaxx xoss to ttqysqxvqs
twqzty1qustt or ttq Huz fisttuzs yaotuzqs uz ttq aur
anovq ttq Frqzot soux ttqy tavq uzvapqp0 pqfixqp azp
prorqss to toxp2 But ttus us ozxy a nqsuzzuzs2 Froy
zow rorwarp ttq yauz qxpazsuoz or our Aur Foroq
prooqqps wutt sattqruzs spqqp2 Iz azottqr sux yoztts
ttq wqustt or ttq tqxp wq arq rqoquvuzs rroy ttq
dzutqp Statqs uz war yatqruaxs or axx kuzps0 azp
qspqouaxxy uz tqavy noynqrs0 wuxx nqsuz to tqxx2
ctus us zo oxass war0 nut a war uz wtuot ttq wtoxq
Brutust Typurq azp Coyyozwqaxtt or Natuozs us
qzsasqp wuttout pustuzotuoz or raoq0 orqqp or party2 It
us zot ror yq to spqak or ttq aotuoz or ttq dzutqp
Statqs0 nut ttus I wuxx sayK ur Hutxqr uyasuzqs ttat tus
attaok oz Sovuqt aussua wuxx oausq ttq sxusttqst
puvusuoz or auys or sxaokqzuzs or qffort uz ttq srqat
Sqyooraouqs wto arq rqsoxvqp upoz tus pooy0 tq us
woqruxxy yustakqz2 Oz ttq ooztrary0 wq staxx nq
rortufiqp azp qzoourasqp uz our qfforts to rqsouq
yazkuzp rroy tus tyrazzy2 rq staxx nq strqzsttqzqp
azp zot wqakqzqp uz pqtqryuzatuoz azp uz rqsouroqs2
ctus us zo tuyq to yoraxuzq oz ttq roxxuqs or
oouztruqs azp sovqrzyqzts wtuot tavq axxowqp
ttqysqxvqs to nq struok powz ozq ny ozq0 wtqz ny
uzutqp aotuoz ttqy oouxp tavq savqp ttqysqxvqs azp
savqp ttq worxp rroy ttus oatastroptq2 But wtqz I
spokq a rqw yuzutqs aso or Hutxqr’s nxoop xust azp ttq
tatqrux appqtutqs wtuot tavq uypqxxqp or xurqp tuy oz
tus aussuaz apvqzturq0 I saup ttqrq was ozq pqqpqr
yotuvq nqtuzp tus outrasq2 Hq wustqs to pqstroy ttq
aussuaz powqr nqoausq tq topqs ttat ur tq suooqqps
uz ttus0 tq wuxx nq anxq to nruzs naok ttq yauz
strqzstt or tus aryy azp aur roroq rroy ttq Tast azp
turx ut upoz ttus Isxazp0 wtuot tq kzows tq yust
oozquqr or suffqr ttq pqzaxty or tus oruyqs2
Hus uzvasuoz or aussua us zo yorq ttaz a prqxupq to
az attqyptqp uzvasuoz or ttq Brutust Isxqs2 Hq topqs0
zo pount0 ttat axx ttus yay nq aoooypxustqp nqrorq
ttq wuztqr ooyqs0 azp ttat tq oaz ovqrwtqxy Grqat
Brutauz nqrorq ttq flqqt azp aur powqr or ttq dzutqp
Statqs yay uztqrvqzq2 Hq topqs ttat tq yay ozoq
asauz rqpqat0 upoz a srqatqr soaxq ttaz qvqr nqrorq0
ttat prooqss or pqstroyuzs tus qzqyuqs ozq ny ozq0 ny
wtuot tq tas so xozs ttruvqp azp prospqrqp0 azp ttat
ttqz ttq soqzq wuxx nq oxqar ror ttq fizax aot0 wuttout
wtuot axx tus oozquqsts wouxp nq uz vauz – zayqxy0 ttq
sunvusatuoz or ttq rqstqrz Hqyusptqrq to tus wuxx
azp to tus systqy2
ctq aussuaz pazsqr us ttqrqrorq our pazsqr0 azp
ttq pazsqr or ttq dzutqp Statqs0 vust as ttq oausq or
azy aussuaz fisttuzs ror tus tqartt azp toyq us ttq
oausq or rrqq yqz azp rrqq pqopxqs uz qvqry quartqr
or ttq sxonq2 Lqt us xqarz ttq xqssozs axrqapy taustt
ny suot oruqx qxpqruqzoq2 Lqt us rqpounxq our
qxqrtuozs0 azp strukq wutt uzutqp strqzstt wtuxq xurq
azp powqr rqyauz2
 ‘N E GE C 6 8GE 8N l

rtqz Cturotuxx vusutqp Harrow Sotoox oz C9 Ootonqr 19E10

ror ttq sqoozp tuyq uz a yqar0 to tqar ttq traputuozax sozss0
tq xqarzt ttat az apputuozax vqrsq tap nqqz appqp to ozq or
ttqy0 wtuot uzoxupqp ttq xuzqsK ‘Not xqss wq prausq uz
parkqr pays 3 ctq xqapqr or our zatuoz 3 Azp Cturotuxx’s
zayq staxx wuz aooxauy 3 Froy qaot zqw sqzqratuoz2’
Cturotuxx toxp ttq noysK
Axyost a yqar tas passqp suzoq I oayq powz tqrq at
your Hqap Mastqr’s kuzp uzvutatuoz uz orpqr to otqqr
yysqxr azp otqqr ttq tqarts or a rqw or yy rruqzps ny
suzsuzs soyq or our owz sozss2 ctq tqz yoztts ttat
tavq passqp tavq sqqz vqry tqrrunxq oatastroptuo
qvqzts uz ttq worxp – ups azp powzs0 yusrortuzqs –
nut oaz azyozq suttuzs tqrq ttus artqrzooz0 ttus
Ootonqr artqrzooz0 zot rqqx pqqpxy ttazkrux ror wtat
tas tappqzqp uz ttq tuyq ttat tas passqp azp ror ttq
vqry srqat uyprovqyqzt uz ttq posutuoz or our oouztry
azp or our toyqN
rty0 wtqz I was tqrq xast tuyq wq wqrq quutq
axozq0 pqspqratqxy axozq0 azp wq tap nqqz so ror fivq
or sux yoztts2 rq wqrq poorxy aryqp2 rq arq zot so
poorxy aryqp topayE nut ttqz wq wqrq vqry poorxy
aryqp2 rq tap ttq uzyqasurqp yqzaoq or ttq qzqyy
azp ttqur aur attaok stuxx nqatuzs upoz us0 azp you
yoursqxvqs tap tap qxpqruqzoq or ttus attaokE azp I
qxpqot you arq nqsuzzuzs to rqqx uypatuqzt ttat ttqrq
tas nqqz ttus xozs xuxx wutt zottuzs partuouxar turzuzs
up!
But wq yust xqarz to nq qquaxxy soop at wtat us
stort azp starp azp wtat us xozs azp toust2 It us
sqzqraxxy saup ttat ttq Brutust arq ortqz nqttqr at ttq
xast2 ctqy po zot qxpqot to yovq rroy orusus to orususE
ttqy po zot axways qxpqot ttat qaot pay wuxx nruzs up
soyq zonxq otazoq or warE nut wtqz ttqy vqry sxowxy
yakq up ttqur yuzps ttat ttq ttuzs tas to nq pozq
azp ttq von put ttroust azp fizustqp0 ttqz0 qvqz ur ut
takqs yoztts0 ur ut takqs yqars0 ttqy po ut2
Azottqr xqssoz I ttuzk wq yay takq0 vust ttrowuzs
our yuzps naok to our yqqtuzs tqrq tqz yoztts aso0
azp kzow0 us ttat appqarazoqs arq ortqz vqry
pqoqptuvq0 azp as Kupxuzs wqxx says0 wq yust
2 2 2 yqqt wutt cruuypt azp Susastqr
Azp trqat ttosq two uypostors vust ttq sayq2
hou oazzot tqxx rroy appqarazoqs tow ttuzss wuxx
so2 Soyqtuyqs uyasuzatuoz yakqs ttuzss out rar
worsq ttaz ttqy arqE yqt wuttout uyasuzatuoz zot
yuot oaz nq pozq2 ctosq pqopxq wto arq uyasuzatuvq
sqq yazy yorq pazsqrs ttaz pqrtaps qxust0 oqrtauzxy
yazy yorq ttaz wuxx tappqzK nut ttqz ttqy yust axso
pray to nq suvqz ttat qxtra oourasq to oarry ttus rar1
rqaotuzs uyasuzatuoz2 But ror qvqryozq0 surqxy0 wtat
wq tavq sozq ttroust uz ttus pqruop – I ay
apprqssuzs yysqxr to ttq Sotoox – surqxy rroy ttus
pqruop or tqz yoztts ttus us ttq xqssozK
Nqvqr suvq uz2 Nqvqr suvq uz2 Nqvqr0 zqvqr0 zqvqr –
uz zottuzs0 srqat or syaxx0 xarsq or pqtty – zqvqr suvq
uz0 qxoqpt to oozvuotuozs or tozour azp soop sqzsq2
Nqvqr yuqxp to roroqE zqvqr yuqxp to ttq apparqztxy
ovqrwtqxyuzs yustt or ttq qzqyy2
rq stoop axx axozq a yqar aso0 azp to yazy
oouztruqs ut sqqyqp ttat our aooouzt was oxosqp0 wq
wqrq fizustqp2 Axx ttus traputuoz or ours0 our sozss0
our Sotoox tustory0 ttus part or ttq tustory or ttus
oouztry0 wqrq sozq azp fizustqp azp xuquupatqp2
 eqry puffqrqzt us ttq yoop topay2 Brutauz0 ottqr
zatuozs ttoustt0 tap prawz a spozsq aoross tqr
sxatq2 But uzstqap our oouztry stoop uz ttq sap2 ctqrq
was zo fluzotuzs azp zo ttoustt or suvuzs uzE azp ny
wtat sqqyqp axyost a yuraoxq to ttosq outsupq ttqsq
Isxazps0 ttoust wq oursqxvqs zqvqr pountqp ut2 rq
zow fizp oursqxvqs uz a posutuoz wtqrq I say ttat wq
oaz nq surq ttat wq tavq ozxy to pqrsqvqrq to
oozquqr2
hou sazs tqrq a vqrsq or a Sotoox SozsE you sazs
ttat qxtra vqrsq wruttqz uz yy tozour0 wtuot I was
vqry srqatxy ooypxuyqztqp ny azp wtuot you tavq
rqpqatqp topay2 But ttqrq us ozq worp uz ut I wazt to
axtqr2 I waztqp to po so xast yqar0 nut I pup zot vqzturq
to2 It us ttq xuzqK ‘Not xqss wq prausq uz parkqr pays2’ I
tavq ontauzqp ttq Hqap Mastqr’s pqryussuoz to axtqr
‘parkqr’ to ‘stqrzqr’K ‘Not xqss wq prausq uz stqrzqr
pays2’
So zot xqt us spqak or parkqr paysE xqt us spqak
rattqr or stqrzqr pays2 ctqsq arq zot park paysK ttqsq
arq srqat pays – ttq srqatqst pays our oouztry tas
qvqr xuvqpE azp wq yust axx ttazk Gop ttat wq tavq
nqqz axxowqp0 qaot or us aooorpuzs to our statuozs0 to
pxay a part uz yakuzs ttqsq pays yqyoranxq uz ttq
tustory or our raoq2
 ‘H E 7 A 3 H @N T7 E H A Cl

Oz 7 Sqoqynqr 19E10 Rapaz attaokqp ttq dzutqp Statqs

zavax nasq at eqarx Harnor0 azp yovqp wutt uts zavax azp
aur roroqs asauzst Ayqruoaz possqssuozs uz ttq eaoufio
Ooqaz (Guay0 Mupway0 rakq Isxazp azp ttq etuxuppuzqs,2
Rapazqsq roroqs axso attaokqp Brutust possqssuozs uz Soutt
Tast Asua (Hozs Kozs azp Maxaya, azp ttq Nqttqrxazps
Tast Izpuqs2 Lookuzs naok at ttus ratqrux yoyqzt0 Cturotuxx
wrotq uz Lhe Kecond Oorld OarK
No Ayqruoaz wuxx ttuzk ut wrozs or yq ur I prooxauy
ttat to tavq ttq dzutqp Statqs at our supq was to yq
ttq srqatqst voy2 I oouxp zot rorqtqxx ttq ooursq or
qvqzts2 I po zot prqtqzp to tavq yqasurqp aoouratqxy
ttq yartuax yustt or Rapaz0 nut zow at ttus vqry
yoyqzt I kzqw ttq dzutqp Statqs was uz ttq war0 up
to ttq zqok azp uz to ttq pqatt2 So wq tap woz artqr
axx! hqs0 artqr Suzkurk0 artqr ttq raxx or FrazoqE artqr
ttq torrunxq qpusopq or OrazE artqr ttq ttrqat or
uzvasuoz0 wtqz0 apart rroy ttq Aur azp ttq Navy0 wq
wqrq az axyost uzaryqp pqopxqE artqr ttq pqapxy
strussxq or ttq d1noat war – ttq first Battxq or ttq
Atxaztuo0 sauzqp ny a tazp’s1nrqapttE artqr sqvqztqqz
yoztts or xozqxy fisttuzs azp zuzqtqqz yoztts or yy
rqspozsunuxuty uz purq strqss2
rq tap woz ttq war2 Tzsxazp wouxp xuvqE Brutauz
wouxp xuvqE ttq Coyyozwqaxtt or Natuozs azp ttq
Typurq wouxp xuvq2 How xozs ttq war wouxp xast or uz
wtat rastuoz ut wouxp qzp zo yaz oouxp tqxx0 zor pup I
at ttus yoyqzt oarq2 Ozoq asauz uz our xozs Isxazp
tustory wq stouxp qyqrsq0 towqvqr yauxqp or
yutuxatqp0 sarq azp vuotoruous2 rq stouxp zot nq
wupqp out2 Our tustory wouxp zot ooyq to az qzp2 rq
yustt zot qvqz tavq to puq as uzpuvupuaxs2
Hutxqr’s ratq was sqaxqp2 Mussoxuzu’s ratq was
sqaxqp2 As ror ttq Rapazqsq0 ttqy wouxp nq srouzp to
powpqr2 Axx ttq rqst was yqrqxy ttq propqr
appxuoatuoz or ovqrwtqxyuzs roroq2 ctq Brutust
Typurq0 ttq Sovuqt dzuoz0 azp zow ttq dzutqp Statqs0
nouzp tosqttqr wutt qvqry sorap or ttqur xurq azp
strqzstt0 wqrq0 aooorpuzs to yy xustts0 twuoq or qvqz
ttruoq ttq roroq or ttqur aztasozusts2 No pount ut
wouxp takq a xozs tuyq2 I qxpqotqp tqrrunxq rorrquts uz
ttq TastE nut axx ttus wouxp nq yqrqxy a passuzs
ptasq2 dzutqp wq oouxp sunpuq qvqrynopy qxsq uz ttq
worxp2 Mazy pusastqrs0 uyyqasuranxq oost azp
trunuxatuoz xay atqap0 nut ttqrq was zo yorq pount
anout ttq qzp2
Suxxy pqopxq0 azp ttqrq wqrq yazy0 zot ozxy uz
qzqyy oouztruqs0 yustt pusoouzt ttq roroq or ttq
dzutqp Statqs2 Soyq saup ttqy wqrq sort0 ottqrs ttat
ttqy wouxp zqvqr nq uzutqp2 ctqy wouxp roox arouzp
at a pustazoq2 ctqy wouxp zqvqr ooyq to srups2 ctqy
wouxp zqvqr stazp nxoopxqttuzs2 ctqur pqyooraoy azp
systqy or rqourrqzt qxqotuozs wouxp paraxysq ttqur
war qffort2 ctqy wouxp nq vust a vasuq nxur oz ttq
toruzoz to rruqzp or roq2 Now wq stouxp sqq ttq
wqakzqss or ttus zuyqrous nut rqyotq0 wqaxtty0 azp
taxkatuvq pqopxq2
But I tap stupuqp ttq Ayqruoaz Cuvux rar0 roustt
out to ttq xast pqspqratq uzot2 Ayqruoaz nxoop flowqp
uz yy vquzs2 I ttoustt or a rqyark wtuot Tpwarp
Grqy tap yapq to yq yorq ttaz tturty yqars nqrorq –
ttat ttq dzutqp Statqs us xukq ‘a susaztuo nouxqr2 Ozoq
ttq firq us xusttqp uzpqr ut ttqrq us zo xuyut to ttq
powqr ut oaz sqzqratq’2 Bquzs saturatqp azp satuatqp
wutt qyotuoz azp sqzsatuoz0 I wqzt to nqp azp sxqpt
ttq sxqqp or ttq savqp azp ttazkrux2
 ‘A STCA N 6 E C 7 C8STM A S E GE l

Gqryazy pqoxarqp war oz ttq dzutqp Statqs oz 11

Sqoqynqr 19E10 rour pays artqr ttq Rapazqsq attaok oz
eqarx Harnor2 Cturotuxx0 oozoqrzqp ttat ttq dzutqp Statqs
yustt zqvqrttqxqss roous uts yauz qzqrsuqs oz ttq war uz
ttq eaoufio0 xqrt Brutauz ny stup oz Sqoqynqr 13 ror
rastuzstoz0 wtqrq0 startuzs oz Sqoqynqr CC0 tq spqzt a
totax or rourtqqz pays uz taxks wutt erqsupqzt aoosqvqxt0
wto asrqqp ttat ttq war uz Turopq azp ttq Mqputqrrazqaz
wouxp takq pruoruty ovqr ttq pqrqat or Rapaz2 Oz CE
Sqoqynqr 19E10 rroy rastuzstoz0 tq nroapoast to ttq
Ayqruoaz pqopxqK
I spqzp ttus azzuvqrsary azp rqstuvax rar rroy yy
oouztry0 rar rroy yy rayuxy0 yqt I oazzot truttruxxy say
ttat I rqqx rar rroy toyq2 rtqttqr ut nq ttq tuqs or
nxoop oz yy yottqr’s supq0 or ttq rruqzpstups I tavq
pqvqxopqp tqrq ovqr yazy yqars or aotuvq xurq0 or ttq
ooyyazpuzs sqztuyqzt or ooyrapqstup uz ttq
ooyyoz oausq or srqat pqopxqs wto spqak ttq sayq
xazsuasq0 wto kzqqx at ttq sayq axtars azp0 to a vqry
xarsq qxtqzt0 pursuq ttq sayq upqaxs0 I oazzot rqqx
yysqxr a strazsqr tqrq uz ttq oqztrq azp at ttq
suyyut or ttq dzutqp Statqs2 I rqqx a sqzsq or uzuty
azp rratqrzax assoouatuoz wtuot0 appqp to ttq
kuzpxuzqss or your wqxooyq0 oozvuzoqs yq ttat I tavq
a rustt to sut at your firqsupq azp starq your
Ctrustyas voys2
ctus us a strazsq Ctrustyas Tvq2 Axyost ttq wtoxq
worxp us xookqp uz pqapxy strussxq0 azp0 wutt ttq yost
tqrrunxq wqapozs wtuot souqzoq oaz pqvusq0 ttq
zatuozs apvazoq upoz qaot ottqr2 Ixx wouxp ut nq ror
us ttus Ctrustyastupq ur wq wqrq zot surq ttat zo
srqqp ror ttq xazp or wqaxtt or azy ottqr pqopxq0 zo
vuxsar aynutuoz0 zo yornup xust ror yatqruax sauz at
ttq qxpqzsq or ottqrs0 tap xqp us to ttq fiqxp2 Hqrq0 uz
ttq yupst or war0 rasuzs azp roaruzs ovqr axx ttq xazps
azp sqas0 orqqpuzs zqarqr to our tqarts azp toyqs0
tqrq0 ayup axx ttq tuyuxt0 wq tavq tozustt ttq pqaoq
or ttq spurut uz qaot oottasq toyq azp uz qvqry
sqzqrous tqart2 ctqrqrorq wq yay oast asupq ror ttus
zustt at xqast ttq oarqs azp pazsqrs wtuot nqsqt us0
azp yakq ror ttq otuxprqz az qvqzuzs or tappuzqss uz
a worxp or story2 Hqrq0 ttqz0 ror ozq zustt ozxy0 qaot
toyq ttroustout ttq Tzsxust1spqakuzs worxp stouxp
nq a nrusttxy xusttqp usxazp or tappuzqss azp pqaoq2
Lqt ttq otuxprqz tavq ttqur zustt or ruz azp
xausttqr2 Lqt ttq surts or Fattqr Ctrustyas pqxustt
ttqur pxay2 Lqt us srowz1ups starq to ttq ruxx uz ttqur
uzstuztqp pxqasurqs nqrorq wq turz asauz to ttq stqrz
task azp ttq roryupanxq yqars ttat xuq nqrorq us0
rqsoxvqp ttat0 ny our saorufioq azp paruzs0 ttqsq sayq
otuxprqz staxx zot nq ronnqp or ttqur uztqrutazoq or
pqzuqp ttqur rustt to xuvq uz a rrqq azp pqoqzt worxp2
Azp so0 uz Gop’s yqroy0 a tappy Ctrustyas to you
axx2
 ‘AC@3 86 8@F S 7 A M M E C0STC@K E S
7 AGE 1 E E N N E E 3 E 3 l

Oz C6 Sqoqynqr 19E10 Cturotuxx wqzt to Caputox Huxx0

wtqrq tq apprqssqp ttq dzutqp Statqs Sqzatq azp Housq or
aqprqsqztatuvqsK
I rqqx srqatxy tozourqp ttat you stouxp tavq uzvutqp
yq to qztqr ttq dzutqp Statqs Sqzatq Ctaynqr azp
apprqss ttq rqprqsqztatuvqs or nott nrazotqs or
Cozsrqss2 ctq raot ttat yy Ayqruoaz rorqnqars tavq
ror so yazy sqzqratuozs pxayqp ttqur part uz ttq xurq
or ttq dzutqp Statqs0 azp ttat tqrq I ay0 az
Tzsxustyaz0 wqxooyqp uz your yupst0 yakqs ttus
qxpqruqzoq ozq or ttq yost yovuzs azp ttruxxuzs uz yy
xurq0 wtuot us axrqapy xozs azp tas zot nqqz qzturqxy
uzqvqztrux2 I wust uzpqqp ttat yy yottqr0 wtosq
yqyory I otqrust aoross ttq vaxq or yqars0 oouxp tavq
nqqz tqrq to sqq2
By ttq way0 I oazzot tqxp rqflqotuzs ttat ur yy
rattqr tap nqqz Ayqruoaz azp yy yottqr Brutust0
uzstqap or ttq ottqr way rouzp0 I yustt tavq sot tqrq
oz yy owz2 Iz ttat oasq0 ttus wouxp zot tavq nqqz ttq
first tuyq you wouxp tavq tqarp yy vouoq2 Iz ttat oasq
I stouxp zot tavq zqqpqp azy uzvutatuoz0 nut ur I tap0
ut us tarpxy xukqxy ut wouxp tavq nqqz uzazuyous2 So
pqrtaps ttuzss arq nqttqr as ttqy arq2 I yay oozrqss0
towqvqr0 ttat I po zot rqqx quutq xukq a fist out or
watqr uz a xqsusxatuvq assqynxy wtqrq Tzsxust us
spokqz2
I ay a otuxp or ttq Housq or Coyyozs2 I was
nroustt up uz yy rattqr’s tousq to nqxuqvq uz
pqyooraoy2 ‘crust ttq pqopxq’ – ttat was tus yqssasq2
I usqp to sqq tuy otqqrqp at yqqtuzss azp uz ttq
strqqts ny orowps or workuzs yqz way naok uz ttosq
arustooratuo euotoruaz pays wtqz0 as Susraqxu saup0 ttq
worxp was ror ttq rqw0 azp ror ttq vqry rqw2 ctqrqrorq
I tavq nqqz uz ruxx taryozy axx yy xurq wutt ttq tupqs
wtuot tavq flowqp oz nott supqs or ttq Atxaztuo
asauzst pruvuxqsq azp yozopoxy0 azp I tavq stqqrqp
oozfipqztxy towarps ttq Gqttysnurs upqax or
‘sovqrzyqzt or ttq pqopxq ny ttq pqopxq ror ttq
pqopxq’2 I owq yy apvazoqyqzt qzturqxy to ttq Housq
or Coyyozs0 wtosq sqrvazt I ay2 Iz yy oouztry0 as uz
yours0 punxuo yqz arq proup to nq ttq sqrvazts or ttq
Statq azp wouxp nq astayqp to nq uts yastqrs2 Oz
azy pay0 ur ttqy ttoustt ttq pqopxq waztqp ut0 ttq
Housq or Coyyozs oouxp ny a suypxq votq rqyovq yq
rroy yy offioq2 But I ay zot worryuzs anout ut at axx2
As a yattqr or raot0 I ay surq ttqy wuxx approvq vqry
tustxy or yy vourzqy tqrq0 ror wtuot I ontauzqp ttq
Kuzs’s pqryussuoz uz orpqr to yqqt ttq erqsupqzt or
ttq dzutqp Statqs azp to arrazsq wutt tuy axx ttat
yappuzs1out or our yuxutary pxazs0 azp ror axx ttosq
uztuyatq yqqtuzss or ttq tust offioqrs or ttq aryqp
sqrvuoqs or nott oouztruqs0 wtuot arq uzpuspqzsanxq to
ttq suooqssrux prosqoutuoz or ttq war2
[…‘
rtqz wq oozsupqr ttq rqsouroqs or ttq dzutqp Statqs
azp ttq Brutust Typurq ooyparqp to ttosq or Rapaz0
wtqz wq rqyqynqr ttosq or Ctuza0 wtuot tas so xozs
azp vaxuaztxy wuttstoop uzvasuoz azp wtqz axso wq
onsqrvq ttq aussuaz yqzaoq wtuot tazss ovqr Rapaz0
ut nqooyqs stuxx yorq puffiouxt to rqoozouxq Rapazqsq
aotuoz wutt prupqzoq or qvqz wutt sazuty2 rtat kuzp
or a pqopxq po ttqy ttuzk wq arqN Is ut possunxq ttqy
po zot rqaxuzq ttat wq staxx zqvqr oqasq to pqrsqvqrq
asauzst ttqy uztux ttqy tavq nqqz taustt a xqssoz
wtuot ttqy azp ttq worxp wuxx zqvqr rorsqtN
 Mqynqrs or ttq Sqzatq azp yqynqrs or ttq Housq
or aqprqsqztatuvqs0 I turz ror ozq yoyqzt yorq rroy
ttq turyoux azp oozvuxsuozs or ttq prqsqzt to ttq
nroapqr nasus or ttq ruturq2 Hqrq wq arq tosqttqr
raouzs a sroup or yustty roqs wto sqqk our ruuzE tqrq
wq arq tosqttqr pqrqzpuzs axx ttat to rrqq yqz us
pqar2 cwuoq uz a suzsxq sqzqratuoz ttq oatastroptq or
worxp war tas raxxqz upoz usE twuoq uz our xurqtuyq
tas ttq xozs ary or ratq rqaotqp aoross ttq ooqaz to
nruzs ttq dzutqp Statqs uzto ttq rorqrrozt or ttq
nattxq2 Ir wq tap kqpt tosqttqr artqr ttq xast rar0 ur
wq tap takqz ooyyoz yqasurqs ror our sarqty0 ttus
rqzqwax or ttq oursq zqqp zqvqr tavq raxxqz upoz us2
So wq zot owq ut to oursqxvqs0 to our otuxprqz0 to
yazkuzp toryqztqp0 to yakq surq ttat ttqsq
oatastroptqs staxx zot qzsuxr us ror ttq tturp tuyqN It
tas nqqz provqp ttat pqstuxqzoqs yay nrqak out uz
ttq Oxp rorxp0 wtuot oarry ttqur pqstruotuvq ravasqs
uzto ttq Nqw rorxp0 rroy wtuot0 ozoq ttqy arq aroot0
ttq Nqw rorxp oazzot ny azy yqazs qsoapq2 Suty
azp prupqzoq axukq ooyyazp first ttat ttq sqry1
oqztrqs or tatrqp azp rqvqzsq stouxp nq oozstaztxy
azp vusuxaztxy survqyqp azp trqatqp uz soop tuyq0 azp0
sqoozpxy0 ttat az apqquatq orsazuzatuoz stouxp nq sqt
up to yakq surq ttat ttq pqstuxqzoq oaz nq ooztroxxqp
at uts qarxuqst nqsuzzuzss nqrorq ut sprqaps azp rasqs
ttroustout ttq qzturq qartt2
Fuvq or sux yqars aso ut wouxp tavq nqqz qasy0
wuttout stqppuzs a prop or nxoop0 ror ttq dzutqp
Statqs azp Grqat Brutauz to tavq uzsustqp oz ruxfixyqzt
or ttq pusaryayqzt oxausqs or ttq trqatuqs wtuot
Gqryazy suszqp artqr ttq Grqat rarE ttat axso wouxp
tavq nqqz ttq opportuzuty ror assuruzs to Gqryazy
ttosq raw yatqruaxs wtuot wq pqoxarqp uz ttq Atxaztuo
Ctartqr stouxp zot nq pqzuqp to azy zatuoz0 vuotor or
vazquustqp2 ctat otazoq tas passqp2 It us sozq2
eropusuous tayyqr1strokqs tavq nqqz zqqpqp to
nruzs us tosqttqr asauz0 or ur you wuxx axxow yq to usq
ottqr xazsuasq0 I wuxx say ttat tq yust uzpqqp tavq a
nxuzp soux wto oazzot sqq ttat soyq srqat purposq
azp pqsusz us nquzs workqp out tqrq nqxow0 or wtuot
wq tavq ttq tozour to nq ttq rauttrux sqrvazts2
It us zot suvqz to us to pqqr uzto ttq yystqruqs or ttq
ruturq2 Stuxx0 I avow yy topq azp rautt0 surq azp
uzvuoxatq0 ttat uz ttq pays to ooyq ttq Brutust azp
Ayqruoaz pqopxqs wuxx ror ttqur owz sarqty azp ror ttq
soop or axx waxk tosqttqr supq ny supq uz yavqsty0 uz
vustuoq0 azp uz pqaoq2
 ‘S@M E C 7 8C K E N ! S@M E N E C K !l

Cturotuxx nrokq off tus taxks uz rastuzstoz to travqx ny trauz

to ttq Cazapuaz oaputax0 Ottawa0 wtqrq tq apprqssqp ttq
Cazapuaz earxuayqzt oz 3A Sqoqynqr 19E12 Hq tap first
vusutqp Cazapa oz tus Nortt Ayqruoaz xqoturq tour or 19AA0
azp tap rqturzqp uz 19C9 ror a toxupay0 travqxxuzs rroy
ooast to ooast2 ctus was tus tturp vusutK
It us wutt rqqxuzss or prupq azp qzoourasqyqzt ttat I
fizp yysqxr tqrq uz ttq Housq or Coyyozs or Cazapa0
uzvutqp to apprqss ttq earxuayqzt or ttq sqzuor
Soyuzuoz or ttq Crowz2
I nruzs you ttq assurazoq or soop wuxx azp affqotuoz
rroy qvqry ozq uz ttq Mottqrxazp2 rq arq yost
sratqrux ror axx you tavq pozq uz ttq ooyyoz oausq0
azp wq kzow ttat you arq rqsoxvqp to po wtatqvqr
yorq us possunxq as ttq zqqp arusqs azp as
opportuzuty sqrvqs2 Cazapa oooupuqs a uzuquq
posutuoz uz ttq Brutust Typurq nqoausq or uts
uznrqakanxq tuqs wutt Brutauz azp uts qvqr1srowuzs
rruqzpstup azp uztuyatq assoouatuoz wutt ttq dzutqp
Statqs2 Cazapa us a potqzt yaszqt0 prawuzs tosqttqr
ttosq uz ttq zqw worxp azp uz ttq oxp wtosq rortuzqs
arq zow uzutqp uz a pqapxy strussxq ror xurq azp
tozour asauzst ttq ooyyoz roq2 ctq ooztrunutuoz or
Cazapa to ttq Iypqruax war qffort uz troops0 uz stups0
uz aurorart0 uz roop0 azp uz fizazoq tas nqqz
yaszufioqzt2
[…‘
rq pup zot yakq ttus war0 wq pup zot sqqk ut2 rq pup
axx wq oouxp to avoup ut2 rq pup too yuot to avoup ut2
rq wqzt so rar at tuyqs uz tryuzs to avoup ut as to nq
axyost pqstroyqp ny ut wtqz ut nrokq upoz us2 But
ttat pazsqrous oorzqr tas nqqz turzqp0 azp wutt
qvqry yoztt azp qvqry yqar ttat passqs wq staxx
oozrrozt ttq qvux1poqrs wutt wqapozs as pxqzturux0 as
starp0 azp as pqstruotuvq as ttosq wutt wtuot ttqy
tavq soustt to qstanxust ttqur tatqrux poyuzatuoz2
I stouxp xukq to pouzt out to you ttat wq tavq zot at
azy tuyq askqp ror azy yutusatuoz uz ttq rury or
yaxuoq or ttq qzqyy2 ctq pqopxqs or ttq Brutust
Typurq yay xovq pqaoq2 ctqy po zot sqqk ttq xazps or
wqaxtt or azy oouztry0 nut ttqy arq a toust azp tarpy
xot2 rq tavq zot vourzqyqp axx ttus way aoross ttq
oqzturuqs0 ooqazs0 aoross ttq youztauzs0 aoross ttq
prauruqs0 nqoausq wq arq yapq or susar oazpy2
Look at ttq Lozpozqrs0 ttq CookzqysK xook at wtat
ttqy tavq stoop up to2 Gruy azp say wutt ttqur ory
‘rq oaz takq ut0’ azp ttqur war1tuyq yoop or ‘rtat us
soop qzoust ror azynopy us soop qzoust ror us2’ rq
tavq zot askqp ttat ttq ruxqs or ttq sayq stouxp nq
yopufiqp2 rq staxx zqvqr pqsoqzp to ttq Gqryaz azp
Rapazqsq xqvqx0 nut ur azynopy xukqs to pxay roust wq
oaz pxay roust too2 Hutxqr azp tus Nazu sazs tavq
sowz ttq wuzpE xqt ttqy rqap ttq wturxwuzp2 Nquttqr
ttq xqzstt or ttq strussxq zor azy rory or sqvqruty
wtuot ut yay assuyq staxx yakq us wqary or staxx
yakq us quut2
I tavq nqqz axx ttus wqqk wutt ttq erqsupqzt or ttq
dzutqp Statqs0 ttat srqat yaz wtoy pqstuzy tas
yarkqp ror ttus oxuyax or tuyaz rortuzq2 rq tavq
nqqz oozoqrtuzs ttq uzutqp paots azp rqsoxvqs or
yorq ttaz tturty Statqs azp zatuozs to fistt oz uz
uzuty tosqttqr azp uz fipqxuty ozq to azottqr0 wuttout
azy ttoustt qxoqpt ttq totax azp fizax qxturpatuoz or
ttq Hutxqr tyrazzy0 ttq Rapazqsq rrqzzy0 azp ttq
Mussoxuzu flop2
 ctqrq staxx nq zo taxtuzs0 or taxr yqasurqs0 ttqrq
staxx nq zo ooyproyusq0 or parxqy2 ctqsq sazss or
nazputs tavq soustt to parkqz ttq xustt or ttq worxpE
tavq soustt to stazp nqtwqqz ttq ooyyoz pqopxq or
axx ttq xazps azp ttqur yarot rorwarp uzto ttqur
uztqrutazoq2 ctqy staxx ttqysqxvqs nq oast uzto ttq put
or pqatt azp stayq0 azp ozxy wtqz ttq qartt tas
nqqz oxqazsqp azp pursqp or ttqur oruyqs azp ttqur
vuxxauzy staxx wq turz rroy ttq task wtuot ttqy tavq
roroqp upoz usE a task wtuot wq wqrq rqxuotazt to
uzpqrtakq0 nut wtuot wq staxx zow yost rauttruxxy
azp puzotuxuousxy pusotarsq2
Aooorpuzs to yy sqzsq or proportuoz0 ttus us zo tuyq
to spqak or ttq topqs or ttq ruturq0 or ttq nroapqr
worxp wtuot xuqs nqyozp our strussxqs azp our
vuotory2 rq tavq to wuz ttat worxp ror our otuxprqz2
rq tavq to wuz ut ny our saorufioqs2 rq tavq zot woz
ut yqt2 ctq orusus us upoz us2 ctq powqr or ttq qzqyy
us uyyqzsq2 Ir wq wqrq uz azy way to uzpqrratq ttq
strqzstt0 ttq rqsouroqs or ttq ruttxqss savasqry or
ttat qzqyy0 wq stouxp vqoparpuzq0 zot ozxy our xuvqs0
ror ttqy wuxx nq offqrqp rrqqxy0 nut ttq oausq or tuyaz
rrqqpoy azp prosrqss to wtuot wq tavq vowqp
oursqxvqs azp axx wq tavq2 rq oazzot ror a yoyqzt
afforp to rqxax2 Oz ttq ooztrary wq yust pruvq
oursqxvqs rorwarp wutt uzrqxqztuzs zqax2 Iz ttus
strazsq0 tqrrunxq worxp war ttqrq us a pxaoq ror
qvqryozq0 yaz azp woyaz0 oxp azp youzs0 taxq azp
taxtE sqrvuoq uz a ttousazp rorys us opqz2
ctqrq us zo rooy zow ror ttq puxqttaztq0 ttq
wqakxuzs0 ror ttq sturkqr0 or ttq sxussarp2 ctq yuzq0
ttq raotory0 ttq pookyarp0 ttq saxt sqa wavqs0 ttq
fiqxps to tuxx0 ttq toyq0 ttq tosputax0 ttq otaur or ttq
souqztust0 ttq puxput or ttq prqaotqr – rroy ttq tustqst
to ttq tuynxqst tasks0 axx arq or qquax tozourE axx
tavq ttqur part to pxay2
 ctq qzqyuqs razsqp asauzst us – ooaxqsoqp azp
ooynuzqp asauzst us – tavq askqp ror totax war2 Lqt
us yakq surq ttqy sqt ut2
[…‘
rq pxuzsqp uzto ttus war axx uzprqparqp nqoausq wq
tap pxqpsqp our worp to stazp ny ttq supq or eoxazp0
wtuot Hutxqr tap rqxozuousxy uzvapqp0 azp uz sputq or a
saxxazt rqsustazoq tap sooz struok powz2 ctqrq
roxxowqp ttosq astozustuzs sqvqz yoztts wtuot wqrq
oaxxqp oz ttus supq or ttq Atxaztuo ttq ‘ptozy’ war2
Suppqzxy ttq qxpxosuoz or pqzt1up Gqryaz strqzstt
azp prqparatuoz nurst upoz Norway0 Sqzyark0
Hoxxazp azp Bqxsuuy2 Axx ttqsq ansoxutqxy nxayqxqss
zqutraxs0 to yost or wtoy Gqryazy up to ttq xast
yoyqzt was suvuzs qvqry kuzp or suaraztqq azp
assurazoq0 wqrq ovqrruz azp traypxqp powz2
Oz top or axx ttus oayq ttq srqat Frqzot
oatastroptq2 ctq Frqzot Aryy ooxxapsqp0 azp ttq
Frqzot zatuoz was pastqp uzto uttqr azp0 as ut tas so
rar provqp0 urrqtruqvanxq oozrusuoz2 ctq Frqzot
Govqrzyqzt tap at ttqur owz sussqstuoz soxqyzxy
nouzp ttqysqxvqs wutt us zot to yakq a sqparatq
pqaoq2 It was ttqur puty azp ut was axso ttqur uztqrqst
to so to Nortt Arruoa0 wtqrq ttqy wouxp tavq nqqz at
ttq tqap or ttq Frqzot Typurq2 Iz Arruoa0 wutt our
aup0 ttqy wouxp tavq tap ovqrwtqxyuzs sqa powqr2
ctqy wouxp tavq tap ttq rqooszutuoz or ttq dzutqp
Statqs0 azp ttq usq or axx ttq soxp ttqy tap xopsqp
nqyozp ttq sqas2 Ir ttqy tap pozq ttus Itaxy yustt
tavq nqqz pruvqz out or ttq war nqrorq ttq qzp or
19EA0 azp Frazoq wouxp tavq tqxp tqr pxaoq as a
zatuoz uz ttq oouzsqxs or ttq Axxuqs azp at ttq
oozrqrqzoq tanxq or ttq vuotors2 But ttqur sqzqraxs
yusxqp ttqy2 rtqz I warzqp ttqy ttat Brutauz wouxp
fistt oz axozq wtatqvqr ttqy pup0 ttqur sqzqraxs toxp
ttqur eruyq Muzustqr azp tus puvupqp Canuzqt0 ‘Iz
ttrqq wqqks Tzsxazp wuxx tavq tqr zqok wruzs xukq a
otuokqz2’ Soyq otuokqz! Soyq zqok!
[…‘
rtat a ooztrast tas nqqz ttq nqtavuour or ttq
vaxuazt0 stout1tqartqp Sutot0 wto stuxx stazp rortt as a
strozs xuvuzs partzqr uz ttq strussxq! ctqur vqzqratqp
Quqqz azp ttqur Govqrzyqzt arq uz Tzsxazp0 ttqur
eruzoqss azp tqr otuxprqz tavq rouzp asyxuy azp
protqotuoz tqrq uz your yupst2 But ttq Sutot zatuoz
arq pqrqzpuzs ttqur Typurq wutt possqp oourasq azp
tqzaouty ny xazp azp sqa azp uz ttq aur2 ctqur
sunyaruzqs arq uzfluotuzs a tqavy pauxy toxx upoz ttq
Rapazqsq ronnqrs wto tavq ooyq aoross ttq sqas to
stqax ttq wqaxtt or ttq Tast Izpuqs0 azp to ravasq azp
qxpxout uts rqrtuxuty azp uts ouvuxuzatuoz2 ctq Brutust
Typurq azp ttq dzutqp Statqs arq souzs to ttq aup or
ttq Sutot2 rq arq souzs to fistt out ttus zqw war
asauzst Rapaz tosqttqr2 rq tavq suffqrqp tosqttqr
azp wq staxx oozquqr tosqttqr2
But ttq yqz or Borpqaux0 ttq yqz or euoty0 ttqy
wouxp po zottuzs xukq ttus2 ctqy xay prostratq at ttq
root or ttq oozquqror2 ctqy rawzqp upoz tuy2 rtat
tavq ttqy sot out or utN ctq rrasyqzt or Frazoq wtuot
was xqrt to ttqy us vust as powqrxqss0 vust as tuzsry
as0 azp qvqz yorq yusqranxq0 nqoausq yorq puvupqp0
ttaz ttq oooupuqp rqsuozs ttqysqxvqs2 Hutxqr pxays
rroy pay to pay a oat1azp1yousq sayq wutt ttqsq
toryqztqp yqz2 Ozq pay tq wuxx otarsq ttqy a xuttxq
xqss ror toxpuzs ttqur oouztryyqz powz2 Azottqr pay
tq wuxx xqt out a rqw ttousazp nrokqz prusozqrs or war
rroy ttq ozq1azp1a1taxr or ozq1azp1ttrqq1quartqr
yuxxuozs tq tas ooxxqotqp2 Or asauz tq wuxx stoot a
tuzprqp Frqzot tostasqs to suvq ttqy a tastq or ttq
xast2 Oz ttqsq nxows azp ravours ttq euoty
Govqrzyqzt tavq nqqz ooztqzt to xuvq rroy pay to
pay2 But qvqz ttus wuxx zot so oz uzpqfizutqxy2 At azy
yoyqzt ut yay suut Hutxqr’s pxazs to nrust ttqy
away2 ctqur ozxy suaraztqq us Hutxqr’s soop rautt0
wtuot0 as qvqryozq kzows0 nutqtt xukq ttq appqr azp
stuzsqtt xukq ttq asp2
But soyq Frqzotyqz ttqrq wqrq wto wouxp zot
now ttqur kzqqs azp wto uzpqr Gqzqrax pq Gauxxq
tavq ooztuzuqp ttq fistt oz ttq supq or ttq Axxuqs2
ctqy tavq nqqz oozpqyzqp to pqatt ny ttq yqz or
euoty0 nut ttqur zayqs wuxx nq tqxp azp arq nquzs tqxp
uz uzorqasuzs rqspqot ny zuzq Frqzotyqz out or qvqry
tqz ttroustout ttq ozoq tappy0 syuxuzs xazp or
Frazoq2 But zow strozs roroqs arq at tazp2 ctq tupq
tas turzqp asauzst ttq Huz2 Brutauz0 wtuot ttq yqz or
Borpqaux ttoustt azp ttqz topqp wouxp sooz nq
fizustqp0 Brutauz wutt tqr Typurq arouzp tqr oarruqp
ttq wqustt or ttq war axozq ror a wtoxq xozs yqar
ttroust ttq parkqst part or ttq vaxxqy2 Stq us srowuzs
strozsqr qvqry pay2 hou oaz sqq ut tqrq uz Cazapa2
Azyozq wto tas ttq sxusttqst kzowxqpsq or our
affaurs us awarq ttat vqry sooz wq staxx nq supqruor uz
qvqry rory or qquupyqzt to ttosq wto tavq takqz us
at ttq pusapvaztasq or nquzs nut taxr1aryqp2
[…‘
As I spqak ttus artqrzooz az uyportazt nattxq us nquzs
roustt arouzp Rqpanua2 rq yust zot attqypt to
proptqsy uts rqsuxt0 nut I tavq soop oozfipqzoq2 Axx
ttus fisttuzs uz Lunya provqs ttat wtqz our yqz tavq
qquax wqapozs uz ttqur tazps azp propqr support
rroy ttq aur ttqy arq yorq ttaz a yatot ror ttq Nazu
torpqs2 Iz Lunya0 as uz aussua0 qvqzts or srqat
uyportazoq azp or yost topqrux uyport tavq takqz
pxaoq2 But srqatqst or axx0 ttq yustty aqpunxuo or ttq
dzutqp Statqs tas qztqrqp ttq oozfluot0 azp qztqrqp ut
uz a yazzqr wtuot stows ttat ror tqr ttqrq oaz nq zo
wuttprawax qxoqpt ny pqatt or vuotory2
Cturotuxx ttqz spokq uz FrqzotK
[crazsxatuozK‘ Azp qvqrywtqrq uz Frazoq0 oooupuqp
azp uzoooupuqp0 ror ttqur ratq us upqztuoax0 ttqsq
tozqst roxk0 ttus srqat pqopxq0 ttq Frqzot zatuoz0 arq
rusuzs asauz2 Hopq us spruzsuzs up asauz uz ttq tqarts
or a warruor raoq qvqz ttoust pusaryqp0 orapxq or
rqvoxutuozary xunqrty azp tqrrunxq to sxavust
oozquqrors2 Azp qvqrywtqrq pawz us nrqakuzs azp
xustt sprqapuzs0 rqppust yqt0 nut oxqar2 rq staxx zqvqr
xosq oozfipqzoq ttat Frazoq wuxx pxay ttq roxq or rrqq
yqz asauz azp0 ny tarp patts0 wuxx ozoq asauz attauz
tqr pxaoq uz ttq srqat ooypazy or rrqqpoy1nruzsuzs
azp vuotoruous zatuozs2 Hqrq uz Cazapa0 wtqrq ttq
Frqzot xazsuasq us tozourqp azp spokqz0 wq arq
aryqp azp rqapy to tqxp azp to taux ttus zatuozax
rqsurrqotuoz2
Now ttat ttq wtoxq or ttq Nortt Ayqruoaz
ooztuzqzt us nqooyuzs ozq susaztuo arsqzax0 azp
aryqp oaypE zow ttat ttq uyyqzsq rqsqrvq powqr or
aussua us srapuaxxy nqooyuzs apparqztE zow ttat
xozs1suffqruzs0 uzoozquqranxq Ctuza sqqs tqxp
approaotuzsE zow ttat ttq outrasqp azp sunvusatqp
zatuozs oaz sqq payxustt atqap0 ut us pqryussunxq to
takq a nroap rorwarp vuqw or ttq war2
[…‘
Cturotuxx’s spqqot ooztuzuqp uz TzsxustK
I rqqx ut us rustt at ttus yoyqzt to yakq ut oxqar ttat0
wtuxq az qvqr1uzorqasuzs noynuzs offqzsuvq asauzst
Gqryazy wuxx rqyauz ozq or ttq pruzoupax yqttops ny
wtuot wq topq to nruzs ttq war to az qzp0 ut us ny zo
yqazs ttq ozxy yqttop wtuot our srowuzs strqzstt
zow qzanxqs us to takq uzto aooouzt2
Tvupqztxy ttq yost strqzuous qxqrtuozs yust nq
yapq ny axx2 As to ttq rory wtuot ttosq qxqrtuozs
takq0 ttat us ror qaot partzqr uz ttq srazp axxuazoq to
vupsq ror tuysqxr uz oozsuxtatuoz wutt ottqrs azp uz
taryozy wutt ttq sqzqrax sotqyq2 Lqt us ttqz
apprqss oursqxvqs to our task0 zot uz azy way
uzpqrratuzs uts trqyqzpous puffiouxtuqs azp pqruxs0 nut
uz soop tqart azp sonqr oozfipqzoq0 rqsoxvqp ttat0
wtatqvqr ttq oost0 wtatqvqr ttq suffqruzs0 wq staxx
stazp ny ozq azottqr0 truq azp rauttrux ooyrapqs0 azp
po our puty Gop tqxpuzs us0 to ttq qzp2
 ‘7 AG@C C @N T8N F E 3 T@ CE 86 N l

ctq Brutust anuxuty to rqap top1sqorqt Gqryaz suszaxs tap

xqp0 uz 19E10 to a prayatuo prop uz Gqryaz d1noat suzkuzss2
But at ttq nqsuzzuzs or 19EC0 ttq Gqryaz Navy’s top1sqorqt
suszaxxuzs systqy otazsqp0 azp ror ttq rqst or ttat yqar
ttqrq was zo way uz wtuot ttq Axxuqs oouxp kzow uz apvazoq
wtqrq ttq d1noats wouxp nq orpqrqp to strukq2 rtuxq zot
anxq to rqvqax ttus raot uz Lhe Kecond O orld O ar – or to
qxpxauz tow ttq Gqryaz Navy’s oopqs wqrq asauz nrokqz
ror soop at ttq nqsuzzuzs or 19E3 – Cturotuxx was anxq to
oozvqy uz tus yqyours ttq sqruouszqss or ttq sutuatuoz uz
ttq Atxaztuo ttroustout 19ECK
rq tap srqqtqp ttq qztry or ttq dzutqp Statqs uzto
ttq war wutt rqxuqr azp az uprusuzs or spurut2
Hqzoqrortt our xoap wouxp nq starqp ny a partzqr or
axyost uzxuyutqp rqsouroqs azp wq yustt topq ttat uz
ttq war at sqa ttq d1noats wouxp sooz nq nroustt
uzpqr ooztrox2 rutt Ayqruoaz tqxp our Atxaztuo
xurqxuzq wouxp nqooyq sqourq0 axttoust xossqs yust
nq qxpqotqp uztux ttq ruxx powqr or our Axxy was
qzsasqp2 ctus prqsqrvqp0 wq oouxp prosqoutq ttq
war asauzst Hutxqr uz Turopq azp uz ttq Muppxq Tast2
ctq Far Tast wouxp ror ttq tuyq nq ttq parkqst soqzq2
But ttq yqar 19EC was to provupq yazy rupq stooks
azp provq uz ttq Atxaztuo ttq toustqst or ttq wtoxq
war2 By ttq qzp or 19E1 ttq d1noat flqqt tap srowz to
zqarxy two tuzprqp azp firty0 or wtuot Apyurax
Soqzutz oouxp rqport zqarxy a tuzprqp opqratuozax0
wutt a yozttxy apputuoz or firtqqz2 At first our vouzt
pqrqzoqs0 axttoust yuot strozsqr ttaz wtqz wq
stoop axozq0 provqp uzqquax to ttq zqw assauxt upoz
wtat tap zow nqooyq a yuot xarsqr tarsqt2 For sux
or sqvqz yoztts ttq d1noats ravasqp Ayqruoaz
watqrs axyost uzooztroxxqp0 azp uz raot axyost
nroustt us to ttq pusastqr or az uzpqfizutq
proxozsatuoz or ttq war2 Hap wq nqqz roroqp to
suspqzp0 or qvqz sqruousxy to rqstruot ror a tuyq0 ttq
yovqyqzt or stuppuzs uz ttq Atxaztuo axx our vouzt
pxazs wouxp tavq nqqz arrqstqp2
[…‘
Iz ttq Carunnqaz Sqa0 ayup a wqaxtt or tarsqts0 ttq
d1noats otosq to prqy otuqfly oz ttq tazkqrs2 Nqutraxs
or axx kuzps wqrq assauxqp qquaxxy wutt Axxuqp stups2
rqqk ny wqqk ttq soaxq or ttus yassaorq srqw2 Iz
Fqnruary ttq d1noat xossqs uz ttq Atxaztuo rosq to
sqvqzty1ozq stups0 or 38E0AAA tozs0 axx nut two or
wtuot wqrq suzk uz ttq Ayqruoaz zozq2 ctus was ttq
tustqst ratq or xoss wtuot wq tap so rar suffqrqp
ttroustout ttq war2 It was sooz to nq surpassqp2
Axx ttus pqstruotuoz0 rar qxoqqpuzs azyttuzs kzowz
uz ttus war0 ttoust zot rqaotuzs ttq oatastroptuo
fisurqs or ttq worst pqruop or 19170 was oausqp ny zo
yorq ttaz twqxvq to firtqqz noats workuzs uz ttq arqa
at ozq tuyq2 ctq protqotuoz afforpqp ny ttq dzutqp
Statqs Navy was ror sqvqrax yoztts topqxqssxy
uzapqquatq2 It us surprusuzs uzpqqp ttat puruzs two
yqars or ttq apvazoq or totax war towarps ttq
Ayqruoaz ooztuzqzt yorq provusuoz tap zot nqqz
yapq asauzst ttus pqapxy ozsxaustt2 dzpqr ttq
erqsupqzt’s poxuoy or ‘axx aup to Brutauz stort or war’
yuot tap nqqz pozq ror us2 rq tap aoquurqp ttq firty
oxp pqstroyqrs azp ttq tqz Ayqruoaz aqvqzuq outtqrs2
Iz qxotazsq wq tap suvqz ttq uzvaxuanxq rqst Izpuaz
nasqs2 But ttq vqssqxs wqrq zow sapxy yussqp ny our
Axxy2 Artqr eqarx Harnor ttq eaoufio prqssqp tqavuxy oz
ttq dzutqp Statqs Navy2 Stuxx0 wutt axx ttq uzroryatuoz
ttqy tap anout ttq protqotuvq yqasurqs wq tap
apoptqp0 nott nqrorq azp puruzs ttq strussxq0 ut us
rqyarkanxq ttat zo pxazs tap nqqz yapq ror ooastax
oozvoys azp ror yuxtupxyuzs syaxx orart2
[…‘
Mqazwtuxq tavoo ooztuzuqp to rqusz axozs ttq
Atxaztuo ooast or ttq dzutqp Statqs2 A d1noat
ooyyazpqr rqportqp to Soqzutz ttat tqz tuyqs as
yazy d1noats oouxp fizp aypxq tarsqts2 aqstuzs oz
ttq nottoy puruzs payxustt0 ttq d1noats usqp ttqur
tust surraoq spqqp at zustt to sqxqot ttq ruotqst prqy2
Nqarxy qvqry torpqpo ttqy oarruqp oxauyqp uts vuotuy0
azp wtqz torpqpoqs wqrq qxpqzpqp ttq suz was
axyost qquaxxy qffqotuvq2 ctq towzs or ttq Atxaztuo
storq0 wtqrq ror a wtuxq ttq watqrrrozts rqyauzqp
ruxxy xusttqp0 tqarp zusttxy ttq souzps or nattxq zqar
ttq ooast0 saw ttq nurzuzs0 suzkuzs stups offstorq0
azp rqsouqp ttq survuvors azp wouzpqp2 ctqrq was
nuttqr azsqr asauzst ttq Apyuzustratuoz0 wtuot was
yuot qynarrassqp2 It us towqvqr qasuqr to uzruruatq
Ayqruoazs ttaz to oow ttqy2
[…‘
Oz Fqnruary 1A wq offqrqp uzaskqp twqzty1rour or
our nqst1qquuppqp aztu1sunyaruzq trawxqrs azp tqz
oorvqttqs wutt ttqur trauzqp orqws to ttq Ayqruoaz
Navy2 ctqsq wqrq wqxooyqp ny our Axxy0 azp ttq first
arruvqp uz Nqw hork qarxy uz Marot2 It was xuttxq
qzoust0 nut ttq utyost wq oouxp sparq2 ‘’cwas axx stq
savq – ’twas axx stq tap to suvq2’ Coastax oozvoys
oouxp zot nqsuz uztux ttq zqoqssary orsazusatuoz tap
nqqz nuuxt up azp ttq qssqztuax yuzuyuy qsoorts
sattqrqp2 ctq avauxanxq fisttuzs stups azp aurorart
wqrq at first usqp ozxy to patrox ttrqatqzqp arqas2
ctq qzqyy0 qasuxy qvapuzs ttq patroxs0 pursuqp ttqur
pqrqzoqxqss prqy qxsqwtqrq2 Oz Fqnruary 16 a d1noat
appqarqp off ttq srqat oux port or Aruna0 uz ttq Sutot
rqst Izpuqs0 azp0 artqr suzkuzs ozq syaxx tazkqr azp
payasuzs azottqr0 stqxxqp ttq uzstaxxatuozs astorq
rroy outsupq ttq tarnour0 wuttout oausuzs sqruous
payasq2 Az attqypt to torpqpo a xarsq tazkqr xyuzs
axozssupq axso rauxqp2 ctq sayq pay ottqr d1noats
sazk ttrqq yorq tazkqrs at sqa uz ttq sayq arqa2
Sooz artqrwarps azottqr d1noat qztqrqp ttq Brutust
tarnour or cruzupap0 sazk two stups at azotor0 azp
wuttprqw uztaryqp2 ctus xattqr uzoupqzt roroqp us to
puvqrt ttq xuzqrs trazsportuzs troops to ttq Far Tast0
wtuot rrqquqztxy rqruqxxqp ttqrq2 By soop rortuzq
zquttqr ttq Iueen Tary zor azy ottqr or ttqsq srqat
stups was attaokqp uz ttus arqa2
Iz Marot ttq yauz strqss rqxx uz ttq arqa nqtwqqz
Ctarxqstoz azp Nqw hork0 wtuxq suzsxq d1noats
prowxqp ovqr axx ttq Carunnqaz azp ttq Guxr or
Mqxuoo0 wutt a rrqqpoy azp uzsoxqzoq wtuot wqrq
tarp to nqar2 Suruzs ttus yoztt ttq suzkuzss wqrq
zqarxy taxr a yuxxuoz tozs0 or wtuot ttrqq1quartqrs
was suzk wuttuz ttrqq tuzprqp yuxqs or ttq Ayqruoaz
ooast0 azp zqarxy taxr was uz tazkqr tozzasq2 Asauzst
ttus oouxp ozxy nq sqt ttq xoss or two d1noats uz
Ayqruoaz watqrs suzk ny Ayqruoaz aurorart oz ooqaz
oozvoy qsoort off Nqwrouzpxazp uz Marot2
[…‘
Iz Ausust ttq d1noats turzqp ttqur attqztuoz to ttq
arqa arouzp cruzupap azp ttq zortt ooast or Brazux0
wtqrq ttq stups oarryuzs nauxutq to ttq dzutqp Statqs
ror ttq aurorart uzpustry azp ttq strqay or outwarp1
nouzp stups wutt suppxuqs ror ttq Muppxq Tast offqrqp
ttq yost attraotuvq tarsqts2 Ottqr rovuzs d1noats
wqrq at work zqar FrqqtowzE soyq razsqp as rar
soutt as ttq Capq or Goop Hopq0 azp a rqw qvqz
pqzqtratqp uzto ttq Izpuaz Ooqaz2 For a tuyq ttq
Soutt Atxaztuo oausqp us azxuqty2 Hqrq uz Sqptqynqr
azp Ootonqr fivq xarsq toyqwarp1nouzp xuzqrs sauxuzs
uzpqpqzpqztxy wqrq suzk0 nut axx our troop trazsports
outwarp1nouzp ror ttq Muppxq Tast uz oozvoy oayq
ttroust uzsoattqp2 Ayozs ttq nus stups xost was ttq
SaconZa 0 or zqarxy CA0AAA tozs0 oarryuzs two ttousazp
Itaxuaz prusozqrs or war to Tzsxazp2 Mazy wqrq
prowzqp2
ctq yauz nattxq was ny zow ozoq yorq vouzqp axozs
ttq srqat oozvoy routqs uz ttq Nortt Atxaztuo2 ctq d1
noats tap axrqapy xqarzqp to rqspqot ttq powqr or ttq
aur0 azp uz ttqur zqw assauxt ttqy workqp axyost
qzturqxy uz ttq oqztrax sqotuoz0 nqyozp ttq rqaot or
aurorart nasqp oz Ioqxazp azp Nqwrouzpxazp2 cwo
oozvoys wqrq sqvqrqxy yauxqp uz Ausust0 ozq or ttqy
xosuzs qxqvqz stups0 azp puruzs ttus yoztt d1noats
sazk 1A8 stups0 ayouztuzs to ovqr taxr a yuxxuoz tozs2
Iz Sqptqynqr azp Ootonqr ttq Gqryazs rqvqrtqp to
ttq qarxuqr praotuoq or sunyqrsqp attaok ny pay2 rutt
ttq xarsqr zuynqrs zow workuzs uz ttq ‘woxr paoks’0
azp wutt our xuyutqp rqsouroqs0 sqruous xossqs uz
oozvoy oouxp zot nq prqvqztqp2
[···‘
So yqzaouzs wqrq ttq oozputuozs uz ttq outqr watqrs
nqyozp ttq razsq or aur oovqr ttat oz Novqynqr E0 I
pqrsozaxxy oozvqzqp a zqw Aztu1d1noat Coyyuttqq to
pqax spqouaxxy wutt ttus aspqot2 ctq powqr or ttus nopy
to takq rar1rqaotuzs pqousuozs pxayqp zo syaxx part uz
ttq oozfluot2 Iz a srqat qffort to xqzsttqz ttq razsq or
our aapar1oarryuzs Lunqrator aurorart0 wq pqoupqp to
wuttpraw ttqy rroy aotuoz ror ttq tuyq zqqpqp to
yakq ttq zqoqssary uyprovqyqzts2 As part or ttus
poxuoy ttq erqsupqzt at yy rqquqst sqzt axx suutanxq
Ayqruoaz aurorart0 fittqp wutt ttq xatqst typq or aapar0
to work rroy ttq dzutqp Kuzspoy2 ctus wq wqrq
prqsqztxy anxq to rqsuyq opqratuozs uz ttq Bay or
Busoay uz srqatqr strqzstt azp wutt rar nqttqr
qquupyqzt2 ctus pqousuoz0 azp ottqr yqasurqs takqz
uz Novqynqr 19EC0 wqrq to rqap ttqur rqwarp uz
19E32
[…‘
ctq Battxq or ttq Atxaztuo was ttq poyuzatuzs raotor
axx ttroust ttq war2 Nqvqr ror ozq yoyqzt oouxp wq
rorsqt ttat qvqryttuzs tappqzuzs qxsqwtqrq0 oz xazp0
at sqa0 or uz ttq aur0 pqpqzpqp uxtuyatqxy oz uts
outooyq0 azp ayup axx ottqr oarqs wq vuqwqp uts
otazsuzs rortuzqs pay ny pay wutt topq or
apprqtqzsuoz2 ctq taxq or tarp azp uzrqyuttuzs toux0
ortqz uzpqr oozputuozs or aoutq pusooyrort azp
rrustratuoz azp axways uz ttq prqsqzoq or uzsqqz
pazsqr0 us xusttqp ny uzoupqzt azp praya2 But ror ttq
uzpuvupuax sauxor or auryaz uz ttq d1noat war ttqrq
wqrq rqw yoyqzts or qxtuxaratuzs aotuoz to nrqak ttq
yozotozy or az qzpxqss suooqssuoz or azxuous0
uzqvqztrux pays2 eusuxazoq oouxp zqvqr nq rqxaxqp2
Surq orusus yustt at azy yoyqzt flast upoz ttq soqzq
wutt nruxxuazt rortuzq or sxarq wutt yortax trasqpy2
Mazy saxxazt aotuozs azp uzorqpunxq rqats or
qzpurazoq arq rqoorpqp0 nut ttq pqqps or ttosq wto
pqrustqp wuxx zqvqr nq kzowz2 Our yqrotazt sqayqz
puspxayqp ttqur tustqst quaxutuqs0 azp ttq nrottqrtoop
or ttq sqa was zqvqr yorq strukuzsxy stowz ttaz uz
ttqur pqtqryuzatuoz to pqrqat ttq d1noat2
 ‘T@N 86 7 T T7 E 9A AA N E SE A CE
TC8F M A7 A N Tl

Oz 15 Fqnruary 19EC0 Gqzqrax eqrouvax0 ooyyazpuzs ttq

Brutust azp Soyuzuoz troops uz Suzsaporq0 surrqzpqrqp
uzoozputuozaxxy to ttq Rapazqsq2 ctus pqvastatuzs nxow ror
Brutauz took pxaoq ozxy rour pays artqr ttrqq Gqryaz nattxq
oruusqrs0 Kcharnhorst0 NneZsenau azp HrZnz Eugen 0 tap
yazasqp to saux uz payxustt rroy ttq Atxaztuo ooast port or
Brqst ttroust ttq Tzsxust Ctazzqx to ttqur Gqryaz toyq
ports2 ctqrq was oozsupqranxq punxuo uzqasq uz Brutauz at
ttus turz or qvqzts2 Oz ttq zustt or ttq raxx or Suzsaporq0
Cturotuxx nroapoast to ttq Brutust pqopxq0 azp to ttq worxp0
suvuzs a ooyprqtqzsuvq survqy or ttq war ttus rar0
ouxyuzatuzs uz ttq raxx or SuzsaporqK
Nqarxy sux yoztts tavq passqp suzoq at ttq qzp or
Ausust0 I yapq a nroapoast purqotxy to yy rqxxow1
oouztryyqzE ut us ttqrqrorq worttwtuxq xookuzs naok
ovqr ttus taxr1yqar or strussxq ror xurq0 ror ttat us wtat
ut tas nqqz0 azp wtat ut us0 to sqq wtat tas tappqzqp
to our rortuzqs azp to our prospqots2
At ttat tuyq uz Ausust0 I tap ttq pxqasurq or
yqqtuzs ttq erqsupqzt or ttq dzutqp Statqs azp
prawuzs up wutt tuy ttq pqoxaratuoz or Brutust azp
Ayqruoaz poxuoy wtuot tas nqooyq kzowz to ttq
worxp as ttq Atxaztuo Ctartqr2 rq axso sqttxqp a
zuynqr or ottqr ttuzss anout ttq war0 soyq or wtuot
tavq tap az uyportazt uzfluqzoq upoz uts ooursq2 Iz
ttosq pays wq yqt oz ttq tqrys or a tarp1prqssqp
ooynatazt sqqkuzs assustazoq rroy a srqat rruqzp
wto was0 towqvqr0 ozxy a nqzqvoxqzt zqutrax2
 Iz ttosq pays ttq Gqryazs sqqyqp to nq tqaruzs
ttq aussuaz aryuqs to puqoqs azp strupuzs oz wutt
srowuzs yoyqztuy to Lqzuzsrap0 to Mosoow0 to
aostov0 azp qvqz rarttqr uzto ttq tqart or aussua2 It
was ttoustt a vqry paruzs assqrtuoz wtqz ttq
erqsupqzt pqoxarqp ttat ttq aussuaz aryuqs wouxp
toxp out tuxx ttq wuztqr2 hou yay say ttat ttq yuxutary
yqz or axx oouztruqs – rruqzp0 roq0 azp zqutrax axukq –
wqrq vqry pountrux wtqttqr ttus wouxp ooyq truq2
As ror us0 our Brutust rqsouroqs wqrq strqtotqp to
ttq utyost2 rq tap axrqapy nqqz ror yorq ttaz a
wtoxq yqar ansoxutqxy axozq uz ttq strussxq wutt
Hutxqr azp Mussoxuzu2 rq tap to nq rqapy to yqqt a
Gqryaz uzvasuoz or our owz IsxazpE wq tap to pqrqzp
Tsypt0 ttq Nuxq eaxxqy azp ttq Suqz Cazax2 Anovq axx
wq tap to nruzs uz aoross ttq Atxaztuo uz ttq tqqtt or
ttq Gqryaz azp Itaxuaz d1noats azp aurorart ttq roop0
raw yatqruaxs azp fizustqp yuzutuozs wuttout wtuot
wq oouxp zot xuvq0 wuttout wtuot wq oouxp zot wasq
war2 rq tavq to po axx ttus stuxx2
It sqqyqp our puty uz ttosq Ausust pays to po
qvqryttuzs uz our powqr to tqxp ttq aussuaz pqopxq to
yqqt ttq propusuous ozsxaustt wtuot tap nqqz
xauzotqp asauzst ttqy2 It us xuttxq qzoust wq tavq
pozq ror aussua0 oozsupqruzs axx stq tas pozq to nqat
Hutxqr azp ror ttq ooyyoz oausq2 Iz ttqsq
ourouystazoqs0 wq Brutust tap zo yqazs wtatqvqr or
provupuzs qffqotuvqxy asauzst a zqw war wutt Rapaz2
Suot was ttq outxook wtqz I taxkqp wutt erqsupqzt
aoosqvqxt uz ttq yuppxq or Ausust oz noarp ttq soop
stup HrZnceorO ales 0 zow0 axas0 suzk nqzqatt ttq
wavqs2 It us truq ttat our posutuoz uz Ausust 19E1
sqqyqp vastxy nqttqr ttaz ut tap nqqz a yqar qarxuqr
uz 19EA0 wtqz Frazoq tap vust nqqz nqatqz uzto ttq
awrux prostratuoz uz wtuot stq zow xuqs0 wtqz wq
wqrq axyost qzturqxy uzaryqp uz our owz Isxazp0 azp
wtqz ut xookqp as ur Tsypt azp axx ttq Muppxq Tast
wouxp nq oozquqrqp ny ttq Itaxuazs wto stuxx tqxp
Anyssuzua azp tap zqwxy pruvqz us out or Brutust
Soyaxuxazp2
Coyparqp wutt ttosq pays or 19EA0 wtqz axx ttq
worxp qxoqpt oursqxvqs ttoustt wq wqrq powz azp
out ror qvqr0 ttq sutuatuoz ttq erqsupqzt azp I
survqyqp uz Ausust 19E1 was az qzoryous
uyprovqyqzt2 Stuxx0 wtqz you xookqp at ut nxuztxy azp
squarqxy – wutt ttq dzutqp Statqs zqutrax azp fiqroqxy
puvupqp0 wutt ttq aussuaz aryuqs raxxuzs naok wutt
sruqvous xossqs0 wutt ttq Gqryaz yuxutary powqr
truuyptazt azp uzsoattqp0 wutt ttq Rapazqsq yqzaoq
assuyuzs az usxuqr stapq qaot pay – ut oqrtauzxy
sqqyqp a vqry nxqak azp azxuous soqzq2
How po yattqrs stazp zowN cakuzs ut axx uz axx0 arq
our otazoqs or survuvax nqttqr or arq ttqy worsq ttaz
uz Ausust 19E1N How us ut wutt ttq Brutust Typurq or
Coyyozwqaxtt or NatuozsN Arq wq up or powzN rtat
tas tappqzqp to ttq pruzoupxqs or rrqqpoy azp pqoqzt
ouvuxusatuoz ror wtuot wq arq fisttuzsN Arq ttqy
yakuzs tqapway0 or arq ttqy uz srqatqr pqruxN
Lqt us takq ttq roust wutt ttq syoott0 xqt us put
ttq soop azp nap supq ny supq0 azp xqt us try to sqq
qxaotxy wtqrq wq arq2 ctq first azp srqatqst or qvqzts
us ttat ttq dzutqp Statqs us zow uzutqpxy azp wtoxq1
tqartqpxy uz ttq war wutt us2 ctq ottqr pay0 I orossqp
ttq Atxaztuo asauz to sqq erqsupqzt aoosqvqxt2 ctus
tuyq wq yqt zot ozxy as rruqzps0 nut as ooyrapqs
stazpuzs supq ny supq azp stouxpqr to stouxpqr uz a
nattxq ror pqar xurq azp pqarqr tozour uz ttq ooyyoz
oausq azp asauzst a ooyyoz roq2
rtqz I survqy azp ooyputq ttq powqr or ttq
dzutqp Statqs azp uts vast rqsouroqs azp rqqx ttat
ttqy arq zow uz ut wutt us0 wutt ttq Brutust
Coyyozwqaxtt or Natuozs axx tosqttqr0 towqvqr xozs
ut xasts0 tuxx pqatt or vuotory0 I oazzot nqxuqvq ttqrq us
azy ottqr raot uz ttq wtoxq worxp wtuot oaz ooyparq
wutt ttat2 ctat us wtat I tavq prqayqp or0 auyqp at
azp workqp ror0 azp zow ut tas ooyq to pass2 But
ttqrq us azottqr raot0 uz soyq ways yorq uyyqpuatqxy
qffqotuvq2 ctq aussuaz aryuqs tavq zot nqqz pqrqatqp0
ttqy tavq zot nqqz torz to puqoqs2
ctq aussuaz pqopxq tavq zot nqqz oozquqrqp or
pqstroyqp2 Lqzuzsrap azp Mosoow tavq zot nqqz
takqz2 ctq aussuaz aryuqs arq uz ttq fiqxp2 ctqy arq
zot toxpuzs ttq xuzq or ttq draxs or ttq xuzq or ttq
eoxsa2 ctqy arq apvazouzs vuotoruousxy0 pruvuzs ttq
roux uzvapqr rroy ttat zatuvq soux ttqy tavq suarpqp
so nravqxy azp xovqp so wqxx2 Morq ttaz ttatK ror ttq
first tuyq ttqy tavq nrokqz ttq Hutxqr xqsqzp2 Izstqap
or ttq qasy vuotoruqs azp anuzpazt nooty wtuot tq
azp tus torpqs tap sattqrqp uz ttq rqst0 tq tas
rouzp uz aussua so rar ozxy pusastqr0 rauxurq0 ttq
stayq or uzspqakanxq oruyqs0 ttq sxausttqr or xoss or
vast zuynqrs or Gqryaz soxpuqrs0 azp ttq uoy wuzp
ttat nxows aoross ttq aussuaz szow2
Hqrq0 ttqz0 arq two trqyqzpous ruzpayqztax raots
wtuot wuxx uz ttq qzp poyuzatq ttq worxp sutuatuoz
azp yakq vuotory possunxq uz a rory zqvqr possunxq
nqrorq2 But ttqrq us azottqr tqavy azp tqrrunxq supq to
ttq aooouzt0 azp ttus yust nq sqt uz ttq naxazoq
asauzst ttqsq uzqstuyanxq sauzs2 Rapaz tas pxuzsqp
uzto ttq war0 azp us ravasuzs ttq nqauturux0 rqrtuxq0
prospqrous0 azp pqzsqxy popuxatqp xazps or ttq Far
Tast2 It wouxp zqvqr tavq nqqz uz ttq powqr or Grqat
Brutauz wtuxq fisttuzs Gqryazy azp Itaxy – ttq zatuozs
xozs tarpqzqp azp prqparqp ror war – wtuxq fisttuzs
uz ttq Nortt Sqa0 uz ttq Mqputqrrazqaz azp uz ttq
Atxaztuo – ut wouxp zqvqr tavq nqqz uz our powqr to
pqrqzp ttq eaoufio azp ttq Far Tast suzsxq1tazpqp
asauzst ttq ozsxaustt or Rapaz2
 rq tavq ozxy vust nqqz anxq to kqqp our tqaps
anovq watqr at toyqE ozxy ny a zarrow yarsuz tavq
wq nroustt uz ttq roop azp ttq suppxuqsE ozxy ny so
xuttxq tavq wq tqxp our owz uz ttq Nuxq eaxxqy azp ttq
Muppxq Tast2 ctq Mqputqrrazqaz us oxosqp0 azp axx our
trazsports tavq to so rouzp ttq Capq or Goop Hopq0
qaot stup yakuzs ozxy ttrqq voyasqs uz ttq yqar2
Not a stup0 zot az aqropxazq0 zot a tazk0 zot az
aztu1tazk suz or az aztu1aurorart suz tas stoop upxq2
Tvqryttuzs wq tavq tas nqqz pqpxoyqp quttqr asauzst
ttq qzqyy or awautuzs tus attaok2 rq arq strussxuzs
tarp uz ttq Lunyaz Sqsqrt0 wtqrq pqrtaps azottqr
sqruous nattxq wuxx sooz nq roustt2 rq tavq to provupq
ror ttq sarqty azp orpqr or xunqratqp Anyssuzua0 or
oozquqrqp Trutrqa0 or eaxqstuzq0 or xunqratqp Syrua0
azp rqpqqyqp Iraq0 azp or our zqw axxy0 eqrsua2 A
oqasqxqss strqay or stups0 yqz0 azp yatqruaxs tas
flowqp rroy ttus oouztry ror a yqar azp a taxr0 uz
orpqr to nuuxp up azp sustauz our aryuqs uz ttq
Muppxq Tast0 wtuot suarp ttosq vast rqsuozs oz
quttqr supq or ttq Nuxq eaxxqy2
rq tap to po our nqst to suvq sunstaztuax aup to
aussua2 rq savq ut tqr uz tqr parkqst tour0 azp wq
yust zot raux uz our uzpqrtakuzs zow2 How ttqz uz
ttus posturq0 sruppqp azp tqxp azp nattqrqp as wq
wqrq0 oouxp wq tavq provupqp ror ttq sarqty or ttq
Far Tast asauzst suot az avaxazotq or firq azp stqqx
as tas nqqz turxqp upoz us ny RapazN Axways0 yy
rruqzps0 ttus ttoustt ovqrtuzs our yuzps2
ctqrq was0 towqvqr0 ozq topq azp ozq topq ozxy –
zayqxy ttat ur Rapaz qztqrqp ttq war wutt tqr axxuqs0
Gqryazy azp Itaxy0 ttq dzutqp Statqs wouxp ooyq uz
oz our supq0 ttus rar yorq ttaz rqpauruzs ttq naxazoq2
For ttus rqasoz0 I tavq nqqz yost oarqrux0 axx ttqsq
yazy yoztts0 zot to suvq azy provooatuoz to Rapaz0
azp to put up wutt Rapazqsq qzoroaotyqzts0
pazsqrous ttoust ttqy wqrq0 so ttat ur possunxq0
wtatqvqr tappqzqp0 wq stouxp zot fizp oursqxvqs
roroqp to raoq ttus zqw qzqyy axozq2 I oouxp zot nq
surq ttat wq stouxp suooqqp uz ttus poxuoy0 nut ut tas
ooyq to pass2 Rapaz tas struok tqr rqxoz nxow0 azp a
zqw0 rar srqatqr otaypuoz tas prawz ttq sworp or
uypxaoanxq vqzsqazoq asauzst tqr azp oz our supq2
I staxx rrazkxy statq to you ttat I pup zot nqxuqvq ut
was uz ttq uztqrqsts or Rapaz to nurst uzto war nott
upoz ttq Brutust Typurq azp ttq dzutqp Statqs2 I
ttoustt ut wouxp nq a vqry urratuozax aot2 Izpqqp0
wtqz you rqyqynqr ttat ttqy pup zot attaok us artqr
Suzkurk wtqz wq wqrq so yuot wqakqr0 wtqz our
topqs or dzutqp Statqs tqxp wqrq or ttq yost sxqzpqr
otaraotqr0 azp wtqz wq wqrq axx axozq0 I oouxp tarpxy
nqxuqvq ttat ttqy wouxp ooyyut wtat sqqyqp to nq a
yap aot2 cozustt ttq Rapazqsq arq truuyptazt2 ctqy
stout ttqur qxuxtatuoz rouzp ttq worxp2 rq suffqr2 rq
arq takqz anaok2 rq arq tarp prqssqp2 But I ay surq
qvqz uz ttus park tour ttat ‘oruyuzax yapzqss’ wuxx nq
ttq vqrpuot wtuot tustory wuxx prozouzoq upoz ttq
auttors or Rapazqsq assrqssuoz0 artqr ttq qvqzts or
19EC azp 19E3 tavq nqqz uzsorunqp upoz uts soynrq
pasqs2
ctq uyyqpuatq pqtqrrqzt wtuot ttq dzutqp Statqs
qxqrousqp upoz Rapaz – apart or ooursq rroy ttq
yqasurqxqss rqsouroqs or ttq Ayqruoaz dzuoz – was
ttq poyuzazt Ayqruoaz nattxq flqqt uz ttq eaoufio0
wtuot0 wutt ttq zavax roroqs wq oouxp sparq0
oozrroztqp Rapazqsq assrqssuoz wutt ttq stuqxp or
supqruor sqa1powqr2 But0 yy rruqzps0 ny az aot or
suppqz vuoxqzt surprusq0 xozs1oaxouxatqp0 naxazoqp
azp prqparqp0 azp pqxuvqrqp uzpqr ttq orarty oxoak or
zqsotuatuoz0 ttq stuqxp or sqa1powqr wtuot protqotqp
ttq raur xazps azp usxazps or ttq eaoufio Ooqaz was ror
ttq tuyq nquzs0 azp ozxy ror ttq tuyq nquzs0 pastqp to
ttq srouzp2 Izto ttq sap ttus opqzqp rustqp ttq
uzvapuzs aryuqs or Rapaz2 rq wqrq qxposqp to ttq
assauxt or a warruor raoq or zqarxy qustty yuxxuozs0
wutt a xarsq outfit or yopqrz wqapozs0 wtosq war
xorps tap nqqz pxazzuzs azp sotqyuzs ror ttus pay0
azp xookuzs rorwarp to ut pqrtaps ror twqzty yqars
wtuxq axx ttq tuyq our soop pqopxq oz nott supqs or
ttq Atxaztuo wqrq pratuzs anout pqrpqtuax pqaoq0 azp
outtuzs powz qaot ottqr’s zavuqs uz orpqr to sqt a
soop qxaypxq2 ctq ovqrttrow0 ror a wtuxq0 or Brutust
azp dzutqp Statqs sqa1powqr uz ttq eaoufio was xukq
ttq nrqakuzs or soyq yustty payE ttq xozs1sattqrqp
pqzt1up watqrs rustqp powz ttq pqaoqrux vaxxqy0
oarryuzs ruuz azp pqvastatuoz rorwarp oz ttqur roay0
azp sprqapuzs ttqur uzuzpatuozs rar azp wupq2
No ozq yust uzpqrratq azy yorq ttq sravuty azp
qffiouqzoy or ttq Rapazqsq war yaotuzq2 rtqttqr uz
ttq aur or upoz ttq sqa0 or yaz to yaz oz xazp0 ttqy
tavq axrqapy provqp ttqysqxvqs to nq roryupanxq0
pqapxy0 azp0 I ay sorry to say0 narnarous aztasozusts2
ctus provqs a tuzprqp tuyqs ovqr ttat ttqrq zqvqr
was ttq sxusttqst otazoq0 qvqz ttoust wq tap nqqz
yuot nqttqr prqparqp uz yazy ways ttaz wq wqrq0 or
our stazpuzs up to ttqy axozq wtuxq wq tap Nazu
Gqryazy at our ttroat azp Fasoust Itaxy at our nqxxy2
It provqs soyqttuzs qxsq2 Azp ttus stouxp nq a
ooyrort azp a rqassurazoq2 rq oaz zow yqasurq ttq
wozpqrrux strqzstt or ttq Ctuzqsq pqopxq wto uzpqr
Gqzqraxussuyo Ctuazs Kau1stqk tavq suzsxq1tazpqp
roustt ttus tupqous Rapazqsq assrqssor ror rour azp a
taxr yqars azp xqrt tuy nafflqp azp pusyayqp2 ctus
ttqy tavq pozq0 axttoust ttqy wqrq a pqopxq wtosq
wtoxq ptuxosopty ror yazy asqs was opposqp to war
azp warxukq arts0 azp wto uz ttqur asozy wqrq oaustt
uxx1aryqp0 uxx1suppxuqp wutt yuzutuozs0 azp topqxqssxy
outyatotqp uz ttq aur2
 rq yust zot uzpqrratq ttq powqr azp yaxuoq or our
xatqst roq0 nut zquttqr yust wq uzpqrvaxuq ttq
susaztuo0 ovqrwtqxyuzs roroqs wtuot zow stazp uz ttq
xuzq wutt us uz ttus worxp1strussxq ror rrqqpoy0 azp
wtuot0 ozoq ttqy tavq pqvqxopqp ttqur ruxx zaturax
uztqrqzt powqr0 wtatqvqr tas tappqzqp uz ttq
yqazwtuxq0 wuxx nq rouzp ruxxy oapanxq or squaruzs axx
aooouzts azp sqttuzs axx ttuzss rustt ror a soop xozs
tuyq to ooyq2
hou kzow I tavq zqvqr proptqsuqp to you or
proyusqp syoott azp qasy ttuzss0 azp zow axx I tavq
to offqr us tarp apvqrsq war ror yazy yoztts atqap2 I
yust warz you0 as I warzqp ttq Housq or Coyyozs
nqrorq ttqy savq yq ttqur sqzqrous votq or
oozfipqzoq a rortzustt aso0 ttat yazy yusrortuzqs0
sqvqrq torturuzs xossqs0 rqyorsqxqss azp szawuzs
azxuqtuqs xuq nqrorq us2 co our Brutust roxk ttqsq yay
sqqy qvqz tarpqr to nqar wtqz ttqy arq at a srqat
pustazoq ttaz wtqz ttq savasq Huz was stattqruzs
our outuqs azp wq axx rqxt uz ttq yupst or ttq nattxq
oursqxvqs2 But ttq sayq quaxutuqs wtuot nroustt us
ttroust ttq awrux vqoparpy or ttq suyyqr or 19EA
azp uts xozs autuyz azp wuztqr noynarpyqzt rroy
ttq aur0 wuxx nruzs us ttroust ttus ottqr zqw orpqax0
ttoust ut yay nq yorq oostxy azp wuxx oqrtauzxy nq
xozsqr2
Ozq rauxt0 ozq oruyq0 azp ozq oruyq ozxy0 oaz ron
ttq dzutqp Natuozs azp ttq Brutust pqopxq0 upoz
wtosq oozstazoy ttus srazp axxuazoq oayq uzto nquzs0
or ttq vuotory upoz wtuot ttqur xuvqs azp tozour
pqpqzp2 A wqakqzuzs uz our purposq azp ttqrqrorq uz
our uzuty – ttat us ttq yortax oruyq2 rtoqvqr us suuxty
or ttat oruyq0 or or nruzsuzs ut anout uz ottqrs0 or tuy
xqt ut nq saup ttat ut wqrq nqttqr ror tuy ttat a
yuxxstozq wqrq tazsqp anout tus zqok azp tq wqrq
oast uzto ttq sqa2
 Last autuyz0 wtqz aussua was uz tqr yost purq
pqrux0 wtqz vast zuynqrs or tqr soxpuqrs tap nqqz
kuxxqp or takqz prusozqr0 wtqz ozq1tturp or tqr wtoxq
yuzutuozs oapaouty xay0 as ut stuxx xuqs0 uz Nazu Gqryaz
tazps0 wtqz Kuqv rqxx0 azp ttq rorqusz Aynassapors
wqrq orpqrqp out or Mosoow0 ttq aussuaz pqopxq pup
zot raxx to nuokqruzs ayozs ttqysqxvqs2 ctqy vust
stoop tosqttqr azp workqp azp roustt axx ttq tarpqr2
ctqy pup zot xosq trust uz ttqur xqapqrsE ttqy pup zot
try to nrqak up ttqur Govqrzyqzt2 Hutxqr tap topqp to
fizp quusxuzss azp firtt ooxuyzusts uz ttq wupq rqsuozs
tq ovqrraz0 azp ayozs ttq uztappy yassqs wto rqxx
uzto tus powqr2 Hq xookqp ror ttqy2 Hq sqarotqp ror
ttqy2 But tq rouzp zozq2
ctq systqy upoz wtuot ttq Sovuqt Govqrzyqzt us
rouzpqp us vqry puffqrqzt rroy ours or rroy ttat or ttq
dzutqp Statqs2 Howqvqr ttat yay nq0 ttq raot rqyauzs
ttat aussua rqoquvqp nxows wtuot tqr rruqzps rqarqp
azp tqr roqs nqxuqvqp wqrq yortax0 azp ttroust
prqsqrvuzs zatuozax uzuty azp pqrsqvqruzs uzpauztqp0
aussua tas tap ttq yarvqxxous ooyqnaok ror wtuot
wq ttazk Gop zow2 Iz ttq Tzsxust1spqakuzs worxp wq
rqvouoq uz rrqq uzstututuozs2 rq tavq rrqq parxuayqzts
azp a rrqq prqss2 ctus us ttq way or xurq wq tavq nqqz
usqp to2 ctus us ttq way or xurq wq arq fisttuzs to
pqrqzp2 But ut us ttq puty or axx wto takq part uz ttosq
rrqq uzstututuozs to yakq surq0 as ttq Housq or
Coyyozs azp ttq Housq or Lorps tavq pozq0 azp wuxx
I pount zot po0 ttat ttq Natuozax Txqoutuvq
Govqrzyqzt uz tuyq or war tavq a soxup rouzpatuoz oz
wtuot to stazp azp oz wtuot to aotE ttat ttq
yusrortuzqs azp yustakqs or war arq zot qxpxoutqp
asauzst ttqyE ttat wtuxq ttqy arq kqpt up to ttq yark
ny tqxprux azp vupuouous orutuousy or apvuoq0 ttqy arq
zot pqpruvqp or ttq pqrsustuzs powqr to ruz ttroust a
pqruop or nap tuyqs azp yazy oruqx vqxatuozs azp
ooyq out oz ttq ottqr supq azp sqt to ttq top or ttq
tuxx2
cozustt I spqak to you at toyqE I spqak to you uz
Austraxua azp Nqw Zqaxazp0 ror wtosq sarqty wq wuxx
strauz qvqry zqrvqE to our xoyax rruqzps uz Izpua azp
BuryaK to our saxxazt Axxuqs0 ttq Sutot azp CtuzqsqE
azp to our kutt azp kuz uz ttq dzutqp Statqs2 I spqak
to you axx uzpqr ttq stapow or a tqavy azp rar1
rqaotuzs yuxutary pqrqat2 It us a Brutust azp Iypqruax
pqrqat2
Suzsaporq tas raxxqz2 Axx ttq Maxay eqzuzsuxa tas
nqqz ovqrruz2 Ottqr pazsqrs sattqr anout us out
ttqrq0 azp zozq or ttq pazsqrs wtuot wq tavq
tuttqrto suooqssruxxy wuttstoop at toyq azp uz ttq
Tast arq uz azy way puyuzustqp2 ctus0 ttqrqrorq0 us
ozq or ttosq yoyqzts wtqz ttq Brutust raoq azp
zatuoz oaz stow ttqur quaxuty azp ttqur sqzuus2 ctus us
ozq or ttosq yoyqzts wtqz ut oaz praw rroy ttq
tqart or yusrortuzq ttq vutax uypuxsqs or vuotory2 Hqrq
us ttq yoyqzt to puspxay ttat oaxy azp pousq
ooynuzqp wutt sruy pqtqryuzatuoz wtuot zot so xozs
aso nroustt us out or ttq vqry vaws or pqatt2 Hqrq us
azottqr oooasuoz to stow as so ortqz uz our xozs story
ttat wq oaz yqqt rqvqrsqs wutt puszuty azp wutt
rqzqwqp aooqssuozs or strqzstt2 rq yust rqyqynqr
ttat wq arq zo xozsqr axozq2
rq arq uz ttq yupst or a srqat ooypazy2 ctrqq1
quartqrs or ttq tuyaz raoq arq zow yovuzs wutt us2
ctq wtoxq ruturq or yazkuzp yay pqpqzp upoz our
aotuoz azp upoz our oozpuot2 So rar wq tavq zot
rauxqp2 rq staxx zot raux zow2 Lqt us yovq rorwarp
stqaprastxy tosqttqr uzto ttq story azp ttroust ttq
story2
 ‘TE ST8N 6 , TCR 8N 6 , A 3 GE CSE ,
AA 8N 5F E T8M E S E 8E A 7 E A 3 l

Oz C3 Aprux 19EC0 Cturotuxx apprqssqp az azxuous Housq or

Coyyozs uz Sqorqt Sqssuoz2 No vourzaxusts or yqynqrs or
ttq punxuo wqrq axxowqp uz ttq Ctaynqr2 Havuzs outxuzqp
ttq rqoqzt ooursq or ttq war oz xazp0 at sqa azp uz ttq aur0
uz nott Turopq azp ttq Far Tast0 tq ooztuzuqp0 xookuzs to
ttq ruturqK
Tvqryttuzs soqs to stow ttat pqrtaps qvqz nqrorq
ttq qzp or May Hutxqr wuxx turx a rqzqwqp offqzsuvq
upoz aussua0 azp ttqrq arq zo uzpuoatuozs wtuot
ooztrapuot ttq sqzqrax uyprqssuoz ttat tus yauz
ttrust wuxx nq towarps ttq Caspuaz azp ttq Cauoasus2
rq po zot kzow wtat rqsqrvqs ttq aussuazs tavq
sattqrqp2 Tvqrynopy tas axways uzpqrratqp ttq
aussuazs2 ctqy kqqp ttqur owz sqorqts axukq rroy roq
azp rruqzps2 ctq rqzqwqp Gqryaz ozsxaustt wuxx
start ttus yqar pqrtaps soyqwtat qarxuqr azp
oqrtauzxy a soop pqax rarttqr qast ttaz xast yqar2 But
ttus tuyq ttqrq wuxx nq zo surprusq oz ttq aussuaz
supq2
cqrrunxq uzvuruqs tavq nqqz uzfluotqp puruzs ttq
wuztqr ny ttq aussuaz aryuqs0 zot ozxy upoz ttq
Gqryaz yuxutary powqr0 nut nutuzs azp sqaruzs pqqp
uzto ttq wtoxq xurq or ttq Nazu rqsuyq2 rutt axx uts
powqr azp orsazuzatuoz0 ut us a tassarp Gqryazy ttat
Hutxqr xqaps uzto ttus zqw0 rqroouous0 azp sazsuuzary
oaypausz asauzst aussua2 Bqtuzp xuqs a Turopq
wruttuzs wutt tatrqp azp tturstuzs ror rqvoxt2
rtat oaz wq po to tqxp aussuaN ctqrq us zottuzs
ttat wq wouxp zot po2 Ir ttq saorufioq or ttousazps or
Brutust xuvqs wouxp turz ttq soaxq0 our rqxxow
oouztryyqz wouxp zot fluzot2 But at ttus prqsqzt tuyq
ttqrq arq two uyportazt ooztrunutuozs wq oaz yakq2
ctq first us ttq suppxy or yuzutuozs to ttq utyost
qxtqzt wtuot our stuppuzs oaz oarry2 rq tavq tuttqrto
zot rauxqp uz azy way uz ttq uyyqzsq uzpqrtakuzss
wtuot wq yapq to Staxuz2
It us zot0 towqvqr0 ozxy a quqstuoz or suvuzs up wtat
wq zqqp oursqxvqs0 nut or oarryuzs ut ttqrq sarqxy azp
puzotuaxxy2 Our zorttqrz oozvoys arq a task or
qzoryous puffiouxty azp tazarp2 For ttq zqxt rqw
wqqks ttq uoq prurts xowqr azp xowqr0 azp ttq otazzqx
nqtwqqz ttq uoq floqs azp ttq Nortt Capq nqooyqs
zarrowqr2 rq oozvoy zot ozxy our owz ooztrunutuoz
nut ttat or ttq dzutqp Statqs0 wtuot to a xarsq qxtqzt
us takqz rroy wtat ttq dzutqp Statqs wouxp ottqrwusq
tavq suvqz us2 Our stups azp ttqur qsoorts0 ttq
tqavuqst wq tavq qvqr usqp0 arq prqssqp ny ttq uoq
qvqr zqarqr to ttq storqs or Norway0 azp xarsq
zuynqrs or Gqryaz d1noats azp powqrrux aur roroqs
oaz strukq ooztuzuaxxy at ttq yqrotazt stups azp ttqur
suarpuazs2
ctqrq us a rurttqr sqruous ooypxuoatuoz – ttq
LZrpZtz 0 ttq Kcheer azp ttq @Zpperxuq uz crozptquy
fiorp2 Tvqry Brutust – Ayqruoaz oozvoy to aussua us
xuanxq to attaok ny swurt0 tqavy0 yopqrz Gqryaz
surraoq stups2 Battxqstup qsoort tas to nq provupqp oz
qvqry oooasuoz2 ctq qzqyy tas srqat opportuzutuqs0
ny ttrqatqzuzs attaok upoz ttq oozvoys azp xayuzs
traps or d1noats0 or uzfluotuzs vutax xossqs upoz our
flqqt2 Sqruous rusks arq ruz ny our srqat stups – so
rqw0 so prqouous – ozxy ozq wtqrq uz ttq xast war
ttqrq was a squaproz or qustt – qvqry tuyq ttqy so
zortt oz ttus pqruxous putyE at azy tuyq ttq Apyuraxty
or qvqz ttq Muzustqr or Sqrqzoq yay tavq to aooouzt
to you ror soyq xoss wtuot wouxp takq fivq yqars to
rqpxaoq2
I oazzot spqak or our zavax pusposutuozs rurttqr
ttaz to say ttat ttq dzutqp Statqs arq wutt us oz ttus2
It us a sruy azp nuttqr qffort ayup rqarrux saxqs azp
oqasqxqss pqruxs0 nut ur ut nq uz tuyaz powqr wq wuxx
oarry our tazks0 our aurorart0 azp axx ttq ottqr
qssqztuax suppxuqs to our tqrouo axxy uz tus sunxuyq
strussxq2
ctqrq us azottqr uyyqpuatq way uz wtuot wq oaz
tqxp2 rtuxq ttq Gqryaz aryuqs wuxx nq nxqqpuzs
oopuousxy upoz a two1ttousazp1yuxq rrozt uz ttq Tast
wq staxx nq oz ttqur naoks uz ttq Gqryaz toyqxazp2
ctq Brutust noynuzs offqzsuvq upoz Gqryazy tas
nqsuz2 Haxr a pozqz Gqryaz outuqs tavq axrqapy
rqoquvqp ttq ruxx yqasurq ttat ttqy yqtqp out to
Covqztry2 Azottqr tturty or yorq arq oz ttq xust2 rq
tavq uyprovqp yqttops or fizpuzs ttq tarsqts azp
nuuxt1up arqas ny zustt2 ctq wastasq or noyns tas
nqqz rqpuoqp0 pqrtaps ny taxr2
Sayxustt ttrusts rar uzto ttq tqart or Gqryazy0
strukuzs wutt pqapxy prqousuoz at ttq yost sqzsutuvq
uzpustruax spots – suot as ttq uyyortax rqat or arys
oz Frupay xast – wuxx nq xauzotqp upoz ttq qzqyy2
erqsqztxy – uzpqqp0 quutq sooz – tqavy dzutqp Statqs
roryatuozs wuxx nq qstanxustqp tqrq uz Tzsxazp azp
wuxx work at our supq2 ctus suyyqr azp autuyz0 ayq0
azp wuztqr0 too0 Gqryazy wuxx qxpqruqzoq souqztufio
azp aoouratq noynuzs or a wqustt azp upoz a soaxq
azp rrqquqzoy wtuot zozq or ttq zatuozs ttqy tavq
yaxtrqatqp tas qvqr qzpurqp2 rq yust zot xqt raxsq
suupqs puvqrt our yuzps rroy ttqsq yavor azp tqrrunxq
strokqs or war0 or tqypt us to rruttqr away ttq soxup
yass or our qzpqavour2
[…‘
rtqz I wqzt to ttq dzutqp Statqs uz Sqoqynqr xast0 I
proposqp to ttq erqsupqzt ttq prqparatuoz or a
ooynuzqp Brutust azp Ayqruoaz uzvasuoz or Gqryaz1
oooupuqp Turopq ror ttq xunqratuoz or uts qzsxavqp
pqopxqs azp ror ttq uxtuyatq pqstruotuoz or Hutxqrusy2
ctq war oazzot nq qzpqp ny pruvuzs Rapaz naok to
tqr owz nouzps azp pqrqatuzs tqr ovqrsqas roroqs2
ctq war oaz ozxy nq qzpqp ttroust ttq pqrqat uz
Turopq or ttq Gqryaz aryuqs0 or ttroust uztqrzax
oozvuxsuozs uz Gqryazy propuoqp ny ttq
uzravouranxq ooursq or ttq war0 qoozoyuo pruvatuozs0
azp ttq Axxuqp noynuzs offqzsuvq2
As ttq strqzstt or ttq dzutqp Statqs0 Grqat Brutauz0
azp aussua pqvqxops azp nqsuzs to nq rqaxuzqp ny ttq
Gqryazs0 az uztqrzax ooxxapsq us axways possunxq0 nut
wq yust zot oouzt upoz ttus2 Our pxazs yust prooqqp
upoz ttq assuyptuoz ttat ttq rqsustazoq or ttq
Gqryaz Aryy azp Aur Foroq wuxx ooztuzuq at uts
prqsqzt xqvqx azp ttat ttqur d1noat warrarq wuxx nq
oozpuotqp ny uzorqasuzsxy zuyqrous flotuxxas2
rq tavq0 ttqrqrorq0 to prqparq ror ttq xunqratuoz or
ttq oaptuvq oouztruqs or wqstqrz azp souttqrz Turopq
ny ttq xazpuzs at suutanxq pouzts0 suooqssuvqxy or
suyuxtazqousxy0 or Brutust azp Ayqruoaz aryuqs
strozs qzoust to qzanxq ttq oozquqrqp popuxatuozs
to rqvoxt2 By ttqysqxvqs ttqy wuxx zqvqr nq anxq to
rqvoxt0 owuzs to ttq ruttxqss oouztqryqasurqs ttat
wuxx nq qypxoyqpK nut ur apqquatq azp suutanxy
qquuppqp roroqs wqrq xazpqp uz sqvqrax or ttq
roxxowuzs oouztruqs0 zayqxy0 Norway0 Sqzyark0
Hoxxazp0 Bqxsuuy0 azp ttq Frqzot Ctazzqx ooasts azp
ttq Frqzot Atxaztuo ooasts0 as wqxx as Itaxy azp
possunxy ttq Baxkazs0 ttq Gqryaz sarrusozs wouxp
provq uzsuffiouqzt to oopq nott wutt ttq strqzstt or
ttq xunqratuzs roroqs azp ttq rury or ttq rqvoxtuzs
pqopxqs2
 It us uypossunxq ror ttq Gqryazs0 wtuxq wq rqtauz
ttq sqa powqr zqoqssary to otoosq ttq pxaoq or
pxaoqs or attaok0 to tavq suffiouqzt troops uz qaot or
ttqsq oouztruqs ror qffqotuvq rqsustazoq2 Iz partuouxar0
ttqy oazzot yovq ttqur aryour anout xatqraxxy rroy
zortt to soutt or wqst to qastK quttqr ttqy yust puvupq
ut nqtwqqz ttq varuous oozquqrqp oouztruqs – uz
wtuot oasq ut wouxp nqooyq topqxqssxy puspqrsqp – or
ttqy yust toxp ut naok uz a oqztrax posutuoz uz
Gqryazy0 uz wtuot oasq ut wuxx zot arruvq uztux xarsq
azp uyportazt xopsyqzts tavq nqqz yapq ny us rroy
ovqrsqas2
rq tap qxpqotqp to fizp dzutqp Statqs attqztuoz
oozoqztratqp upoz ttq war wutt Rapaz0 azp wq
prqparqp oursqxvqs to arsuq ttat ttq pqrqat or Rapaz
wouxp zot spqxx ttq pqrqat or Hutxqr0 nut ttat ttq
pqrqat or Hutxqr xqrt ttq fizustuzs off or Rapaz yqrqxy a
yattqr or tuyq azp trounxq2 rq wqrq rqxuqvqp to fizp
ttat ttqsq suypxq nut oxassuoax oozoqptuozs or war0
axttoust vqtqyqztxy opposqp ny ttq powqrrux
usoxatuozaxust raotuoz0 wqrq qarzqstxy azp
spoztazqousxy starqp ny ttq sovqrzyqzt azp
poyuzazt roroqs uz ttq dzutqp Statqs2 ctq vusut or
Gqzqrax Marstaxx azp Mr2 Hopkuzs was to oozoqrt
wutt us ttq xarsqst azp ttq swurtqst yqasurqs or ttus
offqzsuvq otaraotqr2
It wuxx zo pount nqooyq ooyyoz kzowxqpsq ttat
ttq xunqratuoz or ttq Coztuzqzt ny qquax zuynqrs or
Brutust azp Ayqruoaz troops us ttq yauz war pxaz or
our two zatuozs2 ctq tuyuzs0 ttq soaxq0 ttq yqttop0
ttq purqotuoz or ttus suprqyq uzpqrtakuzs yust
rqyauz uzkzowz azp uzkzowanxq tuxx ttq tour strukqs
azp ttq nxows raxx2 Morq ttaz ttat I oazzot say –
qxoqpt ttat uz ttq qarxy tours or ttus yorzuzs0 I
rqoquvqp a yqssasq rroy ttq erqsupqzt or wtuot0
suzoq wq arq uz Sqorqt Sqssuoz0 I wuxx rqap ttq
yatqruax partK
‘I ay pqxusttqp wutt ttq asrqqyqzt wtuot was
rqaotqp nqtwqqz you azp your yuxutary apvusqrs azp
Marstaxx azp Hopkuzs2 ctqy tavq rqportqp to yq or
ttq uzazuyuty or opuzuoz rqxatuvq to ttq proposax
wtuot ttqy oarruqp wutt ttqy azp I apprqouatq qvqr
so yuot your pqrsozax yqssasq oozfiryuzs ttus2 I
nqxuqvq ttat ttus yovq wuxx nq vqry pustqartqzuzs to
Hutxqr azp yay wqxx nq ttq wqpsq ny wtuot tus
powzraxx wuxx nq aoooypxustqp2 I ay vqry tqartqzqp at
ttq prospqot azp you oaz nq surq ttat our aryy wuxx
approaot ttq yattqr wutt srqat qzttusuasy azp
vusour2 rtuxq our yutuax puffiouxtuqs arq yazy0 I ay
rrazk to say ttat I rqqx nqttqr anout ttq war ttaz at
azy tuyq uz ttq past two yqars2’
cqstuzs0 tryuzs0 apvqrsq0 pauzrux tuyqs xuq atqap or
us2 rq yust axx struvq to po our puty to ttq utyost or
our strqzstt2 As ttq war rusqs rqyorsqxqssxy to uts
oxuyax0 ttq Housq or Coyyozs0 wtuot us ttq
rouzpatuoz or ttq Brutust xurq strussxq – ttus Housq or
Coyyozs wtuot tas qspqouax rqspozsunuxutuqs – wuxx
tavq ttq opportuzuty ozoq asauz or provuzs to ttq
worxp ttat ttq firyzqss or spurut0 sqzsq or proportuoz0
stqaprastzqss or purposq wtuot tavq sauzqp ut
rqzowz uz roryqr pays0 wuxx zow ozoq asauz oarry
srqat pqopxqs azp a srqatqr oausq to a vuotoruous
pqxuvqrazoq2
 ‘C A CCR 8N 6 A E A C6 E E F M A @5 8C E
T@ T7 E N @CT7 A@E E l

As Gqryaz roroqs nattxqp pqqp uzsupq ttq Sovuqt dzuoz0

Rosqr Staxuz oaxxqp ror a ‘Sqoozp Frozt’ – az Azsxo1Ayqruoaz
xazpuzs uz Nortt1rqst Turopq0 to takq prqssurq off ttq
Tastqrz Frozt2 But Brutauz azp Ayqruoa pup zot tavq ttq
rqsouroqs ror suot a xazpuzs (oopqzayqp ‘Sxqpsqtayyqr’
ror 19EC azp ‘aouzp1up’ ror 19E3,2 Izstqap0 ttqy pxazzqp
az ayptunuous xazpuzs asauzst Frqzot Moroooo (Opqratuoz
‘corot’,0 wutt ttq auy or pruvuzs ttq Gqryazs rroy Nortt
Arruoa2 Iz apputuoz0 Brutauz azp ttq dzutqp Statqs wouxp
noyn Gqryazy oz a CE1tour rota0 ttq dzutqp Statqs ny pay0
Brutauz ny zustt2 Iz Ausust 19EC0 Cturotuxx flqw to Mosoow
to qxpxauz ttus to Staxuz2 Latqr tq rqoaxxqp uz Lhe Kecond
O orld O ar tus ttoustts puruzs ttq tqz1tour flustt rroy
cqtqraz oz Ausust 1C0 azp tus yqqtuzss wutt StaxuzK
I pozpqrqp oz yy yussuoz to ttus suxxqz0 suzustqr
Boxstqvuk Statq I tap ozoq truqp so tarp to strazsxq at
uts nurtt0 azp wtuot0 uztux Hutxqr appqarqp0 I tap
rqsarpqp as ttq yortax roq or ouvuxusqp rrqqpoy2 rtat
was ut yy puty to say to ttqy zowN Gqzqrax ravqxx0
wto tap xutqrary uzoxuzatuozs0 suyyqp ut axx up uz a
poqy2 ctqrq wqrq sqvqrax vqrsqs0 azp ttq xast xuzq or
qaot was0 ‘No Sqoozp Frozt uz zuzqtqqz rorty1two’2 It
was xukq oarryuzs a xarsq xuyp or uoq to ttq Nortt
eoxq2 Stuxx0 I was surq ut was yy puty to tqxx ttqy ttq
raots pqrsozaxxy azp tavq ut axx out raoq to raoq wutt
Staxuz0 rattqr ttaz trust to tqxqsrays azp
uztqryqpuaruqs2 At xqast ut stowqp ttat ozq oarqp ror
ttqur rortuzqs azp uzpqrstoop wtat ttqur strussxq
yqazt to ttq sqzqrax war2
 rq tap axways tatqp ttqur wuokqp rqsuyq0 azp0 tuxx
ttq Gqryaz flaux nqat upoz ttqy0 ttqy wouxp tavq
watotqp us nquzs swqpt out or qxustqzoq wutt
uzpuffqrqzoq azp sxqqruxxy puvupqp wutt Hutxqr our
Typurq uz ttq Tast2
[…‘
ctq first two tours wqrq nxqak azp soynrq2 I nqsaz
at ozoq wutt ttq quqstuoz or ttq Sqoozp Frozt0 sayuzs
ttat I wustqp to spqak rrazkxy azp wouxp xukq to uzvutq
ooypxqtq rrazkzqss rroy Staxuz2 I wouxp zot tavq
ooyq to Mosoow uzxqss tq tap rqxt surq ttat tq
wouxp nq anxq to pusouss rqaxutuqs2 rtqz M2 Moxotov
tap ooyq to Lozpoz I tap toxp tuy ttat wq wqrq
tryuzs to yakq pxazs ror a puvqrsuoz uz Frazoq2 I tap
axso yapq ut oxqar to M2 Moxotov ttat I oouxp yakq zo
proyusqs anout 19EC0 azp tap suvqz M2 Moxotov a
yqyorazpuy to ttus qffqot2 Suzoq ttqz az qxtaustuvq
Azsxo1Ayqruoaz qxayuzatuoz or ttq pronxqy tap nqqz
oarruqp out2 ctq Brutust azp Ayqruoaz Govqrzyqzts
pup zot rqqx ttqysqxvqs anxq to uzpqrtakq a yavor
opqratuoz uz Sqptqynqr0 wtuot was ttq xatqst yoztt
uz wtuot ttq wqattqr was to nq oouztqp upoz2 But0 as
M2 Staxuz kzqw0 ttqy wqrq prqparuzs ror a vqry srqat
opqratuoz uz 19E32 For ttus purposq a yuxxuoz
Ayqruoaz troops wqrq zow sotqpuxqp to rqaot ttq
dzutqp Kuzspoy at ttqur pouzt or assqynxy uz ttq
spruzs or 19E30 yakuzs az qxpqputuozary roroq or C7
puvusuozs0 to wtuot ttq Brutust Govqrzyqzt wqrq
prqparqp to app C1 puvusuozs2 Nqarxy taxr or ttus roroq
wouxp nq aryourqp2 So rar ozxy two azp a taxr
Ayqruoaz puvusuozs tap rqaotqp ttq dzutqp Kuzspoy0
nut ttq nus trazsportatuoz wouxp takq pxaoq uz
Ootonqr0 Novqynqr azp Sqoqynqr2
I toxp Staxuz ttat I was wqxx awarq ttat ttus pxaz
offqrqp zo tqxp to aussua uz 19EC0 nut ttoustt ut
possunxq ttat wtqz ttq 19E3 pxaz was rqapy ut yustt
wqxx nq ttat ttq Gqryazs wouxp tavq a strozsqr aryy
uz ttq rqst ttaz ttqy zow tap2 At ttus pouzt Staxuz’s
raoq oruypxqp up uzto a rrowz0 nut tq pup zot
uztqrrupt2 I ttqz saup I tap soop rqasozs asauzst az
attaok oz ttq Frqzot ooast uz 19EC2 rq tap ozxy
qzoust xazpuzs orart ror az assauxt xazpuzs oz a
rortufiqp ooast – qzoust to ttrow astorq sux puvusuozs
azp yauztauz ttqy2 Ir ut wqrq suooqssrux0 yorq
puvusuozs yustt nq sqzt0 nut ttq xuyutuzs raotor was
xazpuzs orart0 wtuot wqrq zow nquzs nuuxt uz vqry
xarsq zuynqrs uz ttq dzutqp Kuzspoy0 azp qspqouaxxy
uz ttq dzutqp Statqs2 For ozq puvusuoz wtuot oouxp nq
oarruqp ttus yqar ut wouxp nq possunxq zqxt yqar to
oarry qustt or tqz tuyqs as yazy2
Staxuz0 wto tap nqsuz to xook vqry sxuy0 sqqyqp
uzoozvuzoqp ny yy arsuyqzt0 azp askqp ur ut was
uypossunxq to attaok azy part or ttq Frqzot ooast2 I
stowqp tuy a yap wtuot uzpuoatqp ttq puffiouxtuqs or
yakuzs az aur uynrqxxa azywtqrq qxoqpt aotuaxxy
aoross ttq Strauts2 Hq pup zot sqqy to uzpqrstazp0
azp askqp soyq quqstuozs anout ttq razsq or fisttqr
pxazqs2 Couxp ttqy zot0 ror uzstazoq0 ooyq azp so axx
ttq tuyqN I qxpxauzqp ttat ttqy oouxp uzpqqp ooyq
azp so0 nut at ttus razsq ttqy wouxp tavq zo tuyq to
fistt0 azp I appqp ttat az aur uynrqxxa to nq or azy
usq tap to nq kqpt opqz2 Hq ttqz saup ttat ttqrq was
zot a suzsxq Gqryaz puvusuoz uz Frazoq or azy vaxuq0 a
statqyqzt wtuot I ooztqstqp2 ctqrq wqrq uz Frazoq
twqzty1fivq Gqryaz puvusuozs0 zuzq or wtuot wqrq or
ttq first xuzq2 Hq stook tus tqap2 I saup ttat I tap
nroustt ttq Ctuqr or ttq Iypqruax Gqzqrax Staff azp
Gqzqrax Sur Arotunaxp ravqxx wutt yq uz orpqr ttat
suot pouzts yustt nq qxayuzqp uz pqtaux wutt ttq
aussuaz Gqzqrax Staff2 ctqrq was a pouzt nqyozp
wtuot statqsyqz oouxp zot oarry pusoussuozs or ttus
kuzp2
 Staxuz0 wtosq sxuyzqss tap ny zow yuot
uzorqasqp0 saup ttat0 as tq uzpqrstoop ut0 wq wqrq
uzanxq to orqatq a sqoozp rrozt wutt azy xarsq roroq
azp uzwuxxuzs qvqz to xazp sux puvusuozs2 I saup ttat
ttus was so2 rq oouxp xazp sux puvusuozs0 nut ttq
xazpuzs or ttqy wouxp nq yorq taryrux ttaz tqxprux0
ror ut wouxp srqatxy uzvurq ttq nus opqratuoz pxazzqp
ror zqxt yqar2 rar was war nut zot roxxy0 azp ut wouxp
nq roxxy to uzvutq a pusastqr wtuot wouxp tqxp zonopy2
I saup I rqarqp ttq zqws I nroustt was zot soop zqws2
Ir ny ttrowuzs uz 15A0AAA to CAA0AAA yqz wq oouxp
rqzpqr tuy aup ny prawuzs away rroy ttq aussuaz
rrozt apprqouanxq Gqryaz roroqs0 wq wouxp zot
struzk rroy ttus ooursq oz ttq srouzps or xoss2 But ur
ut prqw zo yqz away azp spouxqp ttq prospqots ror
19E3 ut wouxp nq a srqat qrror2
Staxuz0 wto tap nqooyq rqstxqss0 saup ttat tus vuqw
anout war was puffqrqzt2 A yaz wto was zot
prqparqp to takq rusks oouxp zot wuz a war2 rty wqrq
wq so arraup or ttq GqryazsN Hq oouxp zot
uzpqrstazp2 Hus qxpqruqzoq stowqp ttat troops yust
nq nxoopqp uz nattxq2 Ir you pup zot nxoop your troops
you tap zo upqa wtat ttqur vaxuq was2 I uzquurqp
wtqttqr tq tap qvqr askqp tuysqxr wty Hutxqr pup zot
ooyq to Tzsxazp uz 19EA0 wtqz tq was at ttq tqustt
or tus powqr azp wq tap ozxy CA0AAA trauzqp troops0
CAA suzs0 azp 5A tazks2 Hq pup zot ooyq2 ctq raot
was ttat Hutxqr was arraup or ttq opqratuoz2 It us zot
so qasy to oross ttq Ctazzqx2 Staxuz rqpxuqp ttat ttus
was zo azaxosy2 ctq xazpuzs or Hutxqr uz Tzsxazp
wouxp tavq nqqz rqsustqp ny ttq pqopxq0 wtqrqas uz
ttq oasq or a Brutust xazpuzs uz Frazoq ttq pqopxq
wouxp nq oz ttq supq or ttq Brutust2 I pouztqp out ttat
ut was axx ttq yorq uyportazt ttqrqrorq zot to qxposq
ttq pqopxq or Frazoq ny a wuttprawax to ttq
vqzsqazoq or Hutxqr azp to wastq ttqy wtqz ttqy
wouxp nq zqqpqp uz ttq nus opqratuoz uz 19E32
ctqrq was az opprqssuvq suxqzoq2 Staxuz at xqzstt
saup ttat ur wq oouxp zot yakq a xazpuzs uz Frazoq
ttus yqar tq was zot qztutxqp to pqyazp ut or to uzsust
upoz ut0 nut tq was nouzp to say ttat tq pup zot
asrqq wutt yy arsuyqzts2
I ttqz uzroxpqp a yap or Souttqrz Turopq0 ttq
Mqputqrrazqaz0 azp Nortt Arruoa2 rtat was a
‘Sqoozp Frozt’N ras ut ozxy a xazpuzs oz a rortufiqp
ooast opposutq TzsxazpN Or oouxp ut takq ttq rory or
soyq ottqr srqat qztqrprusq wtuot yustt nq usqrux to
ttq ooyyoz oausqN I ttoustt ut nqttqr to nruzs tuy
souttwarp ny stqps2 Ir0 ror uzstazoq0 wq oouxp toxp
ttq qzqyy uz ttq eas pq Caxaus ny our oozoqztratuozs
uz Brutauz0 azp at ttq sayq tuyq attaok qxsqwtqrq –
ror uzstazoq0 uz ttq Lourq0 ttq Gurozpq0 or
axtqrzatuvqxy ttq Sotqxpt – ttus was ruxx or proyusq2
ctqrq uzpqqp was a sqzqrax puoturq or zqxt yqar’s nus
opqratuoz2 Staxuz rqarqp ttat ut was zot praotuoanxq2 I
saup ttat ut wouxp uzpqqp nq puffiouxt to xazp a yuxxuoz
yqz0 nut ttat wq stouxp tavq to pqrsqvqrq azp try2
rq ttqz passqp oz to ttq noynuzs or Gqryazy0
wtuot savq sqzqrax satusraotuoz2 M2 Staxuz
qyptasusqp ttq uyportazoq or strukuzs at ttq yoraxq
or ttq Gqryaz popuxatuoz2 Hq saup tq attaotqp ttq
srqatqst uyportazoq to noynuzs0 azp ttat tq kzqw
our raups wqrq tavuzs a trqyqzpous qffqot uz
Gqryazy2
Artqr ttus uztqrxupq0 wtuot rqxuqvqp ttq tqzsuoz0
Staxuz onsqrvqp ttat rroy our xozs taxk ut sqqyqp ttat
axx wq wqrq souzs to po was zo ‘Sxqpsqtayyqr’0 zo
‘aouzp1up’0 azp pay our way ny noynuzs Gqryazy2 I
pqoupqp to sqt ttq worst ovqr first azp to orqatq a
suutanxq naoksrouzp ror ttq provqot I tap ooyq to
uzroxp2 I pup zot ttqrqrorq try at ozoq to rqxuqvq ttq
sxooy2 Izpqqp0 I askqp spqouaxxy ttat ttqrq stouxp nq
ttq pxauzqst spqakuzs nqtwqqz rruqzps azp ooyrapqs
uz pqrux2 Howqvqr0 oourtqsy azp puszuty prqvauxqp2
ctq yoyqzt tap zow ooyq to nruzs ‘corot’ uzto
aotuoz2 I saup ttat I waztqp to rqvqrt to ttq quqstuoz
or a Sqoozp Frozt uz 19EC0 wtuot was wtat I tap
ooyq ror2 I pup zot ttuzk Frazoq was ttq ozxy pxaoq
ror suot az opqratuoz2 ctqrq wqrq ottqr pxaoqs0 azp
wq azp ttq Ayqruoazs tap pqoupqp upoz azottqr
pxaz0 wtuot I was auttorusqp ny ttq Ayqruoaz
erqsupqzt to uypart to Staxuz sqorqtxy2 I wouxp zow
prooqqp to po so2 I qyptasusqp ttq vutax zqqp or
sqorqoy2 At ttus Staxuz sat up azp sruzzqp azp saup
ttat tq topqp ttat zottuzs anout ut wouxp appqar uz
ttq Brutust erqss2
I ttqz qxpxauzqp prqousqxy Opqratuoz ‘corot’2 As I
toxp ttq wtoxq story Staxuz nqoayq uztqzsqxy
uztqrqstqp2 Hus first quqstuoz was wtat wouxp tappqz
uz Spauz azp euoty Frazoq2 A xuttxq xatqr oz tq
rqyarkqp ttat ttq opqratuoz was yuxutaruxy rustt0 nut
tq tap poxutuoax pounts anout ttq qffqot oz Frazoq2 Hq
askqp partuouxarxy anout ttq tuyuzs0 azp I saup zot
xatqr ttaz Ootonqr 3A0 nut ttq erqsupqzt azp axx or us
wqrq tryuzs to puxx ut rorwarp to Ootonqr 72 ctus
sqqyqp a srqat rqxuqr to ttq ttrqq aussuazs2
I ttqz pqsorunqp ttq yuxutary apvaztasqs or rrqquzs
ttq Mqputqrrazqaz0 wtqzoq stuxx azottqr rrozt oouxp
nq opqzqp2 Iz Sqptqynqr wq yust wuz uz Tsypt0 azp
uz Ootonqr uz Nortt Arruoa0 axx ttq tuyq toxpuzs ttq
qzqyy uz Norttqrz Frazoq2 Ir wq oouxp qzp ttq yqar
uz possqssuoz or Nortt Arruoa wq oouxp ttrqatqz ttq
nqxxy or Hutxqr’s Turopq0 azp ttus opqratuoz stouxp nq
oozsupqrqp uz oozvuzotuoz wutt ttq 19E3 opqratuoz2
ctat was wtat wq azp ttq Ayqruoazs tap pqoupqp to
po2
 co uxxustratq yy pouzt I tap yqazwtuxq prawz a
puoturq or a orooopuxq0 azp qxpxauzqp to Staxuz wutt
ttq tqxp or ttus puoturq tow ut was our uztqztuoz to
attaok ttq sort nqxxy or ttq orooopuxq as wq attaokqp
tus tarp szout2 Azp Staxuz0 wtosq uztqrqst was zow at
a tust putot0 saup0 ‘May Gop prospqr ttus
uzpqrtakuzs’2
[…‘
At ttus pouzt Staxuz sqqyqp suppqzxy to srasp ttq
stratqsuo apvaztasqs or ‘corot’2 Hq rqoouztqp rour
yauz rqasozs ror utK first0 ut wouxp tut aoyyqx uz ttq
naokE sqoozp0 ut wouxp ovqrawq SpauzE tturp0 ut wouxp
propuoq fisttuzs nqtwqqz Gqryazs azp Frqzotyqz
uz FrazoqE azp0 rourtt0 ut wouxp qxposq Itaxy to ttq
wtoxq nruzt or ttq war2
I was pqqpxy uyprqssqp wutt ttus rqyarkanxq
statqyqzt2 It stowqp ttq aussuaz Suotator’s swurt azp
ooypxqtq yastqry or a pronxqy tuttqrto zovqx to tuy2
eqry rqw pqopxq axuvq oouxp tavq ooyprqtqzpqp uz so
rqw yuzutqs ttq rqasozs wtuot wq tap axx so xozs
nqqz wrqstxuzs wutt ror yoztts2 Hq saw ut axx uz a
flast2
[…‘
rq ttqz sattqrqp rouzp a xarsq sxonq0 azp I
qxpxauzqp to Staxuz ttq uyyqzsq apvaztasqs or
oxqaruzs ttq qzqyy out or ttq Mqputqrrazqaz2 I toxp
Staxuz I stouxp nq avauxanxq stouxp tq wust to sqq yq
asauz2 Hq rqpxuqp ttat ttq aussuaz oustoy was ttat
ttq vusutor stouxp statq tus wustqs azp ttat tq was
rqapy to rqoquvq yq at azy tuyq2 Hq zow kzqw ttq
worst0 azp yqt wq partqp uz az atyosptqrq or
soopwuxx2
ctq yqqtuzs tap zow xastqp zqarxy rour tours2 It
took taxr az tour or yorq to rqaot Statq euxxa No2 72
curqp as I was0 I puotatqp yy tqxqsray to ttq rar
Canuzqt azp ttq erqsupqzt artqr yupzustt0 azp ttqz0
wutt ttq rqqxuzs ttat at xqast ttq uoq was nrokqz azp a
tuyaz ooztaot qstanxustqp0 I sxqpt souzpxy azp xozs2
 ‘T7 E SE G8E E C C8M E Sl

Iz ttq autuyz or 19EC0 uzroryatuoz syussxqp out or

Gqryazy to zqutrax Swutzqrxazp was punxustqp uz ttq
Brutust zqwspapqrs2 It rqvqaxqp ttq qxtqzt or ttq Gqryaz
sxausttqr or Rqws uz Gqryaz1oooupuqp aussua azp eoxazp0
azp ttq pqportatuoz or Rqws rroy Frazoq0 Bqxsuuy azp
Hoxxazp to az ‘uzkzowz pqstuzatuoz’ uz ttq Tast2 Oz C9
Ootonqr 19EC0 a protqst yqqtuzs was tqxp at ttq Axnqrt
Haxx2 For ttq yqqtuzs0 Cturotuxx sqzt a yqssasq to nq rqap
out ny ttq Arotnustop or Caztqrnury0 ruxxuay cqypxqK
I oazzot rqrrauz rroy sqzpuzs0 ttroust you0 to ttq
aupuqzoq wtuot us assqynxuzs uzpqr your
Ctauryazstup at ttq Axnqrt Haxx topay to protqst
asauzst Nazu atrooutuqs uzfluotqp oz ttq Rqws0 ttq
assurazoq or yy wary syypatty wutt ttq onvqots or
ttq yqqtuzs2
ctq systqyatuo oruqxtuqs to wtuot ttq Rqwust pqopxq
– yqz0 woyqz0 azp otuxprqz – tavq nqqz qxposqp
uzpqr ttq Nazu rqsuyq arq ayozsst ttq yost tqrrunxq
qvqzts or tustory0 azp pxaoq az uzpqxunxq stauz upoz axx
wto pqrpqtratq azp uzstusatq ttqy2
Frqq yqz azp woyqz pqzouzoq ttqsq vuxq oruyqs0
azp wtqz ttus worxp strussxq qzps wutt ttq
qzttrozqyqzt or tuyaz rustts0 raouax pqrsqoutuoz wuxx
nq qzpqp2
‘8 C A N N @T 5E E E T7 AT 3 E 6 A F E E E 8S
5CA N C E l

Cturotuxx starqp erqsupqzt aoosqvqxt’s rqxuotazoq to

rqooszusq ttq Frqq Frqzot xqapqr Gqzqrax pq Gauxxq as ttq
soxq rqprqsqztatuvq or ttq Frqzot zatuoz2 Iz a Sqorqt
Sqssuoz or ttq Housq or Coyyozs oz 1A Sqoqynqr 19EC –
uz a passasq ttat tq pqoupqp to oyut wtqz ttq Sqorqt
Sqssuoz spqqotqs wqrq punxustqp artqr ttq war – tq
qxpxauzqp wtyK
I yust zow say a worp anout Gqzqrax pq Gauxxq2
Oz nqtaxr or Hus Mavqsty’s Govqrzyqzt I qxotazsqp
xqttqrs wutt tuy uz 19EA rqooszusuzs tuy as ttq
Lqapqr or axx Frqq Frqzotyqz wtqrqvqr ttqy yustt
nq0 wto stouxp raxxy to tuy0 uz support or ttq Axxuqp
oausq2 rq tavq yost sorupuxousxy kqpt our
qzsasqyqzts wutt tuy azp tavq pozq qvqryttuzs uz
our powqr to tqxp tuy2 rq fizazoq tus Movqyqzt2 rq
tavq tqxpqp tus opqratuozs2 But wq tavq zqvqr
rqooszuzqp tuy as rqprqsqztuzs Frazoq2 rq tavq
zqvqr asrqqp ttat tq azp ttosq assoouatqp wutt tuy0
nqoausq ttqy wqrq rustt azp nravq at ttq yoyqzt or
Frqzot surrqzpqr0 tavq a yozopoxy oz ttq ruturq or
Frazoq2
I tavq xuvqp yysqxr ror ttq xast 35 yqars or yorq uz
a yqztax rqxatuozstup azp to a xarsq qxtqzt uz
syypatty wutt az anstraotuoz oaxxqp Frazoq2 I stuxx po
zot ttuzk ut us az uxxusuoz2 I oazzot rqqx ttat pq Gauxxq
us Frazoq0 stuxx xqss ttat Sarxaz azp euoty arq Frazoq2
Frazoq us soyqttuzs srqatqr0 yorq ooypxqx0 yorq
roryupanxq ttaz azy or ttqsq sqotuozax
yazurqstatuozs2
 I tavq truqp to work as rar as possunxq wutt Gqzqrax
pq Gauxxq0 yakuzs axxowazoqs ror tus yazy
puffiouxtuqs0 ror tus tqypqrayqzt azp ror ttq
xuyutatuozs or tus outxook2 Iz orpqr to sustauz tus
Movqyqzt at ttq yoyqzt or ttq Ayqruoaz oooupatuoz
or Frqzot Nortt Arruoa azp to oozsoxq tuy azp tus
rruqzps ror ttqur qxoxusuoz rroy ttq qztqrprusq wq
asrqqp to tus zoyuzqq0 Gqzqrax Lqsqztuxtoyyq0
nquzs prooxauyqp as Hust Coyyussuozqr ror
Mapasasoar0 axttoust ttus apps soyqwtat to our
puffiouxtuqs uz paouryuzs ttat xarsq Isxazp0 wtuot oppxy
as ut sqqys to us wouxp yuot prqrqr Sarxaz2 rq arq
at ttq prqsqzt tuyq qzpqavouruzs to raxxy Runutu to ttq
Frqq Frqzot Movqyqzt2 ctqrqrorq I oozsupqr ttat wq
tavq nqqz uz qvqry rqspqot rauttrux uz ttq pusotarsq or
our onxusatuozs to pq Gauxxq0 azp wq staxx so ooztuzuq
to ttq qzp2
Howqvqr0 zow wq arq uz Sqorqt Sqssuoz ttq Housq
yust zot nq xqp to nqxuqvq ttat Gqzqrax pq Gauxxq us
az uzraxtqruzs rruqzp or Brutauz2 Oz ttq ooztrary0 I
ttuzk tq us ozq or ttosq soop Frqzotyqz wto tavq a
traputuozax aztasozusy qzsrauzqp uz Frqzot tqarts ny
oqzturuqs or war asauzst ttq Tzsxust2 Oz tus way naok
rroy Syrua uz ttq suyyqr or 19E1 ttroust ttq Frqzot
Cqztrax azp rqst Arruoaz Coxozuqs tq xqrt a traux or
Azsxoptonua nqtuzp tuy2 Oz Ausust C50 19E10 tq
savq az uztqrvuqw to ttq oorrqspozpqzt or ttq
9hZcago KaZly Feks at Brazzavuxxq uz wtuot tq
sussqstqp ttat Tzsxazp oovqtqp ttq Arruoaz ooxozuqs
or Frazoq0 azp saupK ‘Tzsxazp us arraup or ttq Frqzot
Fxqqt2 rtat uz qffqot Tzsxazp us oarryuzs out us a war1
tuyq pqax wutt Hutxqr uz wtuot euoty sqrvqs as a so1
nqtwqqz2’ Hq qxpxauzqp ttat euoty sqrvqp Gqryazy
ny kqqpuzs ttq Frqzot pqopxq uz sunvqotuoz azp
Tzsxazp ny kqqpuzs ttq flqqt out or Gqryaz tazps2
 Axx ttus azp yuot yorq was vqry uzsratqrux taxk0
nut wq tavq axxowqp zo ooypxauzt or ours to appqar
uz punxuo2
Asauz ttus yqar uz Ruxy0 Gqzqrax pq Gauxxq wustqp to
vusut Syrua2 Hq proyusqp yq nqrorq I asrqqp to
raouxutatq tus vourzqy0 wtuot I was vqry wqxx anxq to
stop0 ttat tq wouxp nqtavq uz a tqxprux azp rruqzpxy
yazzqr0 nut zo soozqr pup tq sqt to Cauro ttaz tq
apoptqp a yost tqotoruzs attutupq azp uz Syrua tus
wtoxq onvqot sqqyqp to nq to royqzt uxx1wuxx nqtwqqz
ttq Brutust yuxutary azp Frqq Frqzot ouvux
apyuzustratuozs azp statq ttq Frqzot oxauys to ruxq
Syrua at ttq tustqst0 axttoust ut tap nqqz asrqqp ttat
artqr ttq war0 azp as yuot as possunxq qvqz puruzs
ttq war0 ttq Syruazs arq to qzvoy ttqur uzpqpqzpqzoq2
I ooztuzuq to yauztauz rruqzpxy pqrsozax rqxatuozs
wutt Gqzqrax pq Gauxxq azp I tqxp tuy as yuot as I
possunxy oaz2 I rqqx nouzp to po ttus nqoausq tq stoop
up asauzst ttq Mqz or Borpqaux azp ttqur nasq
surrqzpqr at a tuyq wtqz axx rqsustuzs wuxxpowqr tap
quuttqp Frazoq2 Axx ttq sayq0 I oouxp zot rqooyyqzp
you to nasq axx your topqs azp oozfipqzoq upoz tuy0
azp stuxx xqss to assuyq at ttus stasq ttat ut us our puty
to pxaoq0 so rar as wq tavq ttq powqr0 ttq pqstuzy or
Frazoq uz tus tazps2 Lukq ttq erqsupqzt uz ttq
tqxqsray I tavq rqap0 wq sqqk to nasq oursqxvqs oz
ttq wuxx or ttq qzturq Frqzot zatuoz rattqr ttaz azy
sqotuozax yazurqstatuozs0 qvqz ttq yost wortty2
 ‘R @F C 5E ATS H 8E E 6 E E A M A N 3
6 E @H l

Oz 3 Fqnruary 19E30 Cturotuxx flqw rroy Cauro to crupoxu0

wtqrq tq wqzt to Tusttt Aryy Hqapquartqrs2 It was tus
sqoozp vusut to ttq Brutust azp Coyyozwqaxtt troops uz
Nortt Arruoa uz fivq yoztts2 ctqur srqat vuotory ovqr ttq
ooynuzqp Gqryaz azp Itaxuaz roroqs0 ooyyazpqp ny
Gqzqrax aoyyqx0 tap ooyq oz E Novqynqr 19EC0 artqr
twqxvq pays or tqavy fisttuzs at Axayquz2 Or ttus nattxq
Cturotuxx xatqr wrotqK ‘Bqrorq Axayquz wq zqvqr tap a
vuotory0 artqr Axayquz wq zqvqr tap a pqrqat2’ Iz az aryy
oayp0 tq spokq to ttq assqynxqp soxpuqrs0 sauxors azp
auryqz2 Cturotuxx’s pootor0 Sur Ctarxqs ruxsoz (xatqr Lorp
Moraz,0 wto was wutt tuy0 zotqpK ‘eM was uz tus qxqyqzt
wtqz tq apprqssqp ttq troops2 No ozq oaz po ttus sort or
ttuzs so wqxx2’ Cturotuxx toxp ttq yqz0 sattqrqp oz a
tuxxsupqK
ctq xast tuyq I saw ttus aryy was uz ttq oxosuzs pays
or Ausust oz ttosq sazpy azp rooky nxuffs zqar
Axayquz azp ttq auwqusat aupsq0 wtqz ut was
apparqzt rroy axx ttq suszs ttat aoyyqx was anout to
yakq tus fizax ttrust oz Axqxazprua azp Cauro2 ctqz
axx was to nq woz or xost2 Now I ooyq to you a xozs
way rroy Axayquz0 azp I fizp ttus aryy azp uts
rayous ooyyazpqr [Gqzqrax Moztsoyqry‘ wutt a
rqoorp or vuotory nqtuzp ut wtuot tas uzpountqpxy
pxayqp a pqousuvq part uz axtqruzs ttq wtoxq otaraotqr
or ttq war2
ctq fiqroq azp wqxx1roustt nattxq or Axayquz0 ttq
nxastuzs ttroust or ttq qzqyy’s sqawarp flazk0 azp
ttq ttuzpqrnoxt or ttq aryourqp attaok0 urrqtruqvanxy
nrokq ttq aryy wtuot aoyyqx tap noastqp wouxp
oozquqr Tsypt0 azp upoz wtuot ttq Gqryaz azp
Itaxuaz pqopxqs tap sqt ttqur topqs2 ctqrqartqr azp
qvqr suzoq0 uz ttqsq rqyorsqxqss ttrqq yoztts0 you
tavq otasqp ttus tostuxq aryy azp pruvqz ut rroy
puxxar to post ovqr a pustazoq or yorq ttaz 10EAA
yuxqs – uz raot0 as rar as rroy Lozpoz to Mosoow2 hou
tavq axtqrqp ttq raoq or ttq war uz a yost rqyarkanxq
way2
rtat ut tas yqazt uz ttq skuxx azp orsazusatuoz or
yovqyqzt azp yazoquvrqs0 wtat ut tas yqazt uz ttq
turqxqss qzpurazoq azp sqxr1pqzuax or ttq troops azp uz
ttq rqarxqss xqapqrstup puspxayqp uz aotuoz0 oaz nq
apprqouatqp ozxy ny ttosq wto wqrq aotuaxxy oz ttq
spot2 But I yust tqxx you ttat ttq rayq or ttq Sqsqrt
Aryy tas sprqap ttroustout ttq worxp2
Artqr ttq surrqzpqr or conruk0 ttqrq was a park
pqruop wtqz yazy pqopxq0 zot kzowuzs us0 zot
kzowuzs ttq Brutust azp ttq zatuozs or ttq Brutust
Typurq0 wqrq rqapy to takq a pusparasuzs vuqw2 But
zow qvqrywtqrq your work us spokqz or wutt rqspqot
azp apyuratuoz2 rtqz I was wutt ttq Ctuqr or ttq
Iypqruax Gqzqrax Staff [Gqzqrax Brookq‘ at
Casanxazoa azp wutt ttq erqsupqzt or ttq dzutqp
Statqs0 ttq arruvax or ttq Sqsqrt Aryy uz crupoxu was a
zqw raotor wtuot uzfluqzoqp ttq ooursq or our
pusoussuozs azp opqzqp up topqrux vustas ror ttq
ruturq2 hou arq qztutxqp to kzow ttqsq ttuzss0 azp to
pwqxx upoz ttqy wutt ttat satusraotuoz wtuot yqz uz
axx yopqsty rqqx wtqz a srqat work tas nqqz fizaxxy
pozq2 hou tavq rqzpqrqp a tust sqrvuoq to your
oouztry azp ttq ooyyoz oausq2
It yust tavq nqqz a trqyqzpous qxpqruqzoq pruvuzs
rorwarp pay artqr pay ovqr ttus pqsqrt wtuot ut tas
takqz yq ttus yorzuzs yorq ttaz sux tours to fly at
CAA yuxqs az tour2 hou wqrq pursuuzs a nrokqz
qzqyy0 prassuzs oz nqtuzp you ttus qvqr1xqzsttqzuzs
xuzq or ooyyuzuoatuozs0 oarryuzs ttq wtoxq art or
pqsqrt warrarq to pqrrqotuoz2 Iz ttq worps or ttq oxp
tyyz0 you tavq ‘zusttxy putotqp your yovuzs tqzts a
pay’s yarot zqarqr toyq2’ hqs0 zot ozxy uz ttq yarot
or ttq aryy nut uz ttq prosrqss or ttq war you tavq
nroustt toyq zqarqr2 I ay tqrq to ttazk you oz
nqtaxr or Hus Mavqsty’s Govqrzyqzt or ttq Brutust
Isxqs azp or axx our rruqzps ttq worxp ovqr2
Harp strussxqs xuq atqap2 aoyyqx0 ttq rusutuvq or
Tsypt0 Cyrqzauoa0 azp crupoxutazua0 uz a zoz1stop raoq
or 10EAA yuxqs0 us zow tryuzs to prqsqzt tuysqxr as ttq
pqxuvqrqr or cuzusua2 Axozs ttq Tastqrz ooast or
cuzusua arq xarsq zuynqrs or Gqryaz azp Itaxuaz
troops0 zot yqt qquuppqp to ttqur prqvuous stazparp0
nut srowuzs strozsqr2 Oz ttq ottqr supq0 azottqr
srqat opqratuoz0 pxazzqp uz oozvuzotuoz wutt your
apvazoq0 tas oarruqp ttq Furst Brutust Aryy0 our
Ayqruoaz ooyrapqs0 azp ttq Frqzot aryuqs to wuttuz
3A or EA yuxqs or Buzqrta azp cuzus2 ctqrqrorq a
yuxutary sutuatuoz arusqs wtuot qvqryozq oaz
uzpqrstazp2
ctq pays or your vuotoruqs arq ny zo yqazs at az
qzp0 azp wutt roroqs wtuot yarot rroy puffqrqzt
quartqrs wq yay topq to aotuqvq ttq fizax pqstruotuoz
or qxpuxsuoz rroy ttq storqs or Arruoa or qvqry aryqp
Gqryaz or Itaxuaz2 hou yust tavq rqxt rqxuqr wtqz0
artqr ttosq yazy a tuzprqp yuxqs or pqsqrt0 you oayq
ozoq yorq uzto a srqqz xazp wutt trqqs azp srass0 azp
I po zot ttuzk you wuxx xosq ttat apvaztasq2
As you so rorwarp oz rurttqr yussuozs ttat wuxx raxx
to your xot0 you wuxx fistt uz oouztruqs wtuot wuxx
prqsqzt uzpountqpxy sqruous taotuoax puffiouxtuqs0 nut
wtuot zozq ttq xqss wuxx zot tavq ttat sruy otaraotqr
or pqsqrt war wtuot you tavq kzowz tow to qzpurq
azp tow to ovqrooyq2
 Lqt yq ttqz assurq you0 soxpuqrs azp auryqz0 ttat
your rqxxow oouztryyqz rqsarp your vouzt work wutt
apyuratuoz azp sratutupq0 azp ttat artqr ttq war
wtqz a yaz us askqp wtat tq pup ut wuxx nq quutq
suffiouqzt ror tuy to say0 ‘I yarotqp azp roustt wutt
ttq Sqsqrt Aryy2’ Azp wtqz tustory us wruttqz azp axx
ttq raots arq kzowz0 your rqats wuxx sxqay azp sxow
azp wuxx nq a souroq or sozs azp story xozs artqr wq
wto arq sattqrqp tqrq tavq passqp away2
 ‘T7 E 7 E A CT @5 A F STC8Al

Oz 18 Fqnruary 19E30 Cturotuxx spokq outsupq 1A Sowzuzs

Strqqt wtqz Sur Gqorsq Frazokqzstquz0 ttq roryqr Austruaz
Muzustqr uz Lozpoz0 prqsqztqp a trauxqr oaztqqz to ttq
royqz’s eoxuztary Sqrvuoq (reS, oz nqtaxr or Austruazs uz
BrutauzK
It us zot wuttout pqqp qyotuoz ttat I attqzp ttus
suypxq oqrqyozy2 Hqrq wq sqq ttq tqart or Austrua0
axttoust traypxqp powz uzpqr ttq Nazu azp erussuaz
yokq2 rq oaz zqvqr rorsqt tqrq uz ttus usxazp ttat
Austrua was ttq first vuotuy or Nazu assrqssuoz2 rq
kzow ttat tappy xurq wtuot yustt tavq nqqz xqp ny
soorqs or yuxxuozs uz oqztrax Turopq2 rq rqyqynqr
ttq otary0 nqauty0 azp tustoruo spxqzpour or euqzza0
ttq sraoq or xurq0 ttq puszuty or ttq uzpuvupuaxE axx ttq
xuzks or past sqzqratuozs wtuot arq assoouatqp uz our
yuzps wutt Austrua azp wutt euqzza2
Sur Gqorsq Frazokqzstquz0 you arq tqrq as a xuzk
wutt us nqtwqqz ttq park past0 ttq tassarp prqsqzt0
azp wtat I stuxx nqxuqvq wuxx nq ttq sxoruous ruturq2
rq staxx strussxq oz azp fistt oz2 ctq pqopxq or
Brutauz wuxx zqvqr pqsqrt ttq oausq or ttq rrqquzs or
Austrua rroy ttq erussuaz yokq2 rq staxx so rorwarp2
Mazy xozs yuxqs tavq to nq yarotqp azp yazy
xqasuqs at sqa to nq oovqrqp ny stupsE yazy yuxxuozs
or yuxqs or aqropxazq flustts nq aoooypxustqpE srqat
tqart azp qffort wuxx nq zqqpqp rroy xarsq yassqs or
tuyaz nquzss0 nut wq tavq ttrqq1quartqrs or ttq
tuyaz raoq upoz our supq2
Ozxy our owz roxxuqs oaz pqpruvq us or vuotoryE azp
uz ttq vuotory or ttq Axxuqs0 Frqq Austrua staxx fizp tqr
tozourqp pxaoq2
 ‘T7 E E N E M R 8S ST8E E AC@F 3 A N 3
A@H E C5F E l

Cturotuxx yapq fivq voyasqs aoross ttq Atxaztuo to ttq

dzutqp Statqs nqtwqqz Sqoqynqr 19E1 azp Sqptqynqr
19EE2 Suruzs qaot or ttosq vusuts0 tq usqp axx tus powqrs or
pqrsuasuoz wutt erqsupqzt aoosqvqxt to oo1orpuzatq ttq war
stratqsuqs or ttq two oouztruqs to pqrqat Gqryazy azp
Rapaz2 Hq axso uzpqrstoop ttq uyportazoq or Cozsrqssuozax
support2 Iz wtat was tus sqoozp apprqss to Cozsrqss0 oz 19
May 19E30 tq sqt out ttq tqavy tasks ttat raoqp Brutauz azp
ttq dzutqp StatqsK
Ir wq wust to anrupsq ttq sxausttqr azp ruuz wtuot
ttus war us sprqapuzs to so yazy xazps azp to wtuot
wq yust oursqxvqs ooztrunutq so sruqvous a yqasurq
or suffqruzs azp saorufioq0 wq oazzot afforp to rqxax a
suzsxq finrq or our nquzs or to toxqratq ttq sxusttqst
anatqyqzt or our qfforts2 ctq qzqyy us stuxx proup azp
powqrrux2 Hq us tarp to sqt at2 Hq stuxx possqssqs
qzoryous aryuqs0 vast rqsouroqs0 azp uzvaxuanxq
stratqsuo tqrrutoruqs2
rar us ruxx or yystqruqs azp surprusqs2 A raxsq stqp0
a wrozs purqotuoz0 az qrror uz stratqsy0 pusoorp or
xassutupq ayozs ttq Axxuqs0 yustt sooz suvq ttq
ooyyoz qzqyy powqr to oozrrozt us wutt zqw azp
tupqous raots2 rq tavq suryouztqp yazy sqruous
pazsqrs0 nut ttqrq us ozq sravq pazsqr wtuot wuxx so
axozs wutt us tuxx ttq qzpE ttat pazsqr us ttq uzpuq
proxozsatuoz or ttq war2 No ozq oaz tqxx wtat zqw
ooypxuoatuozs azp pqruxs yustt arusq uz rour or fivq
yorq yqars or war2 Azp ut us uz ttq prassuzs1out or ttq
war at qzoryous qxpqzsq0 uztux ttq pqyooraouqs arq
turqp or norqp or spxut0 ttat ttq yauz topqs or
Gqryazy azp Rapaz yust zow rqsupq2
rq yust pqstroy ttus topq as wq tavq pqstroyqp so
yazy ottqrs0 azp ror ttat purposq wq yust nqwarq or
qvqry topuo towqvqr attraotuvq azp qvqry tqzpqzoy
towqvqr zaturax wtuot turzs our yuzps azp qzqrsuqs
rroy ttus suprqyq onvqotuvq or ttq sqzqrax vuotory or
ttq dzutqp Natuozs2 By suzsxqzqss or purposq0 ny
stqaprastzqss or oozpuot0 ny tqzaouty azp qzpurazoq
suot as wq tavq so rar puspxayqp – ny ttqsq0 azp ozxy
ny ttqsq0 oaz wq pusotarsq our puty to ttq ruturq or
ttq worxp azp to ttq pqstuzy or yaz2
 ‘8 7 AGE N @ 83 E A H 7 AT 8 SA 83 l

Oz 1 Ruzq 19E30 wtqz Cturotuxx was uz cuzus0 tq spokq to a

vast oozooursq or Brutust troops uz ttq aoyaz ayptuttqatrq
uz Carttasq2 ctat qvqzuzs0 tq toxp tus suqsts at puzzqr0
uzoxupuzs ttq Ctuqr or ttq Iypqruax Gqzqrax Staff0 Gqzqrax
Axaz BrookqK ‘hqs0 I was spqakuzs rroy wtqrq ttq oruqs or
Ctrustuaz vursuzs rqzt ttq aur wtuxst roaruzs xuozs pqvourqp
ttqy – azp yqt – I ay zo xuoz azp oqrtauzxy zot a vursuz2’ Or
tus appqarazoq uz ttq ayptuttqatrq0 tq wrotq uz Lhe
Kecond Oorld OarK
ctq sqzsq or vuotory was uz ttq aur2 ctq wtoxq or
Nortt Arruoa was oxqarqp or ttq qzqyy2 A quartqr or a
yuxxuoz prusozqrs wqrq ooopqp uz our oasqs2 Tvqryozq
was vqry proup azp pqxusttqp2 ctqrq us zo pount ttat
pqopxq xukq wuzzuzs vqry yuot2 I apprqssqp yazy
ttousazp soxpuqrs at Carttasq uz ttq ruuzs or az
uyyqzsq ayptuttqatrq2 Cqrtauzxy ttq tour azp
sqttuzs xqzt ttqysqxvqs to oratory2 I tavq zo upqa
wtat I saup0 nut ttq wtoxq aupuqzoq oxappqp azp
otqqrqp as pountxqss ttqur prqpqoqssors or two
ttousazp yqars aso tap pozq as ttqy watotqp
sxapuatoruax ooynats2
 ‘TR CA N N R 8S @F C 5@E l

Oz 6 Sqptqynqr 19E30 puruzs tus rourtt wartuyq vusut to

ttq dzutqp Statqs0 Cturotuxx vusutqp Harvarp dzuvqrsuty0
wtqrq tq rqoquvqp az tozorary pqsrqq2 Txuzanqtt Laytoz0
ozq or ttq sqorqtaruqs to wtoy tq tap puotatqp tus spqqot
puruzs ttq zustt trauz vourzqy rroy rastuzstoz0 wrotq to
tqr parqztsK ‘It was ozq or tus vqry nqst pqxuvqruqs – ozq rqxt
tq was ooypxqtqxy yastqr or qvqryttuzs tq saup azp ttat
qvqz a noyn wouxpz’t tavq stakqz tuy2’ Suruzs ttq ooursq
or tus spqqot Cturotuxx saupK
Tvqz qxpqrxy earxuayqztaruazs xukq yysqxr arq roroqp
to aoquurq a tust pqsrqq or yonuxuty2 But to ttq youtt
or Ayqruoa0 as to ttq youtt or Brutauz0 I say ‘hou
oazzot stop2’ ctqrq us zo taxtuzs1pxaoq at ttus pouzt2
rq tavq zow rqaotqp a stasq uz ttq vourzqy wtqrq
ttqrq oaz nq zo pausq2 rq yust so oz2 It yust nq
worxp azaroty or worxp orpqr2 ctroustout axx ttus
orpqax azp strussxq wtuot us otaraotqrustuo or our
asq0 you wuxx fizp uz ttq Brutust Coyyozwqaxtt azp
Typurq soop ooyrapqs to wtoy you arq uzutqp ny
ottqr tuqs nqsupqs ttosq or Statq poxuoy azp punxuo
zqqp2 co a xarsq qxtqzt0 ttqy arq ttq tuqs or nxoop azp
tustory2 Naturaxxy I0 a otuxp or nott worxps0 ay
oozsouous or ttqsq2
Law0 xazsuasq0 xutqraturq – ttqsq arq oozsupqranxq
raotors2 Coyyoz oozoqptuozs or wtat us rustt azp
pqoqzt0 a yarkqp rqsarp ror raur pxay0 qspqouaxxy to
ttq wqak azp poor0 a stqrz sqztuyqzt or uypartuax
vustuoq0 azp anovq axx ttq xovq or pqrsozax rrqqpoy0 or
as Kupxuzs put utK ‘Lqavq to xuvq ny zo yaz’s xqavq
uzpqrzqatt ttq xaw’ – ttqsq arq ooyyoz oozoqptuozs
oz nott supqs or ttq ooqaz ayozs ttq Tzsxust1
spqakuzs pqopxqs2 rq toxp to ttqsq oozoqptuozs as
strozsxy as you po2
rq po zot war pruyaruxy wutt raoqs as suot2
cyrazzy us our roq0 wtatqvqr trappuzss or pussuusq ut
wqars0 wtatqvqr xazsuasq ut spqaks0 nq ut qxtqrzax or
uztqrzax0 wq yust ror qvqr nq oz our suarp0 qvqr
yonuxuzqp0 qvqr vusuxazt0 axways rqapy to spruzs at uts
ttroat2 Iz axx ttus0 wq yarot tosqttqr2 Not ozxy po wq
yarot azp struvq stouxpqr to stouxpqr at ttus yoyqzt
uzpqr ttq firq or ttq qzqyy oz ttq fiqxps or war or uz
ttq aur0 nut axso uz ttosq rqaxys or ttoustt wtuot arq
oozsqoratqp to ttq rustts azp ttq puszuty or yaz2
[…‘
ctq srqat Busyarok – ror ttqrq wqrq ozoq srqat yqz
uz Gqryazy – us saup to tavq onsqrvqp towarps ttq
oxosq or tus xurq ttat ttq yost potqzt raotor uz tuyaz
soouqty at ttq qzp or ttq zuzqtqqztt oqztury was ttq
raot ttat ttq Brutust azp Ayqruoaz pqopxqs spokq ttq
sayq xazsuasq2 ctat was a prqszazt sayuzs2
Cqrtauzxy ut tas qzanxqp us to wasq war tosqttqr wutt
az uztuyaoy azp taryozy zqvqr nqrorq aotuqvqp
ayozs axxuqs2
ctus surt or a ooyyoz tozsuq us a pruoqxqss
uztqrutazoq0 azp ut yay wqxx soyq pay nqooyq ttq
rouzpatuoz or a ooyyoz outuzqzstup2 I xukq to ttuzk or
Brutust azp Ayqruoazs yovuzs anout rrqqxy ovqr qaot
ottqr’s wupq qstatqs wutt tarpxy a sqzsq or nquzs
rorquszqrs to ozq azottqr2 But I po zot sqq wty wq
stouxp zot try to sprqap our ooyyoz xazsuasq qvqz
yorq wupqxy ttroustout ttq sxonq azp0 wuttout
sqqkuzs sqxfist apvaztasq ovqr azy0 possqss oursqxvqs
or ttus uzvaxuanxq ayqzuty azp nurttrustt2
 ‘8 A 3 M 8CE 3 T7 E A 3 M 8CA E lS
SA@CT8N 6 SA8C8Tl

Oz 6 Ruzq 19EE0 Brutust0 Cazapuaz azp dzutqp Statqs roroqs

oarruqp out ttq xozs1awautqp xazpuzss oz ttq Ctazzqx Coast
or FrazoqK ttq Noryazpy Lazpuzss2 Cturotuxx0 wto tap
nqqz oxosqxy uzvoxvqp uz ttq pxazzuzs ror ttq prqvuous sux
yoztts0 yapq sqvqrax vusuts to ttq nqaotqs0 ttq first oz
Ruzq 1C2 Iz Lhe Kecond Oorld Oar0 tq rqoaxxqp tus yqqtuzss
oz ttat first vusut wutt Gqzqrax Moztsoyqry0 at tus
tqapquartqrs soyq fivq yuxqs uzxazp0 azp wutt Apyurax euaz
oz noarp ttq Apyurax’s BarsqK
rq xuzotqp uz a tqzt xookuzs towarps ttq qzqyy2 ctq
Gqzqrax was uz ttq tustqst spuruts2 I askqp tuy tow
rar away was ttq aotuax rrozt2 Hq saup anout ttrqq
yuxqs2 I askqp tuy ur tq tap a ooztuzuous xuzq2 Hq saup
‘No2’
‘rtat us ttqrq ttqz to prqvqzt az uzoursuoz or
Gqryaz aryour nrqakuzs up our xuzotqozN’ Hq saup
tq pup zot ttuzk ttqy wouxp ooyq2
ctq staff toxp yq ttq otatqau tap nqqz tqavuxy
noynqp ttq zustt nqrorq0 azp oqrtauzxy ttqrq wqrq a
soop yazy oratqrs arouzp ut2 I toxp tuy tq was takuzs
too yuot or a rusk ur tq yapq a tanut or suot
prooqqpuzss2 Azyttuzs oaz nq pozq ozoq or ror a
stort tuyq0 nut oustoy0 rqpqtutuoz0 proxozsatuoz0 us
axways to nq avoupqp wtqz possunxq uz war2 Hq pup uz
raot yovq two pays xatqr0 ttoust zot tuxx tq azp tus
staff tap tap azottqr posq2
It ooztuzuqp fizq0 azp apart rroy oooasuozax aur
axarys azp aztu1aurorart firq ttqrq sqqyqp to nq zo
 fisttuzs2 rq yapq a oozsupqranxq uzspqotuoz or our
xuyutqp nrupsqtqap2
[…‘
Cturotuxx ttqz wqzt oz noarp ttq Apyurax’s BarsqK
ctq noynarpyqzt was xqusurqxy azp ooztuzuous0 nut
ttqrq was zo rqpxy rroy ttq qzqyy2 As wq wqrq anout
to turz I saup to euaz0 ‘Suzoq wq arq so zqar0 wty
stouxpz’t wq tavq a pxus at ttqy oursqxvqs nqrorq wq
so toyqN’
Hq saup0 ‘Cqrtauzxy0’ azp uz a yuzutq or two axx our
suzs firqp oz ttq suxqzt ooast2 rq wqrq or ooursq wqxx
wuttuz ttq razsq or ttqur artuxxqry0 azp ttq yoyqzt wq
tap firqp euaz yapq ttq pqstroyqr turz anout azp
pqpart at ttq tustqst spqqp2 rq wqrq sooz out or
pazsqr azp passqp ttroust ttq oruusqr azp nattxqstup
xuzqs2
ctus us ttq ozxy tuyq I tavq qvqr nqqz oz noarp a
zavax vqssqx wtqz stq firqp ‘uz azsqr’ – ur ut oaz nq so
oaxxqp2 I apyurqp ttq Apyurax’s sportuzs spurut2
 ‘A N 8M ACE SS8GE AE C5@CM A N C E l

Cturotuxx’s sqoozp vusut to ttq Noryazpy nqaottqap nqsaz

oz CA Ruxy 19EE0 qustt pays artqr ttq first2 Oz ttus vusut tq
spqzt soyq tuyq onsqrvuzs ttq xazpuzs or yqz azp
yaotuzqry0 uzoxupuzs ttq pqxuvqry or suppxuqs ny SdKrs –
ttq ayptunuous truoks ooyyozxy kzowz as ‘Suoks’2 Hq
rqoaxxqp uz Lhe Kecond Oorld OarK
Oz ttq CAtt I flqw purqot uz az Ayqruoaz Aryy Sakota
to ttqur xazpuzs1srouzp oz ttq Ctqrnours pqzuzsuxa0
azp was takqz axx rouzp ttq tarnour ny ttq dzutqp
Statqs ooyyazpqr2 Hqrq I saw ror ttq first tuyq a
flyuzs noyn xauzotuzs1pouzt2 It was a vqry qxanoratq
affaur2 I was stookqp at ttq payasq ttq Gqryazs tap
pozq to ttq towz0 azp starqp ttq staff
pusappouztyqzt at ttq uzqvutanxq pqxay uz sqttuzs ttq
port to work2 ctq nasuzs or ttq tarnour wqrq ttuokxy
sowz wutt ooztaot yuzqs2 A tazprux or pqvotqp Brutust
puvqrs wqrq at work pay azp zustt pusoozzqotuzs
ttqsq at ttqur yortax pqrux2 rary trunutqs wqrq paup
to ttqy ny ttqur Ayqruoaz ooyrapqs2
Artqr a xozs azp pazsqrous pruvq to ttq dzutqp
Statqs nqaottqap kzowz as dtat Bqaot0 I wqzt
anoarp a Brutust yotor torpqpo1noat0 azp ttqzoq tap
a roust passasq to Arroyazotqs2 As ozq sqts oxpqr
sqasuokzqss rqtrqats2 I pup zot suoouyn0 nut sxqpt
souzpxy tuxx wq wqrq uz ttq oaxy watqrs or our
syzttqtuo xasooz2 I wqzt anoarp ttq oruusqr
EnterprZse0 wtqrq I rqyauzqp ror ttrqq pays0 yakuzs
yysqxr ttoroustxy aoquauztqp wutt ttq wtoxq workuzs
or ttq tarnour0 oz wtuot axx ttq aryuqs zow axyost
qzturqxy pqpqzpqp0 azp at ttq sayq tuyq trazsaotuzs
yy Lozpoz nusuzqss2
ctq zustts wqrq vqry zousy0 ttqrq nquzs rqpqatqp
raups ny suzsxq aurorart0 azp yorq zuyqrous axarys2
By pay I stupuqp ttq wtoxq prooqss or ttq xazpuzs or
suppxuqs azp troops0 nott at ttq puqrs0 uz wtuot I tap
so xozs nqqz uztqrqstqp0 azp oz ttq nqaotqs2 Oz ozq
oooasuoz sux tazk xazpuzs orart oayq to ttq nqaot uz
xuzq2 rtqz ttqur prows srouzpqp ttqur prawnrupsqs
rqxx rorwarp azp out oayq ttq tazks0 ttrqq or rour
rroy qaot0 azp spxastqp astorq2 Iz xqss ttaz qustt
yuzutqs ny yy stopwatot ttq tazks stoop uz ooxuyz
or routq oz ttq tustroap rqapy to yovq uzto aotuoz2
ctus was az uyprqssuvq pqrroryazoq0 azp typuoax or
ttq ratq or pusotarsq wtuot tap zow nqqz aotuqvqp2
I was rasouzatqp to sqq ttq SdKrs swuyyuzs
ttroust ttq tarnour0 wappxuzs astorq0 azp ttqz
turryuzs up ttq tuxx to ttq srqat puyp wtqrq ttq
xorruqs wqrq wautuzs to takq ttqur suppxuqs to ttq
varuous uzuts2 dpoz ttq wozpqrrux qffiouqzoy or ttus
systqy0 zow yuqxpuzs rqsuxts rar srqatqr ttaz wq tap
qvqr pxazzqp0 pqpqzpqp ttq topqs or a spqqpy azp
vuotoruous aotuoz2
Oz ttq first zustt wtqz I vusutqp ttq warprooy ttq
offioqrs wqrq suzsuzs sozss2 At ttq qzp ttqy sazs ttq
otorus or ‘auxq0 Brutazzua’2 I askqp ttqy wtat wqrq
ttq worps2 Nonopy kzqw ttqy2 So I rqoutqp soyq or
ctoysoz’s zonxq xuzqs yysqxr0 azp ror ttq nqzqfit azp
ttq uzstruotuoz or ttq rqapqr (ur tq zqqps azy, I
rqpruzt ttqy tqrqK
ctq zatuozs zot so nxqst as ttqq
Must uz ttqur turz to tyrazts raxxK
rtuxq ttou staxt flourust srqat azp rrqq0
ctq prqap azp qzvy or ttqy axx2
 
 ctq Musqs stuxx0 wutt rrqqpoy rouzp0
Staxx to tty tappy ooasts rqpaurE
Bxqst usxq0 wutt yatotxqss nqauty orowzqp0
Azp yazxy tqarts to suarp ttq raur2
Oz yy xast pay at Arroyazotqs I vusutqp
Moztsoyqry’s tqapquartqrs0 a rqw yuxqs uzxazp2 ctq
Coyyazpqr1uz1Ctuqr was uz ttq nqst or spuruts oz ttq
qvq or tus xarsqst opqratuoz0 wtuot tq qxpxauzqp to yq
uz axx pqtaux2 Hq took yq uzto ttq ruuzs or Caqz azp
aoross ttq ruvqr0 azp wq axso vusutqp ottqr parts or ttq
Brutust rrozt2 ctqz tq pxaoqp at yy pusposax tus
oapturqp Storot aqropxazq0 azp ttq Aur Coyyazpqr
tuysqxr puxotqp yq axx ovqr ttq Brutust posutuozs2 ctus
aurorart oouxp xazp at a puzot axyost azywtqrq0 azp
oozsqquqztxy ozq oouxp fly at a rqw tuzprqp rqqt rroy
ttq srouzp0 sauzuzs a rar nqttqr vuqw azp kzowxqpsq
or ttq soqzq ttaz ny azy ottqr yqttop2 I axso vusutqp
sqvqrax or ttq aur statuozs0 azp saup a rqw worps to
sattqruzss or offioqrs azp yqz2
Fuzaxxy I wqzt to ttq fiqxp tosputax0 wtqrq0 ttoust ut
was a quuqt pay0 a truokxq or oasuaxtuqs was ooyuzs uz2
Ozq poor yaz was to tavq a sqruous opqratuoz0 azp
was aotuaxxy oz ttq tanxq anout to takq ttq
azaqsttqtuo2 I was sxuppuzs away wtqz tq saup tq
waztqp yq2 Hq syuxqp waruxy azp kussqp yy tazp2 I
was pqqpxy yovqp0 azp vqry sxap to xqarz xatqr oz
ttat ttq opqratuoz tap nqqz qzturqxy suooqssrux2
 ‘T7 E S@F E @5 5CA N C E 3 83 N @T
3 8E l

erqsupqzt aoosqvqxt was rqxuotazt to sqq ttq Frqq Frqzot

aooorpqp ttq posutuoz or az Axxuqp eowqr0 wtuot wouxp
uzvoxvq suvuzs ttqy0 artqr Gqryazy’s pqrqat0 a Zozq or
Oooupatuoz uz Gqryazy2 Hq was axso opqzxy orutuoax or
Gqzqrax pq Gauxxq2 Sqsputq tus qarxuqr rqsqrvatuozs anout
ttq Frqq Frqzot xqapqr0 oz ttus oooasuoz Cturotuxx pup zot
starq aoosqvqxt’s vuqw0 as tq qxpxauzqp to ttq Housq or
Coyyozs oz C Ausust 19EEK
Iz ttqsq xast rour yqars I tavq tap yazy puffqrqzoqs
wutt Gqzqrax pq Gauxxq0 nut I tavq zqvqr rorsottqz0
azp oaz zqvqr rorsqt0 ttat tq stoop rortt as ttq first
qyuzqzt Frqzotyaz to raoq ttq ooyyoz roq uz wtat
sqqyqp to nq ttq tour or ruuz or tus oouztry0 azp
possunxy0 or ours0 azp ut us ozxy raur azp nqooyuzs ttat
tq stouxp stazp first azp rorqyost uz ttq pays wtqz
Frazoq staxx asauz nq rausqp0 azp rausq tqrsqxr0 to tqr
rusttrux pxaoq ayozs ttq srqat eowqrs or Turopq azp
or ttq worxp2
For rorty yqars I tavq nqqz a oozsustqzt rruqzp or
Frazoq azp tqr nravq AryyE axx yy xurq I tavq nqqz
sratqrux ror ttq ooztrunutuoz Frazoq tas yapq to ttq
ouxturq azp sxory or Turopq0 azp anovq axx ror ttq
sqzsq or pqrsozax xunqrty azp ttq rustts or yaz wtuot
tas rapuatqp rroy ttq soux or Frazoq2 But ttqsq arq
zot yattqrs or sqztuyqzt or pqrsozax rqqxuzs2 It us ozq
or ttq yauz uztqrqsts or Grqat Brutauz ttat a rruqzpxy
Frazoq stouxp rqsauz azp toxp tqr pxaoq ayozs ttq
yavor eowqrs or Turopq azp ttq worxp2 Stow yq a
yoyqzt wtqz I swqrvqp rroy ttus oozoqptuoz0 azp
you wuxx stow yq a yoyqzt wtqz I tavq nqqz wrozs2
I yust oozrqss ttat I zqvqr xukqp crotsky0 nut ttqrq
us ozq ttuzs tq saup at ttq tuyq or ttq nrutax Gqryaz
crqaty or Brqst1Lutovsk wtuot stuok uz yy yuzp2 Hq
saup to ttq Gqryaz nuxxuqsK ‘ctq pqstuzy or a srqat
zatuoz tas zqvqr yqt nqqz sqttxqp ny ttq tqyporary
oozputuoz or uts tqotzuoax apparatus2’ So ut wuxx nq wutt
Frazoq0 struok powz uz a rqw wqqks or asozy0 azp
pqpruvqp ttqrqartqr or ttq powqr or sqxr1qxprqssuoz
azp axyost or ttq rustt or qxustqzoq2 But ttq soux or
Frazoq pup zot puq2 It nurzqp tqrq azp ttqrq wutt
qxoqptuozax nrusttzqss2 It nurzqp ovqr wupqr arqas
wutt a puy nut uzquqzotanxq flayq2
Our xazpuzs uz Noryazpy0 ttq ooursq or ttq war0 ttq
wtoxq tupq or qvqzts0 stow quutq oxqarxy ttat wq staxx
prqsqztxy ozoq asauz tavq to pqax wutt ttq pronxqy or
Frazoq azp Gqryazy axozs ttq atuzq0 azp rroy ttat
pusoussuoz Frazoq oaz ny zo yqazs nq qxoxupqp2 It us
qvupqzt rroy wtat I tavq saup ttat I xook rorwarp to
ttq oxosqst assoouatuoz or ttq Brutust Typurq0 ttq
dzutqp Statqs azp ttq aussuaz azp Frqzot
rqprqsqztatuvqs uz ttq sqttxqyqzt or ttqsq uyportazt
Turopqaz pronxqys2
rq arq az axxuazoq or uzutqp0 pqaoq1xovuzs zatuozs
wto tavq nqqz roroqp to takq up arys to pqrqzp our
ruzpayqztax rustts0 azp wq yust zot raux uz ttq tour
or vuotory to yakq ttq arrazsqyqzts zqoqssary to
pqrpqtuatq ttq pqaoq ttat wq staxx tavq so pqarxy
noustt2
 ‘7 AGE T7 E AE @AE E T7 E C86 7 T T@
TF CN @F T A 6 @GE CN M E N T3 l

Oz 8 Sqptqynqr 19E30 Itaxy surrqzpqrqp0 azp a zqw Itaxuaz

Govqrzyqzt oayq uzto nquzs0 pqtqryuzqp to turz uts naok
oz Itaxuaz Fasousy0 azp to fistt axozssupq ttq rqstqrz Axxuqs
as ttqy nattxqp wutt ttq Gqryaz roroqs wto tap swurtxy
oooupuqp axx nut souttqrz Itaxy2 Oz a vusut to Itaxy uz Ausust
19EE0 Cturotuxx was askqp anout ttq pruzoupxqs oz wtuot
ttq zqw Itaxuaz pqyooraoy stouxp nq nasqp2 Oz Ausust C80
tq sqt out sqvqz quqstuozs ror axx wouxp1nq pqyooraouqs0
wtuot tq xatqr punxustqp uz Lhe Kecond Oorld OarK
Is ttqrq ttq rustt to rrqq qxprqssuoz or opuzuoz azp or
opposutuoz azp orutuousy or ttq Govqrzyqzt or ttq
payN
Havq ttq pqopxq ttq rustt to turz out a Govqrzyqzt
or wtuot ttqy pusapprovq0 azp arq oozstututuozax
yqazs provupqp ny wtuot ttqy oaz yakq ttqur wuxx
apparqztN
Arq ttqur oourts or vustuoq rrqq rroy vuoxqzoq ny ttq
Txqoutuvq azp rroy ttrqats or yon vuoxqzoq0 azp rrqq
or axx assoouatuoz wutt partuouxar poxutuoax partuqsN
ruxx ttqsq oourts apyuzustqr opqz azp wqxx1
qstanxustqp xaws wtuot arq assoouatqp uz ttq tuyaz
yuzp wutt ttq nroap pruzoupxqs or pqoqzoy azp
vustuoqN
ruxx ttqrq nq raur pxay ror poor as wqxx as ror ruot0
ror pruvatq pqrsozs as wqxx as Govqrzyqzt offiouaxsN
ruxx ttq rustts or ttq uzpuvupuax0 sunvqot to tus
putuqs to ttq Statq0 nq yauztauzqp azp assqrtqp azp
qxaxtqpN
 Is ttq orpuzary pqasazt or workyaz wto us qarzuzs
a xuvuzs ny pauxy toux azp struvuzs to nruzs up a rayuxy
rrqq rroy ttq rqar ttat soyq sruy poxuoq orsazusatuoz
uzpqr ttq ooztrox or a suzsxq party0 xukq ttq Gqstapo0
startqp ny ttq Nazu azp Fasoust partuqs0 wuxx tap tuy
oz ttq stouxpqr azp paok tuy off wuttout raur or opqz
truax to nozpasq or uxx1trqatyqztN
ctqsq suypxq0 praotuoax tqsts arq soyq or ttq tutxq
pqqps oz wtuot a zqw Itaxy oouxp nq rouzpqp2
 ‘T7 E 5@F N 3 AT8@N @5 A E E
3 E M @C CA C R l

Iz ttq xatq suyyqr or 19EE0 ttqrq wqrq oaxxs at

rqstyuzstqr ror az qarxy Gqzqrax Txqotuoz2 ctq prqvuous
Gqzqrax Txqotuoz tap nqqz zuzq yqars qarxuqr0 uz 19350 wtqz
ttq Natuozax Govqrzyqzt was rq1qxqotqp ny a xarsq
yavoruty0 wutt ttq Cozsqrvatuvq earty wuzzuzs 386 sqats0
ttq Lanour earty 15E sqats0 azp ttq Lunqrax earty C1 sqats2
Artqr rour yqars as partzqrs uz Cturotuxx’s Axx1earty Grazp
Coaxutuoz0 ttq Lanour xqapqrs waztqp a otazoq to rqvqrsq
ttqur qarxuqr qxqotorax rortuzqs0 azp rory a sovqrzyqzt or
ttqur owz2 Oz 31 Ootonqr 19EE0 Cturotuxx savq ttq Housq
or Coyyozs tus vuqws oz ttq ussuqK
I ay vqry oxqarxy or opuzuoz ttat ttq ooaxutuoz or
eartuqs oustt zot to nq nrokqz nqrorq Nazupoy us
nrokqz2 ctus was ttq purposq ror wtuot wq oayq
tosqttqr uz ttq prqsqzt Govqrzyqzt0 azp ut us stuxx ttq
suprqyq purposq wtuot affqots ttq sarqty or ttq
zatuoz azp ttq Typurq2 As I saup ttq ottqr pay0 azy
attqypt to qstuyatq ttq patq wtqz ttq war wutt
Gqryazy oaz nq offiouaxxy pqoxarqp ovqr oouxp nq zo
yorq ttaz a suqss2 A poxutuoax oozvuxsuoz uz Gqryazy
yustt nruzs ut to a spqqpy qzp at azy tuyq0 nut
asauzst ttat yust nq sqt ttq uroz ooztrox or Gqryaz
xurq uz axx uts rorys0 uzoxupuzs ttq Aryy0 wtuot tas
nqqz qstanxustqp ny Hutxqr’s story troops azp sqorqt
poxuoq2 ctus qxoqqps azyttuzs prqvuousxy kzowz
ayozs yqz2 ctqrqrorq0 wq oazzot oouzt upoz azy or
ttq zoryax rqaotuozs or punxuo opuzuoz2 Froy qvqry
quartqr ut sqqys ttat ttq ouvux popuxatuoz arq pxuzsqp
uz a puxx apatty0 azp oqrtauzxy azyozq wto sturrqp
asauzst ttq poxuoq wouxp uzstaztxy nq stot or
pqoaputatqp2 ctqrqrorq I suypxy oazzot pxaoq azy
pqpqzpqzoq upoz poxutuoax uprusuzss uz Gqryazy2
Oz yuxutary srouzps ut sqqys puffiouxt to nqxuqvq
ttat ttq war oouxp nq qzpqp nqrorq Ctrustyas0 or
qvqz nqrorq Tastqr0 axttoust0 as I tavq saup0 yazy
tust yuxutary auttorutuqs wutt qvqry yqazs to rory a
oorrqot vupsyqzt tavq qxprqssqp ttqysqxvqs yorq
topqruxxy0 azp axttoust qvqry qffort us nquzs yapq0
azp wuxx nq yapq0 asauzst ttq qzqyy2 ctq Gqryaz
troops arq fisttuzs wutt ttq utyost tqzaouty0 axttoust
out off uz yazy pxaoqs0 azp uz pqrqzoq or posutuozs
qvupqztxy rorxorz2 ctqy tavq nqqz oouztqr1attaokuzs
wutt vusour0 ttoust as yqt wuttout suooqss0 uz Hoxxazp
azp oz ttq Mosqxxq2 A srqat pqax or work tas stuxx to
nq pozq to uyprovq ttq ports azp nuuxp up suppxuqs
azp oozoqztratq rorwarp ttq qvqr1srowuzs Axxuqp
Aryy2 Iz Itaxy ttq fisttuzs us axso or ttq yost
onstuzatq otaraotqr0 azp ttq wqattqr tas nrokqz2 ctq
Tastqrz Frozt tas stowz uts yauz aotuvuty oz ttq
zortt azp soutt flazks2 Iyyqzsq suooqssqs tavq
rqwarpqp strqzuous aussuaz yuxutary qfforts azp
skuxrux aussuaz azp Axxuqp pupxoyaoy2 ctq pustazoqs
arq towqvqr vqry xarsq0 azp yazy tostuxq pqrqzoq
posutuozs tavq to nq storyqp or turzqp2 Iz axx ttqsq
ourouystazoqs I oqrtauzxy oouxp zot prqpuot0 stuxx xqss
suaraztqq0 ttq qzp or ttq Gqryaz war nqrorq ttq qzp
or ttq spruzs0 or qvqz nqrorq wq rqaot ttq qarxy
suyyqr2 It yay ooyq qarxuqr0 azp zo ozq wuxx rqvouoq
yorq ttaz I ur ut stouxp2
Azytow0 I tavq zo tqsutatuoz uz pqoxaruzs ttat ut
wouxp nq a wrozsrux aot0 uzwortty or our oouztry’s
rayq0 to nrqak up ttq prqsqzt sovqrzuzs uzstruyqzt
nqrorq wq kzow wtqrq wq arq wutt Hutxqr’s Gqryazy2
ctosq wto roroqp suot a pusastqr0 qvqz ttousttxqssxy0
wouxp takq oz ttqysqxvqs a yqasurqxqss
rqspozsunuxuty0 azp ttqur aotuoz wouxp nq fiqroqxy
rqsqztqp ny ttq zatuoz at xarsq2 I ay ttazkrux to say
ttat ttqrq arq zo suszs or azy suot pqsurq uz azy
rqspozsunxq quartqr2
Lqt us assuyq0 towqvqr0 ttat ttq Gqryaz war qzps
uz Marot0 Aprux or May0 azp ttat soyq or axx ttq ottqr
partuqs uz ttq Coaxutuoz rqoaxx ttqur Muzustqrs out or
ttq Govqrzyqzt0 or wust to nruzs ut to az qzp rroy
suot patqs2 ctat wouxp nq a yattqr or rqsrqt0 nott oz
punxuo azp oz pqrsozax srouzps0 to a srqat yazy
pqopxq0 nut ut wouxp zot nq a yattqr or rqproaot or
nuttqrzqss nqtwqqz us uz ttus Govqrzyqzt or uz ttus
Housq ozoq Gqryazy tas nqqz pqrqatqp2
rq arq toxp ttqrq yust oz zo aooouzt nq wtat us
oaxxqp a ooupoz qxqotuoz2 By ttat I prqsuyq us yqazt
az asrqqyqzt nqtwqqz ttq offiouax partuqs zot to
opposq qaot ottqr uz yost or ttq sqats0 azp to rory a
soxup rrozt asauzst ttosq wto orutuouzq or opposq us2
Iz ottqr worps0 ut wouxp yqaz ttat ttq prqsqzt
Coaxutuoz stouxp so to ttq oouztry azp ontauz rroy ut
a rqzqwax or oozfipqzoq2 I tavq zo pount ttqy wouxp
sqt ut0 nut ttqrq wouxp nq soyq wto wouxp say ut was
too qasy2 But ozq yust apyut ttat yazy pqopxq wouxp
ttuzk ttus wouxp tarpxy nq a raur way or tqstuzs
opuzuoz uz ttq oouztry0 azp uz raot ut wouxp nq quutq
uypossunxq to ontauz party asrqqyqzt to suot a
ooursq2 Mazy pqopxq rqqx ttat ut wouxp uypqpq ttq
qxqotoratq uz qxprqssuzs ttqur rrqq otouoq2 Nquttqr
wouxp ut nq sqqyxy0 or uzpqqp praotuoanxq0 ozoq a
pussoxutuoz tap nqqz azzouzoqp0 ror Muzustqrs to so
axx ovqr ttq oouztry qxprqssuzs ttq utyost pustastq
ror qaot ottqr’s vuqws azp rqoorps0 azp yqt nq
tosqttqr uz Canuzqt pusoussuzs as ooxxqasuqs axx ttq
sravqst yattqrs or ttq tour2 Nor asauz wouxp ut nq
propqr ror ttq Muzustqrs wto arq axso uz soyq oasqs
xqapqrs0 azp wtosq kzowxqpsq us zqqpqp to suupq ttq
oouztry0 to rqyauz suxqzt azp apparqztxy uzpuffqrqzt to
ttq rortuzqs or ttqur partuqs or or ttqur oazpupatqs2 I
po zot fizp ut qasy to qsoapq rroy ttq wqustt azp
roroq or ttqsq arsuyqzts2
ctq azzouzoqyqzt or ttq pussoxutuoz wouxp
ttqrqrorq zqoqssaruxy yark ttq oxosq or ttq prqsqzt
Apyuzustratuoz2 ctq Cozsqrvatuvq earty tavq a
yavoruty or yorq ttaz ozq tuzprqp anovq axx partuqs
azp uzpqpqzpqzts uz ttq prqsqzt Housq0 azp ut wouxp
ttqrqrorq raxx to us to yakq arrazsqyqzts ror ttq
uzqvutanxq Gqzqrax Txqotuoz2 I oazzot oozoquvq ttat
azyozq wouxp wust ttat qxqotuoz to nq tqxp uz a
vuoxqzt turry or wtuxq wq wqrq axx rqvououzs tosqttqr
azp rqzpqruzs ttazks to Gop ror our pqxuvqrazoq2
ctqrq yust nq az uztqrvax2 Morqovqr0 wq tavq anovq
axx ttuzss to nq oarqrux ttat praotuoaxxy qvqrynopy
qztutxqp to votq tas a raur otazoq to po so2 ctus
appxuqs anovq axx to ttq soxpuqrs0 yazy or wtoy arq
sqrvuzs at srqat pustazoqs rroy ttus oouztry2
Nottuzs wouxp nq yorq stayqrux or yorq
pustozouranxq ttaz to pqzy ttq srqat yass or ttq
soxpuqrs0 azp ttq Sqrvuoq yqz or ttq Aur Foroq azp or
ttq Navy0 a ruxx opportuzuty or rqoorpuzs ttqur votqs2
Iz yy opuzuoz ttqy tavq yorq rustt to votq ttaz
azyozq qxsq uz ttq oouztry0 azp wq stouxp axx nq
astayqp ur azyttuzs wqrq pozq wtuot prqvqztqp
ttqsq yqz0 to wtoy wq owq axyost qvqryttuzs0 rroy
takuzs ttqur ruxx part uz pqoupuzs ttq uyyqpuatq ruturq
or ttqur oouztry2 ctat us zot to say ttat qvqry suzsxq
yaz uz ttq yost rqyotq statuoz oaz nq oqrtauz or
nquzs anxq to votq0 nut qvqryttuzs uz tuyaz powqr
wuxx nq pozq to suvq ttq ruxxqst possunxq opportuzutuqs
ror ttq qxqrousq or ttq rrazotusq to axx uz ttq fisttuzs
Sqrvuoqs2
It us0 towqvqr0 uz raot zot xqsaxxy possunxq0 artqr ttq
zqw qxqotorax arrazsqyqzts tavq ooyq uzto roroq0 as
ttqy po oz ttq 1st Sqoqynqr ttus yqar0 ror poxxuzs to
takq pxaoq uz xqss ttaz qustt wqqks rroy ttq ussuq or
ttq wruts2 A yuzuyuy or sux wqqks yust uz raot qxapsq
nqtwqqz ttq ussuq or ttq wruts azp ttq zoyuzatuoz or
oazpupatqs axozq2 Axx ttus tas nqqz oozoqrtqp wutt a
sqzqrax yqasurq or assqzt ny ttq Housq0 azp wutt ttq
soxq vuqw or ontauzuzs ttq ruxxqst azp raurqst
qxprqssuoz or ttq zatuozax opuzuoz2 Bqsupqs axx ttus0
ttq partuax rqpustrunutuoz auttoruzqp ny ttq rqoqzt Aot
tas to nq oarruqp ttroust2 A start wuxx nq yapq
uyyqpuatqxy0 zot wautuzs ror ttq qzp or ttq Gqryaz
war0 nut ttq prooqss wuxx oqrtauzxy takq sqvqrax
yoztts2
It yay ttqrqrorq nq takqz as oqrtauz ttat rroy ttq
yoyqzt ttq Kuzs suvqs tus oozsqzt to a pussoxutuoz a
pqruop or nqtwqqz two azp ttrqq yoztts wouxp nq
rqquurqp2 ctus axso wouxp nq raur to ttq poxutuoax
partuqs azp oazpupatqs0 wto tavq to sqt anout ozq
azottqr uz ttq usuax xusty yazzqr [2 2 2‘ It roxxows
ttqrqrorq ttat ur qvqzts stouxp takq ttq ooursq I tavq
uzpuoatqp0 ut wouxp sqqy ttat0 roustxy spqakuzs0 ttqrq
us zo xukqxutoop or a Gqzqrax Txqotuoz ror rroy sqvqz
to zuzq yoztts rroy zow2 Fuzaxxy0 ut us ooztrary to
prqoqpqzt ror Govqrzyqzts to toxp oz to offioq uztux
ttq xast yoyqzt or ttqur xqsax tqzurq0 or xqsaxxy
qxtqzpqp tqzurq0 azp ut wouxp nq vqry uzwtoxqsoyq
ror azy praotuoq or ttat kuzp to nq uztropuoqp2 For
ttqsq rqasozs wq tavq pqoupqp zot to aooqpt azy
proposaxs or sussqstuozs suot as I tavq sqqz nruutqp
anout to rqpuoq ttq pqruop uz ttq Buxx rroy twqxvq
yoztts to sux yoztts0 azp I ask to1pay0 uz uztropuouzs
ut0 ror a twqxvq yoztts’ proxozsatuoz or ttq xurq or ttq
prqsqzt earxuayqzt2
rq ttuzk ttat wq tavq suvqz soop rqasozs to ttq
Housq to stow ttat ttq twqxvq yoztts’ pqruop wouxp
nq a sqzsunxq azp propqr provusuoz to yakq at ttq
prqsqzt tuyq2 Oz ttq ottqr tazp0 wq yust assuyq
ttat ttq Rapazqsq war wuxx tavq to nq oarruqp oz ror
az uzpqfizutq pqruop artqr ttq pqstruotuoz or ttq Nazu
powqr2 Hqrq asauz ttqrq yay nq ttq possunuxutuqs or
soyq poxutuoax uptqavax uz Rapaz uzpuouzs a suppqz
surrqzpqr0 nut ut wouxp nq vqry rooxust to oouzt upoz
ttus uz a raoq or yqz or ttus pqspqratq azp narnarous
otaraotqr0 wtosq wtoxq oozstututuoz us poyuzatqp ny
ttq yuxutary azp zavax tuqrarotuqs wto prassqp ttqy
uzto ttqur yap assrqssuoz2 rtqz ttq wtoxq or ttq
Rapazqsq pronxqy us qxayuzqp0 oz yuxutary srouzps
axozq ut wouxp oqrtauzxy zot nq prupqzt to assuyq
ttat a stortqr pqruop ttaz qusttqqz yoztts artqr ttq
pqstruotuoz or Hutxqr wouxp nq rqquurqp ror ttq fizax
pqstruotuoz or ttq Rapazqsq wuxx or oapaouty to fistt0
azp ttus pqruop yust nq ooztuzuaxxy rqvusqp qvqry rqw
yoztts ny ttq ooynuzqp Ctuqrs or Staffs2
ctq proxozsatuoz or ttq xurq or ttq qxustuzs
earxuayqzt ny azottqr two or ttrqq yqars wouxp nq a
vqry sqruous oozstututuozax xapsq2 Tvqz zow0 zo ozq
uzpqr tturty tas qvqr oast a votq at a Gqzqrax
Txqotuoz0 or qvqz at a ny1qxqotuoz0 suzoq ttq rqsustqrs
rqxx out or aotuoz at ttq nqsuzzuzs or ttq war2
ctqrqrorq0 ut sqqys to yq ttat0 uzxqss axx poxutuoax
partuqs rqsoxvq to yauztauz ttq prqsqzt Coaxutuoz uztux
ttq Rapazqsq arq pqrqatqp0 wq yust xook to ttq
tqryuzatuoz or ttq war asauzst Nazusy as a pouztqr
wtuot wuxx fix ttq patq or ttq Gqzqrax Txqotuoz2 I
stouxp rqsrqt ttq nrqak1up or ttq prqsqzt tustxy
qffiouqzt Govqrzyqzt0 wtuot tas wasqp war wutt
uzsurpassqp suooqss azp tas stapqp or oarruqp out
wuttuz ttq xast two yqars a prosrayyq or rqrory azp
soouax prosrqss wtuot yustt wqxx tavq oooupuqp a
wtoxq earxuayqzt uzpqr ttq orpuzary oozputuozs or
pqaoq ror fivq or sux yqars2 Iz raot0 I yay say – azp I
wuxx uzpqqp nq quutq oazpup oz ttus pouzt – ttat tavuzs
sqrvqp ror EC yqars uz ttus Housq I tavq zqvqr sqqz
azy Govqrzyqzt to wtuot I tavq nqqz anxq to suvq a
yorq xoyax0 oozfipqzt azp oozsustqzt support2
But wtuxq I stouxp rqsrqt azp pqpxorq ttq nrqak1up
or ttqsq roroqs0 so kzut tosqttqr ny pqrsozax soopwuxx0
ny ttq ooyrapqstup or fisttuzs a srqat oausq0 azp ny
ttq sqzsq or srowuzs suooqss arusuzs rroy ttat
ooyrapqstup0 yqt I oouxp zot nxayq azyozq wto
oxauyqp ttat ttqrq stouxp nq az appqax to ttq pqopxq
ozoq ttq Gqryaz pqrux us rqyovqp2 Izpqqp0 I tavq
yysqxr a oxqar vuqw ttat ut wouxp nq wrozs to
ooztuzuq ttus earxuayqzt nqyozp ttq pqruop or ttq
Gqryaz war2
ctq rouzpatuoz or axx pqyooraoy us ttat ttq pqopxq
tavq ttq rustt to votq2 co pqpruvq ttqy or ttat rustt us
to yakq a yookqry or axx ttq tust1souzpuzs ptrasqs
wtuot arq so ortqz usqp2 At ttq nottoy or axx ttq
trunutqs paup to pqyooraoy us ttq xuttxq yaz0 waxkuzs
uzto ttq xuttxq noott0 wutt a xuttxq pqzoux0 yakuzs a
xuttxq oross oz a xuttxq nut or papqr – zo ayouzt or
rtqtoruo or voxuyuzous pusoussuoz oaz possunxy
puyuzust ttq ovqrwtqxyuzs uyportazoq or ttat pouzt2
ctq pqopxq tavq ttq rustt to otoosq rqprqsqztatuvqs
uz aooorpazoq wutt ttqur wustqs azp rqqxuzss0 azp I
oazzot ttuzk or azyttuzs yorq opuous ttaz ror a
eruyq Muzustqr to attqypt to oarry oz wutt a
earxuayqzt so asqp0 azp to try to srappxq wutt ttq
pqrpxqxuzs azp trqyqzpous pronxqys or war azp
pqaoq0 azp or ttq trazsutuoz rroy war to pqaoq0
wuttout nquzs rqrrqstqp ny ooztaot wutt ttq pqopxq2
 ‘7 E ST@@3 , H 7 E N AT 7 8S KE N 8T7 ,
H 8T7 @F T A C8GA E l

Cturotuxx’s rruqzp azp roryqr eruyq Muzustqr0 Savup Lxoyp

Gqorsq0 puqp oz C6 Marot 19E52 Hq was qustty1two yqars
oxp2 cwo pays xatqr0 oz Marot C80 Cturotuxx paup trunutq to
tus rruqzp azp ooxxqasuq uz ttq Housq or CoyyozsK
ctqrq was zo yaz so surtqp0 so qxoquqzt0 so roroqrux0
wto kzqw ttq xurq or ttq pqopxq so wqxx2 Hus wary
tqart was sturrqp ny ttq yazy pqruxs wtuot nqsqt ttq
oottasq toyqsK ttq tqaxtt or ttq nrqap1wuzzqr0 ttq
ratq or tus wupow0 ttq zourustyqzt azp upnruzsuzs or
tus otuxprqz0 ttq yqasrq azp taptazarp provusuoz or
yqpuoax trqatyqzt azp sazatorua0 azp ttq xaok or azy
orsazuzqp aooqssunxq yqpuoax sqrvuoq or a kuzp wortty
or ttq asq0 rroy wtuot ttq yass or ttq wasq qarzqrs
azp ttq poor suffqrqp2 Axx ttus qxoutqp tus wratt2 euty
azp ooypassuoz xqzt ttqur powqrrux wuzss2 Hq kzqw
ttq tqrror wutt wtuot oxp asq ttrqatqzqp ttq touxqr –
ttat artqr a xurq or qxqrtuoz tq oouxp nq zo yorq ttaz
a nurpqz at ttq firqsupq azp uz ttq rayuxy or a
strussxuzs soz2
rtqz I first nqoayq Lxoyp Gqorsq’s rruqzp azp
aotuvq assoouatq0 zow yorq ttaz EA yqars aso0 ttus
pqqp xovq or ttq pqopxq0 ttq prorouzp kzowxqpsq or
ttqur xuvqs azp or ttq uzpuq azp zqqpxqss prqssurqs
uzpqr wtuot ttqy xuvqp0 uyprqssqp utsqxr uzpqxunxy
upoz yy yuzp2
Axttoust uzaoquauztqp wutt ttq yuxutary arts0
axttoust ny punxuo rqputq a puszaouous paoufist0
wtqz ttq xurq or our oouztry was uz pqrux tq raxxuqp to
ttq war qffort azp oast asupq axx ottqr ttoustts or
auys2 Hq was ttq first to pusoqrz ttq rqarrux stortasqs
or ayyuzutuoz azp artuxxqry azp axx ttq ottqr
appxuazoqs or war wtuot wouxp so sooz affqot0 azp uz
ttq oasq or Iypqruax aussua yortaxxy affqot0 ttq
warruzs zatuozs oz nott supqs2 Hq saw ut nqrorq
azyozq2
Lxoyp Gqorsq xqrt ttq Txotqquqr0 wtqz ttq
Coaxutuoz Govqrzyqzt was roryqp0 ror ttq Muzustry or
Muzutuozs2 Hqrq tq turxqp tuysqxr uzto ttq
yonuxusatuoz or Brutust uzpustry2 Iz 1915 tq was
nuuxpuzs srqat war raotoruqs ttat oouxp zot ooyq uzto
opqratuoz ror two yqars2 ctqrq was ttq usuax taxk
anout ttq war nquzs ovqr uz a rqw yoztts0 nut tq pup
zot tqsutatq to pxaz oz a vast soaxq ror two yqars
atqap2 It was yy rortuzq to uztqrut ttq output or
ttosq raotoruqs uz 1917 – ttq vast0 ovqrflowuzs output
wtuot oayq rroy ttqy2 erqsqztxy Lxoyp Gqorsq
squzqp ttq yauz powqr uz ttq Statq azp ttq tqapstup
or ttq Govqrzyqzt2
[HON2 MTMBTaSK ‘SquzqpN’‘
Squzqp2 I ttuzk ut was Carxyxq wto saup or Oxuvqr
CroywqxxK ‘Hq oovqtqp ttq pxaoqE pqrtaps ttq pxaoq
was tus2’ Hq uypartqp uyyqpuatqxy a zqw sursq or
strqzstt0 or uypuxsq0 rar strozsqr ttaz azyttuzs ttat
tap nqqz kzowz up to ttat tuyq0 azp qxtqzpuzs ovqr
ttq wtoxq fiqxp or wartuyq Govqrzyqzt0 qvqry part or
wtuot was or qquax uztqrqst to tuy2
I tavq axrqapy wruttqz anout tuy at ttus tuyq0 wtqz
I watotqp tuy so oxosqxy azp qzvoyqp tus oozfipqzoq
azp apyurqp tuy so yuot0 azp I tavq rqoorpqp two
otaraotqrustuos or tus wtuot sqqyqp to yq uzvaxuanxq
uz ttosq paysK first0 tus powqr to xuvq uz ttq prqsqzt
yqt wuttout takuzs stort vuqwsE azp sqoozpxy0 tus
powqr or prawuzs rroy yusrortuzq utsqxr ttq yqazs or
ruturq suooqss2
 Axx ttus was uxxustratqp ny ttq suooqssrux
pqvqxopyqzt or ttq warE ny ttq apoptuoz or ttq
oozvoy systqy0 wtuot tq qzroroqp upoz ttq Apyuraxty
azp ny wtuot ttq d1noats wqrq pqrqatqpE ny ttq
uzufiqp ooyyazp oz ttq rqstqrz Frozt wtuot savq
Marstax Foot ttq powqr to xqap us axx to vuotoryE azp
uz yazy ottqr yattqrs wtuot rory a part or ttq story
or ttosq soynrq azp trqyqzpous yqars0 ttq yqyory
or wtuot ror qvqr anupqs wutt yq0 azp to wtuot I tavq
ortqz rqourrqp uz ttoustt puruzs our prqsqzt sqoozp
tqavy strussxq asauzst Gqryaz assrqssuoz0 zow
prawuzs towarps uts vuotoruous oxosq2
ctus ttq statqsyaz azp suupq wtosq sqztxq passuzs
uz ttq ruxxzqss or tus yqars wq yourz topay sqrvqp
our oouztry0 our Isxazp azp our asq0 nott rauttruxxy
azp wqxx uz pqaoq azp uz war2 Hus xozs xurq was0 rroy
axyost ttq nqsuzzuzs to axyost ttq qzp0 spqzt uz
poxutuoax strurq azp ooztrovqrsy2 Hq arousqp uztqzsq
azp soyqtuyqs zqqpxqss aztasozusys2 Hq tap fiqroq
azp nuttqr quarrqxs at varuous tuyqs wutt axx ttq
partuqs2 Hq raoqp uzpusyayqp ttq storys or orutuousy
azp tostuxuty2 Iz sputq or axx onstaoxqs0 uzoxupuzs ttosq
tq rausqp tuysqxr0 tq aotuqvqp tus yauz purposqs2 As
a yaz or aotuoz0 rqsouroq azp orqatuvq qzqrsy tq
stoop0 wtqz at tus zqzutt0 wuttout a ruvax2
Muot or tus work anupqs0 soyq or ut wuxx srow
srqatxy uz ttq ruturq0 azp ttosq wto ooyq artqr us
wuxx fizp ttq puxxars or tus xurq’s toux upstazpuzs0
yassuvq azp uzpqstruotunxq0 azp wq oursqxvqs0
sattqrqp tqrq topay0 yay uzpqqp nq ttazkrux ttat tq
voyasqp wutt us ttroust story azp tuyuxt wutt so
yuot tqxp azp suupazoq to nqstow2
 ‘G8C T@CR 7 A 3 C A ST 8TS SF CE A N 3
STE A 3 R 1 E A M F A@N 7 8M l

As Cturotuxx workqp at tus pqsk artqr yupzustt oz 1C Aprux

19E50 tq was nroustt ttq zqws ttat Frazkxuz aoosqvqxt tap
puqp2 ‘I ay yuot wqakqzqp uz qvqry way ny tus xoss’0 tq
toxp Captauz auotarp euy0 ttq tqap or tus Map aooy0 qarxy
ttq roxxowuzs yorzuzs2 Oz Aprux 170 tavuzs attqzpqp ttq
zatuozax yqyoruax sqrvuoq ror aoosqvqxt at St eaux’s
Cattqprax0 Cturotuxx wqzt to ttq Housq or Coyyozs to pay
trunutq to tus – azp Brutauz’s – rruqzpK
I oozoquvqp az apyuratuoz ror tuy as a statqsyaz0 a
yaz or affaurs0 azp a war xqapqr2 I rqxt ttq utyost
oozfipqzoq uz tus uprustt0 uzspuruzs otaraotqr azp
outxook0 azp a pqrsozax rqsarp – affqotuoz I yust say
– ror tuy nqyozp yy powqr to qxprqss topay2 Hus xovq
or tus owz oouztry0 tus rqspqot ror uts oozstututuoz0 tus
powqr or sausuzs ttq tupqs azp ourrqzts or uts yonuxq
punxuo opuzuoz0 wqrq axways qvupqzt0 nut appqp to
ttqsq wqrq ttq nqatuzss or ttat sqzqrous tqart wtuot
was axways sturrqp to azsqr azp to aotuoz ny
spqotaoxqs or assrqssuoz azp opprqssuoz ny ttq
strozs asauzst ttq wqak2
It us0 uzpqqp0 a xoss0 a nuttqr xoss to tuyazuty ttat
ttosq tqart nqats arq stuxxqp ror qvqr2
[…‘
Hq pqvusqp ttq qxtraorpuzary yqasurq or assustazoq
oaxxqp Lqzp – Lqasq0 wtuot wuxx stazp rortt as ttq
yost uzsqxfist azp uzsorpup fizazouax aot or azy
oouztry uz axx tustory2 ctq qffqot or ttus was srqatxy to
uzorqasq Brutust fisttuzs powqr0 azp ror axx ttq
purposq or ttq war qffort to yakq us0 as ut wqrq0 a
yuot yorq zuyqrous ooyyuzuty2 Iz ttat autuyz I
yqt ttq erqsupqzt ror ttq first tuyq puruzs ttq war at
Arsqztua uz Nqwrouzpxazp0 azp tosqttqr wq prqw up
ttq pqoxaratuoz wtuot tas suzoq nqqz oaxxqp ttq
Atxaztuo Ctartqr0 azp wtuot wuxx0 I trust0 xozs rqyauz
a suupq ror nott our pqopxqs azp ror ottqr pqopxq or
ttq worxp2
Axx ttus tuyq uz pqqp azp park azp pqapxy sqorqoy0
ttq Rapazqsq wqrq prqparuzs ttqur aot or trqaotqry
azp srqqp2 rtqz zqxt wq yqt uz rastuzstoz0 Rapaz0
Gqryazy azp Itaxy tap pqoxarqp war upoz ttq dzutqp
Statqs0 azp nott our oouztruqs wqrq uz arys0 stouxpqr
to stouxpqr2 Suzoq ttqz wq tavq apvazoqp ovqr ttq
xazp azp ovqr ttq sqa ttroust yazy puffiouxtuqs azp
pusappouztyqzts0 nut axways wutt a nroapqzuzs
yqasurq or suooqss2 I zqqp zot pwqxx upoz ttq sqruqs
or srqat opqratuozs wtuot tavq takqz pxaoq uz ttq
rqstqrz Hqyusptqrq0 to say zottuzs or ttat ottqr
uyyqzsq war prooqqpuzs oz ttq ottqr supq or ttq
worxp2 Nor zqqp I spqak or ttq pxazs wtuot wq yapq
wutt our srqat axxy0 aussua0 at cqtqraz0 ror ttqsq tavq
zow nqqz oarruqp out ror axx ttq worxp to sqq2
But at haxta I zotuoqp ttat ttq erqsupqzt was auxuzs2
Hus oaptuvatuzs syuxq0 tus say azp otaryuzs yazzqr0
tap zot pqsqrtqp tuy0 nut tus raoq tap a
trazsparqzoy0 az aur or purufioatuoz0 azp ortqz ttqrq
was a raraway xook uz tus qyqs2 rtqz I took yy xqavq
or tuy uz Axqxazprua tarnour I yust oozrqss ttat I
tap az uzpqfizanxq sqzsq or rqar ttat tus tqaxtt azp
tus strqzstt wqrq oz ttq qnn2 But zottuzs axtqrqp tus
uzflqxunxq sqzsq or puty2 co ttq qzp tq raoqp tus
uzzuyqranxq tasks uzfluzotuzs2 Ozq or ttq tasks or
ttq erqsupqzt us to susz yaynq a tuzprqp or two Statq
papqrs wutt tus owz tazp qvqry pay0 ooyyussuozs azp
so rortt2 Axx ttus tq ooztuzuqp to oarry out wutt ttq
utyost struotzqss2
 rtqz pqatt oayq suppqzxy upoz tuy ‘tq tap
fizustqp tus yaux’2 ctat portuoz or tus pay’s work was
pozq2 As ttq sayuzs soqs0 tq puqp uz tarzqss0 azp wq
yay wqxx say uz nattxq tarzqss0 xukq tus soxpuqrs0
sauxors0 azp auryqz0 wto supq ny supq wutt ours arq
oarryuzs oz ttqur task to ttq qzp axx ovqr ttq worxp2
rtat az qzvuanxq pqatt was tus2 Hq tap nroustt tus
oouztry ttroust ttq worst or uts pqruxs azp ttq
tqavuqst or uts touxs2 euotory tap oast uts surq azp
stqapy nqay upoz tuy2
Iz erqsupqzt aoosqvqxt0 ttqrq puqp ttq srqatqst
Ayqruoaz rruqzp wq tavq qvqr kzowz0 azp ttq
srqatqst otaypuoz or rrqqpoy wto tas qvqr nroustt
tqxp azp ooyrort rroy ttq zqw worxp to ttq oxp2
 ‘T7 E 6 E CM A N H A C 8S T7 E CE 5@CE
AT A N E N 3 l

Gqryazy surrqzpqrqp uzoozputuozaxxy oz 7 May 19E52 ctq

war asauzst Rapaz ooztuzuqp2 Iz Brutauz0 ttq Coyyozwqaxtt
azp ttq dzutqp Statqs0 May 8 was pqoxarqp euotory1uz1
Turopq Say2 ctat qvqzuzs0 stortxy nqrorq spqakuzs uz ttq
Housq or Coyyozs0 Cturotuxx nroapoast to ttq Brutust
pqopxqK
hqstqrpay yorzuzs at C2E1 a2y2 at Hqapquartqrs0
Gqzqrax Ropx0 ttq rqprqsqztatuvq or ttq Gqryaz Hust
Coyyazp0 azp Grazp Apyurax Soqzutz0 ttq
pqsuszatqp tqap or ttq Gqryaz Statq0 suszqp ttq aot
or uzoozputuozax surrqzpqr or axx Gqryaz xazp0 sqa0
azp aur roroqs uz Turopq to ttq Axxuqp Txpqputuozary
Foroq0 azp suyuxtazqousxy to ttq Sovuqt Hust
Coyyazp2
Gqzqrax Bqpqxx Syutt0 Ctuqr or Staff or ttq Axxuqp
Txpqputuozary Foroq0 azp Gqzqrax Frazçous Sqvqz
suszqp ttq poouyqzt oz nqtaxr or ttq Suprqyq
Coyyazpqr or ttq Axxuqp Txpqputuozary Foroq0 azp
Gqzqrax Susxoparov suszqp oz nqtaxr or ttq aussuaz
Hust Coyyazp2
copay ttus asrqqyqzt wuxx nq ratufiqp azp oozfiryqp
at Bqrxuz wtqrq Aur Ctuqr Marstax cqppqr0 Sqputy
Suprqyq Coyyazpqr or ttq Axxuqp Txpqputuozary
Foroq0 azp Gqzqrax pq Lattrq pq cassuszy wuxx susz oz
nqtaxr or Gqzqrax Tusqztowqr2 Marstax Ztukov wuxx
susz oz nqtaxr or ttq Sovuqt Hust Coyyazp2 ctq
Gqryaz rqprqsqztatuvqs wuxx nq Fuqxp Marstax Kqutqx0
Ctuqr or ttq Hust Coyyazp0 azp ttq ooyyazpqrs1uz1
otuqr or ttq Gqryaz Aryy0 Navy0 azp Aur Foroq2
 Hostuxutuqs wuxx qzp offiouaxxy at ozq yuzutq artqr
yupzustt tozustt0 nut uz ttq uztqrqsts or savuzs xuvqs
ttq ‘Cqasq firq’ nqsaz yqstqrpay to nq souzpqp axx
axozs ttq rrozt0 azp our pqar Ctazzqx Isxazps arq
axso to nq rrqqp topay2
ctq Gqryazs arq stuxx uz pxaoqs rqsustuzs ttq
aussuaz troops0 nut stouxp ttqy ooztuzuq to po so
artqr yupzustt ttqy wuxx0 or ooursq0 pqpruvq
ttqysqxvqs or ttq protqotuoz or ttq xaws or war0 azp
wuxx nq attaokqp rroy axx quartqrs ny ttq Axxuqp
troops2 It us zot surprusuzs ttat oz suot xozs rrozts
azp uz ttq qxustuzs pusorpqr or ttq qzqyy ttq orpqrs
or ttq Gqryaz Hust Coyyazp stouxp zot uz qvqry
oasq nq onqyqp uyyqpuatqxy2 ctus poqs zot0 uz our
opuzuoz0 wutt ttq nqst yuxutary apvuoq at our pusposax0
oozstututq azy rqasoz ror wutttoxpuzs rroy ttq zatuoz
ttq raots ooyyuzuoatqp to us ny Gqzqrax Tusqztowqr
or ttq uzoozputuozax surrqzpqr axrqapy suszqp at
atquys0 zor stouxp ut prqvqzt us rroy oqxqnratuzs
topay azp toyorrow as euotory1uz1Turopq pays2
copay0 pqrtaps wq staxx ttuzk yostxy or oursqxvqs2
coyorrow wq staxx pay a partuouxar trunutq to our
aussuaz ooyrapqs0 wtosq prowqss uz ttq fiqxp tas
nqqz ozq or ttq srazp ooztrunutuozs to ttq sqzqrax
vuotory2
ctq Gqryaz war us ttqrqrorq at az qzp2 Artqr yqars
or uztqzsq prqparatuoz0 Gqryazy turxqp tqrsqxr oz
eoxazp at ttq nqsuzzuzs or Sqptqynqr 1939E azp0 uz
pursuazoq or our suaraztqq to eoxazp azp uz
asrqqyqzt wutt ttq Frqzot aqpunxuo0 Grqat Brutauz0
ttq Brutust Typurq azp Coyyozwqaxtt or Natuozs0
pqoxarqp war upoz ttus roux assrqssuoz2 Artqr saxxazt
Frazoq tap nqqz struok powz wq0 rroy ttus usxazp
azp rroy our uzutqp Typurq0 yauztauzqp ttq strussxq
suzsxq1tazpqp ror a wtoxq yqar uztux wq wqrq vouzqp
ny ttq yuxutary yustt or Sovuqt aussua0 azp xatqr ny
 ttq ovqrwtqxyuzs powqr azp rqsouroqs or ttq dzutqp
Statqs or Ayqruoa2
Fuzaxxy axyost ttq wtoxq worxp was ooynuzqp
asauzst ttq qvux1poqrs0 wto arq zow prostratq nqrorq
us2 Our sratutupq to our spxqzpup axxuqs soqs rortt
rroy axx our tqarts uz ttus usxazp azp ttroustout ttq
Brutust Typurq2
rq yay axxow oursqxvqs a nruqr pqruop or rqvououzsE
nut xqt us zot rorsqt ror a yoyqzt ttq toux azp qfforts
ttat xuq atqap2 Rapaz0 wutt axx tqr trqaotqry azp
srqqp0 rqyauzs uzsunpuqp2 ctq uzvury stq tas
uzfluotqp oz Grqat Brutauz0 ttq dzutqp Statqs0 azp
ottqr oouztruqs0 azp tqr pqtqstanxq oruqxtuqs0 oaxx ror
vustuoq azp rqtrunutuoz2 rq yust zow pqvotq axx our
strqzstt azp rqsouroqs to ttq ooypxqtuoz or our task0
nott at toyq azp anroap2 Apvazoq0 Brutazzua2 Lozs
xuvq ttq oausq or rrqqpoy2 Gop savq ttq Kuzs2
Artqr yakuzs ttus nroapoast azzouzoqyqzt or Gqryazy’s
uzoozputuozax surrqzpqr0 ttq eruyq Muzustqr rqap ttq sayq
statqyqzt to ttq Housq or Coyyozs a rqw yuzutqs xatqr0
azp appqpK
ctat us ttq yqssasq wtuot I tavq nqqz uzstruotqp to
pqxuvqr to ttq Brutust zatuoz azp Coyyozwqaxtt2 I
tavq ozxy two or ttrqq sqztqzoqs to app2 ctqy wuxx
oozvqy to ttq Housq yy pqqp sratutupq to ttus Housq
or Coyyozs0 wtuot tas provqp utsqxr ttq strozsqst
rouzpatuoz ror wasuzs war ttat tas qvqr nqqz sqqz uz
ttq wtoxq or our xozs tustory2 rq tavq axx or us yapq
our yustakqs0 nut ttq strqzstt or ttq earxuayqztary
uzstututuoz tas nqqz stowz to qzanxq ut at ttq sayq
yoyqzt to prqsqrvq axx ttq tutxq pqqps or pqyooraoy
wtuxq wasuzs war uz ttq yost stqrz azp protraotqp
rory2
I wust to suvq yy tqarty ttazks to yqz or axx
partuqs0 to qvqryozq uz qvqry part or ttq Housq wtqrq
ttqy sut0 ror ttq way uz wtuot ttq xuvqxuzqss or
earxuayqztary uzstututuozs tas nqqz yauztauzqp uzpqr
ttq firq or ttq qzqyy0 azp ror ttq way uz wtuot wq
tavq nqqz anxq to pqrsqvqrq – azp wq oouxp tavq
pqrsqvqrqp yuot xozsqr ur zqqp tap nqqz – tuxx axx ttq
onvqotuvqs wtuot wq sqt nqrorq us ror ttq proouruzs or
ttq uzxuyutqp azp uzoozputuozax surrqzpqr or ttq
qzqyy tap nqqz aotuqvqp2
I rqooxxqot wqxx at ttq qzp or ttq xast war0 yorq ttaz
a quartqr or a oqztury aso0 ttat ttq Housq0 wtqz ut
tqarp ttq xozs xust or ttq surrqzpqr tqrys0 ttq
aryustuoq tqrys0 wtuot tap nqqz uyposqp upoz ttq
Gqryazs0 pup zot rqqx uzoxuzqp ror pqnatq or nusuzqss0
nut pqsurqp to offqr ttazks to Axyustty Gop0 to ttq
Grqat eowqr wtuot sqqys to stapq azp pqsusz ttq
rortuzqs or zatuozs azp ttq pqstuzy or yazE azp I
ttqrqrorq nqs0 Sur0 wutt your pqryussuoz to yovqK
‘ctat ttus Housq po zow attqzp at ttq Cturot or St
Marsarqt0 rqstyuzstqr0 to suvq tuynxq azp rqvqrqzt
ttazks to Axyustty Gop ror our pqxuvqrazoq rroy ttq
ttrqat or Gqryaz poyuzatuoz2’
ctus us ttq upqztuoax Motuoz wtuot was yovqp uz
roryqr tuyqs2
 ‘R @F N E GE C 5E 8N C 7 E 3 @C
H AGE CE 3 l

Oz 9 May 19E50 wutt Brutauz oqxqnratuzs ror a sqoozp pay

ttq vuotory ovqr Gqryazy0 Cturotuxx wqzt out ozto ttq
naxoozy or ttq Muzustry or Hqaxtt azp apprqssqp a vast
orowp sattqrqp uz rtutqtaxxK
My pqar rruqzps0 I topq you tavq tap two tappy pays2
Happy pays arq wtat wq tavq workqp ror0 nut tappy
pays arq zot qasuxy workqp ror2 By pusoupxuzq0 ny
yoraxq0 ny uzpustry0 ny soop xaws0 ny raur uzstututuozs
– ny ttosq ways wq tavq woz ttroust to tappy pays
ror yuxxuozs azp yuxxuozs or pqopxq2
hou tavq nqqz attaokqp ny a yozstrous qzqyy –
nut you zqvqr fluzotqp or wavqrqp2 hour soxpuqrs wqrq
qvqrywtqrq uz ttq fiqxp0 your auryqz uz ttq skuqs –
azp zqvqr xqt us rorsqt our srazp Navy2 ctqy parqp
azp ttqy pup axx ttosq rqats or apvqzturq azp aupaouty
wtuot tavq qvqr qzanxqp nravq yqz to wrqst vuotory
rroy onstuzatq azp nqstuax ourouystazoqs2
Azp you pqopxq at toyq tavq takqz axx you tap to
takq – wtuot was qzoust0 wtqz axx us saup azp pozq2
hou zqvqr xqt ttq yqz at ttq rrozt powz2 No ozq qvqr
askqp ror pqaoq nqoausq Lozpoz was suffqruzs2
Lozpoz0 xukq a srqat rtuzooqros0 a srqat
tuppopotayus0 sayuzsK ‘Lqt ttqy po ttqur worst2
Lozpoz oaz takq ut2’ Lozpoz oouxp takq azyttuzs2 My
tqart soqs out to ttq Cookzqys2 Azy vusutors wq yay
tappqz to tavq tqrq topay – azp yazy srqat zatuozs
arq rqprqsqztqp tqrq0 ny axx ttosq wto tavq norzq
arys wutt us uz ttq strussxq – ttqy qoto wtat I say
wtqz I say ‘Goop Oxp Lozpoz!’
 Iz qvqry oaputax or ttq vuotoruous worxp ttqrq arq
rqvououzss tozustt0 nut uz zozq us ttqrq azy xaok or
rqspqot ror ttq part wtuot Lozpoz tas pxayqp2 I
rqturz yy tqarty ttazks to you ror zqvqr tavuzs
rauxqp uz ttq xozs0 yozotozous pays azp uz ttq xozs
zustts nxaok as tqxx2
Gop nxqss you axx2 May you xozs rqyauz as outuzqzs
or a srqat azp spxqzpup outy2 May you xozs rqyauz as
ttq tqart or ttq Brutust Typurq2
 ‘8T 8S T7 E G8C T@CS H 7 @ M F ST
SE A CC 7 T7 E 8C 7 E A CTSl

Foxxowuzs euotory1uz1Turopq Say0 8 May 19E50 ttq war

asauzst Rapaz ooztuzuqp2 ctq Buryqsq oaputax0 aazsooz0
was xunqratqp oz May 90 nut yuot fiqroq fisttuzs was yqt to
ooyq2 Oz May 1A0 firtqqz eoxust poxutuoax xqapqrs wto Staxuz
tap proyusqp Cturotuxx azp aoosqvqxt at haxta oouxp takq
part uz rrqq azp opqz post1war qxqotuozs wqrq arrqstqp vust
outsupq ttq eoxust oaputax rarsaw0 flowz to Mosoow0 azp
uzoaroqratqp uz ttq Lunuazka erusoz2 Oz May 1C0 Cturotuxx
tqxqsraptqp to ttq zqw Ayqruoaz erqsupqzt0 Harry S2
cruyaz0 anout ttq ‘Musoovutq apvazoq’ azp prqsqzoq uz ttq
oqztrq or TuropqK ‘Az uroz ourtauz us prawz powz upoz ttqur
rrozt2’ Oz May 130 Cturotuxx nroapoast rroy 1A Sowzuzs
Strqqt0 nqsuzzuzs oz a pqrsozax zotq0 roxxowqp ny a survqy
or Brutauz at war0 azp az appqax ror ttq ruturqK
It was fivq yqars aso oz cturspay xast ttat Hus
Mavqsty ttq Kuzs ooyyussuozqp yq to rory a
Natuozax Govqrzyqzt or axx partuqs to oarry oz our
affaurs2 Fuvq yqars us a xozs tuyq uz tuyaz xurq0
qspqouaxxy wtqz ttqrq us zo rqyussuoz ror soop
oozpuot2 Howqvqr0 ttus Natuozax Govqrzyqzt was
sustauzqp ny earxuayqzt azp ny ttq qzturq Brutust
zatuoz at toyq azp ny axx our fisttuzs yqz anroap0
azp ny ttq uzswqrvuzs oo1opqratuoz or ttq Soyuzuozs
rar aoross ttq ooqazs azp or our Typurq uz qvqry
quartqr or ttq sxonq2 Artqr varuous qpusopqs tap
ooourrqp ut nqoayq oxqar xast wqqk ttat so rar ttuzss
tavq workqp out prqtty wqxx0 azp ttat ttq Brutust
Coyyozwqaxtt azp Typurq stazps yorq uzutqp azp
yorq qffqotuvqxy powqrrux ttaz at azy tuyq uz uts xozs
royaztuo tustory2 Cqrtauzxy wq arq – ttus us wtat yay
wqxx0 I ttuzk0 nq apyuttqp ny azy raur1yuzpqp pqrsoz –
uz a rar nqttqr statq to oopq wutt ttq pronxqys azp
pqruxs or ttq ruturq ttaz wq wqrq fivq yqars aso2
For a wtuxq our pruyq qzqyy0 our yustty qzqyy0
Gqryazy0 ovqrraz axyost axx Turopq2 Frazoq0 wto
norq suot a rrusttrux strauz uz ttq xast srqat war0 was
nqatqz to ttq srouzp azp took soyq tuyq to rqoovqr2
ctq Low Couztruqs0 fisttuzs to ttq nqst or ttqur
strqzstt0 wqrq sunvusatqp2 Norway was ovqrruz2
Mussoxuzu’s Itaxy stannqp us uz ttq naok wtqz wq
wqrq0 as tq ttoustt0 at our xast sasp2 But ror
oursqxvqs – our xot0 I yqaz – ttq Brutust
Coyyozwqaxtt azp Typurq0 wq wqrq ansoxutqxy
axozq2
Iz Ruxy0 Ausust azp Sqptqynqr 19EA0 rorty or firty
squaprozs or Brutust fisttqr aurorart uz ttq Battxq or
Brutauz nrokq ttq tqqtt or ttq Gqryaz aur flqqt at
opps or sqvqz or qustt to ozq2 May I rqpqat asauz ttq
worps I usqp at ttat yoyqztous tourK ‘Nqvqr uz ttq
fiqxp or tuyaz oozfluot was so yuot owqp ny so yazy
to so rqw2’
[…‘
ctqz nqsaz ttq nxutz0 wtqz Hutxqr saup tq wouxp ‘run
out our outuqs’2 ctat’s wtat tq saup0 ‘run out our
outuqs’2 ctus nxutz was norzq wuttout a worp or
ooypxauzt or ttq sxusttqst susz or fluzotuzs0 wtuxq a
vqry xarsq zuynqr or pqopxq – tozour to ttqy axx –
provqp ttat Lozpoz oouxp ‘takq ut’0 azp so oouxp our
ottqr ravasqp oqztrqs2 But ttq pawz or 19E1 rqvqaxqp
us stuxx uz vqoparpy2 ctq tostuxq orart oouxp fly aoross
ttq approaotqs to our Isxazp0 wtqrq rorty1sux yuxxuozs
or pqopxq tap to uyport taxr ttqur pauxy nrqap azp axx
ttq yatqruaxs ttqy zqqpqp ror pqaoq or warK ttqsq
tostuxq aurorart oouxp fly aoross ttq approaotqs rroy
Brqst to Norway azp naok asauz uz a suzsxq flustt2
ctqy oouxp onsqrvq axx ttq yovqyqzts or our stuppuzs
uz azp out or ttq Cxypq azp Mqrsqy0 azp oouxp purqot
upoz our oozvoys ttq xarsq azp uzorqasuzs zuynqrs
or d1noats wutt wtuot ttq qzqyy nqspattqrqp ttq
Atxaztuo – ttq survuvors or suooqssors or wtuot d1
noats arq zow nquzs ooxxqotqp uz Brutust tarnours2
ctq sqzsq or qzvqxopyqzt0 wtuot yustt at azy
yoyqzt turz to strazsuxatuoz0 xay tqavy upoz us2 rq
tap ozxy ttq Nortt1rqstqrz approaot nqtwqqz dxstqr
azp Sootxazp ttroust wtuot to nruzs uz ttq yqazs or
xurq azp to sqzp out ttq roroqs or war2 Owuzs to ttq
aotuoz or Mr2 pq eaxqra0 so yuot at varuazoq wutt ttq
tqypqr azp uzstuzot or ttousazps or Souttqrz
Irustyqz wto tastqzqp to ttq nattxq1rrozt to provq
ttqur azouqzt vaxour0 ttq approaotqs wtuot ttq
Souttqrz Irust ports azp aurfiqxps oouxp so qasuxy tavq
suarpqp wqrq oxosqp ny ttq tostuxq aurorart azp d1
noats2 ctus was uzpqqp a pqapxy yoyqzt uz our xurq0
azp ur ut tap zot nqqz ror ttq xoyaxty azp rruqzpstup or
Norttqrz Irqxazp wq stouxp tavq nqqz roroqp to
ooyq to oxosq quartqrs wutt Mr2 pq eaxqra or pqrust
ror qvqr rroy ttq qartt2
Howqvqr0 wutt a rqstrauzt azp pousq to wtuot0 I say0
tustory wuxx fizp rqw paraxxqxs0 Hus Mavqsty’s
Govqrzyqzt zqvqr xaup a vuoxqzt tazp upoz ttqy0
ttoust at tuyqs ut wouxp tavq nqqz quutq qasy azp
quutq zaturax0 azp wq xqrt ttq pq eaxqra sovqrzyqzt
to rroxuo wutt ttq Gqryazs azp xatqr wutt ttq
Rapazqsq rqprqsqztatuvqs to ttqur tqart’s ooztqzt2
rtqz I ttuzk or ttqsq pays I ttuzk axso or ottqr
qpusopqs azp pqrsozaxutuqs2 I ttuzk or Luqutqzazt1
Coyyazpqr Tsyozpq0 eC0 or Lazoq1Corporax
Kqzzqaxxy0 eC0 azp Captauz Fqsqz0 eC azp ottqr Irust
tqroqs ttat I oouxp qasuxy rqoutq0 azp ttqz I yust
oozrqss ttat nuttqrzqss ny Brutauz asauzst ttq Irust
raoq puqs uz yy tqart2 I oaz ozxy pray ttat uz yqars
wtuot I staxx zot sqq ttq stayq wuxx nq rorsottqz azp
ttq sxoruqs wuxx qzpurq0 azp ttat ttq pqopxqs or ttq
Brutust Isxqs as or ttq Brutust Coyyozwqaxtt or
Natuozs wuxx waxk tosqttqr uz yutuax ooyprqtqzsuoz
azp rorsuvqzqss2
My rruqzps0 wtqz our yuzps turz to ttq Nortt1
rqstqrz approaotqs0 wq wuxx zot rorsqt ttq pqvotuoz
or our yqrotazt sqayqz0 azp our yuzqswqqpqrs out
qvqry zustt0 azp so rarqxy yqztuozqp uz ttq tqapxuzqs2
Nor wuxx wq rorsqt ttq vast0 uzvqztuvq0 apaptuvq0 axx1
qynraouzs azp0 uz ttq qzp0 axx1ooztroxxuzs powqr or
ttq aoyax Navy0 wutt uts qvqr yorq potqzt zqw axxy0
ttq aur2 ctqsq tavq kqpt ttq xurqxuzq opqz2 rq wqrq
anxq to nrqattqE wq wqrq anxq to xuvqE wq wqrq anxq to
strukq2
Surq pqqps wq tap to po2 rq tap to pqstroy or
oapturq ttq Frqzot flqqt wtuot0 tap ut qvqr passqp
uzpayasqp uzto Gqryaz tazps0 wouxp0 tosqttqr wutt
ttq Itaxuaz flqqt0 tavq pqrtaps qzanxqp ttq Gqryaz
Navy to raoq us oz ttq tust sqas2 ctus wq pup2 rq tap
to yakq ttq puspatot to Gqzqrax ravqxx axx rouzp ttq
Capq0 at our parkqst tour0 or ttq tazks – praotuoaxxy
axx wq tap uz ttq Isxazp – azp ttus qzanxqp us as rar
naok as Novqynqr0 19EA0 to pqrqzp Tsypt asauzst
uzvasuoz azp turx naok wutt ttq xoss or a quartqr or a
yuxxuoz oaptuvqs azp wutt tqavy sxausttqr ttq Itaxuaz
aryuqs at wtosq taux Mussoxuzu tap axrqapy pxazzqp to
rupq uzto Cauro or Axqxazprua2
Grqat azxuqty was rqxt ny erqsupqzt aoosqvqxt0 azp
uzpqqp ny ttuzkuzs yqz ttroustout ttq dzutqp
Statqs0 anout wtat wouxp tappqz to us uz ttq qarxy
part or 19E12 ctq erqsupqzt rqxt to ttq pqptts or tus
nquzs ttat ttq pqstruotuoz or Brutauz wouxp zot ozxy
nq az qvqzt rqarrux uz utsqxr0 nut ttat ut wouxp qxposq
to yortax pazsqr ttq vast azp as yqt xarsqxy uzaryqp
potqztuaxutuqs azp ttq ruturq pqstuzy or ttq dzutqp
Statqs2 Hq rqarqp srqatxy ttat wq stouxp nq uzvapqp
uz ttat spruzs or 19E12
[…‘
rq wqrq0 towqvqr0 uz a raurxy toust oozputuoz ny ttq
qarxy yoztts or 19E10 azp rqxt vqry yuot nqttqr
anout oursqxvqs ttaz uz ttosq yoztts uyyqpuatqxy
artqr ttq ooxxapsq or Frazoq2 Our Suzkurk aryy azp
fiqxp roroq troops uz Brutauz0 axyost a yuxxuoz strozs0
wqrq zqarxy axx qquuppqp or rq1qquuppqp2 rq tap
rqrruqp ovqr ttq Atxaztuo a yuxxuoz ruflqs azp a
ttousazp oazzoz rroy ttq dzutqp Statqs0 wutt axx
ttqur ayyuzutuoz0 suzoq ttq prqvuous Ruzq2 Iz our
yuzutuoz works0 wtuot wqrq nqooyuzs vqry powqrrux0
yqz azp woyqz tap workqp at ttqur yaotuzqs tuxx
ttqy proppqp sqzsqxqss rroy ratusuq2
Nqarxy ozq yuxxuoz or yqz0 srowuzs to two yuxxuozs
at ttq pqak0 axttoust workuzs axx pay0 tap nqqz
roryqp uzto ttq Hoyq Guarp2 ctqy wqrq aryqp at
xqast wutt ruflqs0 azp aryqp axso wutt ttq spurut
‘Cozquqr or Suq’2
Latqr uz 19E10 wtqz wq wqrq stuxx axozq0 wq
saorufioqp uzwuxxuzsxy0 to soyq qxtqzt uzwuttuzsxy0 our
oozquqsts or ttq wuztqr uz Cyrqzauoa azp Lunya uz
orpqr to stazp ny GrqqoqE azp Grqqoq wuxx zqvqr
rorsqt tow yuot wq savq0 axnqut uzavauxuzsxy0 or ttq
xuttxq wq tap2 rq pup ttus ror tozour2
rq rqprqssqp ttq Gqryaz1uzstusatqp rusuzs uz Iraq2
rq pqrqzpqp eaxqstuzq2 rutt ttq assustazoq or
Gqzqrax pq Gauxxq’s uzpoyutanxq Frqq Frqzot wq
oxqarqp Syrua azp ttq Lqnazoz or euotyutqs azp or
Gqryaz avuators azp uztrusuqrs2
Azp ttqz0 uz Ruzq 19E10 azottqr trqyqzpous worxp
qvqzt ooourrqp2 hou tavq zo pount zotuoqp uz your
rqapuzs or Brutust tustory – azp I topq you wuxx takq
pauzs to rqap ut0 ror ut us ozxy rroy ttq past ttat ozq
oaz vupsq ttq ruturq0 azp ut us ozxy rroy rqapuzs ttq
story or ttq Brutust zatuoz0 or ttq Brutust Typurq0 ttat
you oaz rqqx a wqxx1srouzpqp sqzsq or prupq to pwqxx
uz ttqsq usxazps – you tavq soyqtuyqs zotuoqp uz your
rqapuzs or Brutust tustory ttat wq tavq tap to toxp
out rroy tuyq to tuyq axx axozq0 or to nq ttq
yauzspruzs or ooaxutuozs0 asauzst a Coztuzqztax tyrazt
or puotator0 azp wq tavq tap to toxp out ror quutq a
xozs tuyqK asauzst ttq Spazust Aryapa0 asauzst ttq
yustt or Louus gIe0 wtqz wq xqp Turopq ror zqarxy
twqzty1fivq yqars uzpqr ruxxuay III azp Marxnoroust0
azp a tuzprqp azp firty yqars aso0 wtqz Nqxsoz0 eutt
azp rqxxuzstoz nrokq Napoxqoz0 zot wuttout
assustazoq rroy ttq tqrouo aussuazs or 181C2 Iz axx
ttqsq worxp wars our Isxazp kqpt ttq xqap or Turopq
or qxsq tqxp out axozq2
Azp ur you toxp out axozq xozs qzoust0 ttqrq axways
ooyqs a tuyq wtqz ttq tyrazt yakqs soyq stastxy
yustakq wtuot axtqrs ttq wtoxq naxazoq or ttq
strussxq2 Oz Ruzq CC0 19E10 Hutxqr0 yastqr as tq
ttoustt tuysqxr or axx Turopq – zay0 uzpqqp0 sooz to
nq yastqr or ttq worxp0 so tq ttoustt – trqaotqrousxy0
wuttout warzuzs0 wuttout ttq sxusttqst provooatuoz0
turxqp tuysqxr oz aussua azp oayq raoq to raoq wutt
Marstax Staxuz azp ttq zuynqrxqss yuxxuozs or ttq
aussuaz pqopxq2
Azp ttqz at ttq qzp or ttq yqar Rapaz struok a rqxoz
nxow at ttq dzutqp Statqs at eqarx Harnor0 azp at ttq
sayq tuyq attaokqp us uz Maxaya azp Suzsaporq2
ctqrqupoz Hutxqr azp Mussoxuzu pqoxarqp war oz ttq
aqpunxuo or ttq dzutqp Statqs2
hqars tavq passqp suzoq ttqz2 Izpqqp qvqry yqar
sqqys to yq axyost a pqoapq2 But zqvqr suzoq ttq
dzutqp Statqs qztqrqp ttq war tavq I tap ttq
sxusttqst pount nut ttat wq stouxp nq savqp0 azp ttat
wq ozxy tap to po our puty uz orpqr to wuz2 rq tavq
pxayqp our part uz axx ttus prooqss ny wtuot ttq qvux1
poqrs tavq nqqz ovqrttrowz0 azp I topq I po zot
spqak vauz or noastrux worps0 nut rroy Axayquz uz
Ootonqr 19EC0 ttroust ttq Azsxo1Ayqruoaz uzvasuoz
or Nortt Arruoa0 or Suouxy0 or Itaxy0 wutt ttq oapturq or
aoyq0 wq yarotqp yazy yuxqs azp zqvqr kzqw
pqrqat2
Azp ttqz xast yqar0 artqr two yqars’ patuqzt
prqparatuoz azp yarvqxxous pqvuoqs or ayptunuous
warrarq – azp yark you0 our souqztusts arq zot
surpassqp uz azy zatuoz uz ttq worxp0 qspqouaxxy wtqz
ttqur ttoustt us appxuqp to zavax yattqrs – xast yqar
oz Ruzq 6 wq squzqp a oarqruxxy sqxqotqp xuttxq toq or
Gqryaz1oooupuqp Frazoq azp pourqp yuxxuozs uz rroy
ttus Isxazp azp rroy aoross ttq Atxaztuo0 uztux ttq
Squzq0 ttq Soyyq0 azp ttq atuzq axx rqxx nqtuzp ttq
apvazouzs Azsxo1Ayqruoaz spqartqaps2
Frazoq was xunqratqp2 Stq propuoqp a fizq aryy or
saxxazt yqz to aup tqr owz xunqratuoz2 Gqryazy xay
opqz2
Now rroy ttq ottqr supq ttq yustty yuxutary
aotuqvqyqzts or ttq aussuaz pqopxq0 axways toxpuzs
yazy yorq Gqryaz troops oz ttqur rrozt ttaz wq
oouxp po0 roxxqp rorwarp to yqqt us uz ttq tqart azp
oqztrq or Gqryazy2 At ttq sayq tuyq0 uz Itaxy0 Fuqxp
Marstax Axqxazpqr’s aryy or so yazy zatuozs0 ttq
xarsqst part or wtuot was Brutust or Brutust Typurq0
struok ttqur fizax nxow azp ooypqxxqp yorq ttaz a
yuxxuoz qzqyy troops to surrqzpqr2 ctus Furtqqztt
Aryy Group0 as wq oaxx ut0 Brutust azp Ayqruoazs
vouzqp tosqttqr uz axyost qquax zuynqrs0 arq zow
pqqp uz Austrua0 vouzuzs ttqur rustt tazp wutt ttq
aussuazs azp ttqur xqrt wutt ttq dzutqp Statqs aryuqs
or Gqzqrax Tusqztowqr’s ooyyazp2
It tappqzqp0 as you yay rqyqynqr – nut yqyoruqs
arq stort – ttat uz ttq spaoq or ttrqq pays wq
rqoquvqp ttq zqws or ttq uzxayqztqp pqparturqs or
Mussoxuzu azp Hutxqr0 azp uz ttrqq pays axso
surrqzpqrs wqrq yapq to Fuqxp Marstax Axqxazpqr
azp Fuqxp Marstax Moztsoyqry or ovqr two yuxxuoz
fivq tuzprqp ttousazp soxpuqrs or ttus tqrrunxq warxukq
Gqryaz aryy2
I staxx yakq ut oxqar at ttus yoyqzt ttat wq zqvqr
rauxqp to rqooszuzq ttq uyyqzsq supqruoruty or ttq
powqr usqp ny ttq dzutqp Statqs uz ttq rqsouq or
Frazoq azp ttq pqrqat or Gqryazy2 For our part0
Brutust azp Cazapuazs0 wq tavq tap anout ozq1tturp
as yazy yqz ovqr ttqrq as ttq Ayqruoazs0 nut wq
tavq takqz our ruxx starq or ttq fisttuzs0 as ttq soaxq
or our xossqs stows2 Our Navy tas norzq
uzooyparanxy ttq tqavuqst nurpqz uz ttq Atxaztuo
Ooqaz0 uz ttq zarrow sqas azp ttq Arotuo oozvoys to
aussua0 wtuxq ttq dzutqp Statqs Navy tas tap to usq
uts uyyqzsq strqzstt yauzxy asauzst Rapaz2 rq yapq
a raur puvusuoz or ttq xanour0 azp wq oaz qaot rqport
ttat our work us quttqr pozq or souzs to nq pozq2
It us rustt azp zaturax ttat wq stouxp qxtox ttq
vurtuqs azp sxoruous sqrvuoqs or our owz yost rayous
ooyyazpqrs0 Axqxazpqr azp Moztsoyqry0 zquttqr or
wtoy was qvqr pqrqatqp suzoq ttqy nqsaz tosqttqr at
Axayquz2 Bott or ttqy tavq oozpuotqp uz Arruoa0 uz
Itaxy0 uz Noryazpy azp uz Gqryazy0 nattxqs or ttq first
yaszutupq azp or pqousuvq oozsqquqzoq2 At ttq sayq
tuyq wq kzow tow srqat us our pqnt to ttq ooynuzuzs
azp uzuryuzs ooyyazp azp tust stratqsuo purqotuoz or
Gqzqrax Tusqztowqr2
[···‘
It yay wqxx nq saup ttat our stratqsy was oozpuotqp
so ttat ttq nqst ooynuzatuozs0 ttq oxosqst oozoqrts0
wqrq uypartqp uzto ttq opqratuozs ny ttq ooynuzqp
staffs or Brutauz azp ttq dzutqp Statqs0 wutt wtoy0
rroy cqtqraz ozwarps0 ttq war xqapqrs or aussua
wqrq vouzqp2 Azp ut yay axso nq saup ttat zqvqr tavq
ttq roroqs or two zatuozs roustt supq1ny1supq azp
uztqryuzsxqp uz ttq xuzqs or nattxq wutt so yuot uzuty0
ooyrapqstup azp nrottqrtoop as uz ttq srqat Azsxo1
Ayqruoaz Aryuqs2
Soyq pqopxq sayK rqxx0 wtat wouxp you qxpqot0 ur
nott zatuozs spqak ttq sayq xazsuasq0 tavq ttq sayq
xaws0 tavq a srqat part or ttqur tustory uz ooyyoz0
azp tavq vqry yuot ttq sayq outxook upoz xurq wutt
axx uts topq azp sxoryN Isz’t ut vust ttq sort or ttuzs
ttat wouxp tappqzN Azp ottqrs yay sayK It wouxp nq
az uxx pay ror axx ttq worxp azp ror ttq paur or ttqy ur
ttqy pup zot so oz workuzs tosqttqr azp yarotuzs
tosqttqr azp sauxuzs tosqttqr azp flyuzs tosqttqr0
wtqzqvqr soyqttuzs tas to nq pozq ror ttq sakq or
rrqqpoy azp raur pxay axx ovqr ttq worxp2 ctat us ttq
srqat topq or ttq ruturq2
ctqrq was ozq fizax pazsqr rroy wtuot ttq ooxxapsq
or Gqryazy tas savqp us2 Iz Lozpoz azp ttq Soutt1
Tastqrz oouztuqs wq tavq suffqrqp ror a yqar rroy
varuous rorys or flyuzs1noyns – pqrtaps you tavq
tqarp anout ttus – azp rookqts0 azp our Aur Foroq azp
our naokpaok nattqruqs tavq pozq wozpqrs asauzst
ttqy2 Iz partuouxar ttq Aur Foroq0 turzqp oz uz soop
tuyq oz wtat ttqz sqqyqp vqry sxustt azp pountrux
qvupqzoq0 taypqrqp azp vastxy pqxayqp axx Gqryaz
prqparatuozs2 But ut was ozxy wtqz our Aryuqs
oxqazqp up ttq ooast azp ovqrraz axx ttq pouzts or
pusotarsq0 azp wtqz ttq Ayqruoazs oapturqp vast
storqs or rookqts or axx kuzps zqar Lqupzus0 wtuot ozxy
ttq ottqr pay appqp to ttq uzroryatuoz wq tap0 azp
wtqz axx ttq prqparatuozs nquzs yapq oz ttq ooasts
or Frazoq azp Hoxxazp oouxp nq qxayuzqp uz pqtaux0 uz
souqztufio pqtaux0 ttat wq kzqw tow sravq tap nqqz
ttq pqrux0 zot ozxy rroy rookqts azp flyuzs noyns nut
rroy yuxtupxq xozs1razsq artuxxqry wtuot was nquzs
prqparqp asauzst Lozpoz2 Ozxy vust uz tuyq pup ttq
Axxuqp aryuqs nxast ttq vupqr uz tus zqst2 Ottqrwusq
ttq autuyz or 19EE0 to say zottuzs or 19E50 yustt
wqxx tavq sqqz Lozpoz as stattqrqp as Bqrxuz2
For ttq sayq pqruop ttq Gqryazs tap prqparqp a
zqw d1noat flqqt azp zovqx taotuos wtuot0 ttoust wq
stouxp tavq qvqztuaxxy pqstroyqp ttqy0 yustt wqxx
tavq oarruqp aztu1d1noat warrarq naok to ttq tust
pqak pays or 19EC2 ctqrqrorq wq yust rqvouoq azp
suvq ttazks0 zot ozxy ror our prqsqrvatuoz wtqz wq
wqrq axx axozq0 nut ror our tuyqxy pqxuvqrazoq rroy
zqw suffqruzs0 zqw pqruxs zot qasuxy to nq yqasurqp2
I wust I oouxp tqxx you tozustt ttat axx our touxs azp
trounxqs wqrq ovqr2 ctqz uzpqqp I oouxp qzp yy fivq
yqars’ sqrvuoq tappuxy0 azp ur you ttoustt ttat you
tap tap qzoust or yq azp ttat I oustt to nq put out
to srass0 I tqxx you I wouxp takq ut wutt ttq nqst or
sraoq2 But0 oz ttq ooztrary0 I yust warz you0 as I pup
wtqz I nqsaz ttus fivq yqars’ task – azp zo ozq kzqw
ttqz ttat ut wouxp xast so xozs – ttat ttqrq us stuxx a xot
to po0 azp ttat you yust nq prqparqp ror rurttqr
qfforts or yuzp azp nopy azp rurttqr saorufioqs to
srqat oausqs ur you arq zot to raxx naok uzto ttq rut or
uzqrtua0 ttq oozrusuoz or auy0 azp ttq oravqz rqar or
nquzs srqat2
hou yust zot wqakqz uz azy way uz your axqrt azp
vusuxazt rrayq or yuzp2 ctoust toxupay rqvououzs us
zqoqssary to ttq tuyaz spurut0 yqt ut yust app to ttq
strqzstt azp rqsuxuqzoq wutt wtuot qvqry yaz azp
woyaz turzs asauz to ttq work ttqy tavq to po0 azp
axso to ttq outxook azp watot ttqy tavq to kqqp oz
punxuo affaurs2
Oz ttq ooztuzqzt or Turopq wq tavq yqt to yakq
surq ttat ttq suypxq azp tozouranxq purposqs ror
wtuot wq qztqrqp ttq war arq zot nrustqp asupq or
ovqr1xookqp uz ttq yoztts roxxowuzs our suooqss0 azp
ttat ttq worps ‘rrqqpoy’0 ‘pqyooraoy’ azp ‘xunqratuoz’
arq zot pustortqp rroy ttqur truq yqazuzs as wq tavq
uzpqrstoop ttqy2 ctqrq wouxp nq xuttxq usq uz
puzustuzs ttq Hutxqrutqs ror ttqur oruyqs ur xaw azp
vustuoq pup zot ruxq0 azp ur totaxutaruaz or poxuoq
sovqrzyqzts wqrq to takq ttq pxaoq or ttq Gqryaz
uzvapqrs2
rq sqqk zottuzs ror oursqxvqs2 But wq yust yakq
surq ttat ttosq oausqs wtuot wq roustt ror fizp
rqooszutuoz at ttq pqaoq tanxq uz raots as wqxx as
worps0 azp anovq axx wq yust xanour ttat ttq worxp
orsazuzatuoz wtuot ttq dzutqp Natuozs arq orqatuzs
at Saz Frazousoo poqs zot nqooyq az upxq zayq0 poqs
zot nqooyq a stuqxp ror ttq strozs azp a yookqry ror
ttq wqak2 It us ttq vuotors wto yust sqarot ttqur
tqarts uz ttqur sxowuzs tours0 azp nq wortty ny ttqur
zonuxuty or ttq uyyqzsq roroqs ttat ttqy wuqxp2
rq yust zqvqr rorsqt ttat nqyozp axx xurks Rapaz0
tarassqp azp rauxuzs nut stuxx a pqopxq or a tuzprqp
yuxxuozs0 ror wtosq warruors pqatt tas rqw tqrrors2 I
oazzot tqxx you tozustt tow yuot tuyq or wtat
qxqrtuozs wuxx nq rqquurqp to ooypqx ttq Rapazqsq to
yakq ayqzps ror ttqur opuous trqaotqry azp oruqxty2
rq – xukq Ctuza0 so xozs uzpauztqp – tavq rqoquvqp
torrunxq uzvuruqs rroy ttqy oursqxvqs0 azp wq arq
nouzp ny ttq tuqs or tozour azp rratqrzax xoyaxty to
ttq dzutqp Statqs to fistt ttus srqat war at ttq ottqr
qzp or ttq worxp at ttqur supq wuttout flassuzs or
rauxuzs2 rq yust rqyqynqr ttat Austraxua azp Nqw
Zqaxazp azp Cazapa wqrq azp arq axx purqotxy
yqzaoqp ny ttus qvux eowqr2 ctqy oayq to our aup uz
our park tuyqs0 azp wq yust zot xqavq uzfizustqp azy
task wtuot oozoqrzs ttqur sarqty azp ttqur ruturq2
I toxp you tarp ttuzss at ttq nqsuzzuzs or ttqsq xast
fivq yqarsE you pup zot struzk0 azp I stouxp nq
uzwortty or your oozfipqzoq azp sqzqrosuty ur I pup
zot stuxx oryK Forwarp0 uzfluzotuzs0 uzswqrvuzs0
uzpoyutanxq0 tuxx ttq wtoxq task us pozq azp ttq wtoxq
worxp us sarq azp oxqaz2
 ‘E N @CM @F S AC@1 E E M S E 8E
1 E 5@CE F Sl

Cturotuxx topqp ttat tus Grazp Coaxutuoz wouxp ooztuzuq uz

powqr uztux ttq pqrqat or Rapaz2 But ttq Lanour earty was
pqtqryuzqp to tavq a Gqzqrax Txqotuoz as sooz as possunxq0
azp to sqqk a popuxar yazpatq2 Oz C1 May 19E50 Cxqyqzt
Attxqq0 Lqapqr or ttq Lanour earty0 azp Cturotuxx’s pqputy
uz ttq rar Canuzqt0 tqxqptozqp tuy wutt ttq yqssasqK ‘My
ooxxqasuqs azp I po zot nqxuqvq ttat ut wouxp nq possunxq to
xay asupq poxutuoax ooztrovqrsy zow ttat ttq qxpqotatuoz or
az qxqotuoz tas qzsasqp ttq attqztuoz or ttq oouztry2’ Hus
topqs ttus rqnuffqp0 oz May C3 Cturotuxx tqzpqrqp tus
rqsuszatuoz to Kuzs Gqorsq eI2 ctq Grazp Coaxutuoz was at
az qzp2 A Gqzqrax Txqotuoz wouxp takq pxaoq uz Ruxy2 dztux
ttqz0 Cturotuxx wouxp rqyauz eruyq Muzustqr at ttq tqap or
a prqpoyuzaztxy Cozsqrvatuvq ‘Carqtakqr Govqrzyqzt’2 ctq
Lanour earty wouxp so uzto opposutuoz0 azp az qxqotorax
strussxq wouxp nqsuz2 Oz C6 May 19E50 Cturotuxx nroapoast
to ttq zatuoz wtosq war xqapqr tq tap nqqz ror ttq
prqvuous fivq yqars azp suxtqqz paysK
ctq srqat vuotory uz Turopq tas nqqz woz2 Tzoryous
pronxqys xuq nqrorq us2 A stattqrqp ooztuzqzt us torz
ny passuozs azp tatrqp suot as tavq rarqxy nqqz
kzowz uz tustory2 rq tavq to oarry oz wutt ttq strozs
xuzqs or poxuoy to wtuot wq tavq pxqpsqp oursqxvqs uz
ttq ooursq or ttq war0 azp wtuot I staxx qxpouzp to
you as ttq tuyq offqrs puruzs ttq zqxt sux wqqks2
hou arq toxp ttat ttus us a rust qxqotuoz2 Most or ttq
qxqotuozs wq tavq roustt tavq nqqz sqvqzty pays0 nut
ttus ozq tas to nq rustqp ttroust uz rorty0 azp wq
yust zot usq axx our powpqr azp stot uz ttq qarxy
stasqs or nattxq2 rq yust work up to ttq tustqst
pouzt0 wtuot wuxx nq rqaotqp oz poxxuzs pay2
It tas nqqz – I po zot oozoqax ut – a yattqr or sruqr
to yq ttat yazy Lanour azp trapq uzuoz rruqzps azp
ttq Lunqraxs tavq ttoustt ut ttqur puty to ttqur partuqs
to xqavq ttq Natuozax Apyuzustratuoz wtuot tas vust
ooyq to az qzp2 rtuxq I ay wqxx awarq or ttq
puffiouxtuqs wtuot ttqy rqxt0 ut us yy puty to oarry oz0
azp I tavq oaxxqp upoz ttosq or soop wuxx or axx eartuqs
azp zo eartuqs to vouz uz ttq Apyuzustratuoz2 I
oozsupqr ut us ozq wtuot us oapanxq or pusotarsuzs ttq
tqavy tasks ttat xuq nqrorq ut azp ttat ut wuxx nqar
ooyparusoz wutt axyost azy Apyuzustratuoz or rqoqzt
tuyqs ror anuxuty azp suzsxq yuzpqpzqss or purposq2
ctqy oaxx us ttq ‘Carqtakqrs’2 No pount ttqy otosq
ttat0 azp wq apopt ut0 nqoausq ut yqazs ttat wq staxx
takq vqry soop oarq or qvqryttuzs ttat affqots ttq
wqxrarq or Brutauz azp or axx oxassqs uz Brutauz2
 ‘S@M E 5@CM @5 6 E STA A@l

Iz tus first party poxutuoax nroapoast0 oz E Ruzq 19E50 oz

nqtaxr or ttq Cozsqrvatuvq earty0 Cturotuxx soustt to
uzfluqzoq ttq votqrs uz ravour or ttq Cozsqrvatuvq earty ny
strqssuzs wtat tq rqarqp wqrq ttq puotatoruax trauts or
Soouaxusy2 Hus pausttqr Mary tas rqoaxxqp tow tus wurq
Cxqyqztuzq ‘nqssqp tuy to pqxqtq ttq opuous azp uzvupuous
rqrqrqzoq to ttq Gqstapo2 But tq wouxp zot tqqp tqr2’ Iz tus
nroapoast0 Cturotuxx pqoxarqpK
Soouaxusy us0 uz uts qssqzoq0 az attaok zot ozxy upoz
Brutust qztqrprusq0 nut upoz ttq rustt or ttq orpuzary
yaz or woyaz to nrqattq rrqqxy wuttout tavuzs a
tarst0 oxuysy0 tyrazzuoax tazp oxappqp aoross ttqur
youtts azp zostruxs2 A Frqq earxuayqzt – xook at ttat
– a Frqq earxuayqzt us opuous to ttq Soouaxust
pootruzaurq2
[…‘
No Soouaxust Govqrzyqzt oozpuotuzs ttq qzturq xurq
azp uzpustry or ttq oouztry oouxp afforp to axxow rrqq0
starp0 or vuoxqztxy1worpqp qxprqssuozs or punxuo
pusooztqzt2 ctqy wouxp tavq to raxx naok oz soyq
rory or Gqstapo0 zo pount vqry tuyazqxy purqotqp uz
ttq first uzstazoq2 Azp ttus wouxp zup opuzuoz uz ttq
nupE ut wouxp stop orutuousy as ut rqarqp uts tqap0 azp
ut wouxp sattqr axx ttq powqr to ttq suprqyq party
azp ttq party xqapqrs0 rusuzs xukq statqxy puzzaoxqs
anovq ttqur vast nurqauoraouqs or Cuvux Sqrvazts0 zo
xozsqr sqrvazts azp zo xozsqr ouvux2 Azp wtqrq wouxp
ttq orpuzary suypxq roxk – ttq ooyyoz pqopxq0 as ttqy
xukq to oaxx ttqy uz Ayqruoa – wtqrq wouxp ttqy nq0
ozoq ttus yustty orsazusy tap sot ttqy uz uts srupN
[…‘
My rruqzps0 I yust tqxx you ttat a Soouaxust poxuoy us
antorrqzt to ttq Brutust upqas or rrqqpoy2 Axttoust ut
us zow put rorwarp uz ttq yauz ny pqopxq wto tavq a
soop srouzpuzs uz ttq Lunqraxusy azp aapuoaxusy or
ttq qarxy part or ttus oqztury0 ttqrq oaz nq zo pount
ttat Soouaxusy us uzsqparanxy uztqrwovqz wutt
cotaxutaruazusy azp ttq anvqot worstup or ttq Statq2 It
us zot axozq ttat propqrty0 uz axx uts rorys0 us struok at0
nut ttat xunqrty0 uz axx uts rorys0 us otaxxqzsqp ny ttq
ruzpayqztax oozoqptuozs or Soouaxusy2
[…‘
How us az orpuzary outuzqz or sunvqot or ttq Kuzs to
stazp up asauzst ttus roryupanxq yaotuzq0 wtuot0
ozoq ut us uz powqr0 wuxx prqsorunq ror qvqry ozq or
ttqy wtqrq ttqy arq to workE wtat ttqy arq to work
atE wtqrq ttqy yay so azp wtat ttqy yay sayE wtat
vuqws ttqy arq to toxp azp wuttuz wtat xuyuts ttqy
yay qxprqss ttqyE wtqrq ttqur wuvqs arq to so to
ququq up ror ttq Statq ratuozE azp wtat qpuoatuoz
ttqur otuxprqz arq to rqoquvq to youxp ttqur vuqws or
tuyaz xunqrty azp oozpuot uz ttq ruturqN
[…‘
My suzoqrq topq was ttat wq oouxp tavq tqxp
tosqttqr uztux ttq war asauzst Rapaz was fizustqp2 Oz
ttq ottqr tazp0 ttqrq was a tust puty to oozsuxt ttq
pqopxq artqr axx ttqsq yqars2 I oouxp ozxy nq rqxuqvqp
or ttat puty ny ttq ruxx asrqqyqzt or ttq ttrqq
partuqs0 rurttqr rortufiqp0 pqrtaps0 ny a kuzp or offiouax
Gaxxup eoxx0 wtuot I ay surq wouxp tavq rqsuxtqp uz
az ovqrwtqxyuzs rqquqst ttat wq stouxp so oz to ttq
qzp azp fizust ttq von2 ctat wouxp tavq qzanxqp yq
to say at ozoq0 ‘ctqrq wuxx nq zo qxqotuoz ror a yqar’0
or worps to ttat qffqot2
I kzow ttat yazy or yy Lanour ooxxqasuqs wouxp
tavq nqqz sxap to oarry oz2 Oz ttq ottqr tazp0 ttq
Soouaxust earty as a wtoxq tap nqqz ror soyq tuyq
qasqr to sqt out upoz ttq poxutuoax warpatt0 azp wtqz
xarsq zuynqrs or pqopxq rqqx xukq ttat ut us zot soop
ror ttqur tqaxtt to pqzy ttqy ttq fistt ttqy wazt2 rq
wuxx ttqrqrorq suvq ut to ttqy to ttq nqst or our anuxuty2
[···‘
earty0 yy rruqzps0 tas axways pxayqp a srqat part uz
our affaurs2 earty tuqs tavq nqqz oozsupqrqp
tozouranxq nozps0 azp zo ozq oouxp pount ttat wtqz
ttq Gqryaz war was ovqr azp ttq uyyqpuatq pazsqr
to ttus oouztry0 wtuot tap xqp to ttq Coaxutuoz0 tap
oqasqp0 oozfluotuzs xoyaxtuqs wouxp arusq2 Our Soouaxust
azp Lunqrax rruqzps rqxt ttqysqxvqs roroqp0 ttqrqrorq0
to put party nqrorq oouztry2 ctqy tavq pqpartqp0 azp
wq tavq nqqz xqrt to oarry ttq zatuoz’s nurpqz2
 ‘N @T7 8N 6 8S E A S8E C T7 A N T@
ACE GE N T 5CE E SAE E C 7 l

Oz 3 Ruxy 19E50 as ttq qxqotuoz oaypausz prqw to a oxosq0

Cturotuxx spokq uz ttq Stapuuy at raxttaystow to a orowp
or yorq ttaz twqzty ttousazp pqopxq0 soyq or wtoy wqrq
vqtqyqztxy tostuxq2 At tuyqs0 tus vouoq was prowzqp out ny
noouzs azp uproar2 Hq was uz a puszaouous qxqotuozqqruzs
yoopK
ctus us a pqouxuar sattqruzs uz wtuot nott supqs arq
takuzs part2 (Lausttqr2, I ttuzk I wuxx nqsuz ny tqstuzs
ttq yuoroptozq2 I wouxp xukq to kzow wtqttqr yy
vouoq rqaotqs you or zot2 Caz you tqar yqN (ctqrq
wqrq oruqs or ‘hqs’ azp wtqz tq ooztuzuqp ‘Arq wq
powztqartqpN’ ttqrq was a ttuzpqrous ‘No’ rroy ttq
orowp2,
I stouxp xukq to ask ror ttq tqxp or axx yqynqrs or
ttq aupuqzoq2 Or ooursq0 uz a rrqq oouztry xukq ours
wtuot tas roustt ror rrqqpoy axx ovqr ttq worxp0 azp
sauzqp ut ror yazy oouztruqs ttat zqvqr kzqw utE uz a
rrqq oouztry qvqry ozq tas a pqrrqot rustt to otqqr or
noo as yuot as tq xukqs2 (Ctqqrs azp noos2, ctq
wuzzqrs otqqr azp ttq nqatqz noo2
But ut us a sqruous quqstuoz ur uztqrruptuozs arq
yapq wutt ttq opportuzuty azp uztqztuoz or stoppuzs
rrqq spqqot2 Nottuzs us qasuqr ttaz to prqvqzt rrqq
spqqot0 nut ttq ozxy rqsuxt or pouzs ttat us to rqpuoq
oursqxvqs to ttosq totaxutaruaz Statqs ttat wqrq
qstanxustqp ny Hutxqr azp Mussoxuzu0 azp azyozq wto
uztqrrupts uz az orsazuzqp yazzqr a srqat punxuo
sattqruzs us suuxty or ttosq vqry oruyqs wtuot our
soxpuqrs tavq swqpt away aoross Turopq wutt firq azp
sworp2
I tavq ooyq uz ttq first pxaoq to say soyqttuzs to
you wtuot us zot at axx or a ooztrovqrsuax otaraotqr2 So
nott otqqrqrs azp noo1qrs oaz takq a yoyqzt off2 I
wazt to oozsratuxatq Lozpoz0 as ut us ttq first srqat
spqqot I tavq yapq0 ttq first uyportazt sattqruzs I
tavq apprqssqp0 uz Lozpoz – upoz tqr wozpqrrux
rqoorp uz ttq war2 rouxp you xukq to noo ttatN
ctq truuypts wtuot ttus srqat outy tas sauzqp ny
tqr oozpuot uz ttq war – Grqatqr Lozpoz – arq
wuttout paraxxqx uz ttq wtoxq worxp2 Ir you takq
Grqatqr Lozpoz as a wtoxq0 ttq pqopxq wto wqrq
xuvuzs tqrq nqrorq ttq war nqsaz0 azp you xook at
ttqy zow0 ozq uz qvqry 13A tas nqqz kuxxqp quttqr ny
souzs anroap rroy ttus arqa to fistt or ny rqyauzuzs
tqrq to rqoquvq ttq ruxx nxast or ttq noyns2 Azp uz ttus
part or ttq worxp ttqy tavq raxxqz yorq tqavuxy ttaz
uz azy ottqr part or Lozpoz0 qspqouaxxy raxttaystow0
Ixrorp0 rooprorp0 azp ttosq arqas arouzp ttqrq2
I offqr you yy suzoqrq ttazks azp oozsratuxatuozs
ror ttq ooyposurq azp stqapy attqztuoz to puty wutt
wtuot you tavq suooqqpqp uz qzpuruzs ttus
qxoqptuozaxxy sqvqrq strauz0 ttq oozsqquqzoqs or
wtuot tavq nqqz to suvq our oouztry az qffqotuvq
powqr to yauztauz uzpqrturnqp azp uzwqaruqp ttq
xozs azp vqtqyqzt uypuxsq or war2
ctqrq was a tuyq wtqz wq wqrq axx axozq0 axx axozq
ror a yqar0 nut ny toxpuzs firy wq zot ozxy oayq
ttroust oursqxvqs nut wq qzanxqp srqat zatuozs xukq
Sovuqt aussua (otqqrs azp uztqrruptuozs, – rqxx0
surqxy zo ozq us souzs to noo Sovuqt aussuaN I ttoustt
ut was ooyyoz srouzp nqtwqqz us ttat ttqy tap
roustt a vaxuazt fistt uz pqrqzoq or ttqur tqartts azp
toyqs – azp ttq dzutqp Statqs0 ttqsq two srqat
zatuozs wqrq anxq to ooyq tosqttqr azp nq ruxxy
aryqp2 ctus wq ontauzqp srqat supqruoruty ovqr ttq
qzqyy0 wtuot xqp to ttq prqsqzt vuotory uz Turopq2
Now0 uz Turopq wq owz ooypxqtq ooztrox nut yuot
rqyauzs to nq pozq2 eqry sravq pronxqys tavq to nq
sqttxqp – ttq oozquqrqp qzqyy azp ttq pqstroyqp
oouztruqs wtuot tavq raxxqz uzto our ooztrox – uz a
yazzqr wtuot wuxx nqst oozpuoq to ttq tqaxuzs or ttq
wouzps0 to ttq ouruzs or ttq torrunxq pqstruotuoz azp
ruuz wtuot tas raxxqz upoz Turopq0 azp to qzanxq ttq
ooztuzqzt to rusq asauz uz ttq sayq uzutqp rory wutt
tqr oxp sxoruqs azp axx ttq topqs or ruturq prosrqss
wtuot xuq wuttuz us2
ctqrq tas nqqz a sqztxqyaz oz yy xqrt wto kqqps
oz toxxqruzs anout poxuoy2 I wuxx azswqr tus uzquury2
Our poxuoy us uz ttq first pxaoq to nqat Rapaz (xoup
otqqrs,0 ttat srqqpy azp trqaotqrous eowqr wtuot
attaokqp ttq dzutqp Statqs at eqarx Harnor azp axso
attaokqp us2
ctq war asauzst Rapaz yust nq oozpuotqp at ttq
ottqr qzp or ttq worxp0 azp ttqrqrorq ozxy a syaxx
portuoz or ttq srqat aryuqs wq tavq usqp uz Turopq
oaz so ttqrqE nut ut us our puty to fistt wutt our
utyost strqzstt2
ctq dzutqp Statqs sqzt yqz ovqr tqrq uz yuxxuozs to
tqxp us azp to nrqak ttq powqr or Hutxqr0 azp wq yust
stazp ny ttqy uz azottqr fistt at ttq ottqr qzp or ttq
worxp wtuot us axso uz az uyportazt pqsrqq our nattxq
too2
ctat us ttq first qxqyqzt uz our poxuoy2 ctq zqxt us to
nruzs ttq aryuqs toyq2 (Loup otqqruzs2, At ttq sayq
tuyq as wq arq nruzsuzs ttq srqat yavoruty or ttq
aryuqs toyq wq arq rqorsazuzuzs azp rqpqpxoyuzs
ottqr aryuqs to so azp fistt asauzst Rapaz2 ctus wq
tavq ttat as our first praotuoax nusuzqss2
ctqz wq tavq to nuuxp up ttq toyqs azp tousqs
ttat tavq nqqz stattqrqp ny ttq qzqyy’s
noynarpyqzt0 azp axso to yakq up ror ttq xoss or sux
yqars’ nuuxpuzs wtuot ttq war tap qztauxqp2 rtqz ttq
war tap nrokqz out0 uz ttq yqar nqrorq ttq war wq
tap nuuxt 35A0AAA tousqs uz ozq yqar2 Look out2 Hoxp
oz to your otaurs2 ctus us ozq you wuxx zot xukq – two1
tturps or ttosq tousqs wqrq nuuxt ny pruvatq
qztqrprusq2 (Loup otqqrs2, Havq a soop noo anout
ttatE tavq a soop noo – pruvatq qztqrprusq2
rqxx0 sux yqars or 35A0AAA tousqs a yqar us vqry
zqar two yuxxuozs0 azp wq arq stort axx ttosq0 apart
rroy axx ttq tousqs ttat ttq qzqyy nxqw powz0 or
nrokq uz puqoqs2 rty tavq wq zot rqpaurqp azp
rqnuuxt ttosq tousqsN rqxx0 you oaz ask Mr2 Attxqq azp
Mr2 Bqvuz azp ttat srqat Lozpoz tqro Mr2 Hqrnqrt
Morrusoz0 nqoausq ur wq arq to nxayq0 ttqy arq to
nxayq too2 But soyq or ttq Soouaxusts azp Lanour’s
rruqzps wuxx nq rqxuqvqp to tqar ttat I po zot ttuzk
ttqy wqrq to nxayq0 zor arq wq2
But axx ttq nuuxpqrs wqrq at ttq war2 rq oouxp tavq
tap a xot yorq tousqs tqrq ur wq tap rqoaxxqp ttq
nuuxpqrs a yqar aso0 ur wq tap nroustt ttqy rroy ttq
rrozt azp nroustt ttqy rroy ttq yuzutuozs works0
nut ttqz wq wouxp zot tavq qzpqp ttq war2 rq yustt
tavq tap ttq tousqs nut ttq war wouxp tavq nqqz
souzs oz0 prassuzs oz rroy ttq suyyqr to ttq wuztqr2
(Loup otqqrs2,
ctat us ttq qxousq I offqr oz nqtaxr or Mr2 Attxqq0
Mr2 Bqvuz0 azp Mr2 Morrusoz – (uztqrruptuozs, – azp or
yysqxr2 (Ctqqrs azp oouztqr1otqqrs2,
rqxx0 ttq first ttuzs wq tavq to po us to nuuxp ttq
tousqs0 azp I ay tqrq to tqxx you ttat wq wuxx po
qvqryttuzs uz tuyaz powqr to sqt ttqy nuuxt2
Nottuzs staxx stazp uz ttq way2 rq wuxx usq our
powqrs as ur ut was a yuxutary opqratuoz0 azp I topq
azp trust – ttoust I oazzot suaraztqq – ttqrq wuxx zot
nq a xozs pqruop or stortasq2 I topq azp trust
uzqxpqotqp prosrqss wuxx nq yapq0 yorq ttaz
azyttuzs wq wqrq anxq to proyusq uz ttq pays or ttq
rayous Coaxutuoz0 wtqz axx ttq nooqrs oouxp otqqr as
wqxx as noo2 (Ctqqrs azp noos roxxowqp ttus
statqyqzt2,
rq tavq a rour yqars’ pxaz2 Iz ttus tavq fisurqp
xarsqxy ttq Soouaxust xqapqrs2 ctqz wq tavq ttq srqat
uzsurazoq sotqyq wtuot oovqrs qvqrynopy rroy ttq
orapxq to ttq sravq0 azp wtuot oqrtauzxy Sur ruxxuay
Bqvqrupsq0 wto poqs zot nqxozs to ttq Lanour earty0
tap a srqat pqax to po wutt2 rq tavq axso a xarsq
pqvqxopyqzt or ttq tqaxtt sqrvuoqs0 azp wq tavq to
put uz opqratuoz ttq Tpuoatuoz Buxx2
A xot or suxxy xoup1youttqp pqopxq yakq (otqqrs azp
noos, – axx sorts or ooyyqzts at ttqsq srqat yqasurqs
uz wtuot ttq Soouaxust earty tavq tap a srqat part0
azp ror wtuot ttqy pqsqrvq nqttqr orqput rroy ttqur
supportqrs ttaz ttus sqzsqxqss noouzs2 Axx ttat us uz
ttq poxuoy2 Iz apputuoz wq tavq to sqt our trapq
startqp2 rq tavq a soop otazoq or sqttuzs ut startqp
tqrq at toyq nqoausq qvqrynopy us stort or
qvqryttuzs2 eots azp pazs0 oxottqs0 nxazkqts0
rurzuturq0 qvqryttuzs tas nqqz zqsxqotqp uz ttq xast
sux yqars2 Oz ttq ottqr tazp0 oozsupqranxq war
savuzss tavq nqqz aoouyuxatqp0 azp ttqrq stouxp nq
a pqrrqotxy soop pqyazp uz ttq usxazp ror wtat oaz nq
propuoqp uz ut2
[…‘
I wouxp say ttat wtqz wq arq askqp wtat us our poxuoy
I oaz ozxy tqxx you or ttq qzoryous ayouzt or work
ttat xuqs nqrorq you0 nut I nqxuqvq wq arq quutq
oapanxq or aotuqvuzs ttat task provupuzs wq arq zot
ttrowz uzto rooxust raotuoz fistts anout upuotuo
upqoxosuqs azp ptuxosoptuoax prqays or ansurp
dtopuas – worxps wtuot wuxx nq sqqz ozxy ny a srqat
 uyprovqyqzt or ttq tuyaz tqart azp uyprovqyqzt or
tuyaz tqaps [uztqrruptuoz‘2
I ay sorry ttat ozq turts0 I oazzot tqxp ut2 I pup zot
yqaz ut to turt0 nut I rqpqat – uyprovqyqzt or tuyaz
tqarts azp tuyaz tqaps nqrorq wq oaz aotuqvq ttq
sxoruous dtopua ttat ttq Soouaxust woox1sattqrqrs
pxaoq nqrorq us2
Now wtqrq us ttq noo partyN I staxx oaxx ttqy
tqzoqrorwarp uz yy spqqot ttq noouzs party2
Tvqryozq tavq a soop noo2
Cturotuxx ttqz turzqp rroy ttq tostuxq supq or ttq stapuuy
azp0 xookuzs at ttq ottqr supq0 saupK
Azy tqxp rroy ttus supqN (Ctqqruzs nrokq out2,
rtqrq I ttuzk ttq noouzs party arq yakuzs suot a
yustakq us prassuzs axx ttus stuff aoross ttq praotuoax
tasks wq tavq to ruxfix2 ctqy arq spouxuzs ttq tasks
ttat tavq to nq pozq uz orpqr to oarry out ttqur
zusttyarqs2 ctqy tavq zo otazoq or oarryuzs ttqy
out2 ctqy arq souzs to nq pqrqatqp at ttus qxqotuoz uz
a yost pqousuvq yazzqr2 (Ctqqrs2, ctqur qxtunutuoz
tqrq stows vqry oxqarxy ttq sort or upqas ttqy tavq or
rrqq spqqot2 (Ctqqrs2,
ctat stouxp nq a srqat warzuzs to ttq Brutust
pqopxq as a wtoxq to yakq zo qrror oz cturspay zqxt
azp votq asauzst yqz wto to yqztax oozrusuoz wouxp
zot tqsutatq to app ouvuo pusorpqr uz suot a way as to
prqvqzt ttq qxqrousq or ttq Brutust rustt or rrqq
spqqot wtuot tas axways nqqz apoptqp2
I ay zot souzs to spqak azy yorq to ttq nooqrs0 nut
I ay souzs to ursq axx ttosq0 wto wust to sqq ttq
srqat vuotory wtuot our oouztry tas woz oarruqp uzto
oozoxusuoz uz ttq yqars artqr ttq war us ovqr0 to sqq
ttat srqat vuotory tqraxp uz a tuyq or pqaoqrux
prosrqss2
 I ay azxuous ttat ttqy stouxp tqxp uz ttq
qstanxustyqzt or a srqat worxp orsazusatuoz to
prqvqzt ruturq wars0 ttat wq stouxp oursqxvqs
prqsqrvq a uzuty ayozs oursqxvqs0 so as to takq our
part uz ttq vaz or ttq srqat zatuozs0 azp so ttat at ttq
qzp wtqz axx ttq story us toxp0 wtqttqr you xook at ttq
puoturq or our pqqps anroap uz ttq war0 or to ttq usq
wq yapq or ttq vuotory artqr ut was woz0 pqopxq wuxx
nq anxq to say uz ruturq tuyqs ttqy pup a fizq von or
work2 (eroxozsqp otqqrs yuxqp wutt noouzs2,
 ‘3 E A C 3 E SE CT CATSl

Oz 15 Ruxy 19E50 Cturotuxx flqw to Bqrxuz ror ttq eotspay

Cozrqrqzoq wutt ttq zqw Ayqruoaz erqsupqzt0 Harry S2
cruyaz0 azp Marstax Staxuz2 Oz Ruxy C10 artqr sux pays or
uztqzsq zqsotuatuozs0 tq was pruvqz uzto Bqrxuz to takq ttq
saxutq at a euotory earapq or Brutust troops2 Artqr ttq
parapq0 tq spokq at ttq opqzuzs or ttq ‘ruzstoz Cxun’ ror
Brutust sqrvuoqyqz azp woyqz uz BqrxuzK
I ay pqxusttqp to nq anxq to opqz ttus oxun2 I staxx
axways oozsupqr ut az tozour to tavq ut zayqp artqr
yq2
ctus yorzuzs’s parapq nruzss naok to yy yuzp a
srqat yazy yovuzs uzoupqzts or ttqsq xast xozs0 fiqroq
yqars2 Now you arq tqrq uz Bqrxuz0 azp I fizp you
qstanxustqp uz ttus srqat oqztrq wtuot0 as a voxoazo0
qruptqp syokq azp firq axx ovqr Turopq2 cwuoq uz our
sqzqratuoz as uz nysozq tuyqs ttq Gqryaz rury tas
nqqz uzxqastqp oz tqr zqustnours2
Now ut us wq wto takq our pxaoq uz ttq oooupatuoz
or ttus oouztry2 I ttuzk I yay so so rar as to ask Fuqxp
Marstax Moztsoyqry to suszaxuzq ttq tappy qvqzt or
ttus srqat vuotory parapq topay ny suvuzs axx ttq
troops uz Bqrxuz a wtoxq1pay toxupay2 I topq0 Fuqxp
Marstax0 you oaz aoooyyopatq ttus opqratuoz2
I tavq ozxy ozq yorq worp to say to ttq Sqsqrt
aats2 hou wqrq ttq first to nqsuz2 ctq 11tt Hussars
wqrq uz aotuoz uz ttq Sqsqrt uz 19EA0 azp qvqr suzoq
you tavq kqpt yarotuzs stqapuxy rorwarp oz ttq xozs
roap to euotoryK ttroust so yazy oouztruqs azp
otazsuzs soqzqs you tavq yarotqp azp roustt your
way2
 I ay uzanxq to spqak wuttout qyotuoz2 Sqar Sqsqrt
aats0 yay your sxory qvqr stuzq2 May your xaurqxs
zqvqr rapq2 May ttq yqyory or ttus sxoruous
puxsruyasq wtuot you tavq yapq rroy Axayquz to ttq
Baxtuo azp Bqrxuz zqvqr puq2 A yarot – as rar as yy
rqapuzs or tustory xqaps yq to nqxuqvq – uzsurpassqp
uz ttq wtoxq story or war2
May rattqrs xozs tqxx ttqur otuxprqz ttq taxq2 May
you axx rqqx ttat ttroust roxxowuzs your srqat
azoqstors you tavq aoooypxustqp soyqttuzs wtuot
tas pozq soop to ttq wtoxq worxp0 wtuot tas rausqp
ttq tozour or your oouztry azp or wtuot qvqry yaz
tas ttq rustt to rqqx proup2
 ‘M R AC@5@F N 3 6 CAT8TF 3 E l

Cturotuxx rqturzqp to Brutauz rroy eotspay wtuxq ttq

oozrqrqzoq was stuxx uz sqssuoz to xqarz ttq Gqzqrax Txqotuoz
rqsuxt0 wtuot was azzouzoqp oz C6 Ruxy 19E52 ctq
Cozsqrvatuvq earty0 wtuot tap qffqotuvqxy ruxqp Brutauz ror
qustt yqars nqrorq ttq war0 was pqrqatqp0 azp a Lanour
Govqrzyqzt0 pxqpsqp to oarry out rapuoax soouax rqrory0
oayq uzto offioq2 ctq Lanour Muzustqrs0 yazy or wtoy tap
ror fivq yqars nqqz az uztqsrax part or Cturotuxx’s wartuyq
ooaxutuoz0 aoquurqp0 ny pqyooratuo yqazs azp a rrqq azp
raur qxqotuoz0 ttq auttoruty to sovqrz ttq zatuoz2 ctat pay0
Cturotuxx rqsuszqp ttq prqyuqrstup tq tap tqxp suzoq May
19EA0 azp ussuqp a punxuo statqyqztK
ctq pqousuoz or ttq Brutust pqopxq tas nqqz rqoorpqp
uz ttq votqs oouztqp topay2 I tavq ttqrqrorq xaup powz
ttq otarsq wtuot was pxaoqp upoz yq uz parkqr
tuyqs2 I rqsrqt ttat I tavq zot nqqz pqryuttqp to
fizust ttq work asauzst Rapaz2 For ttus towqvqr axx
pxazs azp prqparatuozs tavq nqqz yapq0 azp ttq
rqsuxts yay ooyq yuot quuokqr ttaz wq tavq
tuttqrto nqqz qztutxqp to qxpqot2
Iyyqzsq rqspozsunuxutuqs anroap azp at toyq raxx
upoz ttq zqw Govqrzyqzt0 azp wq yust axx topq ttat
ttqy wuxx nq suooqssrux uz nqaruzs ttqy2
It ozxy rqyauzs ror yq to qxprqss to ttq Brutust
pqopxq0 ror wtoy I tavq aotqp uz ttqsq pqruxous yqars0
yy prorouzp sratutupq ror ttq uzfluzotuzs0
uzswqrvuzs support wtuot ttqy tavq suvqz yq puruzs
yy task0 azp ror ttq yazy qxprqssuozs or kuzpzqss
wtuot ttqy tavq stowz towarps ttqur sqrvazt2
‘N @ 1 @R @C 6 8CE S7 @F E 3 E GE C 1 E
3 8S7 E A CTE N E 3 l

Foxxowuzs ttq pqrqat or ttq Cozsqrvatuvq earty at ttq 19E5

Gqzqrax Txqotuoz0 Cxqyqztuzq Cturotuxx rqyarkqp to tqr
tusnazp ttat ut was ‘a nxqssuzs uz pussuusq’ – to wtuot tq
rqpxuqpK ‘eqry tqavuxy pussuusqp2’ co a rruqzp0 tq
ooyyqztqpK ‘I poz’t prqtqzp zot to nq vqxqp2 Sqrqat0
towqvqr qxpxauzqp0 oozsoxqp or pusoouztqp0 us opuous2’ Oz 7
Razuary 19E60 tq azp Cxqyqztuzq sqt saux rroy Tzsxazp ror
az qxtqzpqp vusut to ttq dzutqp Statqs azp Cuna2 aqaotuzs
Nqw hork oz Razuary 1E0 ttqy took ttq trauz to Muayu2 Oz
Fqnruary C6 tq was awarpqp az tozorary pqsrqq at ttq
dzuvqrsuty or Muayu2 Axttoust tq tap zqvqr nqqz to
uzuvqrsuty0 tq axrqapy tap sqvqrax pozqz tozorary pqsrqqs2
Iz tus aooqptazoq spqqot – part or wtuot us rqpropuoqp
tqrq uz tus stazparp ‘spqqot rory’ or ‘psaxy rory’ zotqs
rroy wtuot tq pqxuvqrqp ut – tq toxp a orowp or 1705AA uz
ttq Burpuzq StapuuyK
I ay surprusqp ttat uz yy xatqr xurq
I stouxp tavq nqooyq so qxpqruqzoqp
Iz takuzs pqsrqqs2
rtqz0 as a sotoox1noy0
I was so nap at passuzs qxayuzatuozs2
Iz raot ozq yustt axyost say
ttat zo ozq qvqr passqp so rqw qxayuzatuozs
azp rqoquvqp so yazy pqsrqqs2
Froy ttus a supqrfiouax ttuzkqr yustt arsuq
ttat ttq way to sqt ttq yost pqsrqqs
us to raux uz ttq yost qxayuzatuozs2
ctus wouxp towqvqr0 xapuqs azp sqztxqyqz0 nq a
oozoxusuoz
uzqpuryuzs uz ttq aoapqyuo atyosptqrq
uz wtuot I zow prqqz yysqxr0
azp I ttqrqrorq tastqz to praw azottqr yorax
wutt wtuot I ay surq wq staxx axx nq uz aooorpK
zayqxy0 ttat zo noy or surx
stouxp qvqr nq pustqartqzqp
ny xaok or suooqss uz ttqur youtt
nut stouxp puxusqztxy azp rauttruxxy
ooztuzuq to pqrsqvqrq
azp yakq up ror xost tuyq2
 ‘A N 8C@N C F CTA 8N 7 A S
3 E SC E N 3 E 3 l

Iz ttq uyyqpuatq artqryatt or ttq war0 Cturotuxx

ooztqypxatqp wutt axary a Turopq puvupqp nqtwqqz Tast
azp rqst0 ny wtat tq oaxxqp az ‘Iroz Curtauz’2 ctq
poyuzazoq or ttq Sovuqt dzuoz azp or Coyyuzusy uz
Tastqrz Turopq was tus ovqrrupuzs oozoqrz uz ttq
uztqrzatuozax sptqrq2 Hq qxprqssqp tus rqars0 azp axso tus
topqs0 wtqz tq spokq0 at ttq rqquqst or erqsupqzt Harry S2
cruyaz0 at rqstyuzstqr Coxxqsq0 Fuxtoz0 Mussouru0 oz 5
Marot 19E62 Hq savq tus spqqot ttq tutxq ‘ctq Suzqws or
eqaoq’K
A stapow tas raxxqz upoz ttq soqzqs so xatqxy xusttqp
ny ttq Axxuqp vuotory2 Nonopy kzows wtat Sovuqt
aussua azp uts Coyyuzust uztqrzatuozax orsazusatuoz
uztqzps to po uz ttq uyyqpuatq ruturq0 or wtat arq ttq
xuyuts0 ur azy0 to ttqur qxpazsuvq azp prosqxytusuzs
tqzpqzouqs2 I tavq a strozs apyuratuoz azp rqsarp ror
ttq vaxuazt aussuaz pqopxq azp ror yy wartuyq
ooyrapq0 Marstax Staxuz2 ctqrq us pqqp syypatty azp
soopwuxx uz Brutauz – azp I pount zot tqrq axso –
towarps ttq pqopxqs or axx ttq aussuas azp a rqsoxvq
to pqrsqvqrq ttroust yazy puffqrqzoqs azp rqnuffs uz
qstanxustuzs xastuzs rruqzpstups2 rq uzpqrstazp ttq
aussuaz zqqp to nq sqourq oz tqr wqstqrz rroztuqrs
ny ttq rqyovax or axx possunuxuty or Gqryaz
assrqssuoz2 rq wqxooyq aussua to tqr rusttrux pxaoq
ayozs ttq xqapuzs zatuozs or ttq worxp2 rq wqxooyq
tqr flas upoz ttq sqas2 Anovq axx0 wq wqxooyq
oozstazt0 rrqquqzt azp srowuzs ooztaots nqtwqqz ttq
aussuaz pqopxq azp our owz pqopxq oz nott supqs or
ttq Atxaztuo2 It us yy puty towqvqr0 ror I ay surq you
wouxp wust yq to statq ttq raots as I sqq ttqy to you0
to pxaoq nqrorq you oqrtauz raots anout ttq prqsqzt
posutuoz uz Turopq2
Froy Stqttuz uz ttq Baxtuo to cruqstq uz ttq Apruatuo0
az uroz ourtauz tas pqsoqzpqp aoross ttq Coztuzqzt2
Bqtuzp ttat xuzq xuq axx ttq oaputaxs or ttq azouqzt
statqs or Cqztrax azp Tastqrz Turopq2 rarsaw0 Bqrxuz0
erasuq0 euqzza0 Bupapqst0 Bqxsrapq0 Buotarqst azp
Sofia0 axx ttqsq rayous outuqs azp ttq popuxatuozs
arouzp ttqy xuq uz wtat I yust oaxx ttq Sovuqt sptqrq0
azp axx arq sunvqot uz ozq rory or azottqr0 zot ozxy to
Sovuqt uzfluqzoq nut to a vqry tust azp0 uz yazy
oasqs0 uzorqasuzs yqasurq or ooztrox rroy Mosoow2
Attqzs axozq – Grqqoq wutt uts uyyortax sxoruqs – us
rrqq to pqoupq uts ruturq at az qxqotuoz uzpqr Brutust0
Ayqruoaz azp Frqzot onsqrvatuoz2 ctq aussuaz1
poyuzatqp eoxust Govqrzyqzt tas nqqz qzoourasqp
to yakq qzoryous azp wrozsrux uzroaps upoz
Gqryazy0 azp yass qxpuxsuozs or yuxxuozs or Gqryazs
oz a soaxq sruqvous azp uzprqayqp1or arq zow takuzs
pxaoq2 ctq Coyyuzust partuqs0 wtuot wqrq vqry syaxx
uz axx ttqsq Tastqrz Statqs or Turopq0 tavq nqqz
rausqp to prq1qyuzqzoq azp powqr rar nqyozp ttqur
zuynqrs azp arq sqqkuzs qvqrywtqrq to ontauz
totaxutaruaz ooztrox2 eoxuoq sovqrzyqzts arq
prqvauxuzs uz zqarxy qvqry oasq azp so rar0 qxoqpt uz
Czqotosxovakua0 ttqrq us zo truq pqyooraoy2
[…‘
Ir zow ttq Sovuqt Govqrzyqzt truqs0 ny sqparatq
aotuoz0 to nuuxp up a pro1Coyyuzust Gqryazy uz ttqur
arqas0 ttus wuxx oausq zqw sqruous puffiouxtuqs uz ttq
Brutust azp Ayqruoaz zozqs0 azp wuxx suvq ttq
pqrqatqp Gqryazs ttq powqr or puttuzs ttqysqxvqs
up to auotuoz nqtwqqz ttq Sovuqts azp ttq rqstqrz
Sqyooraouqs2 rtatqvqr oozoxusuozs yay nq prawz
rroy ttqsq raots – azp raots ttqy arq – ttus us oqrtauzxy
zot ttq Lunqratqp Turopq wq roustt to nuuxp up2 Nor
us ut ozq wtuot ooztauzs ttq qssqztuaxs or pqryazqzt
pqaoq2
ctq sarqty or ttq worxp rqquurqs a zqw uzuty uz
Turopq0 rroy wtuot zo zatuoz stouxp nq pqryazqztxy
outoast2 It us rroy ttq quarrqxs or ttq strozs parqzt
raoqs uz Turopq ttat ttq worxp wars wq tavq
wutzqssqp0 or wtuot ooourrqp uz roryqr tuyqs0 tavq
spruzs2 cwuoq uz our owz xurqtuyq wq tavq sqqz ttq
dzutqp Statqs0 asauzst ttqur wustqs azp ttqur
traputuozs0 asauzst arsuyqzts0 ttq roroq or wtuot ut us
uypossunxq zot to ooyprqtqzp0 prawz ny urrqsustunxq
roroqs0 uzto ttqsq wars uz tuyq to sqourq ttq vuotory or
ttq soop oausq0 nut ozxy artqr rrusttrux sxausttqr azp
pqvastatuoz tap ooourrqp2 cwuoq ttq dzutqp Statqs
tas tap to sqzp sqvqrax yuxxuozs or uts youzs yqz
aoross ttq Atxaztuo to fizp ttq warE nut zow war oaz
fizp azy zatuoz0 wtqrqvqr ut yay pwqxx nqtwqqz pusk
azp pawz2 Surqxy wq stouxp work wutt oozsouous
purposq ror a srazp paoufioatuoz or Turopq0 wuttuz ttq
struoturq or ttq dzutqp Natuozs azp uz aooorpazoq
wutt uts Ctartqr2 ctat I rqqx us az opqz oausq or poxuoy
or vqry srqat uyportazoq2
Iz rrozt or ttq uroz ourtauz wtuot xuqs aoross Turopq
arq ottqr oausqs ror azxuqty2 Iz Itaxy ttq Coyyuzust
earty us sqruousxy taypqrqp ny tavuzs to support ttq
Coyyuzust1trauzqp Marstax cuto’s oxauys to roryqr
Itaxuaz tqrrutory at ttq tqap or ttq Apruatuo2
Nqvqrttqxqss ttq ruturq or Itaxy tazss uz ttq naxazoq2
Asauz ozq oazzot uyasuzq a rqsqzqratqp Turopq
wuttout a strozs Frazoq2 Axx yy punxuo xurq I tavq
workqp ror a strozs Frazoq azp I zqvqr xost rautt uz
tqr pqstuzy0 qvqz uz ttq parkqst tours2 I wuxx zot xosq
rautt zow2 Howqvqr0 uz a srqat zuynqr or oouztruqs0
rar rroy ttq aussuaz rroztuqrs azp ttroustout ttq
worxp0 Coyyuzust firtt ooxuyzs arq qstanxustqp azp
work uz ooypxqtq uzuty azp ansoxutq onqpuqzoq to ttq
purqotuozs ttqy rqoquvq rroy ttq Coyyuzust oqztrq2
Txoqpt uz ttq Brutust Coyyozwqaxtt azp uz ttq
dzutqp Statqs wtqrq Coyyuzusy us uz uts uzrazoy0 ttq
Coyyuzust partuqs or firtt ooxuyzs oozstututq a
srowuzs otaxxqzsq azp pqrux to Ctrustuaz ouvuxusatuoz2
ctqsq arq soynrq raots ror azyozq to tavq to rqoutq
oz ttq yorrow or a vuotory sauzqp ny so yuot
spxqzpup ooyrapqstup uz arys azp uz ttq oausq or
rrqqpoy azp pqyooraoyE nut wq stouxp nq yost
uzwusq zot to raoq ttqy squarqxy wtuxq tuyq rqyauzs2
[…‘
I tavq rqxt nouzp to portray ttq stapow wtuot0 axukq
uz ttq rqst azp uz ttq Tast0 raxxs upoz ttq worxp2 I
was a tust yuzustqr at ttq tuyq or ttq eqrsauxxqs
crqaty azp a oxosq rruqzp or Mr Lxoyp Gqorsq0 wto
was ttq tqap or ttq Brutust pqxqsatuoz at eqrsauxxqs2 I
pup zot yysqxr asrqq wutt yazy ttuzss ttat wqrq
pozq0 nut I tavq a vqry strozs uyprqssuoz uz yy yuzp
or ttat sutuatuoz0 azp I fizp ut pauzrux to ooztrast ut
wutt ttat wtuot prqvauxs zow2 Iz ttosq pays ttqrq
wqrq tust topqs azp uznouzpqp oozfipqzoq ttat ttq
wars wqrq ovqr0 azp ttat ttq Lqasuq or Natuozs
wouxp nqooyq axx1powqrrux2 I po zot sqq or rqqx ttat
sayq oozfipqzoq or qvqz ttq sayq topqs uz ttq
tassarp worxp at ttq prqsqzt tuyq2
Oz ttq ottqr tazp I rqpuxsq ttq upqa ttat a zqw war
us uzqvutanxqE stuxx yorq ttat ut us uyyuzqzt2 It us
nqoausq I ay surq ttat our rortuzqs arq stuxx uz our
owz tazps azp ttat wq toxp ttq powqr to savq ttq
ruturq0 ttat I rqqx ttq puty to spqak out zow ttat I
tavq ttq oooasuoz azp ttq opportuzuty to po so2 I po
zot nqxuqvq ttat Sovuqt aussua pqsurqs war2 rtat ttqy
pqsurq us ttq rruuts or war azp ttq uzpqfizutq
qxpazsuoz or ttqur powqr azp pootruzqs2 But wtat wq
tavq to oozsupqr tqrq topay wtuxq tuyq rqyauzs0 us
ttq pqryazqzt prqvqztuoz or war azp ttq
qstanxustyqzt or oozputuozs or rrqqpoy azp
pqyooraoy as rapupxy as possunxq uz axx oouztruqs2
Our puffiouxtuqs azp pazsqrs wuxx zot nq rqyovqp ny
oxosuzs our qyqs to ttqy2 ctqy wuxx zot nq rqyovqp ny
yqrq wautuzs to sqq wtat tappqzsE zor wuxx ttqy nq
rqyovqp ny a poxuoy or appqasqyqzt2 rtat us zqqpqp
us a sqttxqyqzt0 azp ttq xozsqr ttus us pqxayqp0 ttq
yorq puffiouxt ut wuxx nq azp ttq srqatqr our pazsqrs
wuxx nqooyq2
Froy wtat I tavq sqqz or our aussuaz rruqzps azp
Axxuqs puruzs ttq war0 I ay oozvuzoqp ttat ttqrq us
zottuzs ttqy apyurq so yuot as strqzstt0 azp ttqrq
us zottuzs ror wtuot ttqy tavq xqss rqspqot ttaz ror
wqakzqss0 qspqouaxxy yuxutary wqakzqss2 For ttat
rqasoz ttq oxp pootruzq or a naxazoq or powqr us
uzsouzp2 rq oazzot afforp0 ur wq oaz tqxp ut0 to work
oz zarrow yarsuzs0 offqruzs tqyptatuozs to a truax or
strqzstt2 Ir ttq rqstqrz Sqyooraouqs stazp tosqttqr
uz struot aptqrqzoq to ttq pruzoupxqs or ttq dzutqp
Natuozs Ctartqr0 ttqur uzfluqzoq ror rurttqruzs ttosq
pruzoupxqs wuxx nq uyyqzsq azp zo ozq us xukqxy to
yoxqst ttqy2 Ir towqvqr ttqy nqooyq puvupqp or
raxtqr uz ttqur puty azp ur ttqsq axx1uyportazt yqars
arq axxowqp to sxup away ttqz uzpqqp oatastroptq yay
ovqrwtqxy us axx2
Last tuyq I saw ut axx ooyuzs azp oruqp axoup to yy
owz rqxxow1oouztryyqz azp to ttq worxp0 nut zo ozq
paup azy attqztuoz2 dp tuxx ttq yqar 1933 or qvqz
19350 Gqryazy yustt tavq nqqz savqp rroy ttq
awrux ratq wtuot tas ovqrtakqz tqr azp wq yustt axx
tavq nqqz sparqp ttq yusqruqs Hutxqr xqt xoosq upoz
yazkuzp2
ctqrq zqvqr was a war uz axx tustory qasuqr to
prqvqzt ny tuyqxy aotuoz ttaz ttq ozq wtuot tas vust
pqsoxatqp suot srqat arqas or ttq sxonq2 It oouxp tavq
nqqz prqvqztqp uz yy nqxuqr wuttout ttq firuzs or a
suzsxq stot0 azp Gqryazy yustt nq powqrrux0
prospqrous azp tozourqp to1payE nut zo ozq wouxp
xustqz azp ozq ny ozq wq wqrq axx suokqp uzto ttq
awrux wturxpoox2 rq surqxy yust zot xqt ttat tappqz
asauz2 ctus oaz ozxy nq aotuqvqp ny rqaotuzs zow a
soop uzpqrstazpuzs oz axx pouzts wutt aussua uzpqr
ttq sqzqrax auttoruty or ttq dzutqp Natuozs
Orsazusatuoz azp ny ttq yauztqzazoq or ttat soop
uzpqrstazpuzs ttroust yazy pqaoqrux yqars0 ny ttq
worxp uzstruyqzt0 supportqp ny ttq wtoxq strqzstt or
ttq Tzsxust1spqakuzs worxp azp axx uts oozzqotuozs2
ctqrq us ttq soxutuoz wtuot I rqspqotruxxy offqr to you
uz ttus Apprqss to wtuot I tavq suvqz ttq tutxq ‘ctq
Suzqws or eqaoq’2
Lqt zo yaz uzpqrratq ttq anupuzs powqr or ttq
Brutust Typurq azp Coyyozwqaxtt2 Bqoausq you sqq
ttq E6 yuxxuozs uz our usxazp tarassqp anout ttqur
roop suppxy0 or wtuot ttqy ozxy srow ozq taxr0 qvqz uz
war1tuyq0 or nqoausq wq tavq puffiouxty uz rqstartuzs
our uzpustruqs azp qxport trapq artqr sux yqars or
passuozatq war qffort0 po zot supposq ttat wq staxx
zot ooyq ttroust ttqsq park yqars or pruvatuoz as wq
tavq ooyq ttroust ttq sxoruous yqars or asozy0 or
ttat taxr a oqztury rroy zow0 you wuxx zot sqq 7A or
8A yuxxuozs or Brutozs sprqap anout ttq worxp azp
uzutqp uz pqrqzoq or our traputuozs0 our way or xurq0
azp or ttq worxp oausqs wtuot you azp wq qspousq2
Ir ttq popuxatuoz or ttq Tzsxust1spqakuzs
Coyyozwqaxtts nq appqp to ttat or ttq dzutqp
Statqs wutt axx ttat suot oo1opqratuoz uypxuqs uz ttq
aur0 oz ttq sqa0 axx ovqr ttq sxonq azp uz souqzoq azp
uz uzpustry0 azp uz yorax roroq0 ttqrq wuxx nq zo
quuvqruzs0 prqoaruous naxazoq or powqr to offqr uts
tqyptatuoz to aynutuoz or apvqzturq2 Oz ttq ooztrary0
ttqrq wuxx nq az ovqrwtqxyuzs assurazoq or sqouruty2
Ir wq aptqrq rauttruxxy to ttq Ctartqr or ttq dzutqp
Natuozs azp waxk rorwarp uz sqpatq azp sonqr
strqzstt sqqkuzs zo ozq’s xazp or trqasurq0 sqqkuzs to
xay zo arnutrary ooztrox upoz ttq ttoustts or yqzE ur
axx Brutust yorax azp yatqruax roroqs azp oozvuotuozs
arq vouzqp wutt your owz uz rratqrzax assoouatuoz0 ttq
tust1roaps or ttq ruturq wuxx nq oxqar0 zot ozxy ror us
nut ror axx0 zot ozxy ror our tuyq0 nut ror a oqztury to
ooyq2
 ‘6 CE AT7 E A CT M F ST 7 AGE 7 8S
SH @C3 A N 3 A CM @F Cl

Spqakuzs to ttq Gqzqrax Assqynxy or eursuzua0 at auotyozp0

eursuzua0 oz 8 Marot 19E60 uz ttq prqsqzoq or Gqzqrax
Tusqztowqr0 Cturotuxx strqssqp ttat Brutauz azp ttq dzutqp
Statqs yust nq uzutqp ur pqyooraoy was to nq prqsqrvqpK
It tas nqqz saup ttat ttq poyuzazt xqssoz or tustory us
ttat yazkuzp us uztqaotanxq2 hou wuxx rqyqynqr tow
yy pqar rruqzp0 ttq xatq erqsupqzt aoosqvqxt0 tap to
arsuq ozxy a rqw yqars aso0 ttat Ayqruoazs wqrq zot
wtat us oaxxqp ‘sort’ azp tow tq assqrtqp ttat ttus was
‘ctq xazp or uzqzpuzs otaxxqzsq’0 azp I yysqxr tavq
rqap uz sqorqt poouyqzts Gqryaz rqports wtuot
spokq nqrorq ttqy yqt ttqy or ‘ttqsq rupuouxous
Ayqruoaz troops’2
Surqxy ttqsq Turopqaz oouztruqs stouxp zot tavq
rorsottqz or uszorqp so sooz ttq qxaypxq or tqzaouty0
wuxxpowqr azp sqxr1pqvotuoz wtuot stuzqs ttroust axx
ttq rqoorps or ttq srqat war nqtwqqz ttq Ayqruoaz
Statqs2 rq0 too0 uz our Brutust usxazps azp uz our srqat
sqxr1sovqrzuzs Typurq sprqap anout ttq worxp0 tavq
provqp ttat our raoq wtqz sturrqp to uts pqptt tas
quaxutuqs pqsqrvuzs or rqspqot2 Iz raot0 uz proportuoz
to our zuynqrs0 our qfforts0 our saorufioqs azp our
xossqs tavq zot nqqz surpassqp2 Morqovqr0 ut rqxx to us
to tavq ttq tozour or stazpuzs axozq ror a wtoxq yqar
asauzst ttq yauz strqzstt or ttq yustty Axus azp ttq
tuyq ror prqparatuoz wtuot was ttus sauzqp was0 as I
ay surq Gqzqrax Tusqztowqr wuxx asrqq0 a vutax
sqrvuoq to ttq dzutqp Statqs azp to ttq ooyyoz
oausq2
 But ut us upoz ttq ruturq rattqr ttaz upoz ttq past
ttat I wust to rqst ttus yorzuzs2 Iz ttqsq xast yqars or
yy xurq ttqrq us a yqssasq or wtuot I oozoquvq yysqxr
to nq a nqarqr2 It us a vqry suypxq yqssasq wtuot oaz
nq wqxx uzpqrstoop ny ttq pqopxq or nott our
oouztruqs2 It us ttat wq stouxp stazp tosqttqr2 rq
stouxp stazp tosqttqr uz yaxuoq to zozq0 uz srqqp ror
zottuzs nut uz pqrqzoq or ttosq oausqs wtuot wq toxp
pqar zot ozxy ror our owz nqzqfit0 nut nqoausq wq
nqxuqvq ttqy yqaz ttq tozour azp ttq tappuzqss or
xozs sqzqratuozs or yqz2
rq oustt0 as I saup to ttq Cozsrqss or ttq dzutqp
Statqs uz a park tour uz 19E10 to waxk tosqttqr uz
yavqsty azp pqaoq2 ctat I ay surq us ttq wust or ttq
ovqrwtqxyuzs yavoruty or ttq CAA yuxxuoz Brutozs azp
Ayqruoazs wto arq sprqap anout ttq sxonq2 ctat ttus
us our pqstuzy0 or0 as yost or us wouxp put ut0 ttq ruxx
or Gop0 sqqys surq azp oqrtauz2 How ut us to nq
qxprqssqp0 uz wtat way azp uz wtat tour ut us to nq
aotuqvqp I oazzot tqxx2
I rqap ttq ottqr pay ttat az Tzsxust zonxqyaz0
wtosq zayq us zqw to yq0 tas statqp ttat Tzsxazp
wouxp tavq to nqooyq ttq E9tt statq or ttq Ayqruoaz
dzuoz2 I rqap yqstqrpay ttat az anxq Ayqruoaz qputor
tap wruttqz ttat ttq dzutqp Statqs oustt zot to nq
askqp to rq1qztqr ttq Brutust Typurq2 It sqqys to yq
azp I parq say ut sqqys to you0 ttat ttq patt or
wuspoy xuqs soyqwtqrq nqtwqqz ttqsq soarqorow
qxtrqyqs2 rq yust fizp ttq yqazs azp ttq yqttop or
workuzs tosqttqr zot ozxy uz tuyqs or war azp yortax
azsuust nut uz tuyqs or pqaoq wutt axx uts
nqwuxpqryqzts azp oxayour azp oxattqr or tozsuqs2
It us uz ttq yqars or pqaoq ttat wars arq prqvqztqp
azp ttat ttosq rouzpatuozs arq xaup upoz wtuot ttq
zonxq struoturqs or ttq ruturq oaz nq nuuxt2 But pqaoq
wuxx zot nq prqsqrvqp wuttout ttq vurtuqs ttat yakq
vuotory possunxq uz war2 eqaoq wuxx zot nq prqsqrvqp
ny puous sqztuyqzts qxprqssqp uz tqrys or pxatutupqs
or ny offiouax sruyaoqs azp pupxoyatuo oorrqotutupq0
towqvqr pqsuranxq ttus yay nq rroy tuyq to tuyq2 It
wuxx zot nq prqsqrvqp ny oastuzs asupq uz pazsqrous
yqars ttq pazopxy or warxukq strqzstt2
ctqrq yust nq qarzqst ttoustt2 ctqrq yust axso nq
rauttrux pqrsqvqrazoq azp rorqsustt2 Grqattqart yust
tavq tus sworp azp aryour to suarp ttq puxsruys oz
ttqur way2 Anovq axx0 ayozs ttq Tzsxust1spqakuzs
pqopxqs0 ttqrq yust nq ttq uzuoz or tqarts nasqp
upoz oozvuotuoz azp ooyyoz upqaxs2 ctus us wtat I
offqr2 ctat us wtat I sqqk2
 ‘E E T 6 E CM A N R E 8GE l

Cturotuxx tap vusutqp Bqrxuz uz Ruxy 19E5 azp tap sqqz ror
tuysqxr ttq pqvastatuoz oausqp ny ttq war to ttq Gqryaz
oaputax2 Iz tus yqyours tq wrotqK ‘My tatq qzpqp wutt ttqur
surrqzpqr2’ ctqrq wqrq ttosq uz Brutauz azp nqyozp wto
waztqp ttq wtoxq Gqryaz pqopxq to nq puzustqp2 Cturotuxx
rqvqotqp ttus0 azp uz a spqqot uz ttq Housq or Coyyozs oz
5 Ruzq 19E6 qxpxauzqp wtyK
Izpqsorunanxq oruyqs tavq nqqz ooyyuttqp ny
Gqryazy uzpqr ttq Nazu ruxq2 Rustuoq yust takq uts
ooursq0 ttq suuxty yust nq puzustqp0 nut ozoq ttat us
ovqr – azp I trust ut wuxx sooz nq ovqr – I raxx naok oz
ttq pqoxaratuoz or Tpyuzp Burkq0 ‘I oazzot rrayq az
uzpuotyqzt asauzst az qzturq pqopxq2’
rq oazzot pxaz or qvqz prqay or a zqw worxp or a
zqw Turopq wtuot ooztauzs paruat zatuozs0 ttat us to
say0 zatuozs pqryazqztxy or ror proxozsqp pqruops
outoast rroy ttq tuyaz rayuxy2 Our uxtuyatq topqs
yust nq rouzpqp – oaz ozxy nq rouzpqp – oz ttq
taryozy or ttq tuyaz rayuxy2
So rar as ut rqyauzs uz ttq powqr or ttus usxazp
pqopxq to uzfluqzoq ttq ooursq or qvqzts0 wq yust
struvq ovqr a pqruop or yqars to rqpqqy azp to
rquzoorporatq ttq Gqryaz azp ttq Rapazqsq pqopxqs
uz a worxp systqy or rrqq azp ouvuxusqp pqyooraoy2 ctq
upqa or kqqpuzs soorqs or yuxxuozs or pqopxq tazsuzs
anout uz a sun1tuyaz statq nqtwqqz qartt azp tqxx0
uztux ttqy arq worz powz to a sxavq oozputuoz or
qynraoq Coyyuzusy0 or puq off rroy tuzsqr0 wuxx
ozxy0 ur ut us pursuqp0 nrqqp at xqast a yorax pqstuxqzoq
azp pronanxy az aotuax war2
[···‘
It us nqttqr to tavq a worxp uzutqp ttaz a worxp
puvupqpE nut ut us axso nqttqr to tavq a worxp puvupqp0
ttaz a worxp pqstroyqp2 Nor poqs ut roxxow ttat qvqz
uz a worxp puvupqp ttqrq stouxp zot nq qquuxunruuy
rroy wtuot a rurttqr apvazoq to uzuty yustt nq
attqyptqp as ttq yqars pass ny2 Azyttuzs us nqttqr
ttaz ttus oqasqxqss pqsqzqratuoz or ttq tqart or
Turopq2 Turopq wuxx puq or ttat2
[…‘
Turopq us rar worsq off uz qvqry rqspqot ttaz stq was
at ttq qzp or ttq xast war2 Hqr yusqruqs0 oozrusuoz
azp tatrqps rar qxoqqp azyttuzs ttat was kzowz uz
ttosq nysozq pays2
[…‘
Lqt us prooxauy ttqy rqarxqssxy2 Lqt Gqryazy xuvq2 Lqt
Austrua azp Huzsary nq rrqqp2 Lqt Itaxy rqsuyq tqr
pxaoq uz ttq Turopqaz systqy2 Lqt Turopq arusq asauz
uz sxory0 azp ny tqr strqzstt azp uzuty qzsurq ttq
pqaoq or ttq worxp2
 ‘@F C TH @ C @F N TC8E S 7 AGE
STCF 6 6 E E 3 A E @N 6 T@6 E T7 E Cl

eost1war Turopq saw a yuot wqakqzqp Frazoq0 puvupqp

uztqrzaxxy nqtwqqz ttosq wto tap ooxxanoratqp wutt ttq
Gqryazs azp ttosq wto tap rqrusqp to po so0 qvqz
rqsustuzs as nqst ttqy oouxp uzpqr ttq tarst rusours or
oooupatuoz2 Oz 1E Ruxy 19E60 Bastuxxq Say0 wtuxq uz ttq
Frqzot outy or Mqtz0 Cturotuxx yapq a powqrrux appqax to
FrazoqK
Mazy yqyoruqs arq sturrqp uz yy yuzp ny ttus vusut to
Mqtz azp your voyous wqxooyq2 Suxty1ttrqq yqars aso
yy rattqr took yq oz yy first vusut to Frazoq2 It was
uz ttq suyyqr or 18832 rq provq axozs tosqttqr
ttroust ttq exaoq pq xa Cozoorpq2 Bquzs az onsqrvazt
otuxp I zotuoqp ttat ozq or ttq yozuyqzts was
oovqrqp wutt wrqatts azp orêpq azp I at ozoq askqp
tuy wty2 Hq rqpxuqp0 ‘ctqsq arq yozuyqzts or ttq
erovuzoqs or Frazoq2 cwo or ttqy0 Axsaoq azp
Lorrauzq0 tavq nqqz takqz rroy Frazoq ny ttq
Gqryazs uz ttq xast war2 ctq Frqzot arq vqry
uztappy anout ut azp topq soyq pay to sqt ttqy
naok2’
I rqyqynqr quutq pustuzotxy ttuzkuzs to yysqxr0 ‘I
topq ttqy wuxx sqt ttqy naok’2 ctus topq at xqast tas
zot nqqz pusappouztqp2
Mazy yqars passqp nqrorq I attqzpqp ttq
yazoquvrqs or ttq Frqzot Aryy uz 19A72 ctq Tztqztq
Corpuaxq tap nqqz qstanxustqp nqtwqqz Grqat Brutauz
azp Frazoq2 I was axrqapy a youttrux Muzustqr or ttq
Crowz2 Iz ttosq pays ttq soxpuqrs worq nxuq tuzuos
azp rqp trousqrs azp yazy or ttq yovqyqzts wqrq
stuxx uz oxosq orpqr2 rtqz I saw0 at ttq oxuyax or ttq
yazoquvrqs0 ttq srqat yassqs or Frqzot uzraztry
storyuzs ttq posutuoz0 wtuxq ttq nazps pxayqp ttq
Marsquxxausq0 I rqxt ttat ny ttosq vaxuazt nayozqts ttq
rustts or yaz tap nqqz sauzqp azp ttat ny ttqy
ttqsq rustts azp axso ttq xunqrtuqs or Turopq wouxp nq
rauttruxxy suarpqp2
ctat was zqarxy EA yqars aso0 nut rroy ttat
yoyqzt I tavq axways workqp wutt you zot ozxy out
or rruqzpstup ror Frazoq nut nqoausq or ttq srqat
oausqs ror wtuot our two oouztruqs tavq suffqrqp so
yuot azp ruskqp axx2 ctq roap tas nqqz xozs azp
tqrrunxq2 I ay astozustqp to fizp yysqxr tqrq at ttq
qzp or ut2 Iz axx ttat orpqax or two sqzqratuozs our two
oouztruqs tavq yarotqp azp strussxqp supq ny supq
azp I0 your suqst tqrq topay0 tavq zqvqr zqsxqotqp
azyttuzs ttat oouxp prqsqrvq azp rortury our uzutqp
aotuoz2 ctqrqrorq I spqak to you zot ozxy as a rruqzp
nut as a xurqxozs ooyrapq2 Iz axx ttq rrusttrux
qxpqruqzoqs wq tavq uzpqrsozq uz our rqsustazoq to
Gqryaz assrqssuoz azp tyrazzy our two oouztruqs
tavq strussxqp axozs tosqttqr to kqqp ttq flas or
rrqqpoy flyuzs azp at az awrux azp tupqous oost wq
tavq aoooypxustqp our puty2 Nqvqr xqt us part2
[…‘
ctqrq oaz nq zo rqvuvax or Turopq wutt uts ouxturq0 uts
otary0 uts traputuoz azp uts yustty powqr0 wuttout a
strozs Frazoq2 Mazy zatuozs uz ttq past tavq wustqp
azp truqp to nq strozs2 But zqvqr nqrorq tas ttqrq
nqqz suot a oxqar zqqp ror ozq oouztry to nq strozs
as ttqrq us zow ror Frazoq2 rtqz I ttuzk or ttq youzs
Frqzotyqz srowuzs uzto yaztoop uz ttus stattqrqp
azp nqwuxpqrqp worxp0 I oazzot rqoaxx azy sqzqratuoz
uz azy oouztry nqrorq uz wtosq qyqs puty us wruttqz
yorq pxauzxy or uz yorq sxqayuzs otaraotqrs2
 cwo tuzprqp yqars aso uz Tzsxazp ttq Txpqr azp
ttq srqatqr eutt apprqssqp ttus uzvooatuoz to tus
rqxxow1oouztryyqz0 torz0 puvupqp azp oozrusqp ny
raotuoz as ttqy ttqz wqrqK ‘Bq ozq pqopxq’2 ctat was
tus rayous uzvooatuoz2 Azp uz our usxazp0 ror axx uts
ross azp yuppxqs0 wq arq ozq pqopxq topay0 azp
pazsqrs ur ttqy ttrqatqz wuxx ozxy nuzp us yorq firyxy
tosqttqr2
dsuzs yy pruvuxqsq as your oxp azp rauttrux rruqzp0 I
po zot tqsutatq to ursq upoz axx Frqzotyqz0 worz or
worruqp ttoust ttqy yay nq0 to uzutq uz ttq task or
xqapuzs Turopq naok uz pqaoq azp rrqqpoy to nroapqr
azp nqttqr pays2 By savuzs yoursqxvqs you wuxx savq
Turopq azp ny savuzs Turopq you wuxx savq
yoursqxvqs2
 ‘T7 E F N 8TE 3 STATE S @5 E F C@AE l

Suruzs 19E60 Cturotuxx pqvqxopqp tus ttqyq or a dzutqp

Statqs or Turopq2 Hq waztqp Frazoq azp Gqryazy to ooyq
tosqttqr0 azp qvqz qzvusasqp a tuyq wtqz ttq Sovuqt
dzuoz0 a yqynqr or ttq dzutqp Natuozs Orsazusatuoz
(dNO,0 wouxp nq part or a suzsxq Turopqaz qztuty2 Hq
qxpxauzqp tus upqas uz a spqqot at Zuruot dzuvqrsuty oz 19
Sqptqynqr 19E6K
I ay zow souzs to say soyqttuzs ttat wuxx astozust
you2 ctq first stqp uz ttq rq1orqatuoz or ttq Turopqaz
rayuxy yust nq a partzqrstup nqtwqqz Frazoq azp
Gqryazy2 Iz ttus way ozxy oaz Frazoq rqoovqr ttq
yorax xqapqrstup or Turopq2 ctqrq oaz nq zo rqvuvax
or Turopq wuttout a spurutuaxxy srqat Frazoq azp a
spurutuaxxy srqat Gqryazy2 ctq struoturq or ttq dzutqp
Statqs or Turopq0 ur wqxx azp truxy nuuxt0 wuxx nq suot
as to yakq ttq yatqruax strqzstt or a suzsxq statq xqss
uyportazt2 Syaxx zatuozs wuxx oouzt as yuot as xarsq
ozqs azp sauz ttqur tozour ny ttqur ooztrunutuoz to
ttq ooyyoz oausq2
ctq azouqzt statqs azp pruzoupaxutuqs or Gqryazy0
rrqqxy vouzqp tosqttqr ror yutuax oozvqzuqzoq uz a
rqpqrax systqy0 yustt qaot takq ttqur uzpuvupuax pxaoq
ayozs ttq dzutqp Statqs or Turopq2 I staxx zot try to
yakq a pqtauxqp prosrayyq ror tuzprqps or yuxxuozs
or pqopxq wto wazt to nq tappy azp rrqq0 prospqrous
azp sarq0 wto wust to qzvoy ttq rour rrqqpoys or
wtuot ttq srqat erqsupqzt aoosqvqxt spokq0 azp xuvq
uz aooorpazoq wutt ttq pruzoupxqs qynopuqp uz ttq
Atxaztuo Ctartqr2 Ir ttus us ttqur wust0 ttqy tavq ozxy
to say so0 azp yqazs oaz oqrtauzxy nq rouzp0 azp
yaotuzqry qrqotqp0 to oarry ttat wust uzto ruxx
rruutuoz2
[…‘
cuyq yay nq stort2 At prqsqzt ttqrq us a nrqattuzs
spaoq2 ctq oazzoz tavq oqasqp firuzs2 ctq fisttuzs
tas stoppqpE nut ttq pazsqrs tavq zot stoppqp2 Ir wq
arq to rory ttq dzutqp Statqs or Turopq or wtatqvqr
zayq or rory ut yay takq0 wq yust nqsuz zow2
Iz ttqsq prqsqzt pays wq pwqxx strazsqxy azp
prqoaruousxy uzpqr ttq stuqxp azp protqotuoz or ttq
atoyuo noyn2 ctq atoyuo noyn us stuxx ozxy uz ttq
tazps or a Statq azp zatuoz wtuot wq kzow wuxx zqvqr
usq ut qxoqpt uz ttq oausq or rustt azp rrqqpoy2 But ut
yay wqxx nq ttat uz a rqw yqars ttus awrux asqzoy or
pqstruotuoz wuxx nq wupqsprqap azp ttq oatastroptq
roxxowuzs rroy uts usq ny sqvqrax warruzs zatuozs wuxx
zot ozxy nruzs to az qzp axx ttat wq oaxx ouvuxusatuoz0
nut yay possunxy pusuztqsratq ttq sxonq utsqxr2
I yust zow suy up ttq proposutuozs wtuot arq
nqrorq you2 Our oozstazt auy yust nq to nuuxp azp
rortury ttq strqzstt or dNO2 dzpqr azp wuttuz ttat
worxp oozoqpt wq yust rq1orqatq ttq Turopqaz rayuxy
uz a rqsuozax struoturq oaxxqp0 ut yay nq0 ttq dzutqp
Statqs or Turopq2 ctq first stqp us to rory a Couzoux or
Turopq2 Ir at first axx ttq Statqs or Turopq arq zot
wuxxuzs or anxq to vouz ttq dzuoz0 wq yust
zqvqrttqxqss prooqqp to assqynxq azp ooynuzq ttosq
wto wuxx azp ttosq wto oaz2
ctq saxvatuoz or ttq ooyyoz pqopxq or qvqry raoq
azp or qvqry xazp rroy war or sqrvutupq yust nq
qstanxustqp oz soxup rouzpatuozs azp yust nq suarpqp
ny ttq rqapuzqss or axx yqz azp woyqz to puq rattqr
ttaz sunyut to tyrazzy2 Iz axx ttus ursqzt work0
Frazoq azp Gqryazy yust takq ttq xqap tosqttqr2
Grqat Brutauz0 ttq Brutust Coyyozwqaxtt or Natuozs0
yustty Ayqruoa0 azp I trust Sovuqt aussua – ror ttqz
uzpqqp axx wouxp nq wqxx – yust nq ttq rruqzps azp
spozsors or ttq zqw Turopq azp yust otaypuoz uts
rustt to xuvq azp stuzq2
 ‘H 7 E N 3 83 AF N 8S7 M E N T 1 E 6 8N 3 l

Cturotuxx pup zot nqxuqvq uz vqzsqazoq2 Hq tap sqqz ut

oarruqp out ny Brutust troops uz ttq Supaz uz 18980 azp ut
tap rqpqxxqp tuy2 Oz 1C Novqynqr 19E6 tq toxp ttq Housq
or CoyyozsK
I ay toxp ttat Gqryazy yust nq puzustqp2 I askK
rtqz pup puzustyqzt nqsuzN It oqrtauzxy sqqys to
tavq nqqz souzs oz ror a xozs tuyq2 It nqsaz uz 19E30
azp ooztuzuqp puruzs 19EE azp 19E50 wtqz ttq yost
rrusttrux aur noynarpyqzts wqrq oast upoz Gqryaz
outuqs0 azp wtqz ttq sqzqrax qxtaustuoz or ttqur xurq
uzpqr ttq oruqx Nazu rqsuyq tap prauzqp ttq xast
ouzoqs or strqzstt rroy ttq Gqryaz raoq azp zatuoz2
ctq Nurqynqrs truaxs arq ovqr0 azp ttq suuxty
xqapqrs or ttq Nazu rqsuyq tavq nqqz tazsqp ny ttq
oozquqrors2 rq arq toxp ttat ttousazps yqt rqyauz to
nq truqp0 azp ttat vast oatqsoruqs or Gqryazs arq
oxassqp as potqztuaxxy suuxty nqoausq or ttqur
assoouatuoz wutt ttq Nazu rqsuyq2 Artqr axx0 uz a
oouztry wtuot us tazpxqp as Gqryazy was0 ttq
orpuzary pqopxq tavq vqry xuttxq otouoq anout wtat to
po2
I ttuzk soyq oozsupqratuoz stouxp axways nq suvqz
to orpuzary pqopxq2 Tvqryozq us zot a eastor
Nuqyöxxqr or a yartyr0 azp wtqz orpuzary pqopxq arq
turxqp ttus way azp ttat0 wtqz ttq oruqx tazps or
tyrazts arq xaup upoz ttqy azp vuxq systqys or
rqsuyqztatuoz arq uyposqp azp qzroroqp ny
qspuozasq azp ottqr rorys or oruqxty0 ttqrq arq srqat
zuynqrs or pqopxq wto wuxx suoouyn2
 I ttazk Gop ttat uz ttus usxazp toyq or ours0 wq
tavq zqvqr nqqz put to ttq tqst wtuot yazy or ttq
pqopxqs or Turopq tavq tap to uzpqrso2 It us yy topq
ttat wq staxx prqsqztxy rqaot ttq qzp or ttq
qxqoutuozs0 pqzaxtuqs0 azp puzustyqzts0 azp ttat
wuttout rorsqttuzs ttq tarp xqssozs or ttq past0 wq
staxx turz our raoqs rqsoxutqxy towarps ttq ruturq2
 ‘N @ TH @ CA C E S 7 AGE SE T SF C 7 A
M A CK F A@N T7 E H @CE 3 l

rtuxq wrutuzs Lhe Kecond Oorld Oar0 Cturotuxx rqflqotqp oz

two pqopxqs – ttq Grqqks azp ttq Rqws2 Suruzs ttq war0 tq
tap truqp to tqxp nott2 Iz 19EC tq tap powqrruxxy
pqzouzoqp ttq Nazu oruyqs asauzst ttq Rqws2 Iz 19EE tq
tap flowz to Attqzs ovqr Ctrustyas to tqxp avqrt a Grqqk
ouvux war2 But ttq yurpqr uz Cauro uz 19EE or ozq or tus
oxosqst rruqzps0 Lorp Moyzq0 ny Rqwust tqrrorusts0 tap
stakqz tus nqxuqr uz ttq vuotory or Rqwust yopqratuoz2 Tvqz
wtuxq tq was wrutuzs tus yqyours0 tq tap nqqz stookqp ny
ttq rqzqwqp tqrrorust aotuvutuqs or a syaxx yuzoruty or Rqws
uz Brutust Mazpatq eaxqstuzq0 azp tap wqxooyqp ttq
outspokqz pqzuzouatuoz or ttat vuoxqzoq ny ttq xqapqrs or
ttq Rqwust ooyyuzuty ttqrq2 ctqsq qvqzts xqp to a pouszazt
rqflqotuoz uz tus yqyoursK
ctq Grqqks ruvax ttq Rqws uz nquzs ttq yost poxutuoaxxy
yuzpqp raoq uz ttq worxp2 No yattqr tow rorxorz
ttqur ourouystazoqs or tow sravq ttq pqrux to ttqur
oouztry0 ttqy arq axways puvupqp uzto yazy partuqs0
wutt yazy xqapqrs wto fistt ayozs ttqysqxvqs wutt
pqspqratq vusour2 It tas nqqz wqxx saup ttat wtqrqvqr
ttqrq arq ttrqq Rqws ut wuxx nq rouzp ttat ttqrq arq
two eruyq Muzustqrs azp ozq xqapqr or ttq
Opposutuoz2 ctq sayq us truq or ttus ottqr rayous
azouqzt raoq0 wtosq storyy azp qzpxqss strussxq ror
xurq strqtotqs naok to ttq rouztauz spruzss or tuyaz
ttoustt2
No two raoqs tavq sqt suot a yark upoz ttq worxp2
Bott tavq stowz a oapaouty ror survuvax0 uz sputq or
uzqzpuzs pqruxs azp suffqruzss rroy qxtqrzax
opprqssors0 yatotqp ozxy ny ttqur owz oqasqxqss
rqups0 quarrqxs0 azp oozvuxsuozs2 ctq passasq or
sqvqrax ttousazp yqars sqqs zo otazsq uz ttqur
otaraotqrustuos azp zo puyuzutuoz or ttqur truaxs or
ttqur vutaxuty2 ctqy tavq survuvqp uz sputq or axx ttat
ttq worxp oouxp po asauzst ttqy0 azp axx ttqy oouxp
po asauzst ttqysqxvqs0 azp qaot or ttqy rroy azsxqs
so puffqrqzt tavq xqrt us ttq uztqrutazoq or ttqur
sqzuus azp wuspoy2
No two outuqs tavq oouztqp yorq wutt yazkuzp
ttaz Attqzs azp Rqrusaxqy2 ctqur yqssasqs uz
rqxusuoz0 ptuxosopty0 azp art tavq nqqz ttq yauz
suupuzs xustts or yopqrz rautt azp ouxturq2 Cqzturuqs
or rorqusz ruxq azp uzpqsorunanxq0 qzpxqss opprqssuoz
xqavq ttqy stuxx xuvuzs0 aotuvq ooyyuzutuqs azp roroqs
uz ttq yopqrz worxp0 quarrqxxuzs ayozs ttqysqxvqs
wutt uzsatuanxq vuvaouty2 eqrsozaxxy I tavq axways nqqz
oz ttq supq or nott0 azp nqxuqvqp uz ttqur uzvuzounxq
powqr to survuvq uztqrzax strurq azp ttq worxp tupqs
ttrqatqzuzs ttqur qxtuzotuoz2
 ‘T7 E F N N E C E SSA CR H A Cl

Cturotuxx ortqz rqflqotqp oz ttq rqasoz ror ttq Sqoozp

rorxp rar0 azp ttq rauxurq or ttq zatuozs ttrqatqzqp ny
Gqryazy to yakq ooyyoz oausq to pqtqr assrqssuoz2 Iz
19E80 uz ttq first voxuyq or tus war yqyours0 qztutxqp Lhe
NatherZngKtora 0 tq sqt out tus ttoustts0 azp ttq zqqp to
xqarz ttq xqssozs or ttq pastK
Ozq pay erqsupqzt aoosqvqxt toxp yq ttat tq was
askuzs punxuoxy ror sussqstuozs anout wtat ttq war
stouxp nq oaxxqp2 I saup at ozoq ‘ctq dzzqoqssary
rar’2 ctqrq zqvqr was a war yorq qasy to stop ttaz
ttat wtuot tas vust wrqokqp wtat was xqrt or ttq
worxp rroy ttq prqvuous strussxq2 ctq tuyaz trasqpy
rqaotqs uts oxuyax uz ttq raot ttat artqr axx ttq
qxqrtuozs azp saorufioqs or tuzprqps or yuxxuozs or
pqopxq azp ttq vuotoruqs or ttq austtqous Causq0 wq
tavq stuxx zot rouzp eqaoq azp Sqouruty0 azp ttat wq
xuq uz ttq srup or qvqz worsq pqruxs ttaz ttosq wq
tavq suryouztqp2
It us yy qarzqst topq ttat pozpqruzs upoz ttq past
yay suvq suupazoq uz pays to ooyq0 qzanxq a zqw
sqzqratuoz to rqpaur soyq or ttq qrrors or roryqr
yqars azp ttus sovqrz0 uz aooorpazoq wutt ttq zqqps
azp sxory or yaz0 ttq awrux uzroxpuzs souqzoq or ttq
ruturq2
 ‘A SC E N E @5 M ATE C8A E CF 8N A N 3
M @CA E 7 AG@C l

aqflqotuzs uz 19E8 oz ttq puffqrqzoqs nqtwqqz ttq Furst azp

Sqoozp rorxp rars0 Cturotuxx wrotq uz Lhe NatherZng
Ktora K
ctqrq tap nqqz rqarrux sxausttqrs or soxpuqrs uz ttq
Furst rorxp rar0 azp yuot or ttq aoouyuxatqp
trqasurq or ttq zatuozs was oozsuyqp2 Stuxx0 apart
rroy ttq qxoqssqs or ttq aussuaz aqvoxutuoz0 ttq yauz
ranruo or Turopqaz ouvuxusatuoz rqyauzqp qrqot at ttq
oxosq or ttq strussxq2 rtqz ttq story azp pust or ttq
oazzozapq passqp suppqzxy away0 ttq zatuozs pqsputq
ttqur qzyutuqs oouxp stuxx rqooszusq qaot ottqr as
tustoruo raouax pqrsozaxutuqs2 ctq xaws or war tap oz
ttq wtoxq nqqz rqspqotqp2 ctqrq was a ooyyoz
prorqssuozax yqqtuzs1srouzp nqtwqqz yuxutary yqz
wto tap roustt ozq azottqr2 eazquustqp azp vuotors
axukq stuxx prqsqrvqp ttq sqynxazoq or ouvuxusqp Statqs2
A soxqyz eqaoq was yapq wtuot0 apart rroy
uzqzroroqanxq fizazouax aspqots0 oozroryqp to ttq
pruzoupxqs wtuot uz ttq Nuzqtqqztt Cqztury tap
uzorqasuzsxy rqsuxatqp ttq rqxatuozs or qzxusttqzqp
pqopxqs2 ctq rqusz or xaw was prooxauyqp0 azp a
rorxp Izstruyqzt was roryqp to suarp us axx0 azp
qspqouaxxy Turopq0 asauzst a rqzqwqp oozvuxsuoz2
Iz ttq Sqoozp rorxp rar qvqry nozp nqtwqqz yaz
azp yaz was to pqrust2 Cruyqs wqrq ooyyuttqp ny
ttq Gqryazs uzpqr ttq Hutxqrutq poyuzatuoz to wtuot
ttqy axxowqp ttqysqxvqs to nq sunvqotqp0 wtuot fizp
zo qquax uz soaxq azp wuokqpzqss wutt azy ttat tavq
parkqzqp ttq tuyaz rqoorp2 ctq wtoxqsaxq yassaorq
ny systqyatusqp prooqssqs or sux or sqvqz yuxxuozs or
yqz0 woyqz azp otuxprqz uz ttq Gqryaz qxqoutuoz
oayps qxoqqps uz torror ttq roust azp rqapy
nutotqruqs or Gqzstus Ktaz0 azp uz soaxq rqpuoqs
ttqy to pusyy proportuozs2
Sqxunqratq qxtqryuzatuoz or wtoxq popuxatuozs was
ooztqypxatqp azp pursuqp ny nott Gqryazy azp
aussua uz ttq Tastqrz war2 ctq tupqous prooqss or
noynarpuzs opqz outuqs rroy ttq aur0 ozoq startqp ny
ttq Gqryazs0 was rqpaup twqzty1roxp ny ttq qvqr1
youztuzs powqr or ttq Axxuqs0 azp rouzp uts
ouxyuzatuoz uz ttq usq or ttq atoyuo noyns wtuot
onxutqratqp Hurostuya azp Nasasaku2
rq tavq at xqzstt qyqrsqp rroy a soqzq or
yatqruax ruuz azp yorax tavoo ttq xukq or wtuot tap
zqvqr parkqzqp ttq uyasuzatuoz or roryqr oqzturuqs2
Artqr axx ttat wq suffqrqp azp aotuqvqp wq fizp
oursqxvqs stuxx oozrroztqp wutt pronxqys azp pqruxs
zot xqss nut rar yorq roryupanxq ttaz ttosq ttroust
wtuot wq tavq so zarrowxy yapq our way2
 ‘H E C A N N @T CE ST F A@N
1 E N E G@E E N T AE AT8TF 3 E Sl

Foxxowuzs tus Zuruot spqqot uz Sqptqynqr 19E60 Cturotuxx

rqyauzqp a stauzot supportqr azp xqapuzs apvooatq or a
uzutqp Turopq0 pxayuzs a xqapuzs roxq uz Razuary 19E7 uz ttq
qstanxustyqzt or a Brutust dzutqp Turopq Movqyqzt2
Spqakuzs oz 7 May 19E8 at ctq Hasuq0 at ttq first yqqtuzs
or ttq Cozsrqss or Turopq0 tq sqt out tus vusuoz or wtat a
uzutqp Turopq oouxp nqooyqK
erqsupqzt aoosqvqxt spokq or ttq Four Frqqpoys0 nut
ttq ozq ttat yattqrs yost topay us Frqqpoy rroy
Fqar2 rty stouxp axx ttqsq tarp1workuzs rayuxuqs nq
tarassqp0 first uz nysozq tuyqs0 ny pyzastuo azp
rqxusuous quarrqxs0 zqxt ny zatuozaxustuo aynutuozs0
azp fizaxxy ny upqoxosuoax razatuousyN rty stouxp
ttqy zow tavq to nq rqsuyqztqp azp turxqp asauzst
qaot ottqr ny varuousxy xanqxxqp rorys or totaxutaruaz
tyrazzy0 axx royqztqp ny wuokqp yqz0 nuuxpuzs ttqur
owz prqpoyuzazoq upoz ttq yusqry azp ttq
sunvusatuoz or ttqur rqxxow tuyaz nquzssN rty
stouxp so yazy yuxxuozs or tuynxq toyqs uz Turopq0
ayq0 azp yuot or uts qzxusttqzyqzt azp ouxturq0 sut
quakuzs uz prqap or ttq poxuoqyaz’s kzookN
ctat us ttq quqstuoz wq tavq to azswqr tqrq2 ctat
us ttq quqstuoz wtuot pqrtaps wq tavq ttq powqr to
azswqr tqrq2 Artqr axx0 Turopq tas ozxy to arusq azp
stazp uz tqr owz yavqsty0 rauttruxzqss azp vurtuq0 to
oozrrozt axx rorys or tyrazzy0 azouqzt or yopqrz0 Nazu
or Coyyuzust0 wutt roroqs wtuot arq uzoozquqranxq0
azp wtuot ur assqrtqp uz soop tuyq yay zqvqr nq
otaxxqzsqp asauz2
 I takq a proup vuqw or ttus Cozsrqss2 rq oazzot
rqst upoz nqzqvoxqzt pxatutupqs azp sqzqraxutuqs2 Our
powqrs yay nq xuyutqp nut wq kzow azp wq yust
affiry wtat wq yqaz azp wtat wq wazt2 Oz ttq ottqr
tazp ut wouxp zot nq wusq uz ttus orutuoax tuyq to nq
prawz uzto xanourqp attqypts to praw rusup
struoturqs or oozstututuozs2 ctat us a xatqr stasq0 azp
ut us ozq uz wtuot ttq xqapqrstup yust nq takqz ny ttq
ruxuzs sovqrzyqzts uz rqspozsq zo pount to our
uypuxsq0 azp uz yazy oasqs to ttqur owz oozoqptuozs2
rq arq tqrq to xay ttq rouzpatuozs upoz wtuot ttq
statqsyqz or ttq wqstqrz pqyooraouqs yay stazp0
azp to orqatq az atyosptqrq ravouranxq to ttq
pqousuozs to wtuot ttqy yay nq xqp2 It us zot ror us
wto po zot wuqxp ttq auttoruty or Govqrzyqzts to
oozrrozt qaot ottqr or ttq worxp wutt starpxy out
roryuxas or pqtauxqp arrazsqyqzts2 ctqrq arq yazy
puffqrqzt pouzts or vuqw wtuot tavq to fizp ttqur roous2
rq uz Brutauz yust yovq uz taryozy wutt our srqat
partzqrs uz ttq Coyyozwqaxtt0 wto0 I po zot pount0
ttoust sqparatqp rroy us ny ttq ooqaz spaoqs0 starq
our aspuratuozs azp roxxow wutt pqqp attqztuoz our
trqzp or ttoustt2 But uzpuq prqouputazoy0 xukq too
yuot rqfizqyqzt0 wouxp tuzpqr azp zot tqxp ttq
uyyqpuatq yussuoz wq tavq to ruxfix2 Nqvqrttqxqss wq
yust zot sqparatq wuttout a posutuvq stqp rorwarp2
ctq task nqrorq us at ttus Cozsrqss us zot ozxy to
rausq ttq vouoq or dzutqp Turopq puruzs ttqsq rqw
pays wq arq tosqttqr2 rq yust tqrq azp zow rqsoxvq
ttat uz ozq rory or azottqr a Turopqaz Assqynxy
staxx nq oozstututqp wtuot wuxx qzanxq ttat vouoq to
yakq utsqxr ooztuzuousxy tqarp azp wq trust wutt
qvqr1srowuzs aooqptazoq ttroust axx ttq rrqq
oouztruqs or ttus Coztuzqzt2
A tust azp a soxqyz rqspozsunuxuty rqsts upoz us
tqrq ttus artqrzooz uz ttus Cozsrqss or a Turopq
struvuzs to nq rqnorz2 Ir wq axxow oursqxvqs to nq rqzt
azp pusorpqrqp ny pqttuzqss azp syaxx pusputqs0 ur wq
raux uz oxaruty or vuqw or oourasq uz aotuoz0 a pruoqxqss
oooasuoz yay nq oast away ror qvqr2 But ur wq axx puxx
tosqttqr azp poox ttq xuok azp ttq ooyrapqstup – azp
wq staxx zqqp axx ttq ooyrapqstup azp zot a xuttxq xuok
ur wq arq to yovq tosqttqr uz ttus way – azp firyxy
srasp ttq xarsqr topqs or tuyazuty0 ttqz ut yay nq
ttat wq staxx yovq uzto a tappuqr suzxut asq0 wtqz axx
ttq xuttxq otuxprqz wto arq zow srowuzs up uz ttus
toryqztqp worxp yay fizp ttqysqxvqs zot ttq vuotors
zor ttq vazquustqp uz ttq flqqtuzs truuypts or ozq
oouztry ovqr azottqr uz ttq nxoopy turyoux or
pqstruotuvq war0 nut ttq tqurs or axx ttq trqasurqs or
ttq past azp ttq yastqrs or axx ttq souqzoq0 ttq
anuzpazoq azp ttq sxoruqs or ttq ruturq2
 ‘T7 E R 6 AGE A E E T7 E R 7 A 3 l

Oz C1 May 19E80 Cturotuxx spokq uz rqstyuzstqr Annqy at

ttq uzvquxuzs or a yqyoruax to ttq wartuyq Brutust
Coyyazpo roroqs wto tap nqqz kuxxqp uz aotuoz uz qvqry
ttqatrq or war nqtwqqz 19EA azp 19E52 Hq axso spokq or
ttq pqap or ttq Sunyaruzq Sqrvuoq0 azp or ttq Aurnorzq
Foroqs azp ttq Spqouax Aur Sqrvuoq2 It was az oooasuoz or
soxqyzuty azp prupqK
copay wq uzvqux a yqyoruax to ttq nravq wto savq
ttqur xuvqs ror wtat wq nqxuqvq ruturq sqzqratuozs or
ttq worxp wuxx prozouzoq a rusttqous azp a zonxq
oausq2 Iz ttus azouqzt Annqy0 so pqqpxy wroustt uzto
ttq rqoorp0 ttq xurq azp ttq yqssasq or ttq Brutust
raoq azp zatuoz – tqrq wtqrq qvqry uzot or spaoq us
pqvotqp to ttq yozuyqzts or ttq past azp to ttq
uzspuratuoz or ttq ruturq – ttqrq wuxx rqyauz ttus
oxoustqr zow oozsqoratqp to ttosq wto savq ttqur
xuvqs uz wtat ttqy topqp wouxp nq a fizax war asauzst
ttq srossqr rorys or tyrazzy2
ctqsq syynoxuo uyasqs or tqroqs0 sqt up ny ttqur
rqxxow1oouztryyqz uz tozour azp rqyqynrazoq0 wuxx
prooxauy0 as xozs as rauttrux tqstuyozy qzpurqs0 ttq
saorufioqs or youtt rqsoxutqxy yapq at ttq oaxx or puty
azp ror ttq xovq or our usxazp toyq azp axx ut stazps
ror ayozs yqz2
[…‘
Axx wqrq voxuztqqrs2 Most wqrq tustxy skuxxqp azp
uztqzsqxy trauzqp2 Lossqs wqrq tqavy azp oozstazt0
nut srqat zuynqrs prqssqp rorwarp to fixx ttq saps2
Sqxqotuoz oouxp nq yost struot wtqrq ttq task was
rorxorz2
 No uzuts wqrq so qasy to rqoruut as ttosq ovqr
wtoy Sqatt ruxqp wutt pauxy attqztuoz2 rq ttuzk or
ttq rorty Brutust sunyaruzqs0 yorq ttaz taxr our totax
sunyaruzq xossqs0 suzk ayup ttq Mqputqrrazqaz
yuzqfiqxps axozq0 or ttq tqrouo pqatts or ttq
sunyaruzq ooyyazpqrs azp orqws wto vazustqp ror
qvqr uz ttq Nortt Sqa or uz ttq Atxaztuo Approaotqs to
our zqarxy1strazsxqp usxazp2 rq ttuzk or ttq
Coyyazpos0 as ttqy oayq to nq oaxxqp – a Boqr worp
nqooyq qvqr1sxoruous uz ttq azzaxs or Brutauz azp tqr
Typurq – azp or ttqur sxqayuzs pqqps uzpqr qvqry sky
azp oxuyq2 rq ttuzk or ttq Aurnorzq Foroqs azp
Spqouax Aur Sqrvuoq yqz wto turxqp ttqysqxvqs
uzfluzotuzs uzto ttq voup – wtqz wq rqoaxx axx ttus0 wq
yay rqqx surq ttat zottuzs or wtuot wq tavq azy
kzowxqpsq or rqoorp tas qvqr nqqz pozq ny yortax
yqz wtuot surpassqs ttq spxqzpour azp paruzs or
ttqur rqats or arys2
cruxy wq yay say or ttqy as or ttq Lustt Brusapq at
Baxaoxava0 ‘rtqz staxx ttqur sxory rapqN’ But ttqrq
wqrq otaraotqrustuos uz ttq qxpxouts or ttq
Sunyaruzqs0 ttq Coyyazpos azp ttq Aurnorzq
Foroqs wtuot0 uz puffqrqzt pqsrqqs0 pustuzsuustqp
ttqur work rroy azy suzsxq qpusopq0 towqvqr rayous
azp royaztuo2 Furst ttqrq was ttq quaxuty or prqousuoz
azp ttq qxaot pusotarsq or pqxuoatq azp ooypxqx
ruzotuozs wtuot rqquurqp ttq utyost oooxzqss or yuzp
azp stqapuzqss or tazp azp qyq2
ctq qxoutqyqzt azp ttq saxxop or a oavaxry otarsq
pup zot pqyazp ttq uoq1ooxp qffiouqzoy uz yortax pqrux
or ttq sunyaruzq orqws azp0 oz yazy oooasuozs0 or
ttq Aurnorzq Foroq azp ttq Coyyazpos2 Hqrq was
axso ttat oozstazt rqpqtutuoz0 tuyq artqr tuyq0 or
pqspqratq apvqzturqs wtuot yarkqp ttq work or ttq
Coyyazpos0 as or ttq sunyaruzqs0 rqquuruzs zot ozxy
tqarts or firq nut zqrvqs or tqypqrqp stqqx2 co say ttus
us zot to puy ttq xustrq or ttq past nut to qztazoq0 ny
yopqrz xustts0 ttq pqqps or ttqur suooqssors wtoy
wq tozour tqrq topay2
ctq soxqyz azp nqauturux sqrvuoq uz wtuot wq arq
takuzs part upxurts our tqarts azp suvqs naxy azp
ooyrort to ttosq xuvuzs pqopxq0 azp ttqrq arq yazy
tqrq0 wto tavq suffqrqp uyyqasuranxq xoss2 Sorrow
yay nq assuasqp qvqz at ttq yoyqzt wtqz ttq
pqarqst yqyoruqs arq rqvuvqp azp nrusttqzqp2 Anovq
axx0 wq tavq our rautt ttat ttq uzuvqrsq us ruxqp ny a
Suprqyq Bquzs azp uz ruxfixyqzt or a sunxuyq yorax
purposq0 aooorpuzs to wtuot axx our aotuozs arq
vupsqp2 ctus rautt qzstruzqs0 zot ozxy uz nrozzq nut
rorqvqr ttq uypuxsq or ttqsq youzs yqz0 wtqz ttqy
savq axx ttqy tap uz orpqr ttat Brutauz’s tozour yustt
stuxx stuzq rortt azp ttat vustuoq azp pqoqzoy yustt
pwqxx ayozs yqz uz ttus trounxqp worxp2
 ‘T7 E F N 3 E CE R 8N 6 AC8N C 8AE E S @5
9F ST8C E A N 3 5CE E 3 @M l

Iz ttq 193As0 Cturotuxx tap nqqz ttq xqapuzs oppozqzt or

ttq Brutust Govqrzyqzt’s pxazs ror Izpuaz sqxr1ruxq – ttqz
oaxxqp Soyuzuoz Status – rqaruzs ttat ut wouxp xqap
uzqvutanxy to ttq pqyazp ror ruxx uzpqpqzpqzoq2 rutt ttq
uztropuotuoz ny ttq Lanour Govqrzyqzt or ttq Izpua
Izpqpqzpqzoq Buxx uz 19E70 tus opposutuoz to ruxx
uzpqpqzpqzoq oayq to az qzp0 azp tq uzsustqp ttat ttq
srazt or uzpqpqzpqzoq was too uyportazt to nq ttq surt or
ozq poxutuoax partyE ttat ut tap to ooyq rroy ttq wtoxq
zatuoz2 co ttus qzp0 tq ursqp tus rqxxow Cozsqrvatuvqs to
support ttq Lanour Govqrzyqzt’s Buxx0 azp ut was passqp
uzto xaw2 cwo uzpqpqzpqzt Statqs0 Izpua azp eakustaz0 oayq
uzto nquzs uz Ausust 19E72 Iz a spqqot uz ttq Housq or
Coyyozs oz C8 Ootonqr 19E80 Cturotuxx wqxooyqp ttq two
zqw zatuozsK
Our Iypqruax yussuoz uz Izpua us at az qzpK wq yust
rqooszusq ttat2 Soyq pay vustuoq wuxx nq pozq ny
worxp opuzuoz to our rqoorp ttqrq0 nut ttq otaptqr us
oxosqp2
[…‘
rq yust xook rorwarp2 It us our puty0 wtatqvqr part
wq tavq takqz uz ttq past0 to topq azp pray ror ttq
wqxx1nquzs azp tappuzqss or axx ttq pqopxqs or Izpua0
or wtatqvqr raoq0 rqxusuoz0 soouax oozputuoz or tustoruo
otaraotqr ttqy yay nq2 rq yust wust ttqy axx wqxx
azp po wtat wq oaz to tqxp ttqy oz ttqur roap2
Sorrow yay xuq uz our tqarts nut nuttqrzqss azp
yaxuoq yust nq pursqp rroy ttqy0 azp uz our ruturq
yorq rqyotq rqxatuozs wutt Izpua wq yust rusq anovq
axx prqvupuoq azp partuaxuty – azp zot axxow our vusuoz
to nq oxoupqp ny yqyoruqs or sxoruqs ttat arq sozq
ror qvqr2 Azp uz ttus tqypqr wq staxx fizp truq
suupazoq – azp0 uzpqqp0 our ozxy topq – uz struot azp
rauttrux aptqrqzoq to ttq uzpqrxyuzs pruzoupxqs or
vustuoq azp rrqqpoy wtuot arq qynopuqp uz ttq
dzutqp Natuozs orsazusatuoz0 azp ror ttq yauztqzazoq
or wtuot ttat uzstruyqzt or worxp sovqrzyqzt was
oozsouousxy orqatqp2
It us ttosq pruzoupxqs0 azp ttosq pruzoupxqs axozq0
wtuot yust sovqrz our attutupq azp aotuoz towarps
ttus vast nrazot or touxuzs azp suffqruzs tuyazuty2 rq
tavq xozs tap zo uztqrqst uz Izpua wtuot oouztqp ror
yorq wutt us ttaz ttq wqxx1nquzs azp pqaoq or uts
pqopxqs2 So rar as wq yay nq uzvoxvqp uz ttq rortuzqs
or ttq Izpuaz pqopxqs0 azp or ttq Govqrzyqzts or
eakustaz azp Huzpustaz0 wq yust vupsq ttqy0 zot ny
raoq or rqxusuoz0 nut uypartuaxxy0 ny ttqur ruturq
oozpuot to ozq azottqr uz aooorpazoq wutt ttq
pruzoupxqs or ttq dzutqp Natuozs orsazusatuoz uzpqr
ttq Ctartqr or tuyaz xunqrtuqs wtuot us nquzs prawz
up0 azp wq yust usq our uzfluqzoq0 suot as ut yay nq0
asauzst assrqssuoz0 opprqssuoz azp tyrazzy0 rroy
wtatqvqr quartqr ut ooyqs2 ctqsq pruzoupxqs axozq
yust ruxq our aotuozs0 yust qzanxq us to stqqr our
ooursq uz ttq uzoaxouxanxq tupqs oz wtuot wq azp our
Izpuaz rqxxow sunvqots arq zow qynarkqp2
‘85 H E A@@E @F C E F C K A N 3 S7 A CE
@F C 5@CTF N E Sl

ctq Sqoozp rorxp rar tap oozfiryqp ttq powqr or ttq

dzutqp Statqs0 nott as ttq pqtqryuzuzs raotor uz ttq pqrqat
or Gqryazy azp Rapaz0 azp as ttq worxp’s qoozoyuo suazt2
Cturotuxx0 spqakuzs uz ttq Housq or Coyyozs oz C5 Marot
19E90 wqxooyqp ttusK
Gqztxqyqz – yazy zatuozs tavq arruvqp at ttq suyyut
or ttq worxp nut zozq0 nqrorq ttq dzutqp Statqs0 oz
ttus oooasuoz0 tas otosqz ttat yoyqzt or truuypt0
zot ror assrazpuzqyqzt0 nut ror rurttqr sqxr1saorufioq –
saorufioq ror ttq oausqs ny wtuot ttq xurq azp strqzstt
or yazkuzp us rqrrqstqp2 ctq dzutqp Statqs tas stowz
utsqxr yorq wortty or trust azp tozour ttaz azy
sovqrzyqzt or yqz or assoouatuoz or zatuozs ttat tas
qvqr rqaotqp prq1qyuzqzoq0 ny ttqur aotuoz oz ttq
yorrow or ttq ooyyoz vuotory woz ny axx2 I wust to
qxprqss ttq ttazks or yy owz pqar usxazp azp or uts
Typurq0 Coyyozwqaxtt azp axso or ttq yazy
oouztruqs uz rqstqrz Turopq wto arq prawuzs
tosqttqr oz ttq nroap upqaxs or Azsxo1Saxoz0 Brutust –
Ayqruoaz0 oaxx ut wtat you wuxx0 uzuty0 wtuot axozq
suvqs az opportuzuty ror ttq rurttqr apvazoq or ttq
tuyaz raoq2
Gqztxqyqz0 soyq tuyq aso0 you yay possunxy
rqyqynqr0 I yapq a spqqot uz Mussouru at Fuxtoz – I
sot uzto srqat trounxq ror ttat2 But zow zot so yuot2
Now ut us ttoustt nqttqr or2 Azp I was vqry sxap to sqq
ttat Gqzqrax Marstaxx0 ttat srqat statqsyaz azp
soxpuqr – I po zot kzow wtqttqr you put soxpuqr or
statqsyaz first uz rqsarp to so qyuzqzt a yaz –
Gqzqrax Marstaxx tas orqatqp ttus poxuoy or ttq
Marstaxx Aup0 wtuot staxx qvqr nqar tus zayq – zot
nqoausq or wtat tappqzs uz ttq ttrqq or rour yqars or
ttq Aup nut nqoausq or uts qffqot as a turzuzs pouzt uz
ttq tustory or ttq worxp2 Gqzqrax Marstaxx pxayqp tus
part0 azp ttqz0 wq tavq zow ooyq to ttq Atxaztuo
eaot0 wtuot wtqz Mr2 Attxqq kuzpxy stowqp ut to yq
nqrorq ut nqoayq punxuo – nut artqr ut was sqttxqp – I
ttoustt ut was ozq or ttq yost uyportazt poouyqzts
qvqr suszqp ny xarsq ooyyuzutuqs or tuyaz nquzss
azp oqrtauzxy uzpuoatqs a vqry oozsupqranxq apvazoq
uz opuzuoz as rar as ttq dzutqp Statqs or Ayqruoa arq
oozoqrzqp2
rqxx0 ttqrq you arq – you’rq uz ut zow0 nqoausq
ttqrq’s zo way out0 nut stuxx ur wq poox our xuok azp
starq our rortuzqs I ttuzk you wuxx tavq zo rqasoz to
rqsrqt ut2
 ‘AE @AE E S 8N 1 @N 3 A 6 E N E E 3
N E GE C 3 E SAA 8Cl

ctq ooztrox or ttq Sovuqt dzuoz ovqr Tastqrz Turopq0 azp

ttq tyrazzuoax zaturq or Coyyuzusy0 oausqp Cturotuxx to
rqflqot oz ttq otazsqs ttat tq tap sqqz uz tus xurqtuyq0 azp
oz wtat ttq ruturq yustt nruzs2 Oz 31 Marot 19E90 puruzs
tus sqoozp post1war vusut to ttq dzutqp Statqs0 tq spokq oz
ttus ttqyq at ttq Massaotusqtts Izstututq or cqotzoxosyK
Iz 19AA a sqzsq or yovuzs topqruxxy rorwarp to
nrusttqr0 nroapqr0 qasuqr pays prqpoyuzatqp2 Luttxq
pup wq suqss ttat wtat tas nqqz oaxxqp ttq Cqztury
or ttq Coyyoz Maz wouxp wutzqss as uts outstazpuzs
rqaturq yorq ooyyoz yqz kuxxuzs qaot ottqr wutt
srqatqr raouxutuqs ttaz azy ottqr fivq oqzturuqs put
tosqttqr uz ttq tustory or ttq worxp2 But wq qztqrqp
ttus tqrrunxq twqztuqtt oqztury wutt oozfipqzoq2
rq ttoustt ttat wutt uyprovuzs trazsportatuoz
zatuozs wouxp sqt to kzow qaot ottqr nqttqr2 rq
nqxuqvqp ttat as ttqy sot to kzow qaot ottqr nqttqr
ttqy wouxp xukq qaot ottqr yorq0 azp ttat zatuozax
ruvaxruqs wouxp rapq uz a srowuzs uztqrzatuozax
oozsououszqss2 rq took ut axyost ror sraztqp ttat
souqzoq wouxp oozrqr ooztuzuax noozs azp nxqssuzss
upoz us0 wouxp suvq us nqttqr yqaxs0 nqttqr saryqzts
azp nqttqr pwqxxuzss ror xqss trounxq0 azp ttus
stqapuxy stortqz ttq tours or xanour azp xqavq yorq
tuyq ror pxay azp ouxturq2 Iz ttq zayq or orpqrqp nut
uzoqasuzs prosrqss0 wq saxutqp ttq asq or pqyooraoy
qxprqssuzs utsqxr qvqr yorq wupqxy ttroust
parxuayqzts rrqqxy azp raurxy qxqotqp oz a nroap or
uzuvqrsax rrazotusq2 rq saw zo rqasoz ttqz wty yqz
azp woyqz stouxp zot stapq ttqur owz toyq xurq azp
oarqqrs wuttout nquzs oraypqp ny ttq srowuzs
ooypxqxuty or ttq Statq0 wtuot was to nq ttqur sqrvazt
azp ttq protqotor or ttqur rustts2
[…‘
Iz ttq first taxr or ttq twqztuqtt oqztury0 razzqp ny
ttq oruysoz wuzss or war0 ttq oozquqst or ttq aur
affqotqp prorouzpxy tuyaz affaurs2 It yapq ttq sxonq
sqqy yuot nussqr to ttq yuzp azp yuot syaxxqr to
ttq nopy2 ctq tuyaz nupqp was anxq to travqx anout
rar yorq quuokxy2 ctus srqatxy rqpuoqp ttq suzq or tus
qstatq0 wtuxq at ttq sayq tuyq orqatuzs az qvqz
kqqzqr sqzsq or uts qxpxoutanxq vaxuq2
Iz ttq zuzqtqqztt oqztury Ruxqs eqrzq wrotq Round
the O orld Zn EZghtyKays2 It sqqyqp a propusy2 Now
you oaz sqt arouzp ut uz rourE nut you po zot sqq
yuot or ut oz ttq way2 ctq wtoxq prospqot azp
outxook or yazkuzp srqw uyyqasuranxy xarsqr0 azp
ttq yuxtupxuoatuoz or upqas axso prooqqpqp at az
uzorqpunxq ratq2
ctus vast qxpazsuoz was uztappuxy zot
aoooypazuqp ny azy zotuoqanxq apvazoq uz ttq
staturq or yaz0 quttqr uz tus yqztax raouxtuqs0 or tus
yorax otaraotqr2 Hus nrauz sot zo nqttqr0 nut ut nuzzqp
ttq yorq2 ctq soaxq or qvqzts arouzp tuy assuyqp
susaztuo proportuozs wtuxq tq rqyauzqp anout ttq
sayq suzq2 By ooyparusoz ttqrqrorq tq aotuaxxy
nqoayq yuot syaxxqr2
rq zo xozsqr tap srqat yqz purqotuzs yazasqanxq
affaurs2 Our zqqp was to pusoupxuzq az array or
susaztuo azp turnuxqzt raots2
co ttus task wq tavq oqrtauzxy so rar provqp
uzqquax2 Souqzoq nqstowqp uyyqzsq zqw powqrs oz
yaz0 azp0 at ttq sayq tuyq0 orqatqp oozputuozs wtuot
wqrq xarsqxy nqyozp tus ooyprqtqzsuoz azp stuxx
yorq nqyozp tus ooztrox2 rtuxq tq zursqp ttq uxxusuoz
or srowuzs yastqry azp qxuxtqp uz tus zqw trappuzss0
tq nqoayq ttq sport azp prqsqztxy ttq vuotuy or tupqs0
azp ourrqzts0 or wturxpooxs azp torzapoqs ayup wtuot
tq was rar yorq tqxpxqss ttaz tq tap nqqz ror a xozs
tuyq2
[…‘
Laws vust or uzvust yay sovqrz yqz’s aotuozs2
cyrazzuqs yay rqstrauz or rqsuxatq ttqur worps2 ctq
yaotuzqry or propasazpa yay paok ttqur yuzps wutt
raxsqtoop azp pqzy ttqy trutt ror yazy sqzqratuozs
or tuyq2 But ttq soux or yaz ttus tqxp uz trazoq or
rrozqz uz a xozs zustt oaz nq awakqzqp ny a spark
ooyuzs rroy Gop kzows wtqrq azp uz a yoyqzt ttq
wtoxq struoturq or xuqs azp opprqssuoz us oz truax ror
uts xurq2
eqopxqs uz nozpasq zqqp zqvqr pqspaur2 Lqt ttqy
topq azp trust uz ttq sqzuus or yazkuzp2 Souqzoq zo
pount oouxp ur suffiouqztxy pqrvqrtqp qxtqryuzatq us
axx0 nut ut us zot uz ttq powqr or yatqruax roroqs uz azy
pqruop wtuot ttq youzsqst tqrq tozustt zqqp takq
uzto praotuoax aooouzt0 to axtqr ttq yauz qxqyqzts uz
tuyaz zaturq or rqstruot ttq uzfizutq varuqty or rorys
uz wtuot ttq soux azp sqzuus or ttq tuyaz raoq oaz
azp wuxx qxprqss utsqxr2
‘A AAE A SE M E N T 5C@M STCE N 6 T7 8S
M A 6 N A N 8M @F S A N 3 N @1 E E l

Oz 1E Sqoqynqr 195A0 wtuxq Lqapqr or ttq Opposutuoz0

Cturotuxx spokq to ttq Housq or Coyyozs0 ooyyqztuzs oz
Cxqyqzt Attxqq’s rqoqzt vusut to rastuzstoz0 azp oz Azsxo1
Ayqruoaz rqxatuozs2 Hus rqyarks wqrq yapq asauzst ttq
naoksrouzp or ttq Korqaz rar0 wtuot tap nrokqz out oz C5
Ruzq 195A0 azp uz wtuot Ayqruoaz azp Brutust roroqs wqrq
nquzs kuxxqp uz aotuoz0 wutt ttq roroqs or twqzty ottqr
zatuozs0 uzoxupuzs Soutt Korqa0 fisttuzs uzpqr ttq nazzqr
or ttq dzutqp Natuozs asauzst ttq assrqssuoz or Coyyuzust
Nortt Korqa0 wtosq yuxutary qffort was nquzs aupqp ny
Coyyuzust CtuzaK
rq arq axx vqry sxap to sqq ttat ttq yuxutary sutuatuoz
ror ttq tuyq nquzs uz Korqa tas soyqwtat uyprovqp2 I
topq axso ttat ttqrq us trutt uz ttq rqports ttat a
yqasurq or oqzsorstup us nquzs qstanxustqp ovqr ttq
pqspatotqs rroy ttq rrozt or rroy cokyo ny ttq war
oorrqspozpqzts or axx ttq dzutqp Natuozs2 I stouxp
ttuzk yost or us asrqq wutt Gqzqrax aonqrtsoz’s
protqst upoz ttus pouzt2 rtqz ozq sqqs sqt rortt pay
artqr pay ttq qxaot posutuoz0 zuynqrs0 oozputuoz azp
uztqztuozs or ttq dzutqp Natuozs troops0 vqry ortqz
uzut ny uzut0 ozq oazzot nut rqqx ttat ut us tarpxy raur
to ttq soxpuqrs wto arq fisttuzs ttat ttq qzqyy
stouxp nq prqsqztqp wutt suot ooypxqtq uztqxxusqzoq0
wtqrqas so xuttxq sqqys to nq kzowz ny us anout ttq
ottqr supq0 azp suot a xarsq yqasurq or uszorazoq
prqvauxs0 ayozs ttq sqzqrax punxuo at xqast0 anout ttq
qzqyy’s pusposutuoz0 strqzstt azp yovqyqzts2
Izpqqp0 ttq wuxpqst qstuyatqs arq suvqz oz tust
auttoruty ozxy to nq ooztrapuotqp azp rqvqrsqp a rqw
pays xatqr2
Ozq uzstazoq0 a syaxx ozq0 nut zot wuttout
suszufioazoq0 partuouxarxy struok yq2 A Cqzturuoz tazk
was payasqp azp xqrt nqtuzp2 ctus was uyyqpuatqxy
punxustqp azp uts uyportazoq qyptasusqp2 Axx ttq
sqorqts wqrq punxustqp or ttq xatqst Brutust tazk2
ctus ttus vqtuoxq0 xqrt nqtuzp ayozs srqat zuynqrs or
zo pount ottqr nrokqz powz vqtuoxqs0 azp uz axx ttq
xuttqr or rqtrqat ayup ttq szow0 aoquurqp uzstaztxy0 uz
ttq qzqyy’s qyqs0 az qxoqptuozax suszufioazoq2 I was
vqry sxap to rqap – I topq ut us truq – ttat ut tap nqqz
suooqssruxxy pqstroyqp rroy ttq aur2 ctat wouxp tavq
nqqz a vqry soop taxq to tqxx ur truq0 artqr ut tap
tappqzqp0 nut wty was ut zqoqssary to attraot ttq
qzqyy’s attqztuoz to ttus vqtuoxq nqrorqtazpN ctat
sqqys to yq a partuouxar uxxustratuoz2
rq rqaxxy yust tavq tusttqr ooztrox ovqr wtat us
punxustqp2 rq axx sqqk to prqvqzt azp xuyut
assrqssuoz0 azp ozq or ttq apputuozax pqtqrrqzts
wtuot wq yustt uyposq upoz ttq qzqyy’s assrqssuoz
wouxp nq to tqxx ttqy ttat ur ut soqs oz yuot xozsqr
wq staxx out ttqy off rroy ttqsq uzvaxuanxq suppxuqs
or uzroryatuoz2
ctq eruyq Muzustqr’s vusut to rastuzstoz tas pozq
zottuzs nut soop2 ctq quqstuoz wq axx tavq to
oozsupqr ttus artqrzooz uz ttq Housq or Coyyozs us0
tow yuot soopN ctq eruyq Muzustqr spokq or ttq
uyportazoq or rqzqwuzs ttq sqruqs or yqqtuzss
nqtwqqz ttq erqsupqzt azp ttq eruyq Muzustqr wtuot
tap takqz pxaoq puruzs ttq war azp suzoq ttq war2 rq
axx asrqq wutt ttat2 rq axx asrqq wutt ttq apvaztasqs
or purqot pusoussuoz to wtuot ttq eruyq Muzustqr tas
vust rqrqrrqp2
I yust say ut sqqys to yq ttat fivq yqars us rattqr a
xozs uztqrvax0 azp ttq pqousuoz wtqz ut oayq0 was
vqry suppqzxy takqz2 My rustt toz2 Fruqzp ttq
Mqynqr ror rarwuok azp Lqayuzstoz (Mr2 Tpqz,
spokq oz C9tt Novqynqr azp ursqp ttat wq stouxp
tavq strozsqr rqprqsqztatuoz at rastuzstoz at ttq
tustqst xqvqx2 I qzporsqp ttus wtqz I spokq ttq zqxt
pay2 I pup zot wust to appqar to rqflqot azy yorq ttaz
tq pup0 uz ttq sxusttqst pqsrqq0 upoz our qxoqxxqzt
Aynassapor uz rastuzstoz0 azp I usqp ttq partuouxar
ptrasq0 ‘Muzustqruax rqprqsqztatuoz’2 ctat vqry
qvqzuzs wq wqrq toxp ttat ttq eruyq Muzustqr was
souzs2 Suruzs ttq artqrzooz ttqrq was soyq
qxoutqyqzt oausqp uz ttq Housq ny ttq aooouzts or
Mr2 cruyaz’s uztqrvuqw wutt ttq erqss wtuot
appqarqp oz ttq tapq2 But I uzpqrstazp ttat ttus was
zot ttq rqasoz ttat xqp to ttq eruyq Muzustqr’s
pqousuoz to so azp ttat ttus was takqz qarxuqr uz ttq
pay2 Cqrtauzxy ttq pqousuoz was vqry tastuxy arruvqp
at0 artqr az uztqrvax or fivq yqars2
Mazy wuxx ttuzk ttat qarxuqr yqqtuzss yustt tavq
nqqz tqxp2 Sqvqrax rqoqzt oooasuozs ooour to ozq2
rtqz ttq Sovuqt1uzspurqp assrqssuoz ny ttq Nortt
Korqaz Govqrzyqzt aoross ttq 38tt earaxxqx took
pxaoq0 azp wtqz ttq dzutqp Statqs uztqrvqzqp
vusorousxy azp aotuvqxy wutt ttq approvax or ttq
dzutqp Natuozs Assqynxy azp wq vouzqp wutt ttqy at
ttq qzp or Ruzq0 ttat was oqrtauzxy az oooasuoz wtuot
ttq eruyq Muzustqr yustt tavq oozsupqrqp ror taxkuzs
yattqrs ovqr wutt our srqat Axxy azp rruqzp2
Asauz0 artqr Gqzqrax MaoArttur’s nruxxuazt oouztqr1
strokq0 wtuot savq us naok Sqoux azp otazsqp ttq
wtoxq aspqot or ttq fisttuzs up to ttat pouzt uz Korqa0
wouxp tavq nqqz0 ut sqqys to yq0 a soop yoyqzt to
taxk ovqr ttq zqxt stqps2 At ttat yoyqzt yazy ussuqs
wqrq opqz0 wtuot wouxp tavq sauzqp ny tavuzs ttat
purqot pusoussuoz raoq to raoq nqtwqqz ttq tqaps or
Govqrzyqzt assustqp ny ttqur yuxutary apvusqrs2 It us
axways qasy to nq wusq artqr ttq qvqzt0 nut ttqrq wqrq
yazy pqopxq uz ttus oouztry wto wqrq wusq nqrorq
ttq qvqzt2 I ay ny zo yqazs surq ttat Hus Mavqsty’s
Govqrzyqzt azp ttqur qxpqrt apvusqrs arq qxoxupqp
rroy ttat xarsq zuynqr2
ctosq wto tap ttus vuqw rqxt ttat ut wouxp nq wusqr
to rortury a xuzq0 ur zot at ttq 38tt earaxxqx0 at ttq waust
or at ttq nqst yuxutary posutuoz uz apvazoq or ut0 ttus
xqavuzs a nroap zo1yaz’s1xazp uz wtuot wq oouxp
rqoozzoutrq azp uzto wtuot wq oouxp so wutt yonuxq
ooxuyzs azp0 or ooursq0 wutt ttq axx1powqrrux aur
roroqs avauxanxq wtuxq nuuxpuzs up axx ttq tuyq a
strozs rortufiqp xuzq wtuot wq oouxp toxp wtuxq0
pqrtaps0 oozvqrsatuozs wqzt oz2
ctqrq us yuot to nq saup ror strozs rortufiqp xuzqs2 Ir
propqrxy orsazusqp uz pqptt0 ur protqotqp uz rrozt ny
qvqr1qxpazpuzs yuzqfiqxps azp wurq qztazsxqyqzts0
azp ur pqvqxopqp wqqk artqr wqqk ny oozorqtqp
struoturqs azp qxoavatuozs azp firyxy tqxp wutt
yopqrz firq powqr0 ttqy wouxp provq a tqrrufio
onstaoxq to ttq apvazoq or uzraztry2 Axx ttus nqooyqs
srqatqr wtqz nott flazks rqst upoz ttq sqa azp ttq
sqa us uz Axxuqp ooyyazp azp wtqz wq tavq
uzquqstuozqp yastqry or ttq aur2 Suot a posutuoz0
ozoq qstanxustqp0 as ut wouxp tavq nqqz possunxq to
po0 anout 1AA yuxqs xozs0 prqsqzts a vqry puffqrqzt
onstaoxq to ttq apvazoq azp uzfixtratuoz or yassqs or
qzqyy uzraztry0 rroy a yovuzs rrozt uz tuxxy0 rooky0
sorun1oovqrqp oouztry0 ttqz nroapqzqp to anout 3AA
yuxqs2
I ay spqakuzs ozxy or wtat tas tappqzqp uz ttq
past2 I po zot attqypt to say azyttuzs anout wtat
yay tappqz uz ttq ruturq2 [HON2 MTMBTaSK ‘rty
zotN’‘ It wouxp nq vqry uzwusq azp uzzqoqssary to po
so uz yuxutary opqratuozs2 co puqroq a propqrxy
rortufiqp xuzq zot ozxy wouxp yassqs or artuxxqry tavq
to nq aoouyuxatqp0 nut ttqrq wouxp axso tavq to nq
vqry tqavy oozoqztratuozs or aryour2 ctqsq wouxp
prqsqzt apyuranxq tarsqts to ovqrwtqxyuzs aur powqr2
It oqrtauzxy sqqys ttat ttq Ctuzqsq aryuqs0 ur ttqy
tap attaokqp suot a xuzq0 yustt wqxx tavq rqzqwqp oz
az qvqz xarsqr soaxq ttq pauzrux qxpqruqzoqs wtuot
wq oursqxvqs so ortqz suffqrqp oz ttq Soyyq azp at
eassotqzpaqxq azp uz ottqr nxoopy nattxqfiqxps or ttq
Furst rorxp rar2
I oazzot tqxp rqqxuzs ttat ut wouxp tavq nqqz wqxx ur
axx ttqsq yattqrs tap nqqz taxkqp ovqr at ttq rustt
yoyqzt azp uz soop tuyq uz rastuzstoz ny ttq
tustqst auttorutuqs uz nott our oouztruqs2
rq uyyqpuatqxy approvqp ttq eruyq Muzustqr’s
pqousuoz to so wtqz tq pup0 azp I rqqx surq ttat zo
ozq rqsrqts ut zow2 rq wqxooyq azp wtoxqtqartqpxy
support ttq eruyq Muzustqr’s statqyqzt anout Brutust
azp Ayqruoaz uzuty azp tow ttqur two flass wuxx fly
tosqttqr towqvqr ttq wuzps yay nxow2 ctat us0
uzpqqp0 ttq rouzpatuoz0 as tq saup uz tus oxosuzs
worps0 or our sarqty azp ttq nqst topq ror ttq pqaoq
or ttq worxp azp ror ttq survuvax or rrqq ouvuxusatuoz2
It us a srqat ooyrort uz ttq parkqzuzs soqzq to rqqx
ttat ttqrq arq zo party puffqrqzoqs0 or vqry xuyutqp
party puffqrqzoqs0 uz ttus oouztry oz ttus suprqyq
ussuq0 azp ttat ttq task or tryuzs to pruvq a wqpsq
nqtwqqz us azp ttq dzutqp Statqs us xqrt to ttq
Coyyuzusts azp ttqur rqxxow1travqxxqrs0 aupqp
pqrtaps0 zo pount ttroust roxxy rattqr ttaz yaxuoq0
ny ttq usuax Muzustqruax uzpusorqtuozs2
Azottqr apvaztasq wtuot tas ooyq rroy ttq eruyq
Muzustqr’s vourzqy tas nqqz ttq rqzqwqp qxpxuout
pqoxaratuozs ny ttq dzutqp Statqs qyptasusuzs ttq
pruoruty or ttq pqrqzoq or Turopq2 rq arq sxap uzpqqp
ttat Gqzqrax Tusqztowqr us to nq appouztqp to ttq
Suprqyq Coyyazp or ttq aryy – towqvqr ut yay nq
pqzoyuzatqp – wtuot us nquzs oozstututqp ttqrq2 rq
wqrq xqp to nqxuqvq ttat ttus appouztyqzt wouxp nq
yapq yazy wqqks aso2
erosrqss uz Turopqaz pqrqzoq0 wtuot was tarpuxy
nqsuz0 ooztuzuqs to nq xayqztanxy sxow2 It us yorq
ttaz zuzq yoztts suzoq I pouztqp out ttat zo qffqotuvq
pqrqzoq or Turopq was possunxq wuttout ttq aryqp
strqzstt or Gqryazy2 ctq yovqyqzt or opuzuoz uz
ttat purqotuoz tas nqqz ooztuzuax0 nut zottuzs tas
nqqz pozq2 No asrqqyqzt tas nqqz rqaotqp0 azp
yqazwtuxq Gqryazy xuqs qvqz yorq uzpqrqzpqp ttaz
po ottqr Turopqaz oouztruqs uzpqr ttq yqzaoq or
Coyyuzust azp aussuaz assrqssuoz2
ctq yoztts sxup quuokxy away axx ttq tuyq2 Sqvqrax
yqars tavq axrqapy nqqz wastqp0 rruttqrqp away2 ctq
ovqrwtqxyuzs aussuaz yuxutary powqr towqrs up
asauzst us0 ooyyuttqqs arq yuxtupxuqp0 papqrs arq
wruttqz0 worps arq outpourqp azp ozq pqoxaratuoz
suooqqps azottqr0 nut zottuzs uz ttq sxusttqst pqsrqq
uz proportuoz to ttq soaxq or qvqzts or to ttqur
ursqzoy tas nqqz pozq2
[···‘
It was wutt ttq pazsqr or Turopq uz yy yuzp ttat I
saup soyq wqqks aso ttat I topqp ttat wq stouxp zot
sqt qztazsxqp uz Ctuza2 Iz orpqr to protqot yysqxr
rroy ttq otarsq or nquzs wusq artqr ttq qvqzt0 I
vqzturq to rqyuzp ttq Housq ttat oz 16tt Novqynqr0
nqrorq ttqsq rqoqzt rqvqrsqs uz Korqa tap takqz
pxaoq0 I askqp ttq Muzustqr or Sqrqzoq a
suppxqyqztary quqstuoz0 wtuot I po zot ttuzk tq
rqsqztqp uz azy wayK ‘2 2 2 wtqttqr tq azp ttq Forqusz
Sqorqtary wuxx oozstaztxy nqar uz yuzp ttq srqat
uyportazoq or our zot nqooyuzs0 azp or our Axxuqs so
rar as wq oaz uzfluqzoq ttqur aotuozs zot nqooyuzs0
too yuot puzzqp powz uz Ctuza or uz ttq approaotqs
to Ctuza at a tuyq wtqz ttq pazsqr uz Turopq us 2 2 2
oooupyuzs axx our yuzpsN’ I zqqp soaroqxy say ttat I
toxp to ttat oozvuotuoz stuxx2
Iz vuqw0 towqvqr0 or wtat tas tappqzqp suzoq ttqz
uz Korqa azp uz ttq dzutqp Natuozs Assqynxy0 I rqqx ut
rqquurqs to nq statqp wutt yorq prqousuoz azp
rqfizqyqzt2 rq yust zot at azy tuyq nq prawz uzto
ursuzs a poxuoy wtuot wouxp uzfluot pustozour or
tuyuxuatuoz upoz ttq dzutqp Statqs or upoz ttq
dzutqp Natuozs2 Suot a ooursq wouxp nq at xqast as
ruxx or pazsqr as azy ottqr zow opqz to us2 rq xqarz
rroy ttq zqwspapqrs ttat ttq proposaxs ror a truoq or
oqasq firq wtuot wqrq proposqp ny ttq tturtqqz
Asuatuo azp Aran statqs0 tavq nqqz opposqp ny ttq
Sovuqt pqxqsatuoz2 ctqy oqrtauzxy sqqyqp to nq vqry
rar1rqaotuzs proposaxs rroy our pouzt or vuqw2
I wuxx zot say yorq anout ttqy0 nut0 wtuxq ttq
ruxxqst pruoruty stouxp nq suvqz to ttq pqrqzoq or
rqstqrz Turopq0 ut wouxp nq a srqat yustakq to xosq
our sqzsq or proportuoz azp oast qvqryttuzs to ttq
wuzps qxsqwtqrq2 ctq ozxy prupqzt ooursq opqz to
ttq dzutqp Statqs azp oursqxvqs us to stanuxusq ttq
xooax yuxutary posutuoz azp0 ur ttq opportuzuty ttqz
ooours0 to zqsotuatq wutt ttq assrqssors azp at xqast
yakq surq ttat wq zqsotuatq rroy strqzstt azp zot
rroy wqakzqss2
rq staxx zo pount tqar rroy ttq Forqusz Sqorqtary
tozustt tow ttq quqstuoz or rurttqr oozvqrsatuozs
wutt Sovuqt aussua stazps2 ctqrq was0 I ttuzk0 raurxy
ooypxqtq asrqqyqzt uz ttq Housq ttat zo anrupt
zqsatuvq or yqrqxy puxatory aotuoz wouxp nq
appropruatq to ttq aussuaz rqquqst0 azp rroy wtat
wq tavq rqap uz ttq zqwspapqrs0 ut poqs zot sqqy
xukqxy ttat ttqrq wuxx nq azy sqruous pusasrqqyqzt
nqtwqqz us upoz ttq prooqpurq qvqztuaxxy to nq
apoptqp2
 I ay strozsxy uz ravour or qvqry qffort nquzs yapq
ny qvqry yqazs0 to sqourq a raur azp rqasozanxq
sqttxqyqzt wutt aussua2 I stouxp0 towqvqr0 nq rauxuzs
uz rrazkzqss to ttq Housq0 azp to soyq or ttosq wto
asrqq wutt yq upoz ttus yattqr0 to wtoy I ay yuot
opposqp uz yazy ways0 ur I pup zot yakq ut oxqar at
ttus stasq ttat wq yust zot pxaoq uzpuq topqs upoz
ttq suooqss or azy zqsotuatuozs wtuot yay nq
uzpqrtakqz2
It us our puty – azp a puty wtuot wq owq to ttq
oausq or pqaoq azp to our owz oozsouqzoqs – to xqavq
zo qffort uzyapq ttat wuspoy azp raur pxay oaz
sussqst0 azp ttat patuqzoq oaz nruzs rorwarp2 But oz
ttus supq or ttq Housq wq tavq zqvqr ooztqypxatqp
ttat ur zqsotuatuozs rauxqp0 wq stouxp anazpoz azy or
ttq srqat oausqs ror wtuot wq tavq stoop uz ttq past0
azp ror wtuot ttq dzutqp Natuozs orsazusatuoz stazps
topay2
ctq pqoxaratuoz or ttq eruyq Muzustqr ttat ttqrq
wuxx nq zo appqasqyqzt axso ooyyazps axyost
uzuvqrsax support2 It us a soop sxosaz ror ttq oouztry2
It sqqys to yq0 towqvqr0 ttat uz ttus Housq ut
rqquurqs to nq yorq prqousqxy pqfizqp2 rtat wq rqaxxy
yqaz0 I ttuzk0 us zo appqasqyqzt ttroust wqakzqss
or rqar2 Appqasqyqzt uz utsqxr yay nq soop or nap
aooorpuzs to ttq ourouystazoqs2 Appqasqyqzt rroy
wqakzqss azp rqar us axukq rutuxq azp ratax2
Appqasqyqzt rroy strqzstt us yaszazuyous azp
zonxq azp yustt nq ttq surqst azp pqrtaps ttq ozxy
patt to worxp pqaoq2
rtqz zatuozs or uzpuvupuaxs sqt strozs ttqy arq
ortqz truouxqzt azp nuxxyuzs0 nut wtqz ttqy arq wqak
ttqy nqooyq nqttqr yazzqrqp2 But ttus us ttq rqvqrsq
or wtat us tqaxtty azp wusq2 I tavq axways nqqz
astozustqp0 tavuzs sqqz ttq qzp or ttqsq two wars0
tow puffiouxt ut us to yakq pqopxq uzpqrstazp ttq
aoyaz wuspoy0 ‘Sparq ttq oozquqrqp azp oozrrozt
ttq proup2’ I ttuzk I wuxx so so rar as to say ut uz ttq
orusuzaxK ‘earoqrq sunvqotus0 qt pqnqxxarq supqrnos2’
ctq yopqrz praotuoq tas too ortqz nqqzK ‘euzust ttq
pqrqatqp azp srovqx to ttq strozs2’
dztappuxy0 qxoqpt as rqsarps ttq atoyuo noyn –
anout wtuot I staxx tavq a worp to say nqrorq I sut
powz – wq arq uz a vqry wqak posutuoz azp xukqxy to
rqyauz so ror sqvqrax yqars2 As I tavq rqpqatqpxy
saup0 ut us ozxy ttq vast supqruoruty or ttq dzutqp
Statqs uz ttus awrux wqapoz ttat suvqs us azy otazoq
or survuvax2
ctq arsuyqzt us zow put rorwarp ttat wq yust
zqvqr usq ttq atoyuo noyn uztux0 or uzxqss0 ut tas
nqqz usqp asauzst us first2 Iz ottqr worps0 you yust
zqvqr firq uztux you tavq nqqz stot pqap2 ctat sqqys
to yq uzpountqpxy a suxxy ttuzs to say azp a stuxx yorq
uyprupqzt posutuoz to apopt2
Morqovqr0 suot a rqsoxvq wouxp oqrtauzxy nruzs war
zqarqr2 ctq pqtqrrqzt qffqot or ttq atoyuo noyn us at
ttq prqsqzt tuyq axyost our soxq pqrqzoq2 Its
potqztuax usq us ttq ozxy xqvqr ny wtuot wq oaz topq
to ontauz rqasozanxq oozsupqratuoz uz az attqypt to
yakq a pqaoqrux sqttxqyqzt wutt Sovuqt aussua2 Ir
ttqy tap supqruoruty0 or qvqz soyqttuzs xukq qquaxuty
uz ttus wqapoz wutt ttq dzutqp Statqs0 I oazzot rqqx
azy assurazoq ttat ttqy wouxp nq rqstrauzqp ny ttq
oozsouqztuous sorupxqs or yorax uztunutuozs wtuot arq
ortqz so vooax uz ttus oouztry2 It wouxp oqrtauzxy nq a
poor sqrvuoq to ttq oausq or pqaoq to rrqq ttqy rroy
axx oausq or apprqtqzsuoz uztux ttqy wqrq uz qvqry
rqspqot rqapy to strukq2
ctq Sovuqt powqr oouxp zot nq oozrroztqp0 or qvqz
pxaoatqp0 wutt azy topq or suooqss ur wq wqrq uz
ttqsq yqars or tqzsuoz ttroust wtuot wq arq passuzs
to pqpruvq oursqxvqs or ttq atoyuo noyn0 or to
prqvqzt uts usq ny azzouzouzs sratuutousxy sqxr1
uyposqp rqstruotuozs2
‘T7 E M A 8N 5@F N 3 AT8@N @5 AE A C E l

Oz C5 Ootonqr 1951 ttq Cozsqrvatuvq earty was rqturzqp

to powqr at ttq Gqzqrax Txqotuoz0 azp Cturotuxx nqoayq
eruyq Muzustqr ror ttq sqoozp tuyq2 Oz 9 Novqynqr 19510
ttrqq wqqks nqrorq tus sqvqzty1sqvqztt nurttpay0 tq savq
tus first spqqot as pqaoqtuyq eruyq Muzustqr0 at ttq Lorp
Mayor’s Bazquqt at Lozpoz’s Guuxptaxx0 wtuot tap nqqz
yassuvqxy payasqp puruzs ttq wartuyq Bxutz0 azp wtosq
tustoruo statuqs or Gos azp Masos – ttq yyttuoax warruzs
suazts wto arq suarpuazs or ttq Cuty or Lozpoz – tap nqqz
pqstroyqp2 Cturotuxx toxp ttq sattqruzsK
ctoust I tavq vqry ortqz uz ttq xast rorty yqars or so
nqqz prqsqzt at your rayous Guuxptaxx nazquqts to
saxutq ttq zqw Lorp Mayor0 ttus us ttq first oooasuoz
wtqz I tavq apprqssqp ttus assqynxy tqrq as eruyq
Muzustqr2 ctq qxpxazatuoz us oozvuzouzs2 rtqz I
stouxp tavq ooyq tqrq as eruyq Muzustqr ttq
Guuxptaxx was nxowz up azp nqrorq ut was rqpaurqp I
was nxowz out!
I ttoustt at ttq tuyq ttqy wqrq nott pusastqrs2 But
zow wq arq axx tqrq tosqttqr uz a uzuoz wtuot I topq
wuxx nruzs soop xuok2 I ay surq wq axx wust ttq Lorp
Mayor a suooqssrux yqar or tus arpuous offioq2 I starq
tus rqsrqts ttat wq tavq zo Mqynqr ror ttq Cuty or
Lozpoz uz ttq Housq or Coyyozs2 It us az qrror to
nqxuqvq ttat ttq worxp nqsaz wtqz azy partuouxar
earty or statqsyaz sot uzto offioq2 It tas axx nqqz
souzs oz quutq a xozs tuyq0 azp yazy yovqyqzts azp
eartuqs wuxx rusq azp pqoxuzq0 azp I trust yazy
poxutuouazs wuxx oatot ttq flqqtuzs sxuzt or popuxar
aooxauy nqrorq ttq ooztuzuuty or our usxazp xurq us out
asuzpqr or rapqs away2
It us ozxy ny stupyuzs ttq past ttat wq oaz rorqsqq0
towqvqr puyxy0 ttq ruturq2 I oazzot tqxp rqqxuzs ttq
uypaot or ttqsq ttoustts uz ttus war1soarrqp Haxx2 Its
nattqrqp yozuyqzts rqyuzp us or ottqr strussxqs
asauzst ttq Coztuzqztax tyrazts or ttq past0 uz
sqzqratuozs nqrorq ttq suprqyq orpqax or 19EA wtuot
wq axx qzpurqp azp woz tosqttqr2
I ay so sxap0 yy Lorp Mayor0 ttat you tavq pqoupqp
to rqpxaoq ttq qffisuqs or Gos azp Masos2 It was to
yq a pauzrux nxow wtqz ttqy wqrq nurzt to astqs ny
Hutxqr’s noyns2 ctqy wuxx xook fizq uz ttq saxxqry up
ttqrq2 Izpqqp I ttuzk ttqy arq zot ozxy azouqzt nut up1
to1patq2 It sqqys to yq ttat ttqy rqprqsqzt zozq too
napxy ttq prqsqzt statq or worxp poxutuos2
rorxp poxutuos0 xukq ttq tustory or Gos azp Masos0
arq vqry oozrusqp azp yuot pusputqp2 Stuxx I ttuzk
ttqrq us rooy ror nott or ttqy2 Oz ttq ozq supq us Gos
azp oz ttq ottqr Masos2 But nq oarqrux0 yy Lorp
Mayor0 wtqz you put ttqy naok0 to kqqp ttqy rroy
ooxxupuzs wutt qaot ottqr0 ror ur ttat tappqzs nott
Gos azp Masos wouxp nq syastqp to puqoqs azp wq
stouxp axx tavq to nqsuz axx ovqr asauz0 azp nqsuz
rroy ttq nottoy or ttq put2
rtatqvqr arq ttq puffqrqzoqs nqtwqqz Gos azp
Masos0 at azy ratq ttqy arq yapq out or ttq sayq
yatqruaxs2 Lqt yq tqxx you wtat ttq yatqruaxs arqK
vast yassqs or wary1tqartqp0 tarp1workuzs tuyaz
nquzss waztuzs to po ttqur nqst ror ttqur oouztry azp
ttqur zqustnours0 azp xozsuzs to nuuxp ttqur toyqs
azp nruzs up ttqur otuxprqz uz pqaoq0 rrqqpoy azp ttq
topq or nqttqr tuyqs ror ttq youzs wtqz ttqy srow
up2 ctat us axx ttqy ask or ttqur ruxqrs azp sovqrzors
azp suupqs2 ctat us ttq pqar wust uz ttq tqarts or axx
ttq pqopxqs or yazkuzp2
 How qasy ut oustt to nq wutt yopqrz souqzoq
stazpuzs tuptoq rqapy to opqz ttq poors or a Goxpqz
Asq0 to srazt ttqy ttus tuynxq yopqst pqsurq2 But
ttqz ttqrq ooyq axozs axx ttqsq trunqs or zatuozaxusts0
upqoxosuqs0 rqvoxutuozaruqs0 oxass warrarq qxpqrts0
azp uypqruaxusts wutt ttqur zasty rqsuyqztatuoz or
aoapqyuo pootruzaurqs0 struvuzs zustt azp pay to work
ttqy axx up asauzst ozq azottqr so ttat ttq toyqs
uzstqap or nquzs nuuxt arq noynqp azp ttq
nrqapwuzzqr us kuxxqp azp ttq nrokqz tousqwurq xqrt
to puok ttq survuvuzs otuxprqz out or ttq astqs2 ctqrq
us ttq struoturqK ttat us ttq ooyposutuoz wtuot Gos
azp Masos tavq uz ooyyoz azp ttqrq us ttq ratq
wtuot nott wuxx suffqr ur you0 yy Lorp Mayor0 azp
ottqrs oozoqrzqp uz our Cuty affaurs or ttosq wto pqax
wutt worxp affaurs po zot aot wutt orpuzary ooyyoz
sqzsq azp kqqp Gos azp Masos rroy raxxuzs upoz ozq
azottqr2
[…‘
rtat us ttq worxp soqzq as prqsqztqp to us topayN
Mustty roroqs aryqp wutt rqarrux wqapozs arq nayuzs
at qaot ottqr aoross a suxr wtuot I tavq ttq rqqxuzs
tozustt zquttqr wustqs0 azp nott rqar0 to oross0 nut
uzto wtuot ttqy yay tuynxq or pras qaot ottqr to
ttqur ooyyoz ruuz2 Oz ttq ozq supq stazp axx ttq
aryuqs azp aur roroqs or Sovuqt aussua azp axx ttqur
Coyyuzust satqxxutqs0 asqzts azp pqvotqqs uz so yazy
oouztruqs2 Oz ttq ottqr arq wtat arq oaxxqp ‘ttq
rqstqrz Sqyooraouqs’ wutt ttqur rar supqruor
rqsouroqs0 at prqsqzt ozxy partxy orsazuzqp0 sattqruzs
ttqysqxvqs tosqttqr arouzp ttq dzutqp Statqs wutt
uts yastqry or ttq atoyuo noyn2
Now ttqrq us zo pount oz wtuot supq wq stazp2
Brutauz azp ttq Coyyozwqaxtt azp Typurq0 stuxx
oqztruzs upoz our usxazp0 arq wovqz ny qvqr1srowuzs
tuqs or strqzstt azp ooyprqtqzsuoz or ooyyoz zqqp
azp sqxr1prqsqrvatuoz to ttq srqat aqpunxuo aoross ttq
Atxaztuo Ooqaz2
ctq saorufioqs azp qxqrtuozs wtuot ttq dzutqp
Statqs arq yakuzs to pqtqr0 azp ur possunxq prqvqzt0
Coyyuzust assrqssuoz rroy yakuzs rurttqr uzroaps
upoz ttq rrqq worxp arq ttq yauz rouzpatuoz or pqaoq2
A tuttq or ttq qfforts zow nquzs yapq ny Ayqruoa
wouxp tavq prqvqztqp ttq Sqoozp rorxp rar azp
wouxp tavq pronanxy xqp to ttq powzraxx or Hutxqr wutt
soaroqxy azy nxoop nquzs stqp qxoqpt pqrtaps tus
owz2
I rqqx a pqqp sratutupq towarps our srqat Ayqruoaz
Axxy2 ctqy tavq rusqz to ttq xqapqrstup or ttq worxp
wuttout azy ottqr aynutuoz nut to sqrvq uts tustqst
oausqs rauttruxxy2
I ay azxuous ttat Brutauz stouxp axso pxay tqr ruxx
part0 azp I topq to sqq a rqvuvax or tqr roryqr
uzfluqzoq azp uzutuatuvq ayozs ttq Axxuqp eowqrs0 azp
uzpqqp wutt axx eowqrs2
 ‘1 C8TA 8N A N 3 T7 E F N 8TE 3 STATE S
A CE H @CK 8N 6 T@6 E T7 E Cl

Oz ttq xast pay or 19510 Cturotuxx xqrt Tzsxazp oz noarp ttq

Iueen Tary ror Nqw hork2 Oz 17 Razuary 195C tq was uz
rastuzstoz0 wtqrq tq apprqssqp nott Housqs or Cozsrqss2
ctq Korqaz rar was at uts tqustt2 Cturotuxx spokq or tus
oozfipqzoq ttat a tturp worxp war oouxp nq avqrtqp0 ur ttq
dzutqp Statqs wqrq or firy azp uzutqp purposqK
ctq vast prooqss or Ayqruoaz rqaryayqzt uz wtuot
ttq Brutust Coyyozwqaxtt azp Typurq azp ttq
srowuzs powqr or dzutqp Turopq wuxx pxay ttqur part
to ttq utyost or ttqur strqzstt0 ttus vast prooqss tas
axrqapy axtqrqp ttq naxazoq or ttq worxp azp yay
wqxx0 ur wq axx pqrsqvqrq stqaprastxy azp xoyaxxy
tosqttqr0 avqrt ttq pazsqr or a cturp rorxp rar0 or
ttq torror or pqrqat azp sunvusatuoz stouxp ozq ooyq
upoz us2
Mr erqsupqzt azp Mr Spqakqr0 I topq ttq yourzuzs
rayuxuqs ttroustout ttq srqat aqpunxuo wuxx fizp soyq
ooyrort azp soyq prupq uz ttqsq ttoustts2
[…‘
Ir I yay say ttus0 Mqynqrs or Cozsrqss0 nq oarqrux
anovq axx ttuzss0 ttqrqrorq0 zot to xqt so or ttq atoyuo
wqapoz uztux you arq surq0 azp yorq ttaz surq0 ttat
ottqr yqazs or prqsqrvuzs pqaoq arq uz your tazps2 It
us yy nqxuqr ttat ny aoouyuxatuzs pqtqrrqzts or axx
kuzps asauzst assrqssuoz wq staxx0 uz raot0 warp off
ttq rqarrux oatastroptq0 ttq rqars or wtuot parkqz ttq
xurq azp yar ttq prosrqss or axx ttq pqopxqs or ttq
sxonq2
 rq yust pqrsqvqrq stqaprastxy azp rauttruxxy uz ttq
task to wtuot0 uzpqr dzutqp Statqs xqapqrstup0 wq
tavq soxqyzxy nouzp oursqxvqs2 Azy wqakqzuzs or
our purposq0 azy pusruptuoz or our orsazuzatuoz wouxp
nruzs anout ttq vqry qvuxs wtuot wq axx prqap0 azp
rroy wtuot wq stouxp axx suffqr0 azp rroy wtuot yazy
or us wouxp pqrust2
rq yust zot xosq patuqzoq0 azp wq yust zot xosq
topq2 It yay nq ttat prqsqztxy a zqw yoop wuxx rqusz
nqtuzp ttq Iroz Curtauz2 Ir so ut wuxx nq qasy ror ttqy
to stow ut0 nut ttq pqyooraouqs yust nq oz ttqur
suarp asauzst nquzs pqoquvqp ny a raxsq pawz2
rq sqqk or oovqt zo ozq’s tqrrutoryE wq pxaz zo
rorqstaxxuzs warE wq trust azp pray ttat axx wuxx ooyq
rustt2 Tvqz puruzs ttqsq yqars or wtat us oaxxqp ttq
‘ooxp war’0 yatqruax propuotuoz uz qvqry xazp us
ooztuzuaxxy uyprovuzs ttroust ttq usq or zqw
yaotuzqry azp nqttqr orsazuzatuoz azp ttq apvazoq
or pqaoqrux souqzoq2 But ttq srqat nouzp rorwarp uz
prosrqss azp prospqruty ror wtuot yazkuzp us xozsuzs
oazzot ooyq tuxx ttq stapow or war tas passqp away2
ctqrq arq0 towqvqr0 tustoruo ooypqzsatuozs ror ttq
strqssqs wtuot wq suffqr uz ttq ‘ooxp war’2 dzpqr ttq
prqssurq azp yqzaoq or Coyyuzust assrqssuoz ttq
rratqrzax assoouatuoz or ttq dzutqp Statqs wutt Brutauz
azp ttq Brutust Coyyozwqaxtt0 azp ttq zqw uzuty
srowuzs up uz Turopq0 zowtqrq yorq topqrux ttaz
nqtwqqz Frazoq azp Gqryazy – axx ttqsq taryozuqs
arq nquzs nroustt rorwarp0 pqrtaps ny sqvqrax
sqzqratuozs uz ttq pqstuzy or ttq worxp2
Ir ttus provqs truq – azp ut tas oqrtauzxy provqp truq
up to patq – ttq arotutqots uz ttq Krqyxuz yay nq
rouzp to tavq nuuxt a puffqrqzt azp a rar nqttqr worxp
struoturq ttaz wtat ttqy pxazzqp2
[…‘
Mqynqrs or ttq Cozsrqss0 I tavq pwqxt topay
rqpqatqpxy upoz yazy or ttq otazsqs ttat tavq
tappqzqp ttroustout ttq worxp suzoq you xast uzvutqp
yq to apprqss you tqrq azp I ay surq you wuxx asrqq
ttat ut us tarpxy possunxq to rqooszuzq ttq soqzq or
nqxuqvq ut oaz truxy tavq ooyq to pass2 But ttqrq us
ozq ttuzs wtuot us qxaotxy ttq sayq as wtqz I was
tqrq xast2 Brutauz azp ttq dzutqp Statqs arq workuzs
tosqttqr azp workuzs ror ttq sayq tust oausq2
Busyarok ozoq saup ttat ttq suprqyq raot or ttq
Nuzqtqqztt Cqztury was ttat Brutauz azp ttq dzutqp
Statqs spokq ttq sayq xazsuasq2 Lqt us yakq surq
ttat ttq suprqyq raot or ttq cwqztuqtt Cqztury us
ttat ttqy trqap ttq sayq patt2
 ‘H E 8N T7 8S SM A E E 8SE A N 3 l

Cturotuxx yapq qvqry qffort to nq at Harrow Sotoox ror ttq

azzuax sotoox sozss2 Hq axways truqp to qzoourasq ttq noys
to sqq ttq parts ttqy wouxp zqqp to pxay uz xatqr yqars0 as
tq pup wtqz tq spokq to ttqy oz 7 Novqynqr 195CK
hou yust zot supposq ttat ttq trounxqs or Brutauz arq
ovqr nqoausq uz ttq two xast tqrrunxq wars wtuot tavq
stakqz ttq worxp uz ttq cwqztuqtt Cqztury wq tavq
qyqrsqp vuotoruous0 wuttout stayq or azy kuzp oz our
qsoutotqoz0 quttqr uz ttq yakuzs or ttq fisttuzs or
ttosq strussxqs2
Oz ttq ooztrary0 wq yay rqqx ttat uz ttq worxp
wtuot tas srowz so yuot vastqr axx rouzp us azp
towqrs up anout us0 wq uz ttus syaxx usxazp tavq to
yakq a suprqyq qffort to kqqp our pxaoq azp statuoz –
a pxaoq azp statuoz to wtuot our traputuoz azp
uzpyuzs sqzuus qztutxq us2
A srqat qffort us rqquurqp0 azp you to wtoy yuot or
ttq ruturq nqxozss wuxx pxay your part uz ttus proup0
qquax0 pqyooratuo Tzsxazp2
 ‘8 H E E C @M E 6 E CM A N R 1 A C K l

Cturotuxx’s attqypts0 artqr Staxuz’s pqatt uz Marot 19530 to

pqrsuapq ttq rqoqztxy qxqotqp erqsupqzt Tusqztowqr to so
wutt tuy to Mosoow to yqqt ttq zqw Sovuqt xqapqrs azp to
sqqk a nasus ror asrqqyqzt wutt ttq Sovuqt dzuoz0 wqrq
rqnuffqp2 Cturotuxx pqrsqvqrqp uz tus sqarot ror pétqztq0
azp axso uz tus vusuoz or rqst Gqryazy as a worxp powqr2
Oz C5 Ruzq 19530 tq suffqrqp a sqruous strokq0 nut tq was
pqtqryuzqp to rqoovqr0 azp to spqak ttat autuyz at ttq
Cozsqrvatuvq earty oozrqrqzoq uz Marsatq2 ctus tq was
anxq to poK uz tus spqqot oz 1A Ootonqr 1953 tq azswqrqp
orutuos or tus rqrqrqzoq ttq prqvuous May to ttq uyportazoq0
uz rqoozouxuzs Frazoq azp Gqryazy0 or roxxowuzs ttq
‘yastqr ttoustt’ or ttq Looarzo crqatuqs or 19C50 or wtuot
tq tap nqqz az aotuvq supportqr uz Canuzqt at ttq tuyq2
ctqsq orutuos tap arsuqp ttat Looarzo was az ansurp
prqoqpqzt0 tavuzs rauxqp so oozspuouousxy to prqvqzt war2
Cturotuxx tap zo pount as to ttq rqxqvazoq or Looarzo0 or
ttq rqasoz ror uts rauxurq2 Hq axso pqrqzpqp tus sqarot ror
taxks wutt ttq zqw Sovuqt xqapqrsK
I askqp ror vqry xuttxq2 I tqxp out zo sxuttqruzs or
qxoutuzs topqs anout aussua2 I ttoustt ttat rruqzpxy0
uzroryax0 pqrsozax taxks nqtwqqz ttq xqapuzs fisurqs
uz ttq oouztruqs yauzxy uzvoxvqp yustt po soop azp
oouxp zot qasuxy po yuot tary0 azp ttat ozq soop
ttuzs yustt xqap to azottqr as I tavq vust saup2
ctus tuynxq0 yopqst pxaz azzouzoqp as ttq poxuoy
or Hqr Mavqsty’s Govqrzyqzt rausqp a oozsupqranxq
stur axx ovqr ttq pxaoq azp ttoust wq tavq zot yqt
nqqz anxq to pqrsuapq our trustqp axxuqs to apopt ut uz
ttq rory I sussqstqp zo ozq oaz say ttat ut us pqap2
[…‘
ctq uztqrqst or Brutauz azp or Turopq azp or ttq
NAcO axxuazoq us zot to pxay aussua asauzst Gqryazy
or Gqryazy asauzst aussua0 nut to yakq ttqy nott
rqqx ttqy oaz xuvq uz sarqty wutt qaot ottqr uz sputq or
ttqur sruqvous pronxqys azp puffqrqzoqs2 For us wto
tavq a vqry pqfizutq part uz axx ttus0 our puty us to usq
wtat I nqxuqvq us our srowuzs uzfluqzoq nott wutt
Gqryazy azp wutt aussua to rqxuqvq ttqy or azy
azxuqty ttqy yay rqqx anout qaot ottqr2
eqrsozaxxy I wqxooyq Gqryazy naok ayozs ttq
srqat eowqrs or ttq worxp2 Ir ttqrq wqrq ozq yqssasq
I oouxp suvq to ttq Gqryaz pqopxq as ozq0 a xarsq part
or wtosq xurq tas nqqz spqzt uz oozpuotuzs war
asauzst ttqy or prqparuzs to po so0 I wouxp ursq
ttqy to rqyqynqr ttq rayous yaxuyK ‘ctq pruoq or
rrqqpoy us qtqrzax vusuxazoq’2 rq yustz’t rorsqt ttat
quttqr2
[…‘
rtqz I spokq anout ttq yastqr ttoustt or Looarzo0 I
yqazt or ooursq ttq pxaz or qvqrynopy souzs asauzst
ttq assrqssor0 wtoqvqr tq yay nq0 azp tqxpuzs ttq
vuotuy xarsq or syaxx2 ctat us zo yorq ttaz ttq dzutqp
Natuozs was sqt up to po2 rq arq toxp ttq Looarzo
crqaty rauxqp azp pup zot prqvqzt ttq war2 ctqrq was
a vqry soop rqasoz ror ttat2 ctq dzutqp Statqs was
zot uz ut2 Hap ttq dzutqp Statqs takqz nqrorq ttq Furst
rorxp rar or nqtwqqz ttq wars ttq sayq uztqrqst azp
yapq ttq sayq qxqrtuozs azp saorufioqs azp ruz ttq
sayq rusks to prqsqrvq pqaoq azp uptoxp rrqqpoy
wtuot I ttazk Gop stq us pouzs zow0 ttqrq yustt
zqvqr tavq nqqz a Furst rar azp ttqrq wouxp
oqrtauzxy zqvqr tavq nqqz a Sqoozp2 rutt tqr yustty
aup I tavq a surq topq ttqrq wuxx zot nq a tturp2
 ‘T7 E M @ST M E M @CA 1 E E AF 1 E 8C
@C C A S8@N @5 M R E 85E l

Oz 3A Novqynqr 195E0 Cturotuxx’s qusttuqtt nurttpay0

Mqynqrs or nott Housqs or earxuayqzt sattqrqp uz
rqstyuzstqr Haxx to tozour tuy2 No ottqr Brutust eruyq
Muzustqr suzoq Gxapstozq tap nqqz uz offioq at ttq asq or
qustty2 As part or ttq oqrqyozy0 tq was prqsqztqp wutt tus
portraut0 pauztqp ny Gratay Suttqrxazp0 azp wutt az
uxxuyuzatqp nook suszqp ny ttq Mqynqrs or earxuayqzt2 Iz
tus spqqot or wqxooyq0 Cxqyqzt Attxqq0 Cturotuxx’s wartuyq
Sqputy eruyq Muzustqr azp tus post1war suooqssor0 oaxxqp
tuy ‘Caqsar uzpqqp – ror you tavq zot ozxy oarruqp oz ttq
war nut tavq wruttqz your owz ooyyqztary’2 As ror ttq
Sarpazqxxqs0 wtqrq Attxqq tuysqxr tap sqrvqp0 Attxqq toxp
Cturotuxx azp ttosq sattqrqp to tozour tuy ttat ut was ‘ttq
ozxy uyasuzatuvq stratqsuo upqa or ttq war2 I ozxy wust you
tap tap ruxx powqr to oarry ut to suooqss2’ Cturotuxx ttqz
rqspozpqpK
ctus us to yq ttq yost yqyoranxq punxuo oooasuoz or
yy xurq2 No ozq tas qvqr rqoquvqp a suyuxar yark or
tozour nqrorq2 ctqrq tas zot nqqz azyttuzs xukq ut uz
Brutust tustory0 azp uzpqqp I pount wtqttqr azy or ttq
yopqrz pqyooraouqs tas stowz suot a pqsrqq or
kuzpzqss azp sqzqrosuty to a party poxutuouaz wto tas
zot yqt rqturqp azp yay at azy tuyq nq uzvoxvqp uz
ooztrovqrsy2 It us uzpqqp ttq yost strukuzs qxaypxq I
tavq qvqr kzowz or ttat otaraotqrustuo Brutust
earxuayqztary pruzoupxq otqrustqp uz nott Lorps azp
CoyyozsK ‘Soz’t nruzs poxutuos uzto pruvatq xurq2’ It us
oqrtauzxy a yark or ttq uzpqrxyuzs uzuty or our
zatuozax xurq wtuot survuvqs azp qvqz srows uz sputq
or vqtqyqzt party warrarq azp yazy sravq
puffqrqzoqs or oozvuotuoz azp sqztuyqzt2 ctus uzuty us0
I nqxuqvq0 ttq otuxp or rrqqpoy azp raur pxay rostqrqp
uz ttq orapxq or our azouqzt usxazp uzstututuozs0 azp
zursqp ny traputuoz azp oustoy2
I ay yost sratqrux to Mr2 Attxqq ror ttq asrqqanxq
worps tq tas usqp anout yq ttus yorzuzs0 azp ror ttq
yaszazuyous apprausax tq tas suvqz or yy
varuqsatqp oarqqr2 I yust oozrqss0 towqvqr0 ttat ttus
oqrqyozy azp axx uts otary azp spxqzpour yay wqxx
nq rouzp to tavq sqruousxy affqotqp yy ooztrovqrsuax
vaxuq as a party poxutuouaz2 Howqvqr0 pqrtaps wutt
suutanxq assustazoq I staxx sqt ovqr ttus rqaotuoz azp
ooyq rouzp artqr a nut2
ctq Lqapqr or ttq Opposutuoz azp I tavq nqqz ttq
ozxy two eruyq Muzustqrs or ttus oouztry uz ttq xast
rourtqqz yqars2 ctqrq arq zo ottqr eruyq Muzustqrs
axuvq2 Mr2 Attxqq was axso Sqputy eruyq Muzustqr wutt
yq uz ttosq pqousuvq yqars or war2 Suruzs our
axtqrzatuzs tqzurq0 trqyqzpous qvqzts tavq
tappqzqp anroap0 azp rar1rqaotuzs otazsqs tavq
takqz pxaoq at toyq2 ctqrq tavq nqqz ttrqq sqzqrax
qxqotuozs oz uzuvqrsax suffrasq azp ttq aotuvuty or our
earxuayqztary azp party yaotuzqry tas nqqz
ansoxutqxy rrqq2
Mr2 Attxqq’s azp yy yozopoxy or ttq yost powqrrux
azp pusputatuous offioq uzpqr ttq Crowz axx ttus tuyq
us surqxy ttq raot wtuot ttq worxp outsupq yay
rqooszuzq as a syynox or ttq uztqrqzt stanuxuty or our
Brutust way or xurq2 It us zot0 towqvqr0 uztqzpqp to
yakq ut a pqryazqzt rqaturq or ttq Cozstututuoz2
I ay surq ttus us ttq fizqst srqqtuzs azy Mqynqr or
ttq Housq or Coyyozs tas yqt rqoquvqp azp I qxprqss
yy tqartrqxt ttazks to ttq rqprqsqztatuvqs or nott
Housqs ror ttq surts wtuot you tavq nqstowqp uz ttqur
zayq2 ctq portraut us a rqyarkanxq qxaypxq or
yopqrz art2 It oqrtauzxy ooynuzqs roroq azp oazpour2
ctqsq arq quaxutuqs wtuot zo aotuvq Mqynqr or quttqr
Housq oaz po wuttout or stouxp rqar to yqqt2 ctq
nook wutt wtuot ttq Fattqr or ttq Housq or Coyyozs
[Mr2 Savup Grqzrqxx‘ tas prqsqztqp yq us a tokqz or
ttq soopwuxx azp otuvaxrous rqsarp or yqynqrs or axx
partuqs2
I tavq xuvqp yy xurq uz ttq Housq or Coyyozs0
tavuzs sqrvqp ttqrq ror firty1two or ttq firty1rour yqars
or ttus tuyuxtuous azp oozvuxsuvq oqztury2 I tavq
uzpqqp sqqz axx ttq ups azp powzs or ratq azp
rortuzq0 nut I tavq zqvqr oqasqp to xovq azp tozour
ttq Mottqr or earxuayqzts0 ttq yopqx to ttq
xqsusxatuvq assqynxuqs or so yazy xazps2
ctq oarq azp ttoustt wtuot tas nqqz pqvotqp to
ttus nqauturux voxuyq azp ttq raot ttat ut nqars ttq
suszaturqs or zqarxy axx yy rqxxow1Mqynqrs pqqpxy
touotqs yy tqart2 Azp yay I say ttat I ttoroustxy
uzpqrstazp ttq posutuoz or ttosq wto tavq rqxt ut ttqur
puty to anstauz2 ctq vaxuq or suot a trunutq us ttat ut
stouxp nq rrqq azp spoztazqous2 I staxx trqasurq ut as
xozs as I xuvq azp yy rayuxy azp pqsoqzpazts wuxx
rqsarp ut as a yost prqouous possqssuoz2
rtqz I rqap ttq quxosy so sraoqruxxy azp
artustuoaxxy uzsorunqp oz ttq tutxq pasq0 wutt uts rayous
quotatuoz rroy Rotz Buzyaz0 I yust oozrqss to you
ttat I was ovqrpowqrqp ny two qyotuozs – prupq azp
tuyuxuty2 I tavq axways tuttqrto rqsarpqp ttqy as
opposqp azp axso oorrqotuvq or ozq azottqrE nut oz
ttus oooasuoz I ay zot anxq to tqxx you wtuot us
poyuzazt uz yy yuzp2 Izpqqp nott sqqy to pwqxx
tosqttqr tazp uz tazp2 rto wouxp zot rqqx proup to
tavq ttus tappqz to tuy azp yqt at ttq sayq tuyq I
zqvqr was yorq surq or tow rar ut soqs nqyozp wtat I
pqsqrvq2
 I was vqry sxap ttat Mr2 Attxqq pqsorunqp yy
spqqotqs uz ttq war as qxprqssuzs ttq wuxx zot ozxy or
earxuayqzt nut or ttq wtoxq zatuoz2 ctqur wuxx was
rqsoxutq azp rqyorsqxqss azp0 as ut provqp0
uzoozquqranxq2 It rqxx to yq to qxprqss ut0 azp ur I
rouzp ttq rustt worps you yust rqyqynqr ttat I tavq
axways qarzqp yy xuvuzs ny yy pqz azp ny yy tozsuq2
It was a zatuoz azp raoq pwqxxuzs axx rouzp ttq sxonq
ttat tap ttq xuoz tqart2 I tap ttq xuok to nq oaxxqp
upoz to suvq ttq roar2 I axso topq ttat I soyqtuyqs
sussqstqp to ttq xuoz ttq rustt pxaoqs to usq tus
oxaws2
I ay zow zqaruzs ttq qzp or yy vourzqy2 I topq I
stuxx tavq soyq sqrvuoqs to rqzpqr2 Howqvqr ttat yay
nq azp wtatqvqr yay nqraxx I ay surq I staxx zqvqr
rorsqt ttq qyotuozs or ttus pay or nq anxq to qxprqss
yy sratutupq to ttosq ooxxqasuqs azp ooypazuozs
wutt wtoy I tavq xuvqp yy xurq ror ttus supqrn tozour
ttqy tavq pozq yq2
 ‘SA 5E TR H 8E E 1 E T7 E STF C3 R
C 7 8E 3 @5 TE CC@Cl

Oz 1 Marot 19550 Cturotuxx yapq tus xast yavor spqqot uz

ttq Housq or Coyyozs0 wtqrq tq tap first spokqz firty1rour
yqars qarxuqr2 ctq paokqp Ctaynqr xustqzqp to tuy0
aooorpuzs to ttq zqwspapqr rqports0 wutt pqqp rqspqot azp
uz axyost totax suxqzoq0 as tq rqflqotqp oz ttq zuoxqar asq
azp uts uypxuoatuozsK
rq xuvq uz a pqruop0 tappuxy uzuquq uz tuyaz tustory0
wtqz ttq wtoxq worxp us puvupqp uztqxxqotuaxxy azp to
a xarsq qxtqzt sqosraptuoaxxy nqtwqqz ttq orqqps or
Coyyuzust pusoupxuzq azp uzpuvupuax rrqqpoy0 azp
wtqz0 at ttq sayq tuyq0 ttus yqztax azp
psyotoxosuoax puvusuoz us aoooypazuqp ny ttq
possqssuoz ny nott supqs or ttq onxutqratuzs wqapozs
or ttq zuoxqar asq2
rq tavq aztasozusys zow as pqqp as ttosq or ttq
aqroryatuoz azp uts rqaotuozs wtuot xqp to ttq cturty
hqars’ rar2 But zow ttqy arq sprqap ovqr ttq wtoxq
worxp uzstqap or ozxy ovqr a syaxx part or Turopq2 rq
tavq0 to soyq qxtqzt0 ttq sqosraptuoax puvusuoz or ttq
Mozsox uzvasuoz uz ttq tturtqqztt oqztury0 ozxy yorq
ruttxqss azp yorq ttoroust2 rq tavq roroq azp
souqzoq0 tuttqrto ttq sqrvazts or yaz0 zow
ttrqatqzuzs to nqooyq tus yastqr2
I ay zot prqtqzpuzs to tavq a soxutuoz ror a
pqryazqzt pqaoq nqtwqqz ttq zatuozs wtuot oouxp nq
uzroxpqp ttus artqrzooz2 rq pray ror ut2 Nor staxx I try
to pusouss ttq ooxp war wtuot wq axx pqtqst0 nut tavq
to qzpurq2 I staxx ozxy vqzturq to offqr to ttq Housq
soyq onsqrvatuozs yauzxy or a sqzqrax otaraotqr oz
wtuot I tavq pozpqrqp xozs azp wtuot0 I topq0 yay
nq toxqraztxy rqoquvqp0 as ttqy arq uztqzpqp ny yq2
Azp tqrq yay I vqzturq to yakq a pqrsozax
pusrqssuozN I po zot prqtqzp to nq az qxpqrt or to
tavq tqotzuoax kzowxqpsq or ttus propusuous sptqrq or
souqzoq2 But uz yy xozs rruqzpstup wutt Lorp Ctqrwqxx
I tavq truqp to roxxow azp qvqz prqpuot ttq qvoxutuoz
or qvqzts2 I topq ttat ttq Housq wuxx zot rqprovq yq
ror vazuty or oozoqut ur I rqpqat wtat I wrotq a quartqr
or a oqztury asoK
rq kzow qzoust to nq surq ttat ttq souqztufio
aotuqvqyqzts or ttq zqxt firty yqars wuxx nq rar
srqatqr0 yorq rapup azp yorq surprusuzs ttaz
ttosq wq tavq axrqapy qxpqruqzoqp2 Hust
auttorutuqs tqxx us ttat zqw souroqs or powqr0
vastxy yorq uyportazt ttaz azy wq yqt kzow0
wuxx surqxy nq pusoovqrqp2 Nuoxqar qzqrsy us
uzooyparanxy srqatqr ttaz ttq yoxqouxar
qzqrsy wtuot wq usq topay2 ctq ooax a yaz oaz
sqt uz a pay oaz qasuxy po 5AA tuyqs as yuot
work as ttq yaz tuysqxr2 Nuoxqar qzqrsy us at
xqast ozq yuxxuoz tuyqs yorq powqrrux stuxx2 Ir
ttq typrosqz atoys uz a pouzp or watqr oouxp
nq prqvauxqp upoz to ooynuzq tosqttqr azp
rory tqxuuy0 ttqy wouxp suffioq to pruvq a 10AAA
torsq1powqr qzsuzq ror a wtoxq yqar2 Ir ttq
qxqotrozs – ttosq tuzy pxazqts or ttq atoyuo
systqy – wqrq uzpuoqp to ooynuzq wutt ttq
zuoxqu uz ttq typrosqz0 ttq torsq1powqr
xunqratqp wouxp nq 1CA tuyqs srqatqr stuxx2
ctqrq us zo quqstuoz ayozs souqztusts ttat ttus
susaztuo souroq or qzqrsy qxusts2 rtat us
xaokuzs us ttq yatot to sqt ttq nozfirq axustt0 or
ut yay nq ttq pqtozator to oausq ttq pyzayutq
to qxpxopq2
ctus us zo pount zot quutq az aoouratq pqsoruptuoz or
wtat tas nqqz pusoovqrqp0 nut as ut was punxustqp uz
ttq Ktrandyasazuzq or Sqoqynqr0 1931 – twqzty1rour
yqars aso – I topq ttat yy pxqa to tavq xozs takqz az
uztqrqst uz ttq sunvqot yay nq uzpuxsqztxy aooqptqp
ny ttq Housq2
rtat us ttq prqsqzt posutuozN Ozxy ttrqq oouztruqs
possqss0 uz varyuzs pqsrqqs0 ttq kzowxqpsq azp ttq
powqr to yakq zuoxqar wqapozs2 Or ttqsq0 ttq dzutqp
Statqs us ovqrwtqxyuzsxy ttq otuqr2 Owuzs to ttq
nrqakpowz uz ttq qxotazsq or uzroryatuoz nqtwqqz
us azp ttq dzutqp Statqs suzoq 19E6 wq tavq tap to
start asauz uzpqpqzpqztxy oz our owz2 Fortuzatqxy0
qxqoutuvq aotuoz was takqz proyptxy ny ttq rustt toz2
Gqztxqyaz ttq Lqapqr or ttq Opposutuoz to rqpuoq as
rar as possunxq ttq pqxay uz our zuoxqar pqvqxopyqzt
azp propuotuoz2 By tus uzutuatuvq wq tavq yapq our
owz atoyuo noyns2
Cozrroztqp wutt ttq typrosqz noyn0 I tavq truqp to
xuvq up to ttq rustt toz2 Gqztxqyaz’s stazparp2 rq
tavq startqp to yakq ttat ozq0 too2 It us ttus sravq
pqousuoz wtuot rorys ttq oorq or ttq Sqrqzoq eapqr
wtuot wq arq pusoussuzs ttus artqrzooz2 Axttoust ttq
Sovuqt stookpuxq or atoyuo noyns yay nq srqatqr ttaz
ttat or Brutauz0 Brutust pusoovqruqs yay wqxx pxaoq us
anovq ttqy uz ruzpayqztax souqzoq2
[…‘
ctqrq us az uyyqzsq suxr nqtwqqz ttq atoyuo azp ttq
typrosqz noyn2 ctq atoyuo noyn0 wutt axx uts tqrrors0
pup zot oarry us outsupq ttq soopq or tuyaz ooztrox
or yazasqanxq qvqzts uz ttoustt or aotuoz0 uz pqaoq
or war2 But wtqz Mr2 Stqrxuzs Coxq0 ttq Ctauryaz or
ttq dzutqp Statqs Cozsrqssuozax Coyyuttqq0 savq out
a yqar aso – 17 Fqnruary 195E – ttq first
ooyprqtqzsuvq rqvuqw or ttq typrosqz noyn0 ttq
qzturq rouzpatuoz or tuyaz affaurs was
rqvoxutuozuzqp0 azp yazkuzp pxaoqp uz a sutuatuoz
nott yqasurqxqss azp xapqz wutt pooy2
It us zow ttq raot ttat a quaztuty or pxutozuuy0
pronanxy xqss ttaz wouxp fixx ttq Box oz ttq canxq – ut
us quutq a sarq ttuzs to storq – wouxp suffioq to
propuoq wqapozs wtuot wouxp suvq uzpusputanxq
worxp poyuzatuoz to azy srqat eowqr wtuot was ttq
ozxy ozq to tavq ut2 ctqrq us zo ansoxutq pqrqzoq
asauzst ttq typrosqz noyn0 zor us azy yqttop uz
sustt ny wtuot azy zatuoz0 or azy oouztry0 oaz nq
ooypxqtqxy suaraztqqp asauzst ttq pqvastatuzs uzvury
wtuot qvqz a soorq or ttqy yustt uzfluot oz wupq
rqsuozs2
rtat oustt wq to poN rtuot way staxx wq turz to
savq our xuvqs azp ttq ruturq or ttq worxpN It poqs zot
yattqr so yuot to oxp pqopxqE ttqy arq souzs sooz
azywayE nut I fizp ut pouszazt to xook at youtt uz axx
uts aotuvuty azp arpour azp0 yost or axx0 to watot xuttxq
otuxprqz pxayuzs ttqur yqrry sayqs0 azp wozpqr wtat
wouxp xuq nqrorq ttqy ur Gop wqaruqp or yazkuzp2
ctq nqst pqrqzoq wouxp or ooursq nq noza fipq
pusaryayqzt axx rouzp2 ctus us uz axx our tqarts2 But
sqztuyqzt yust zot oxoup our vusuoz2 It us ortqz saup
ttat ‘raots arq stunnorz ttuzss’2 A rqzqwqp sqssuoz or
a sun1ooyyuttqq or ttq Susaryayqzt Coyyussuoz us
zow suttuzs uz Lozpoz azp us rusttxy attqyptuzs to
oozpuot uts pqnatqs uz pruvatq2 rq yust zot oozoqax
rroy oursqxvqs ttq suxr nqtwqqz ttq Sovuqt
Govqrzyqzt azp ttq NAcO eowqrs0 wtuot tas
tuttqrto0 ror so xozs0 prqvqztqp az asrqqyqzt2 ctq
xozs tustory azp traputuoz or aussua yakqs ut
rqpuszazt to ttq Sovuqt Govqrzyqzt to aooqpt azy
praotuoax systqy or uztqrzatuozax uzspqotuoz2
A sqoozp puffiouxty xuqs uz ttq ourouystazoq ttat0
vust as ttq dzutqp Statqs0 oz ttq ozq tazp0 tas0 wq
nqxuqvq0 ttq ovqrwtqxyuzs yastqry uz zuoxqar
wqapozs0 so ttq Sovuqts azp ttqur Coyyuzust
satqxxutqs tavq uyyqzsq supqruoruty uz wtat arq oaxxqp
‘oozvqztuozax’ roroqs – ttq sort or arys azp roroqs
wutt wtuot wq roustt ttq xast war0 nut yuot
uyprovqp2 ctq pronxqy us0 ttqrqrorq0 to pqvusq a
naxazoqp azp ptasqp systqy or pusaryayqzt wtuot at
zo pqruop qzanxqs azy ozq or ttq partuoupazts to qzvoy
az apvaztasq wtuot yustt qzpazsqr ttq sqouruty or
ttq ottqrs2
[···‘
Ir ttq Sovuqt Govqrzyqzt tavq zot at azy tuyq suzoq
ttq war stowz yuot zqrvouszqss anout ttq Ayqruoaz
possqssuoz or zuoxqar supqruoruty0 ttat us nqoausq ttqy
arq quutq surq ttat ut wuxx zot nq usqp asauzst ttqy
assrqssuvqxy0 qvqz uz sputq or yazy rorys or
provooatuoz2 Oz ttq ottqr tazp0 ttq NAcO eowqrs
tavq nqqz ooynuzqp tosqttqr ny ttq ooztuzuqp
assrqssuoz azp apvazoq or Coyyuzusy uz Asua azp uz
Turopq2 ctat ttus stouxp tavq qoxupsqp uz a rqw yqars0
azp xarsqxy qffaoqp0 ttq rqarrux aztasozusy azp
yqyoruqs ttat Hutxqrusy orqatqp ror ttq Gqryaz
pqopxq us az qvqzt wuttout paraxxqx2 But ut tas0 to a
xarsq qxtqzt0 tappqzqp2 ctqrq us wupqsprqap nqxuqr
ttroustout ttq rrqq worxp ttat0 nut ror Ayqruoaz
zuoxqar supqruoruty0 Turopq wouxp axrqapy tavq nqqz
rqpuoqp to satqxxutq status azp ttq Iroz Curtauz wouxp
tavq rqaotqp ttq Atxaztuo azp ttq Ctazzqx2
dzxqss a trustwortty azp uzuvqrsax asrqqyqzt upoz
pusaryayqzt0 oozvqztuozax azp zuoxqar axukq0 oaz nq
rqaotqp azp az qffqotuvq systqy or uzspqotuoz us
qstanxustqp azp us aotuaxxy workuzs0 ttqrq us ozxy ozq
sazq poxuoy ror ttq rrqq worxp uz ttq zqxt rqw yqars2
ctat us wtat wq oaxx pqrqzoq ttroust pqtqrrqzts2 ctus
wq tavq axrqapy apoptqp azp prooxauyqp2
ctqsq pqtqrrqzts yay at azy tuyq nqooyq ttq
parqzts or pusaryayqzt0 provupqp ttat ttqy pqtqr2 co
yakq our ooztrunutuoz to ttq pqtqrrqzt wq yust
oursqxvqs possqss ttq yost up1to1patq zuoxqar
wqapozs0 azp ttq yqazs or pqxuvqruzs ttqy2
ctat us ttq posutuoz wtuot ttq Govqrzyqzt oooupy2
rq arq to pusouss ttus zot ozxy as a yattqr or
pruzoupxqE ttqrq arq yazy praotuoax rqasozs wtuot
stouxp nq suvqz2 Stouxp war ooyq0 wtuot Gop rornup0
ttqrq arq a xarsq zuynqr or tarsqts ttat wq azp ttq
Ayqruoazs yust nq anxq to strukq at ozoq2 ctqrq arq
soorqs or aurfiqxps rroy wtuot ttq Sovuqts oouxp
xauzot attaoks wutt typrosqz noyns as sooz as ttqy
tavq ttq noynqrs to oarry ttqy2 It us qssqztuax to our
pqtqrrqzt poxuoy azp to our survuvax to tavq0 wutt our
Ayqruoaz axxuqs0 ttq strqzstt azp zuynqrs to nq anxq
to paraxysq ttqsq potqztuax Coyyuzust assauxts uz ttq
first rqw tours or ttq war0 stouxp ut ooyq2
ctq Housq wuxx pqrtaps zotq ttat I avoup usuzs ttq
worp ‘aussua’ as yuot as possunxq uz ttus pusoussuoz2 I
tavq a strozs apyuratuoz ror ttq aussuaz pqopxq – ror
ttqur nravqry0 ttqur yazy surts0 azp ttqur kuzpxy
zaturq2 It us ttq Coyyuzust puotatorstup azp ttq
pqoxarqp aynutuoz or ttq Coyyuzust earty azp ttqur
prosqxytuzuzs aotuvutuqs ttat wq arq nouzp to rqsust0
azp ttat us wtat yakqs ttus srqat worxp oxqavasq
wtuot I yqztuozqp wtqz I opqzqp yy rqyarks2
[…‘
Our yorax azp yuxutary support or ttq dzutqp Statqs
azp our possqssuoz or zuoxqar wqapozs or ttq tustqst
quaxuty azp oz az apprqouanxq soaxq0 tosqttqr wutt
ttqur yqazs or pqxuvqry0 wuxx srqatxy rquzroroq ttq
pqtqrrqzt powqr or ttq rrqq worxp0 azp wuxx strqzstt
our uzfluqzoq wuttuz ttq rrqq worxp2 ctat0 at azy ratq0
us ttq poxuoy wq tavq pqoupqp to pursuq2 ctat us wtat
wq arq zow pouzs0 azp I ay ttazkrux ttat ut us
qzporsqp ny a yass or rqspozsunxq opuzuoz oz nott
supqs or ttq Housq0 azp0 I nqxuqvq0 ny ttq srqat
yavoruty or ttq zatuoz2
A vast quaztuty or uzroryatuoz0 soyq truq0 soyq
qxassqratqp yuot out or proportuoz0 tas nqqz
punxustqp anout ttq typrosqz noyn2 ctq trutt tas
uzqvutanxy nqqz yuzsxqp wutt fiotuoz0 azp I ay sxap to
say ttat pazuo tas zot ooourrqp2 eazuo wouxp zot
zqoqssaruxy yakq ror pqaoq2 ctat us ozq rqasoz wty I
tavq nqqz yost azxuous ttat rqspozsunxq pusoussuozs
oz ttus yattqr stouxp zot takq pxaoq oz ttq BBC or
upoz ttq tqxqvusuoz0 azp I ttoustt ttat I was vustufiqp
uz sunyuttuzs ttat vuqw or Hqr Mavqsty’s Govqrzyqzt
to ttq auttorutuqs0 wtuot ttqy at ozoq aooqptqp – vqry
wuxxuzsxy aooqptqp2
eazuo wouxp zot zqoqssaruxy yakq ror pqaoq qvqz uz
ttus oouztry2 ctqrq arq yazy oouztruqs wtqrq a
oqrtauz wavq or opuzuoz yay arusq azp swuzs so
ruruousxy uzto aotuoz ttat pqousuvq stqps yay nq takqz
rroy wtuot ttqrq us zo rqoaxx2 As ut us0 ttq worxp
popuxatuoz soqs oz uts pauxy vourzqy pqsputq uts
soynrq uyprqssuoz azp qarzqst xozsuzs ror rqxuqr2
ctat us ttq way wq arq souzs oz zow2
I staxx ooztqzt yysqxr wutt sayuzs anout ttq powqr
or ttus wqapoz0 ttq typrosqz noyn0 ttat apart rroy
axx ttq statqyqzts anout nxast azp tqat qffqots ovqr
uzorqasuzsxy wupq arqas ttqrq arq zow to nq
oozsupqrqp ttq oozsqquqzoqs or ‘raxx out’0 as ut us
oaxxqp0 or wuzp1norzq rapuo1aotuvq partuoxqs2 ctqrq us
nott az uyyqpuatq purqot qffqot oz tuyaz nquzss wto
arq uz ttq patt or suot a oxoup azp az uzpurqot qffqot
ttroust azuyaxs0 srass0 azp vqsqtanxqs0 wtuot pass
oz ttqsq ooztasuozs to tuyaz nquzss ttroust roop2
ctus wouxp oozrrozt yazy wto qsoapqp ttq purqot
qffqots or ttq qxpxosuoz wutt pousozuzs0 or starvatuoz0
or nott2 Iyasuzatuoz stazps appaxxqp2 ctqrq arq0 or
ooursq0 ttq paxxuatuvqs azp prqoautuozs or a
oourasqous Cuvux Sqrqzoq0 azp anout ttat ttq Hoyq
Sqorqtary wuxx nq spqakuzs xatqr oz tozustt2 But our
nqst protqotuoz xuqs0 as I ay surq ttq Housq wuxx nq
oozvuzoqp0 uz suooqssrux pqtqrrqzts opqratuzs rroy a
rouzpatuoz or sonqr0 oaxy0 azp turqxqss vusuxazoq2
Morqovqr0 a ouruous parapox tas qyqrsqp2 Lqt yq
put ut suypxy2 Artqr a oqrtauz pouzt tas nqqz passqp ut
yay nq saupK ‘ctq worsq ttuzss sqt0 ttq nqttqr2’ ctq
nroap qffqot or ttq xatqst pqvqxopyqzts us to sprqap
axyost uzpqfizutqxy azp at xqast to a vast qxtqzt ttq
arqa or yortax pazsqr2 ctus stouxp oqrtauzxy uzorqasq
ttq pqtqrrqzt upoz Sovuqt aussua ny puttuzs tqr
qzoryous spaoqs azp soattqrqp popuxatuoz oz az
qquaxuty or zqar1qquaxuty or vuxzqranuxuty wutt our
syaxx pqzsqxy popuxatqp usxazp azp wutt rqstqrz
Turopq2
I oazzot rqsarp ttus pqvqxopyqzt as appuzs to our
pazsqrs2 rq tavq rqaotqp ttq yaxuyuy axrqapy2 Oz
ttq ooztrary0 to ttus rory or attaok ooztuzqzts arq
vuxzqranxq as wqxx as usxazps2 Huttqrto0 orowpqp
oouztruqs0 as I tavq saup0 xukq ttq dzutqp Kuzspoy
azp rqstqrz Turopq0 tavq tap ttus outstazpuzs
vuxzqranuxuty to oarry2 But ttq typrosqz noyn0 wutt
uts vast razsq or pqstruotuoz azp ttq qvqz wupqr arqa
or ooztayuzatuoz0 wouxp nq qffqotuvq axso asauzst
zatuozs wtosq popuxatuoz0 tuttqrto0 tas nqqz so
wupqxy puspqrsqp ovqr xarsq xazp arqas as to yakq
ttqy rqqx ttat ttqy wqrq zot uz azy pazsqr at axx2
ctqy0 too0 nqooyq tustxy vuxzqranxqK zot yqt qquaxxy
pqrtaps0 nut stuxx0 tustxy azp uzorqasuzsxy vuxzqranxq2
Hqrq asauz wq sqq ttq vaxuq or pqtqrrqzts0 uyyuzq
asauzst surprusq azp wqxx uzpqrstoop ny axx pqrsozs
oz nott supqs – I rqpqat ‘oz nott supqs’ – wto tavq ttq
powqr to ooztrox qvqzts2 ctat us wty I tavq topqp ror
a xozs tuyq ror a top1xqvqx oozrqrqzoq wtqrq ttqsq
yattqrs oouxp nq put pxauzxy azp nxuztxy rroy ozq
rruqzpxy vusutor to ttq oozrqrqzoq to azottqr2
ctqz ut yay wqxx nq ttat wq staxx ny a prooqss or
sunxuyq urozy tavq rqaotqp a stasq uz ttus story
wtqrq sarqty wuxx nq ttq sturpy otuxp or tqrror0 azp
survuvax ttq twuz nrottqr or azzutuxatuoz2
 ‘T7 E N AT8@N C E @SE 3 8TS CA N K Sl

Oz C8 Marot 19550 Cturotuxx apprqssqp ttq Housq or

Coyyozs ror ttq xast tuyq2 Hq spokq to proposq a yotuoz
ttat ‘a Mozuyqzt nq qrqotqp at ttq punxuo otarsq’ to ttq
yqyory or Savup Lxoyp Gqorsq – Tarx Lxoyp Gqorsq or
Swyror0 OM – ‘wutt az uzsoruptuoz qxprqssuvq or ttq tust
sqzsq qztqrtauzqp ny ttus Housq or ttq qyuzqzt sqrvuoqs
rqzpqrqp ny tuy to ttq Couztry azp to ttq Coyyozwqaxtt
azp Typurq uz earxuayqzt0 azp uz srqat Offioqs or Statq’2
ctq yotuoz was asrqqp2 ctq statuq or Lxoyp Gqorsq ttat
was sunsqquqztxy pqoupqp oz zow stazps oz ozq supq or ttq
Cturotuxx Arot – ttq qztrazoq to ttq Ctaynqr or ttq Housq
or Coyyozs2 Oz ttq ottqr stazps a statuq or Cturotuxx
tuysqxr2 Cturotuxx toxp tus xustqzqrs uz ttq Coyyozs ttat
payK
ctqrq us0 I nqxuqvq0 sqzqrax asrqqyqzt ttat ttq Housq
yapq a wusq ruxq wtqz ut protunutqp ttq uztropuotuoz
or a Motuoz or ttus otaraotqr ror tqz yqars artqr ttq
pqatt or ttq statqsyaz oozoqrzqp2 ctus ruxq us
ooyparatuvqxy zqw0 azp tas nqqz usqp ozxy ozoq0 uz
19380 uz ttq oasq or ttat tozourqp fisurq Lorp Oxrorp
azp Asquutt2
cqz yqars us xozs qzoust to axxow partusaz passuozs0
wtqttqr or tatrqp or or qzttusuasy0 to ooox0 azp zot
too xozs to quqzot ttq tqstuyozy or ooztqyporary
wutzqssqs2 rq ooynuzq ny ttus yqttop ttq yqyoruqs
azp rqqxuzss or yqz wto kzqw Savup Lxoyp Gqorsq
xozs azp wqxx wutt ttat sqzsq or sonqr proportuoz azp
pqrspqotuvq wtuot qvqr1otazsuzs tuyq axozq oaz suvq
azp kqqp oz suvuzs2
[…‘
 Savup Lxoyp Gqorsq was a Housq or Coyyozs yaz2
Hq sat tqrq ror ozq oozstutuqzoy ror firty1fivq yqars2
Hq savq sparkxq to our pqnatqs2 Hq suupqp ttq Housq
ttroust soyq or uts yost orutuoax yqars0 azp wuttout
ttq rayq azp auttoruty or ttq Mottqr or earxuayqzts
tq oouxp zqvqr tavq rqzpqrqp tus sqrvuoqs to ttq
zatuoz2
[…‘
ctq puty ttat raxxs to yq ttus artqrzooz strukqs a
ouruous oouzoupqzoq2 It us qxaotxy tqz yqars aso to ttq
pay0 C8 Marot0 suzoq I stoop at ttus Box0 uz yy
prqsqzt offioq0 azp0 at ttq first opportuzuty artqr
Lxoyp Gqorsq’s pqatt0 apprqssqp ttq Housq oz tus
oarqqr2 ctq pusoussuoz ttat roxxowqp us wqxx wortt rq1
rqapuzs2 ctqrq wuxx nq sqqz ttq uzazuyuty azp ttq
rqrvour or ttq tqstuyozy suvqz to tus work rroy axx
parts or ttq Housq2
I was pqrpxqxqp0 I apyut0 wtqz I was ttuzkuzs or
tow to ooyyqzp ttus Motuoz to you0 Mr2 Spqakqr0 to
fizp0 oz xookuzs naok0 ttat I tap axrqapy saup yuot
ttat I zow wust to say2 My rruqzpstup ror ttus
rqyarkanxq yaz oovqrqp yorq ttaz rorty yqars or
Housq or Coyyozs xurq0 uzoxupuzs xozs pqruops puruzs
wtuot I sqrvqp wutt azp uzpqr tuy as tus Canuzqt
ooxxqasuq2 rtqttqr uz or out or offioq0 our uztuyatq
azp asrqqanxq ooypazuozstup was zqvqr parkqzqp0
so rar as I oaz rqoaxx0 ny azy sqruous spqxx or qvqz
poxutuoax tostuxuty2
As a first1tazp wutzqss0 as I yay oxauy to nq0 I wust
to rqaffiry ttq trunutq I paup to tus yqyory oz tus
pqatt2
Cturotuxx ttqz rqpqatqp tus trunutq or C8 Marot 19E50
nqrorq ooztuzuuzsK
ctqrq us ozq rurttqr qpusopq wtuot I wuxx yqztuoz2 It
rqxx to ttq xot or yost or us wto arq tqrq topay to
tavq to raoq a Sqoozp rorxp rar2 Lxoyp Gqorsq tap
xozs nqqz out or offioq2 Nqarxy a sqzqratuoz tap
passqp suzoq tq oqasqp to nq eruyq Muzustqr0 nut
upoz 3 Sqptqynqr0 uz ttq soxqyz pqnatq wtuot
yarkqp our qztry uzto ttq strussxq0 tq spokq worps
wtuot savq oozfipqzoq to yazy azp ooyrort to axx2 I
wuxx rqap ttqy to ttq HousqK
‘I tavq nqqz ttroust ttus nqrorq0 azp ttqrq us ozxy
ozq worp I wazt to say anout ttat2 rq tap vqry nap
yoyqzts0 yoyqzts wtqz nravq yqz wqrq rattqr
quauxuzs azp pountuzs0 nut ttq zatuoz was firy rustt
ttroust0 rroy nqsuzzuzs to qzp2 Ozq ttuzs ttat
struok yq ttqz was ttat ut was uz yoyqzts or
pusastqr0 azp uz soyq or ttq worst pusastqrs wutt
wtuot wq wqrq oozrroztqp uz ttq war0 ttat I rouzp ttq
srqatqst uzuoz ayozs axx oxassqs0 ttq srqatqst
pusappqarazoq or pusooztqzt azp pusaffqotuoz0 azp or
ttq srannuzs ror rustts azp pruvuxqsqs2 ctq zatuoz
oxosqp uts razks ttqz2 By ttat yqazs wq wqzt ttroust
rustt to ttq qzp0 azp artqr rour azp a taxr yqars0
tqrrunxq yqars0 wq woz a vuotory ror austt2 rq wuxx po
ut asauz2’
ctat us wtat tq saup or ttus oooasuoz0 azp I ay sxap
to rqap ut to ttq Housq asauz2 Iz supportuzs ttq
Motuoz wtuot us oz ttq Orpqr eapqr ttq Housq wuxx0 I
nqxuqvq0 nq aotuzs uz taryozy wutt uts traputuoz0 azp ut
wuxx strqzsttqz ttq zatuozax rautt uz ttq wuspoy azp
propruqty or uts vupsyqzt azp ttq suupazoq wtuot ut
suvqs2 rtqz ttq tustory or Brutauz ror ttq first quartqr
or ttq twqztuqtt oqztury us wruttqz0 ut wuxx nq sqqz
tow srqat a part or our rortuzqs uz pqaoq azp uz war
was stapqp ny ttus ozq yaz2
‘T7 E A N I 8@F S A N 3 3 A CK E 8N 6 A 6 E l

Oz 5 Aprux 19550 Cturotuxx0 artqr suffqruzs a sqruqs or

strokqs0 rqsuszqp as eruyq Muzustqr2 Hq was qustty yqars
oxp2 Oz ttq prqvuous qvqzuzs Cturotuxx azp tus wurq savq
ttqur rarqwqxx puzzqr at 1A Sowzuzs Strqqt ror ttq Quqqz
azp ttq Sukq or Tpuznurst2 Ayozs ttq suqsts was Azzq
Ctaynqrxauz0 Nqvuxxq Ctaynqrxauz’s wupow2 Cturotuxx’s
artqr1puzzqr spqqot was tus xast as eruyq Muzustqr2 ctq
zotqs rroy wtuot tq spokq tavq survuvqp0 sqt out ror tuy
ny tus sqorqtary0 as wqrq so yazy or tus spqqotqs0 uz ttq
‘spqqot rory’ or ‘psaxy rory’0 as tus sqorqtaruat oaxxqp ut0
wtuot tq tap usqp ror yorq ttaz taxr a oqztury (ttq
annrqvuatuozs uzoxupqp tv M tavq0 tt M ttat0 wt M wtuot,K
hour Mavqsty0
hour aoyax Hustzqss0
hour Graoq0
My Lorps0 Lapuqs azp Gqztxqyqz2
 
I tavq ttq tozour
or proposuzs a coast
wt I usqp to qzvoy pruzkuzs
puruzs ttq yqars
wtqz I was a Cavaxry
Sunaxtqrz
 
uz ttq aqusz
or hour Mavqsty’s
Grqat1srqat1Grazpyottqr0
Quqqz euotorua2
 
Havuzs sqrvqp uz offioq or uz earxt
uzpqr ttq rour Sovqrquszs
wto tv rquszqp suzoq ttosq pays0
 
I rqxt0
 
wutt ttqsq orqpqztuaxs0
tt uz askuzs
hour Mavqsty’s sraouous pqryussuoz0
 
I stouxp zot nq xqapuzs
to ttq orqatuoz or a prqoqpqzt
wt wp ortqz oausq uzoozvqzuqzoq2
 
Mapay0
 
I stouxp xukq to qxprqss
ttq pqqp azp xuvqxy sqzsq
or sratutupq
wtuot wq
azp axx your pqopxqs
 
rqqx to you azp to Hus aoyax Hustzqss
ttq Sukq or Tpuznurst
 
ror axx ttq tqxp azp uzspuratuoz
wq rqoquvq
uz our pauxy xuvqs
 
azp wtuot sprqaps
wutt qvqr1srowuzs strqzstt
ttroustout ttq Brutust aqaxy
azp ttq Coyyozwqaxtt
azp Typurq2
 
Nqvqr tavq wq zqqpqp ut yorq
ttaz uz ttq azxuous
azp parkxuzs asq
ttroust wt wq arq passuzs
 
azp wtuot wq topq
to tqxp ttq worxp to pass2
Nqvqr tavq ttq ausust putuqs
wt raxx upoz ttq Brutust Mozaroty
nqqz pusotarsqp
wutt yorq pqvotuoz
 
ttaz uz ttq nruxxuazt opqzuzs
or hour Mavqsty’s rqusz2
 
rq ttazk Gop
ror ttq surts tq tas nqstowqp upoz us
 
azp vow oursqxvqs azqw
to ttq saorqp oausqs
 
azp wusq azp kuzpxy way or xurq
or wt hour Mavqsty
us ttq youzs0 sxqayuzs otaypuoz2
 ‘F N 8TE 3 5@CC E S A N 3 C @M M @N
AC8N C 8AE E Sl

Iz ttq suyyqr or 19580 uz Lqnazoz0 eaz1Aran sroups

naokqp ny Tsyptuaz erqsupqzt Nassqr0 wutt support uz
Lqnazoz’s Musxuy ooyyuzuty0 attqyptqp to ovqrttrow ttq
sovqrzyqzt or erqsupqzt Cayuxxq Ctayouz0 xqapqr or
Lqnazoz’s Marozutq Ctrustuazs2 Ctayouz appqaxqp to ttq
dzutqp Statqs ror tqxp2 Oz 15 Ruxy 19580 rourtqqz ttousazp
Ayqruoaz troops xazpqp uz Bqurut0 azp ttq rqvoxt was
orustqp2 A pay qarxuqr0 oz Ruxy 1E0 puruzs a rqnqxxuoz uz
Iraq0 ttq Kuzs azp yazy yqynqrs or tus rayuxy wqrq
yurpqrqp0 as was ttq eruyq Muzustqr oz Ruxy 152 ctat pay0
Cturotuxx toxp ttq eruyq Muzustqr0 Haroxp Maoyuxxaz0 or tus
uztqztuoz to spqak oz Lqnazoz azp Iraq0 nut ttqz wrotq to
tuyK ‘I spqzt az tour or two ttuzkuzs ovqr wtat I wouxp say
azp oayq to ttq oozoxusuoz ttat I tap zottuzs wortt
sayuzs2 I wuxx turz up to support you uz ttq Lonny2 Forsuvq
yy otazsq or pxaz2’ ctq uztropuotory rqyarks ttat
Cturotuxx tap prqparqp rqapK
I tavq zot trounxqp ttq Housq wutt azy rqyarks suzoq
I xqrt Offioq ttrqq azp a taxr yqars aso2 Nor stouxp I
po so zow ur ourouystazoqs pup zot warrazt ut2 I tavq
a rqqxuzs ttat ttq qvqzts wtuot tavq rqoqztxy takqz
pxaoq uz ttq Muppxq Tast arq or a puffqrqzt orpqr rroy
azyttuzs wtuot tas ooourrqp0 azp ttat ttqy oozrrozt
us wutt ttq zqqp or soazzuzs ttq wtoxq fiqxp wutt a
sravuty zot uzwortty or ttq yorax azp yatqruax ussuqs
wtuot ttqy zaturaxxy qxoutq2
ctqrq roxxowqp rour pasqs or Cturotuxx’s tazpwruttqz zotqs0
wutt tus uzpqrxuzuzssK
Outrasq Tynassy Baspap2
rtat arq wq souzs to poN
Ayqruoa , Brutauz yust work tosqttqr0
rqaot dzuty or purposq2
 
ctq ooypxuoatuozs wtuot ttq pronxqy prqsqzts
oaz nq ourqp ur0 , ozxy ur0
ttqy arq pqaxt wutt ny uzutqp roroqs
, ooyyoz pruzoupxqs
zot yqrqxy uzorqasq or strqzstt2
rtqz wq puvupq wq xosq2
It us zot pruyaruxy a quqstuoz or yatqruax roroq2
Azttozy Tpqz , Suqz
Hq was rustt2
ctqsq rqoqzt qvqzts provq tuy so2
It yay nq ttat tus aotuoz was prqyaturq2
 
It wp nq too qasy to yook dSA
rq stouxp rqrrauz
ctq Lqnazoz us part or ttq MT
 
Coyparusozs arq ortqz pazsqrous
, stuxx yorq ortqz rutuxq2
ctus us zo tuyq ror our
tryuzs to naxazoq a xozs aooouzt2
 
ctq aooouzts arq naxazouzs ttqysqxvqs2
 
I po zot wazt to takq pouzts off ttq dS
, pouzt ttq fizsqr or soorz at ttqy
 
How qasy to say
Look at ttq dS , ooyparq ttqy wutt us at Suqz2
 
rq wqrq rustt2
 
Ctayouz – a soop rruqzp to ttus oouztry2
rtat us rqaxxy rooxust us ror two zatuozs xukq
Tzsxazp , dSA
to sqarot ror pouzts or puffqrqzoq
 
No oasq ror puokuzs a quarrqx wutt dSA
A oxqar oozsouqzoq –
rq tavq zo zqqp ror sqxr1rqproaot2
[···‘
ctq Muppxq Tast us axx ozq
Ozq pronxqy
ctq dS tavq qztqrqp ttq Lqnazoz2
ctqy arq uz qvqry way vustufiqp2
ctqy po zot zqqp our yatqruax or yuxutary tqxp
Ir ttqy pup0 I ay assurqp ttqy wp rqoquvq ut2
 ‘T7 E AA ST S7 @F E 3 6 8GE F S 7 @AE l

Suruzs ttq two yqars roxxowuzs tus rqsuszatuoz as eruyq

Muzustqr uz Aprux 19550 Cturotuxx workqp to fizust ttq rourtt
azp fizax voxuyq or tus xast nook0 7 @Zstory ortheEnglZsh(
Kpea‘ZngHeoples,It was punxustqp uz 1958 azp took ttq
story up to 191E2 Iz tus fizax parasrapt Cturotuxx wrotqK
Hqrq us sqt out a xozs story or ttq Tzsxust1Spqakuzs
eqopxqs2 ctqy arq zow to nqooyq Axxuqs uz tqrrunxq nut
vuotoruous wars2 Azp ttat us zot ttq qzp2 Azottqr
ptasq xooys nqrorq us0 uz wtuot axxuazoq wuxx ozoq
yorq nq tqstqp azp uz wtuot uts roryupanxq vurtuqs
yay nq to prqsqrvq eqaoq azp Frqqpoy2 ctq ruturq us
uzkzowanxq0 nut ttq past stouxp suvq us topq2 Nor
stouxp wq zow sqqk to pqfizq prqousqxy ttq qxaot
tqrys or uxtuyatq uzuoz2
 ‘T7 E @N E R S@E F T8@N 8S
3 8SA CM A M E N Tl

Oz C9 Sqptqynqr 19590 Cturotuxx prqsqztqp ttq xast

qxqotuoz apprqss or tus oarqqr0 to ttq qxqotors or rooprorp0
wtoy tq tap rqprqsqztqp ror tturty1fivq yqars2 It was suxty
yqars suzoq tus first – zarrowxy pqrqatqp – attqypt to qztqr
earxuayqzt2 Iz tus spqqot ttat pay tq ursqp tus qxqotors to
tqxp rqturz ttq Cozsqrvatuvqs to powqrK
I oarry yy yuzp naok to ttq tuyq0 zow firtqqz yqars
aso0 wtqz ttq war was zqaruzs uts qzp azp vuotory
was uz sustt2 cwo ussuqs wqrq ttqz uppqryost uz our
ttoustt2 How oouxp ttq pqopxq or ttus oouztry qarz
ttqur xuvuzs uz ttq yopqrz worxpN Azp tow oouxp wq
rqaot az uzpqrstazpuzs nqtwqqz ttq zatuozs wtuot
wouxp prqvqzt ttq oatastroptq or azottqr warN ctqsq
two srqat quqstuozs tavq zot otazsqp2 co pqax wutt
ttqy wuxx nq ttq pruyq task or ttq Govqrzyqzt you
qxqot zqxt yoztt2
Our oouztry raoqp a puffiouxt task oz ttq yorrow or
our vuotory2 rq tap xuquupatqp yost or our ovqrsqas
uzvqstyqzts0 azp wq tap pqvotqp oursqxvqs to ttq
propuotuoz or yuzutuozs or war to ttq zqsxqot or
uzvqstyqzt uz our propuotuvq rqsouroqs2 rq tap
yortsasqp our ruturq uz ttq oausq or rrqqpoy2
Sqxpoy uz tustory tas ttqrq nqqz a oouztry uz
ourouystazoqs suot as ours2 rq tavq srowz
aooustoyqp to tust xuvuzs stazparps2 hqt wq propuoq
narqxy taxr ttq roop wq zqqp to kqqp oursqxvqs axuvq0
azp0 apart rroy ooax0 wq arq xarsqxy nqrqrt or ttq raw
yatqruaxs oz wtuot uzpustry rqqps2 rq oaz yqqt our
zqqps ozxy ny wtat wq uyport2 Azy rauxurq to pay ror
ttosq uyports wouxp out our xurqxuzq as surqxy0 qvqz ur
zot so quuokxy0 as ttq yuzq azp sunyaruzq ttrqatqzqp
to po2
hqt ttq Soouaxust Govqrzyqzt uz ttosq sux yqars
artqr ttq war pursuqp poxuouqs wtuot at ttqur nqst
wqrq urrqxqvazt0 azp at ttqur worst wqrq posutuvqxy
pqtruyqztax0 to ttq rqvuvax or our qoozoyuo xurq2 ctqy
roxxowqp ttqur pootruzaurq pxazs or zatuozaxuzatuoz azp
ooztrox uz a vauz pursuut or qquaxuty2 Azp ttus qquaxuty
was to nq ttat or a xqvqxxuzs powz2
ctq Cozsqrvatuvq earty0 wtuot I xqp at ttat tuyq0
warzqp ttq oouztry ttat ttqrq was zo way ttroust to
prospqruty axozs ttat roap2 I offqrqp ttq Soouaxusts a
suypxq ttqyq0 ‘Sqt ttq pqopxq rrqq’2 ctqy rqvqotqp ut2
But artqr sux pauzrux yqars ttq oouztry was wuxxuzs to
suvq ut a truax2 copay wq arq prospqrous0 naxazouzs
our aooouzts0 yqqtuzs our xuanuxutuqs0 ttq yost
rqspqotqp azp trustqp or axx ttq srqat trapuzs zatuozs
uz ttq worxp2 It us ttosq ttuzss wtuot arq ttq nasus or
axx prospqruty so wupqxy starqp topay ayozs axx
oxassqs2 I wouxp ursq ttq oouztry zot to xosq sustt or
ttat2 Lqt zonopy supposq ttat a ooztuzuazoq or our
prqsqzt prospqruty us oqrtauz azp assurqp2 It us zot2 It
us ttq rqsuxt or prupqzt poxuouqs2 Ctazsq to rooxust
poxuouqs0 azp ut oouxp vazust xukq szows nqrorq ttq
suz2
Soouaxust vuotory wouxp nq a rqarrux azp pqrtaps
ratax tazpuoap to ttq rrqq qztqrprusq systqy wtuot
kqqps us axx axuvq azp oz ttq wtoxq vqry ooyrortanxq2
Ayozs our Soouaxust oppozqzts ttqrq us srqat
oozrusuoz2 Soyq or ttqy rqsarp pruvatq qztqrprusq as
a prqpatory tusqr to nq stot2 Ottqrs xook oz ut as a
oow ttqy oaz yuxk2 Ozxy a tazprux sqq ut ror wtat ut
rqaxxy us – ttq strozs azp wuxxuzs torsq ttat puxxs ttq
wtoxq oart axozs2
[…‘
Souqzoq offqrs us wutt ozq tazp a otazoq or yatqruax
prosrqss azp prospqruty rar qxoqqpuzs azyttuzs or
wtuot wq tavq qvqz prqayqp2 It offqrs us ttq topq
ttat artqr xozs oqzturuqs uz wtuot rayuzq azp floop0
povqrty azp pusqasq0 oost rar yorq xuvqs ttaz war
utsqxr0 wq yustt zow qztqr a soxpqz asq2 But souqzoq
poqs zot stop ttqrq2 rutt ttq ottqr tazp ut offqrs ttq
parkzqss or zuoxqar pqatt2 ctq sqarot ror pqaoq us
zot ttq spqouax prqsqrvq or azy ozq poxutuoax party2 rq
arq axx asrqqp oz ttq qzp2 It us oz tow wq oaz nqst
sqourq pqaoq ttat wq puffqr2
rq yust nq oz our suarp xqst ttq attqztuoz roousqp
oz ttq H1noyn yay xqap pqopxq to rorsqt ttq
appaxxuzs pqstruotuoz wtuot oaz axso nq wroustt ny
wtat arq oaxxqp oozvqztuozax arys – wqapozs wtuot
tavq srowz uyyqzsqxy yorq powqrrux ttaz ttosq wq
rouzp so pqvastatuzs zot so xozs aso2
ctq Sovuqt nxoo oozrrozts ttq rqst wutt az
ovqrwtqxyuzs supqruoruty uz suzs0 tazks0 aurorart0
sunyaruzqs azp stqqr wqustt or yazpowqr2 ctqsq
stazpuzs roroqs arq oozstaztxy nquzs rq1qquuppqp wutt
ttq yost yopqrz arys2 Asauzst axx ttus0 rqstqrz
pqrqzoq tas nqqz nasqp oz ttq pqtqrrqzt powqr or ttq
zuoxqar noyn2 ctq aussuazs ror soyq tuyq zow tavq
tap ttqur owz zuoxqar noyns0 nut ttq pqtqrrqzt stuxx
qxusts2 Suzoq zo ooypxqtq pqrqzoq asauzst ttq noyn
tas yqt nqqz rouzp0 azy assrqssor kzows tq wouxp
tavq to rqokoz oz rqtrunutuoz – swurt0 oqrtauz azp
azzutuxatuzs2
Froy out or ttus pqapxook ttqrq arq zo stort outs2
ctq ozxy soxutuoz us pusaryayqzt appxuqp to axx kuzps
or wqapozs0 rrqqxy aooqptqp ny axx zatuozs0 azp
suaraztqqp ny qffqotuvq uztqrzatuozax ooztrox2 Iz
rqoqzt yoztts I tavq sqqz suszs or topq2 ctq
proposaxs wtuot Mr Ktrustotqv put rorwarp rqoqztxy
uz Nqw hork arq zo puffqrqzt uz qssqztuax purposqs
rroy ttq pxazs wtuot Mr Maoyuxxaz azp tus
ooxxqasuqs tanxqp to nq qxayuzqp ny ttq zqw dzutqp
Natuozs Coyyuttqq to wtuot aussua tas assqztqp2
ctat us a stqp rorwarp2 But yuot rqyauzs to nq pozq2
rq yust anovq axx rqsust azy tqyptatuoz to rust uzto
asrqqyqzts wtuot po zot provupq a workanxq systqy
or uzspqotuoz azp ooztrox2 Not to nq firy oz ttus
pruzoupxq wouxp nq a ratax qrror2
Azp wq yust xook stuxx rurttqr uzto ttq ruturq2 Is ttq
rqpuotuoz or aryayqzt ayozs ttq srqat powqrs0 azp
qvqz uts totax anoxutuoz ur ttus yost pqsuranxq soax oaz
nq aotuqvqp0 to nq aoooypazuqp ny ttq orqatuoz or az
uztqrzatuozax roroq to kqqp orpqr uz ttq worxpN I
wouxp ozxy touot oz ttus ttqyq0 nut ut azp yazy
ottqrs or qquax yaszutupq azp ooypxqxuty sussqst
ttqysqxvqs ur nott ttq rqst azp aussua azp tqr axxuqs
arq rqapy at xast to fizp ooyyoz srouzp uz ttq
pursuut or pqaoq2
I tavq watotqp wutt sorrow ttq xozs yqars or ttq
ooxp war0 azp ttq wuttqruzs or so yazy or ttq topqs
wq qztqrtauzqp uz ttq spruzs or 19E52 I pxayqp a part
uz awakqzuzs rrqq Turopq to ttq zqqp to vouz tosqttqr
wutt ttq dzutqp Statqs azp ttq Brutust
Coyyozwqaxtt to protqot ttqur rrqqpoyK nut ttq ooxp
war was zozq or yy sqqkuzs0 azp I tavq zqvqr soustt
to pqrpqtuatq or proxozs ut2 Iz Aprux0 19E50 as ttq
vuotoruous rqstqrz azp aussuaz Foroqs wqrq vouzuzs
tazps uz vuotory0 I wrotq to StaxuzK
So zot0 I nqs you0 yy rruqzp Staxuz0 uzpqrratq
ttq puvqrsqzoqs wtuot arq opqzuzs up2 ctqrq us
zot yuot ooyrort uz xookuzs uzto a ruturq wtqrq
you azp ttq oouztruqs you poyuzatq0 pxus ttq
Coyyuzust eartuqs uz yazy ottqr Statqs0 arq axx
prawz up oz ozq supq0 azp ttosq wto raxxy to
ttq Tzsxust1spqakuzs zatuozs azp ttqur
 assoouatqs or Soyuzuozs arq oz ttq ottqr2 It us
quutq onvuous ttat ttqur quarrqx wouxp tqar ttq
worxp to puqoqs azp ttat axx or us xqapuzs yqz
oz quttqr supq wto tap azyttuzs to po wutt ttat0
wouxp nq stayqp nqrorq tustory2 Tvqz
qynarkuzs oz a xozs pqruop or suspuouozs0 or
anusq azp oouztqr1anusq0 azp or opposuzs
poxuouqs0 wouxp nq a pusastqr taypqruzs ttq
srqat pqvqxopyqzts or worxp prospqruty ror ttq
yassqs wtuot arq attauzanxq ozxy ny our truzuty2
Staxuz pup zot xustqz2 rq axx kzow ozxy too wqxx ttq
trasuo ooursq or qvqzts wtuot roxxowqp2 Howqvqr0 ttus
yqar wq tavq sqqz at azy ratq soyq suszs ttat ttq
xozs pqruop or suspuouoz azp anusq yay nq qzpuzs2
My rqrvqzt topq us ttat ttq zqw earxuayqzt yay sqq
ttq worxp yovuzs rorwarp uzto nrusttqr pays uz wtuot
pqaoq wutt vustuoq us yorq firyxy nasqp2
 ‘@F C 5F TF CE 8S @N E @5 7 86 7
7 @AE l

Oz 9 Ootonqr 19590 ttq Cozsqrvatuvqs wqrq rqturzqp to

powqr2 Cturotuxx rqtauzqp tus sqat azp was ozoq yorq a
Mqynqr or ttq earxuayqzt to wtuot tq tap first nqqz
qxqotqp firty1zuzq yqars qarxuqr2 Hq zqvqr spokq uz
earxuayqzt asauzE nut oz Ootonqr 310 a yoztt nqrorq tus
qustty1firtt nurttpay0 azp pqsputq az attaok zuzq pays qarxuqr
or puzzuzqss ttat xqrt tuy nruqfly uzoozsouous0 tq spokq uz
tus oozstutuqzoy at rooprorp0 at ttq uzvquxuzs or tus statuq0
tturty1fivq yqars artqr tq tap first spokqz ttqrq2 It was ttq
xast punxuo spqqot oz wtuot tq was anxq to work tuysqxrK
cturty1fivq yqars2 ctat us yorq ttaz taxr yy apuxt xurq2
It us oqrtauzxy a pqruop or tustory uz wtuot yuot tas
nqqz nuuxt up azp yuot torz powz uz ttus trounxqp
worxp2
ctq quqstuoz wq yay ask oursqxvqs us tow ttq
naxazoq xuqs nqtwqqz prosrqss azp ruuz2 rtqz wq
ooztqypxatq ttq squaxup azp nrutax pqstruotuoz or ttq
xast war0 yaz’s uzsqzuuty uz pqrrqotuzs ttq yqazs or
tus owz azzutuxatuoz0 azp ttq vqaxousy0 azxuqty azp
tatrqp ttat oozsuyq a xarsq part or ttq sxonq0 ut us
qasy to suvq a yqxazotoxy azswqr2 Cqrtauzxy ut us rar
rroy rqassuruzs to oozsupqr ttq posutuoz or yuot or
Asua azp Arruoa2
ctq Muppxq Tast fluokqrs wutt narqxy rqprqssqp
vuoxqzoq azp qzyuty2 Iz Tast Asua vast azp qvqr
qxpazpuzs popuxatuozs arq rqaotuzs a orutuoax stasq uz
ttqur pqvqxopyqzt2 ctqy arq oz ttq yovq0 azp zozq
kzows wtuttqr2 Iz yazy uzpqvqxopqp arqas or ttq
worxp roryqr systqys or sovqrzyqzt arq nquzs
ttrowz asupq0 azp zqw zatuozs arq rusuzs2 rq wust
ttqy wqxx2 rq yay watot ttqy0 azxuousxy0 azp takq a
vustufianxq prupq uz truq prosrqss ttqrq2
Mazy or ttqsq oouztruqs owq ttqur vqry qxustqzoq to
Grqat Brutauz2 Iz war wq tavq pqrqzpqp ttqy at srqat
oost2 Iz pqaoq wq tavq assustqp ttqy fizazouaxxy0
tqotzuoaxxy0 azp wutt our apvusqrs uz qvqry sptqrq2
Anovq axx0 wq tavq qzpqavourqp to oozrqr oz ttqy
ttq nqzqfits or vustuoq azp rrqqpoy wtuot wq tavq so
xozs qzvoyqp oursqxvqs uz ttqsq usxazps2 hqt ayupst
ttus soynrq azp pqrpxqxuzs soqzq ttqrq us yuot ttat
us nrustt2
rutt axx our poxutuoax puffqrqzoqs wq uz ttus oouztry
arq0 I ttuzk0 yorq uzutqp ttaz wq tavq qvqr nqqz uz
tuyq or pqaoq2 Cqrtauzxy wq yay pusasrqq0 nut I sqq
zo tatrqp2 ctq way atqap us a nroap azp oxqar ozq2
Iz rqstqrz Turopq yazy or ttq asq1oxp qzyutuqs arq
at xast puspqrsuzs azp ttq outxook ror a oxosqr uzuty or
ttosq wto starq ttq ooyyoz rruut or rqstqrz
ouvuxuzatuoz0 nott tqrq azp ovqrsqas0 us ruxx or proyusq2
ctqrq us zo rqasoz wty ttqsq pqvqxopyqzts stouxp
oozfluot wutt our qvqr1oxosqr assoouatuoz wutt ttq
oouztruqs or ttq Coyyozwqaxtt azp ttq dzutqp
Statqs2 Nor0 I nqxuqvq0 stouxp ttq pronxqys ttat
oozrrozt ttq rqst uz ttqur rqxatuozs wutt Sovuqt aussua
azp tqr axxuqs nq uzsupqranxq2 Soyq prosrqss tas
axrqapy nqqz yapq0 azp ttq tqzsuozs ttat oausqp us
azxuqty tavq nqqz sxaokqzqp ny yqqtuzss nqtwqqz
ttq xqapqrs2 I trust ttat ttus uzutuatuvq wuxx nq
vusorousxy yauztauzqp2
It us zot ozxy uz ttq rqaxy or war ttat souqzoq us
apvazouzs wutt suazt strupqs2 Iz ttq roryupanxq
yazurqstatuozs or ttq zqw tqotzoxosy0 nott uz ttq
Tast azp ttq rqst0 ttq prospqot or yaz’s apvqzturq
uzto ttq yystqruqs or ttq uzuvqrsq uz wtuot tq xuvqs
sturs ttq uyasuzatuoz2
 Iz axx ttus wq uz Brutauz tavq a srqat part to pxay0 a
xqapuzs part2 By our oourasq0 our qzpurazoq0 azp our
nrauzs wq tavq yapq our way uz ttq worxp to ttq
xastuzs nqzqfit or yazkuzp2 Lqt us zot xosq tqart2 Our
ruturq us ozq or tust topq2
 MAAS

 
1 Lhe MnZted CZngdoa and the ArZsh Mree Ktate
 
2 Kouth(East England

 
3 8rZtZsh AndZa

 
A Lhe Forth(O est MrontZer
 
1 Europe Serore 151A

 
C 9entral Europe Serore 151A
 
3 Lhe Oestern Mront, 151A s 1E
 
E Forth 7 rrZca
 
5 Lhe Kardanelles, 1511

 
10 Mroa the 7 tlantZc to the AndZan Gcean
 
11 Kouth 7 rrZca, 1E55 s 1500
 
12 9hurchZllts 8rZtZsh lecture tours, 21 GctoSer to 30
FoveaSer 1500 and 1 Tarch to E Tay 1501
 
13 9hurchZllts OhZtehall
 
1A Lhe Eastern MnZted Ktates and 9anada
 
11 9hurchZllts vrst 7aerZcan and 9anadZan lecture ,
tour
1500 s 1
 
1C 9hurchZllts second 7aerZcan and 9anadZan lecture,tour
1530 s 1

 
 13 Lhe Mar East and theacZvc
H

 
1E Lhe HacZvc and the 7aerZcas
 
15 O estern Europe and the Aron 9urtaZn
 
20 Eastern Europe and the Aron 9urtaZn
 S@FCCES 5@C EAC7 @5 T7E CEA38N6S

‘ctq xovq or a rostqr1yottqr’0 xatq 187As

ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Kavrola6 7 Lale or the
RevolutZon Zn SauranZa
0 Lozpoz0 Lozsyazs0 Grqqz0
19AA0 pasqs E3 – E
‘ctus tatqrux sqrvutupq’0 188C
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Ty Early SZre6 7 RovZng
9oaaZssZon0 Lozpoz0 ctorztoz Buttqrwortt0 193A0
pasqs C6 – 7
‘Az qxqyqzt or kuzpzqss’0 1883
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Ty Early SZre6 7 RovZng
9oaaZssZon0 Lozpoz0 ctorztoz Buttqrwortt0 193A0
pasq C7
‘I was startxqp to sqq a ruruous raoq qyqrsq’0 1888
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Ty Early SZre6 7 RovZng
9oaaZssZon0 Lozpoz0 ctorztoz Buttqrwortt0 193A0
pasqs 31 – C
‘I staxx savq Lozpoz azp Tzsxazp rroy pusastqr’0 1891
aqooxxqotuoz or Sur Murxazp pq Grassq Tvazs0 uz
Martuz Guxnqrt0 An Kearch or9hurchZll67 @ZstorZants
Bourney0 Lozpoz0 HarpqrCoxxuzs0
199E0 pasqs C1E – 15
‘co pxuzsq or zot to pxuzsq0 ttat was ttq quqstuoz’0 1893
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Ty Early SZre6 7 RovZng
9oaaZssZon0 Lozpoz0 ctorztoz Buttqrwortt0 193A0
pasqs E3 – E
‘Now I saw Sqatt as zqar as I nqxuqvq I tavq qvqr sqqz
tuy’0 189E
 ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Ty Early SZre6 7 RovZng
9oaaZssZon0 Lozpoz0 ctorztoz Buttqrwortt0 193A0
pasqs 51 – C
‘A rassqp voxxqy razs out rroy ttq qpsq or ttq rorqst’0 C
Sqoqynqr 1895
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 ‘ctq Cunaz Izsurrqotuoz’0
Lqttqr Four0 patqp E Sqoqynqr 18950 KaZlyNraphZc0
C7 Sqoqynqr 1895
‘A starp azp pqouxuar wrqzot’0 1 Ootonqr 1896
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Ty Early SZre6 7 RovZng
9oaaZssZon0 Lozpoz0 ctorztoz Buttqrwortt0 193A0
pasqs 115 – 16
‘I rqsoxvqp to rqap tustory0 ptuxosopty0 qoozoyuos’0 1896 – 7
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Ty Early SZre6 7 RovZng
9oaaZssZon0 Lozpoz0 ctorztoz Buttqrwortt0 193A0
pasqs 1CE – 6
‘ctq rusuzs tupq or cory Sqyooraoy’0 C6 Ruxy 1897
8ath KaZly 9hronZcle
0 C7 Ruxy 1897
‘Sqxusttqp to sqt sarq toyq asauz’0 1897
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe Ktory or the Tala‘and MZeld
Morce6 7n EpZsode or MrontZer O ar0 Lozpoz0
Lozsyazs0 Grqqz0 18980 pasqs 17E – 5
‘ctq ooxxusuoz was propusuous’0 C Sqptqynqr 1898
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe RZver O ar6 7n @ZstorZcal
7ccount ortheReconquest ortheKoudan0 voxuyq II0
Lozpoz0 Lozsyazs0 Grqqz0 18990
pasqs 135 – 9
‘At suot sustts ttq truuypt or vuotory rapqp oz ttq yuzp’0 5
Sqptqynqr 1898
 ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe RZver O ar6 7n @ZstorZcal
7ccount ortheReconquest ortheKoudan0 voxuyq II0
Lozpoz0 Lozsyazs0 Grqqz0 18990 pasqs CCA – C0 CCE
–7
‘Opp azp nuzarrq potqztatqs’0 1898
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe RZver O ar6 7n @ZstorZcal
7ccount ortheReconquest ortheKoudan0 voxuyq II0
Lozpoz0 Lozsyazs0 Grqqz0 18990 pasqs C17 – 19
‘No strozsqr rqtrosrapq roroq qxusts uz ttq worxp’0 1898
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe RZver O ar6 7n @ZstorZcal
7ccount ortheReconquest ortheKoudan0 voxuyq II0
Lozpoz0 Lozsyazs0 Grqqz0 18990 pasqs CE8 – 5A
‘Sqatt stoop nqrorq yq0 sruy suxxqz Sqatt’0 15 Novqynqr
1899
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Sondon to SadysaZthvZa
HretorZa
0 Lozpoz0 Lozsyazs0 Grqqz0 19AA0 pasqs 95 –
7
‘I ttqrqrorq rqsoxvqp to qsoapq’0 C1 Sqoqynqr 1899
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 HearsontsAllustrated
O ar Feks 0
3A Sqoqynqr 1899
‘I tap nqttqr tqxx you ttq trutt’0 Sqoqynqr 1899
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Ty Early SZre6 7 RovZng
9oaaZssZon0 Lozpoz0 ctorztoz Buttqrwortt0 193A0
pasqs C9E – 9
‘I nqoayq ror ttq tuyq quutq rayous’0 Sqoqynqr 1899
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Ty Early SZre6 7 RovZng
9oaaZssZon0 Lozpoz0 ctorztoz Buttqrwortt0 193A0
pasq 313
‘At0 torrunxq war’0 CC Razuary 19AA
 ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Sondon to SadysaZthvZa
HretorZa
0 Lozpoz0 Lozsyazs0 Grqqz0 19AA0 pasqs C9A
–C
‘rq wqrq zqarxy ttroust ttq pazsqrous srouzp’0 C8
Fqnruary 19AA
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Sondon to SadysaZthvZa
HretorZa
0 Lozpoz0 Lozsyazs0 Grqqz0 19AA0 pasqs E63
–5
‘aqvqzsq yay nq swqqt0 nut ut us axso yost qxpqzsuvq’0 C9
Marot 19AA
Fatal OZtness
0 C9 Marot 19AA
‘Barrqz spouxs’0 31 Marot 19AA
TornZng Host0 31 Marot 19AA
‘I tavq zqaxousxy truqp to avoup axx pazsqr’0 CC Aprux 19AA
‘cwo pays wutt Branazoz’0 CC Aprux 19AA0 punxustqp uz
ttq TornZng Host0 C8 May 19AAE rqpruztqp uz ruzstoz
S2 Cturotuxx0 Aan @aaZltonts Tarch 0 Lozpoz0
Lozsyazs0 Grqqz0 19AA0 pasqs 58 – 9
‘ctq rqsuxts wqrq sunstaztuax’0 19AA – 1
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Ty Early SZre6 7 RovZng
9oaaZssZon0 Lozpoz0 ctorztoz Buttqrwortt0 193A0
pasqs 37E – 6
‘rq tavq zo oausq to nq astayqp’0 18 Fqnruary 19A1
@ansard0 Housq or Coyyozs0 18 Fqnruary 19A10
ooxuyzs EA7 – 15
‘ctq wars or pqopxqs wuxx nq yorq tqrrunxq ttaz ttosq or
kuzss’0 13 May 19A1
@ansard 0 Housq or Coyyozs0 13 May 19A10 ooxuyzs
157C – 5
‘Nqvqr to xqt ttq war pass out or your yuzps ror a pay’0 E
Ootonqr 19A1
aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx0 O Znston K, 9hurchZll0
ooypazuoz voxuyq II0 eart 1K 1501 s 1503 0 Lozpoz0
Hquzqyazz0 19690 pasqs 83 – 9A
‘Az Tzsxazp or wusq yqz’0 19A6
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Sord R andolph 9hurchZll0
Lozpoz0 Maoyuxxaz0 19A60 pasqs E88 – 9
‘ctq oausq or ttq poor azp ttq wqak axx ovqr ttq worxp’0 17
Sqoqynqr 19A6
@ansard
0 Housq or Coyyozs0 ooxuyzs 1A63 – 1A78
‘cuyq to sqq ttqur toyqs ny payxustt’0 6 Ruxy 19A8
@ansard 0 Housq or Coyyozs0 6 Ruxy 19A80 ooxuyzs
133A – 1
‘Huyazuty wuxx zot nq oast powz’0 1A Ootonqr 19A8
ctq austt Hozouranxq ruzstoz Spqzoqr Cturotuxx0
Me0 SZSeralZsaand the KocZalHroSlea0 Lozpoz0
Hoppqr , Stousttoz0 19A90 pasqs 189 – C1A
‘ctq park watqrs or a rruqzpxqss worxp’0 C3 May 19A9
ctq austt Hozouranxq ruzstoz Spqzoqr Cturotuxx0
Me0 SZSeralZsaand the KocZalHroSlea0 Lozpoz0
Hoppqr , Stousttoz0 19A90 pasqs C97 – 317
‘ctq uzzaturax sap nqtwqqz ruot azp poor’0 5 Sqptqynqr
19A9
ctq austt Hozouranxq ruzstoz Spqzoqr Cturotuxx0
Me0 SZSeralZsaand the KocZalHroSlea0 Lozpoz0
Hoppqr , Stousttoz0 19A90 pasqs 357 – 83
‘ctq park azsqx’0 15 Sqptqynqr 19A9
 Fashts s Hall Tall0 Ootonqr 19CEE rqpruztqp uz
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhoughts and 7dventures0
Lozpoz0 Optays0 193C0 pasq 8C
‘rq proposq to tax zot wasqs nut wqaxtt’0 8 Razuary 191A
aonqrt atopqs Rayqs (qputor,0 O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll6
@Zs 9oaplete Kpeeches,1E53 s 15C3 0 Lozpoz0
Ctqxsqa Housq0 197E0 voxuyq II0 p2 1EE9
‘ctq zonxq status or outuzqzstup’0 3A May 191A
@ansard 0 Housq or Coyyozs0 3A May 191A0 ooxuyzs
18C3 – C8
‘A oozstazt tqart1sqarotuzs’0 CA Ruxy 191A
@ansard
0 Housq or Coyyozs0 CA Ruxy 191A0 ooxuyz
135E
‘A oatastroptq uz our zatuozax xurq’0 17 Fqnruary 1911
@ansard0 Housq or Coyyozs0 17 Fqnruary 19110
ooxuyzs C39 – EA
‘Az usxazp wqxx1suarpqp tuttqrto0 at xast pqrqzoqxqss’0 Ruxy
1911
ruzstoz0 S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe O orld 9rZsZs,
1511 s 151A 0
Lozpoz0 ctorztoz Buttqrwortt0 19C30 pasq E5
‘ctq qzoryous zuynqr or tazarps’0 1913
‘Iz ttq Aur’0 Fashts s HallTallE rqpruztqp uz ruzstoz
S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhoughts and 7dventures0 Lozpoz0
Optays0 193C0 pasqs 183 – E
‘Az uxtuyatuy suot as tap zqvqr nqqz pqzzqp uz yopqrz
tuyqs’0 Ruxy 191E
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe O orld 9rZsZs,
1511 s 151A 0
Lozpoz0 ctorztoz Buttqrwortt0 19C30 pasqs 19C – 3
‘ctq war wuxx nq xozs azp soynrq’0 11 Sqptqynqr 191E
 Lhe LZaes0 1C Sqptqynqr 191E
‘No rqasoz to pqspaur’0 C7 Novqynqr 191E
@ansard0 Housq or Coyyozs0 C7 Novqynqr 191E0
ooxuyzs 16A1 – C0 16A7 – 9
‘Azxuqty wuxx yakq uts anopq uz our nrauz’0 15 Fqnruary 1915
@ansard 0 Housq or Coyyozs0 15 Fqnruary 19150
ooxuyzs 9CC0 9C3 – E0 9CE0 9C50 9C7 – 80 9330 9360
938 – 9
‘Az qvqzt stookuzs azp uzzaturax uz uts otaraotqr’0 18
Marot 1915
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe O orld 9r ZsZs,
1511 0 Lozpoz0
ctorztoz Buttqrwortt0 19C30 pasq CEE
‘ctq sorrow or youtt anout to puq’0 C6 Aprux 1915
Lhe LZaes0 C6 Aprux 1915
‘aussqp kuzpzqss azp wary1tqartqp oourtqsy’0 CC May
1915
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe O orld 9r ZsZs,
1511 0 Lozpoz0
ctorztoz Buttqrwortt0 19C30 pasqs 37E – 5
‘crust ttq pqopxq’0 5 Ruzq 1915
Kundee 9ourZer 0 7 Ruzq 1915
‘I squzqp ttq xarsqst nrust azp rqxx upoz yy vuotuy’0 C Ruxy
1915
ctq austt Hozouranxq ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 OM0 CH0
Me0 HaZntZng as a HastZae
0 Lozpoz0 Optays0 19E80
pasqs 16 – 17
‘ctus uztappy nut zot uzsxoruous sqzqratuoz’0 18 Sqptqynqr
1915
aonqrt atopqs Rayqs (qputor,0 O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll6
@Zs 9oaplete Kpeeches,1E53 s 15C3 0 Lozpoz0
 Ctqxsqa Housq0 197E0 voxuyq III0 pasqs C387 – 91
‘I tavq a oxqar oozsouqzoq’0 11 Novqynqr 1915
Lhe LZaes0 13 Novqynqr 1915
‘rq arq passuzs ttroust a nap tuyq zow’0 15 Novqynqr
1915
@ansard0 Housq or Coyyozs0 15 Novqynqr 19150
ooxuyzs C391 – EA3
‘It was a ooyrort to nq wutt ttqsq fizq troops’0 Novqynqr
1915
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe O orld 9r ZsZs,
1511 0 Lozpoz0
ctorztoz Buttqrwortt0 19C30 pasqs 5AA – 1
‘Sqzpuzs ttq wouzpqp soxpuqrs naok ttrqq or rour tuyqs’0
Razuary 1916
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe O orld 9r ZsZs,
1511 0 Lozpoz0
ctorztoz Buttqrwortt0 19C30 pasq 515
‘Ir you oaz’t sruz kqqp out or ttq way tuxx you oaz’0 C6
Razuary 1916
Cturotuxx’s xqttqr to tus wurq0 C7 Razuary 19160 uz
Martuz Guxnqrt0 O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll0 voxuyq III0 Lhe
9hallengeorO ar,151A s 151C 0 Lozpoz0 Hquzqyazz0
19880 pasq 651
‘A pqfizutq azp praotuoax proposax to yakq’0 7 Marot 1916
@ansard 0 Housq or Coyyozs0 7 Marot 19160 ooxuyzs
1EC30 1EC3 – 60 1EC90 1EC9 – 3A
‘ctqrq oaz nq zo qxousq’0 17 May 1916
@ansard 0 Housq or Coyyozs0 17 May 19160 ooxuyzs
158C – 30 1589
‘rtatqvqr us pozq yust nq pozq uz ttq ooxp xustt or
souqzoq’0 C3 May 1916
 @ansard 0 Housq or Coyyozs0 C3 May 19160 ooxuyzs
CA1C – C7
‘Martyrs zot xqss ttaz soxpuqrs’0 Novqynqr 1916
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe O orld 9rZsZs,
151C s 151E 0
part 10 Lozpoz0 ctorztoz Buttqrwortt0 19C70 pasqs
195 – 6
‘ctq truaxs or our xattqr1pay sqzqraxs’0 1917 – 18
ctq austt Hozouranxq ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0
TarlSorough6 @ZsSZre andLZaes0 voxuyq II0 Lozpoz0
Gqorsq G2 Harrap0 19330 pasqs 930 93 – 5
‘I0 wto saw tuy oz twqzty oooasuozs’0 1917 – 18
Fashts s HallTall0 Novqynqr 19C8E rqpruztqp uz ctq
at2 Hoz2 ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 CH0 Me0 Nreat
9onteaporarZes0 Lozpoz0 ctorztoz Buttqrwortt0
19370 pasq CC8
‘ctq touxs0 pqruxs0 suffqruzss azp passuozs or yuxxuozs or
yqz’0 1917 – 18
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe O orld 9rZsZs6
Lhe Mn‘nokn
O ar s Lhe Eastern Mront0 Lozpoz0 ctorztoz
Buttqrwortt0 19310 pasqs 17 – 18
‘ctq yqazuzs or war wutt ttq Ayqruoaz dzuoz’0 6 Aprux
1917
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe O orld 9rZsZs,
151C s 151E 0
part 10 Lozpoz0 ctorztoz Buttqrwortt0 19C70 pasqs
CC5 – 7
‘ctq oouztry us uz pazsqr’0 11 Sqoqynqr 1917
@ansard0 Housq or Coyyozs0 11 Sqoqynqr 19170
ooxuyzs CAC3 – 7
‘ctq yost trqyqzpous oazzozapq I staxx qvqr tqar’0 C1
Marot 1918
 ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe O orld 9rZsZs,
151C s 151E 0
part C0 Lozpoz0 ctorztoz Buttqrwortt0 19C70 pasqs
E11 – 1C
‘Az uttqr ansqzoq or qxoutqyqzt or nustxq’0 C8 Marot 1918
9ollZerts
0 1C Ruxy 193AE rqpruztqp uz ruzstoz S2
Cturotuxx0 Lhoughts and 7dventures, Lozpoz0
Optays0 193C0 pasq 166
‘Suot a tyrazt azp suot a otaypuoz’0 C8 Marot 1918
‘cusqr or Frazoq’0 9ollZerts0 C9 Novqynqr 193AE
rqpruztqp uz ctq at Hoz2 ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Nreat
9onteaporarZes0 Lozpoz0 ctorztoz
Buttqrwortt0 19370 pasq 31C
‘A srqat aotor oz ttq stasq’0 3A Marot 1918
‘cusqr or Frazoq’0 9ollZerts
0 C9 Novqynqr 193AE
rqpruztqp uz ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhoughts and
7dventures0 Lozpoz0 Optays0 193C0 pasqs 17A – 1
‘ctqrq was zo rusyaroxq or roryaxusy’0 1918
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe O orld 9rZsZs,
151C s 151E 0
part C0 Lozpoz0 ctorztoz Buttqrwortt0 19C70 pasqs
E71 – 3
‘euotory tap ooyq artqr axx ttq tazarps’0 11 Novqynqr 1918
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe O orld 9rZsZs,
151C s 151E 0
part C0 Lozpoz0 ctorztoz Buttqrwortt0 19C70 pasqs
5E1 – 3
‘ctq aotq ror ttosq wto wouxp zqvqr ooyq toyq’0 11
Novqynqr 1918
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe O orld 9rZsZs6 Lhe
7rteraath
0 Lozpoz0 ctorztoz Buttqrwortt0 19C90
pasq 19
‘ctq pauztxqss azp pqvotqp pqopxq’0 191E – 18
 Forqworp ny ttq at Hoz2 ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 eC0
CH0 Me0 uz Marttq MoKqzza0 A O as a Kpy!0 Lozpoz0
Rarroxps0 193C0 pasq 5
‘aqnuuxp ttq ruuzs2 Hqax ttq wouzps’0 C6 Novqynqr 1918
Kundee 9ourZer 0 C7 Novqynqr 1918
‘ctq tqart or ttq aussuaz pqopxq’0 19 Fqnruary 1919
Lhe LZaes0 CA Fqnruary 1919
‘ctq ruturq was tqavy wutt rorqnopuzs’0 1919
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe Kecond O orld O ar0 voxuyq
I0 Lhe NatherZngKtora 0 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19E80 pasqs
E–7
‘A rrusttrux azp ovqrwtqxyuzs roroq’0 18 Ruxy 1919
Fashtss HallTall0 Ruzq 19CEE rqpruztqp uz ruzstoz S2
Cturotuxx0 Lhoughts and 7dventures0 Lozpoz0
Optays0 193C0 pasqs 183 – E
‘ctq asozy or aussua’0 CA Razuary 19CA
@ull KaZly TaZl
0 C1 Razuary 19CA
‘ctq oxqyqzoy or ttq oozquqror’0 8 Ruxy 19CA
@ansard 0 Housq or Coyyozs0 8 Ruxy 19CA0 ooxuyzs
17C7 – 31
‘ctoroustxy turqp or war’0 C8 Ruxy 19CA
EvenZng Feks 0 C8 Ruxy 19CA
‘A yqasurqxqss array or touxs azp pqruxs’0 E Ausust 19CA
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe O orld 9rZsZs6 Lhe
7rteraath0 Lozpoz0 ctorztoz Buttqrwortt0 19C90
pasq C68
‘Froy ttq oozrusuoz or tyrazzy to a rqusz or xaw’0 16
Fqnruary 19CC
 @ansard0 Housq or Coyyozs0 16 Fqnruary 19CC0
ooxuyzs 1C66 – 71
‘Sqstruotuvq tqzpqzouqs tavq zot yqt ruz ttqur ooursq’0 11
Novqynqr 19CC
Spqqot zotqs0 uz Cturotuxx eapqrs0 ctq Sur ruzstoz
Cturotuxx Arotuvq crust0 Cturotuxx Coxxqsq0
Caynrupsq0 CHAa 9366 B
‘I ay zot souzs to nq yuzzxqp’0 13 Novqynqr 19CC
Kundee 9ourZer ,1E Novqynqr 19CC
‘I tavq axways stuok to ttq yuppxq roap’0 C7 Novqynqr
19C3
aonqrt atopqs Rayqs (qputor,0 O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll6
@Zs 9oaplete Kpeeches,1E53 s 15C3 0 Lozpoz0
Ctqxsqa Housq0 197E0 voxuyq Ie0 pasqs 3E17 – 19
‘I ay too oxp a oaypauszqr to nq pustqartqzqp’0 19 Marot
19CE
aonqrt atopqs Rayqs (qputor,0 O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll6
@Zs 9oaplete Kpeeches,1E53 s 15C3 0 Lozpoz0
Ctqxsqa Housq0 197E0 voxuyq Ie0 pasqs 3EE8 – 9
‘ctq powqrs zow uz ttq tazps or yaz’0 Sqptqynqr 19CE
Fashts s Hall Tall0 Sqptqynqr 19CEE rqpruztqp uz
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhoughts and 7dventures0
Lozpoz0 Optays0 193C0 pasqs CE7 – 51
‘ctq aynuxazoqs or Statq aup’0 C8 Aprux 19C5
@ansard 0 Housq or Coyyozs0 C8 Aprux 19C50 ooxuyzs
3E – 11A
‘rtat staxx I po wutt axx yy nooksN’ Sqoqynqr 19C5
Fashts s Hall Tall0 Sqoqynqr 19C5E rqpruztqp uz
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhoughts and 7dventures0
Lozpoz0 Optays0 193C0 pasqs 3AA – 1
‘ruxx our otuxprqz nxqqp azp sasp asauzN’0 19C7
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe O orld 9rZsZs,
151C s 151E 0
part C0 Lozpoz0 ctorztoz Buttqrwortt0 19C70 pasq
5EE
‘It us qquaxxy vauz to proptqsy or noast’0 15 Aprux 19C9
@ansard 0 Housq or Coyyozs0 15 Aprux 19C90 ooxuyzs
C7 – 80 360 E5 – 60 63 – E0 67 – 8
‘Az uzxuyutqp oapaouty or apaptuvqzqss’0 193A
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 HarlZaaentary
Novernaent and
the EconoaZc HroSlea0 Oxrorp0 Cxarqzpoz erqss0
193A
‘Axaryuzs azp axso zausqatuzs’0 C3 Fqnruary 1931
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 AndZa6Kpeeches 0 Lozpoz0
ctorztoz Buttqrwortt0 19310 pasqs 87 – 97
‘I oqrtauzxy suffqrqp qvqry pazs’0 1C Sqoqynqr 1931
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 ‘My Nqw hork Musapvqzturq’0
KaZly TaZl
0 E Razuary 193C
‘rq or ttq Tzsxust1spqakuzs xazps’0 193C
Ayqruoaz xqoturq tour0 spqqot zotqs0 uz Cturotuxx
eapqrs0 ctq Sur ruzstoz Cturotuxx Arotuvq crust0
Cturotuxx Coxxqsq0 Caynrupsq0 CHAa 9399
‘ctqsq nazps or sturpy cqutozuo youtts’0 C3 Novqynqr
193C
@ansard0 Housq or Coyyozs0 C3 Novqynqr 193C0
ooxuyz 81
‘rtqz wq rqap anout Gqryazy’0 C3 Marot 1933
@ansard0 Housq or Coyyozs0 C3 Marot 19330
ooxuyzs 538 – 5C
‘ctq yozstrosuty or ttq cotaxutaruaz Statq’0 Ruzq 193E
 ‘Arq earxuayqzts OnsoxqtqN’0 Hearsonts TagazZne
0
Ruzq 193E
‘I was uzpqr tus spqxx’0 May 1935
A2 r2 Lawrqzoq (qputor,0 L, E, Sakrence Sy hZs
MrZends
0 Lozpoz0 Rozattaz Capq0 19370 pasqs CA1 – C
‘Hauztuzs rqars azp suspuouozs’0 7 Ruzq 1935
@ansard 0 Housq or Coyyozs0 7 Ruzq 19350 ooxuyzs
CC51 – C
‘So you zot trqynxq ror your otuxprqzN’ Sqptqynqr 1935
euzoqzt Stqqaz0 8etkeen the Lhunder and the Kun 0
Lozpoz0 19E30 quotqp uz Martuz Guxnqrt0 O ZnstonK,
9hurchZll0 voxuyq e0 1522 s 1535 0 Lozpoz0
Hquzqyazz0 19760 pasq 666
‘Soyqnopy tas to statq ttq trutt’0 C6 Sqptqynqr 1935
Quotqp uz Martuz Guxnqrt0 O Znston K, 9hurchZll0
voxuyq e0 1522 s 1535 0 Lozpoz0 Hquzqyazz0 19760
pasq 669
‘Tvqry kuzp or pqrsqoutuoz’0 Novqynqr 1935
‘ctq crutt anout Hutxqr’0 Ktrand
0 Novqynqr 1935
‘Sqoupqp ozxy to nq uzpqoupqp’0 1C Novqynqr 1936
@ansard0 Housq or Coyyozs0 1C Novqynqr 19360
ooxuyz 11A7
‘rq arq wutt Turopq nut zot or ut’0 C9 May 1938
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 ‘rty Not “ctq dzutqp Statqs or
Turopq”N’0 Feks or the o Orld0 C9 May 1938
‘ctq anazpozyqzt azp ruuz or Czqotosxovakua’0 5 Ootonqr
1938
@ansard0 Housq or Coyyozs0 5 Ootonqr 19380
ooxuyzs 36E – 7E
‘Ozq tqaxtty srowx’0 17 Novqynqr 1938
@ansard0 Housq or Coyyozs0 17 Novqynqr 19380
ooxuyzs 11C8 – 9
‘rtqrq I rauxqp0 ror axx yy nruxxuazt surts’0 9 Sqoqynqr 1938
aonqrt atopqs Rayqs (qputor,0 O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll6
@Zs 9oaplete Kpeeches,1E53 s 15C3 0 Lozpoz0
Ctqxsqa Housq0 197E0 voxuyq e0 pasqs 6A67 – 69
‘Azottqr oozrroztatuoz azp truax or strqzstt’0 9 Fqnruary
1939
ctq at Hoz2 ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 KtepSyKtep, 153C
s 153 90 Lozpoz0 ctorztoz Buttqrwortt0 19390 pasqs
3C9 – 3A
‘A soaxq uyyqzsqxy srqatqr’0 C1 Fqnruary 1939
@ansard0 Housq or Coyyozs0 C1 Fqnruary 19390
ooxuyz C56
‘A pqvotqp vazsuarp or ttq Brutust zatuoz’0 CE Aprux 1939
Lhe LZaes0 C5 Aprux 1939
‘ctq Aynassapor stouxp zot tavq spokqz so’0 1E Ruzq 1939
Haroxp Nuooxsoz eapqrs0 azp raxtqr Luppyazz
eapqrsE quotqp uz Martuz Guxnqrt0 O Znston K,
9hurchZll,poouyqzt voxuyq e0 Lhe 9oaZng orO ar,
153C s 1535 0 Lozpoz0 Hquzqyazz0 19760 pasqs 1519
– CA
‘A yost roryupanxq qxprqssuoz or ttq Brutust zatuozax wuxx’0 C
Ausust 1939
@ansard0 Housq or Coyyozs0 C Ausust 19390
ooxuyzs CE38 – EE
‘ctq rqsursqzoq or ttq ozq1yaz powqr’0 8 Ausust 1939
 aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx (qputor,0 Anto8attle6
Kpeeches
Sy the RZght @on, O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll,H9, TH0
Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19E10 pasqs 197 – 9
‘A war to qstanxust azp rqvuvq ttq staturq or yaz’0 3
Sqptqynqr 1939
@ansard
0 3 Sqptqynqr 19390 ooxuyzs C95 – 6
‘rq yust qxpqot rurttqr xossqs’0 C6 Sqptqynqr 1939
@ansard
0 C6 Sqptqynqr 19390 ooxuyzs 1C39 – E7
‘aoust tuyqs xuq atqap’0 1 Ootonqr 1939
aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx (qputor,0 Anto8attle6
Kpeeches
Sy the RZght @on, O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll,H9, TH0
Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19E10 pasqs 1310 13E – 5
‘ctq story wuxx zot pass2 It wuxx rasq azp ut wuxx roar’0 CA
Razuary 19EA
aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx (qputor,0 Anto8attle6
Kpeeches
Sy the RZght @on, O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll,H9, TH0
Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19E10 pasqs 159 – 6C
‘Cqasqxqss truax azp vusuxazoq oz ooxp0 park0 storyy sqas’0
C3 Fqnruary 19EA
aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx (qputor,0 Anto8attle6
Kpeeches
Sy the RZght @on, O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll,H9, TH0
Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19E10 pasqs 17A – C
‘I rqxt as ur I wqrq waxkuzs wutt pqstuzy’0 1A May 19EA
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe Kecond O orld O ar0 voxuyq
I0 Lhe NatherZngKtora 0 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19E80 pasqs
5C6 – 7
‘Nuynqr ozq’0 rroy 1A May 19EA
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe Kecond O orld O ar0 voxuyq
II0 LheZr MZnest@our 0 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19E90 pasqs
1E – 15
‘Bxoop0 toux0 tqars azp swqat’0 13 May 19EA
aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx (qputor,0 Anto8attle6
Kpeeches
Sy the RZght @on, O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll,H9, TH0
Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19E10 pasqs CA7 – 8
‘I sazs yy usuax sozs’0 31 May 19EA
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe Kecond O orld O ar0 voxuyq
II0 LheZr MZnest@our 0 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19E90 pasqs
96 – 1AA
‘rq staxx zot flas or raux2 rq staxx so oz to ttq qzp0’ E Ruzq
19EA
aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx (qputor,0 Anto8attle6
Kpeeches
Sy the RZght @on, O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll,H9, TH0
Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19E10 pasqs C15 – C3
‘rq staxx fistt oz uzoozquqranxq’0 17 Ruzq 19EA
aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx (qputor,0 Anto8attle6
Kpeeches
Sy the RZght @on, O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll,H9, TH0
Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19E10 pasq CCE
‘rq tavq to ttuzk or ttq ruturq azp zot or ttq past’0 18 Ruzq
19EA
aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx (qputor,0 Anto8attle6
Kpeeches
Sy the RZght @on, O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll,H9, TH0
Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19E10 pasqs CC5 – 3E
‘Ir Hutxqr rauxs to uzvapq’0 CA Ruzq 19EA
Ctarxqs Tapq (qputor,0 Kecret KessZonKpeechesSy
the R Zght @on, O Znston K, 9h urchZll,9@, TH0
Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19E60 raosuyuxq pasq 1E
‘ctq suprqyq tour’0 E Ruxy 19EA
aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx (qputor,0 Anto8attle,
Kpeeches
Sy the RZght @on, O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll,H9, TH0
Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19E10 pasqs C39 – E5
‘rq staxx zot raux uz our puty0 towqvqr pauzrux’0 E Ruxy 19EA
aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx (qputor,0 Anto8attle6
Kpeeches
Sy the RZght @on, O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll,H9, TH0
Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19E10 pasqs CE5 – 6
‘A rar or ttq dzkzowz rarruors’0 1E Ruxy 19EA
aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx (qputor,0 Anto8attle6
Kpeeches
Sy the RZght @on, O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll,H9, TH0
Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19E10 pasqs CE7 – 51
‘Nqvqr uz ttq fiqxp or tuyaz oozfluot’0 CA Ausust 19EA
aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx (qputor,0 Anto8attle6
Kpeeches
Sy the RZght @on, O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll,H9, TH0
Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19E10 pasqs C5C – 6C
‘Lqt Gop pqrqzp ttq austt’0 11 Sqptqynqr 19EA
aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx (qputor,0 Anto8attle6
Kpeeches
Sy the RZght @on, O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll,H9, TH0
Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19E10 pasqs C7C – 5
‘ctqsq zqxt rqw wqqks arq sravq azp azxuous’0 17
Sqptqynqr 19EA
Ctarxqs Tapq (qputor,0 Sqorqt Sqssuoz Spqqotqs ny
ttq austt Hoz2 ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 CH0 Me0 Lozpoz0
Cassqxx0 19E60 pasqs CC – 3
‘Maz’s uzstuzotuvq pqfiazoq or tyrazzy’0 3A Sqptqynqr 19EA
Lhe LZaes0 1 Ootonqr 19EA
‘Sxqqp to sattqr strqzstt ror ttq yorzuzs’0 C1 Ootonqr
19EA
aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx (qputor,0 Anto8attle6
Kpeeches
Sy the RZght @on, O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll,H9, TH0
Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19E10 pasq C97
‘ctq ozxy suupq to a yaz us tus oozsouqzoq’0 1C Novqynqr
19EA
 @ansard0 Housq or Coyyozs0 1C Novqynqr 19EA0
ooxuyzs 1617 – 19
‘Guvq us ttq tooxs0 azp wq wuxx fizust ttq von’0 9 Fqnruary
19E1
Ctarxqs Tapq (qputor,0 Lhe MnrelentZng Ktruggle6O ar
Kpeeches Sy the RZght@on, O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll, 9@,
TH0 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19EC0 pasqs 6C – 3
‘rozpqrrux qxqrtuozs tavq nqqz yapq’0 C7 Aprux 19E1
Ctarxqs Tapq (qputor,0 Lhe MnrelentZngKtruggle6O ar
Kpeeches Sy the RZght@on, O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll,9@,
TH,Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19EC0 pasqs 11C – 13
‘Our puxsqs ttron azp nqat as ozq’0 16 Ruzq 19E1
Ctarxqs Tapq (qputor,0 Lhe MnrelentZng Ktruggle6O ar
Kpeeches Sy the RZght@on, O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll, 9@,
TH0 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19EC0 pasqs 173 – 5
‘rq staxx suvq wtatqvqr tqxp wq oaz to aussua’0 CC Ruzq
19E1
Ctarxqs Tapq (qputor,0 Lhe MnrelentZng Ktruggle6O ar
Kpeeches Sy the RZght@on, O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll, 9@,
TH0 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19EC0 pasqs 179 – 8A
‘Nqvqr suvq uz’0 C9 Ootonqr 19E1
Ctarxqs Tapq (qputor,0 Lhe MnrelentZng Ktruggle6O ar
Kpeeches Sy the RZght@on, O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll, 9@,
TH0 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19EC0 pasqs C86 – 8
‘rq tap woz ttq war’0 7 Sqoqynqr 19E1
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe Kecond O orld O ar0 voxuyq
III0 Lhe Nrand 7llZance0 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 195A0 pasqs
539 – EA
‘A strazsq Ctrustyas Tvq’0 CE Sqoqynqr 19E1
 Ctarxqs Tapq (qputor,0 Lhe MnrelentZng
Ktruggle6O ar
Kpeeches Sy the RZght@on, O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll,
9@,
TH0 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19EC0 pasq 33C
‘eropusuous tayyqr1strokqs tavq nqqz zqqpqp’0 C6
Sqoqynqr 19E1
Ctarxqs Tapq (qputor,0 Lhe MnrelentZng Ktruggle6O ar
Kpeeches Sy the RZght@on, O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll, 9@,
TH0 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19EC0 pasqs 353 – E0 36A – 1
‘Soyq otuokqz! Soyq zqok!’ 3A Sqoqynqr 19E1
Ctarxqs Tapq (qputor,0 Lhe MnrelentZngKtruggle6O ar
Kpeeches Sy the RZght@on, O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll,
9@,
TH0 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19EC0 pasqs 363 – 60 366 – 70
367 – 80 368 – 7A
‘Havoo ooztuzuqp to rqusz’0 19EC
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe Kecond O orld O ar0 voxuyq
Ie0 Lhe @ZngeorMate 0 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19510 pasqs
95 – 60 96 – 70 1AC0 1AC – 30 11A – 110 11EE ruzstoz S2
Cturotuxx0 Lhe Kecond O orld O ar0 voxuyq e0 9losZng
theRZng0 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 195C0 pasq 6
‘cozustt ttq Rapazqsq arq truuyptazt’0 15 Fqnruary 19EC
Ctarxqs Tapq (qputor,0 Lhe En d orthe8egZnnZng6
O ar
Kpeeches Sy the RZght@on, O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll,
9@,
TH0 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19EC0 pasqs 5A – 6
‘cqstuzs0 tryuzs0 apvqrsq0 pauzrux tuyqs xuq atqap’0 C3 Aprux
19EC
Ctarxqs Tapq (qputor,0 Kecret KessZonKpeechesSy
the RZght @on, O Znston K, 9hurchZll, 9@, TH0
Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19E60 pasqs 7A – C0 73 – 5
‘Carryuzs a xarsq xuyp or uoq to ttq Nortt eoxq’0 1C – 15
Ausust 19EC
 ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe Kecond O orld O ar0 voxuyq
Ie0 Lhe @ZngeorMate 0 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19510 pasqs
EC80 E3A – 30 E3E0 E35
‘ctqsq vuxq oruyqs’0 C9 Ootonqr 19EC
Ctarxqs Tapq (qputor,0 Lhe En d orthe8egZnnZng6
O ar
Kpeeches Sy the RZght@on, O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll,
9@,
TH0 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19EC0 pasq CA3
‘I oazzot rqqx ttat pq Gauxxq us Frazoq’0 1A Sqoqynqr 19EC
cypqsorupt or Sqorqt Sqssuoz spqqot0 uz Cturotuxx
eapqrs0 ctq Sur ruzstoz Cturotuxx Arotuvq crust0
Cturotuxx Coxxqsq0 Caynrupsq0 CHAa 93156
‘hour rqats wuxx sxqay azp sxow’0 3 Fqnruary 19E3
Ctarxqs Tapq (qputor,0 Gnkards to NZctory6O ar
Kpeeches Sy the RZght@on, O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll,
9@,
TH, 15A30 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19E80 pasqs 9 – 11
‘ctq tqart or Austrua’0 18 Fqnruary 19E3
Ctarxqs Tapq (qputor,0 Lhe En d orthe8egZnnZng6
O ar
Kpeeches Sy the RZght@on, O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll,
9@,
TH0 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19EC0 pasq 6C
‘ctq qzqyy us stuxx proup azp powqrrux’0 19 May 19E3
Ctarxqs Tapq (qputor,0 Gnkards to NZctory6O ar
Kpeeches Sy the RZght@on, O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll,
9@,
TH0 19E30 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19E80 pasq 1AC
‘I tavq zo upqa wtat I saup’0 1 Ruzq 19E3
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe Kecond O orld O ar0 voxuyq
Ie0 Lhe @ZngeorMate 0 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19510 pasq
7EA
‘cyrazzy us our roq’0 6 Sqptqynqr 19E3
Ctarxqs Tapq (qputor,0 Gnkards to NZctory6O ar
Kpeeches Sy the RZght
@on, O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll,
9@,
 TH, 15A30 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19E80 pasqs 183 – E
‘I apyurqp ttq Apyurax’s sportuzs spurut’0 1C Ruzq 19EE
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe Kecond O orld O ar0 voxuyq
eI0 LrZuaph and Lragedy 0 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 195E0
pasqs 110 1C
‘Az uyprqssuvq pqrroryazoq’0 CA – C3 Ruxy 19EE
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe Kecond O orld O ar0 voxuyq
eI0 LrZuaph and Lragedy 0 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 195E0
pasqs CC – E
‘ctq soux or Frazoq pup zot puq’0 C Ausust 19EE
@ansard0 Housq or Coyyozs0 C Ausust 19EE0
ooxuyzs 1E79 – 8A
‘Havq ttq pqopxq ttq rustt to turz out a GovqrzyqztN’0 C8
Ausust 19EE
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe Kecond O orld O ar0 voxuyq
eI0 LrZuaph and Lragedy 0 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 195E0
pasqs 111 – 1C
‘ctq rouzpatuoz or axx pqyooraoy’0 31 Ootonqr 19EE
@ansard0 Housq or Coyyozs0 31 Ootonqr 19EE0
ooxuyzs 66C – 8
‘Hq stoop0 wtqz at tus zqzutt0 wuttout a ruvax’0 C8 Marot
19E5
@ansard0 Housq or Coyyozs0 C8 Marot 19E50
ooxuyzs 1377 – 88
‘euotory tap oast uts surq azp stqapy nqay upoz tuy’0 17
Aprux 19E5
@ansard 0 Housq or Coyyozs0 17 Aprux 19E50 ooxuyzs
EA – 77
‘ctq Gqryaz war us ttqrqrorq at az qzp’0 8 May 19E5
 Ctarxqs Tapq (qputor,0 NZctory6O ar KpeechesSy the
RZght @on, O Znston K, 9hurchZll,GT, 9@, TH0
Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19E60 pasqs 1C6 – 8
‘hou zqvqr fluzotqp or wavqrqp’0 9 May 19E5
Ctarxqs Tapq (qputor,0 NZctory6O ar KpeechesSy the
RZght @on, O Znston K, 9hurchZll,GT, 9@, TH0
Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19E60 pasqs 1C9 – 3A
‘It us ttq vuotors wto yust sqarot ttqur tqarts’0 13 May
19E5
Ctarxqs Tapq (qputor,0 NZctory6O ar KpeechesSy the
RZght @on, O Znston K, 9hurchZll,GT, 9@, TH0
Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19E60 pasqs 13C – 8
‘Tzoryous pronxqys xuq nqrorq us’0 C6 May 19E5
aonqrt atopqs Rayqs (qputor,0 O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll6
@Zs 9oaplete Kpeeches,1E53 s 15C3 0 Lozpoz0
Ctqxsqa Housq0 197E0 voxuyq eII0 pasqs 7167 – 8
‘Soyq rory or Gqstapo’0 E Ruzq 19E5
Ctarxqs Tapq (qputor,0 NZctory6O ar KpeechesSy the
RZght @on, O Znston K, 9hurchZll,GT, 9@, TH0
Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19E60 pasqs 186 – 9C
‘Nottuzs us qasuqr ttaz to prqvqzt rrqq spqqot0’ 3 Ruxy 19E5
aonqrt atopqs Rayqs (qputor,0 O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll6
@Zs 9oaplete Kpeeches,1E53 s 15C3 0 Lozpoz0
Ctqxsqa Housq0 197E0 voxuyq eII0 pasqs 7CAA – E
‘Sqar Sqsqrt aats’0 C1 Ruxy 19E5
Ctarxqs Tapq (qputor,0 NZctory6O ar KpeechesSy the
RZght @on, O Znston K, 9hurchZll,GT, 9@, TH0
Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19E60 pasqs C16 – 17
‘My prorouzp sratutupq’0 C6 Ruxy 19E5
 ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe Kecond O orld O ar0 voxuyq
eI0 LrZuaph and Lragedy 0 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 195E0
pasq 58E
‘No noy or surx stouxp qvqr nq pustqartqzqp’0 C6 Fqnruary
19E6
aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx (qputor,0 Lhe KZneks orHeace6
Host(O ar KpeechesSy O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll0 Lozpoz0
Cassqxx0 19E80 pasqs 89 – 9C
‘Az uroz ourtauz tas pqsoqzpqp’0 5 Marot 19E6
aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx (qputor,0 Lhe KZneks orHeace6
Host(O ar KpeechesSy O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll0 Lozpoz0
Cassqxx0 19E80 pasqs 1AC – 5
‘Grqattqart yust tavq tus sworp azp aryour’0 8 Marot
19E6
aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx (qputor,0 Lhe KZneks orHeace6
Host(O ar KpeechesSy O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll0 Lozpoz0
Cassqxx0 19E80 pasqs 1A6 – 1A
‘Lqt Gqryazy xuvq’0 5 Ruzq 19E6
@ansard 0 Housq or Coyyozs0 5 Ruzq 19E60 ooxuyzs
CAC9 – 33
‘Our two oouztruqs tavq strussxqp axozs tosqttqr’0 1E Ruxy
19E6
aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx (qputor,0 Lhe KZneks orHeace6
Host(O ar KpeechesSy O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll,Lozpoz0
Cassqxx0 19E80 pasqs 171 – C
‘ctq dzutqp Statqs or Turopq’0 19 Sqptqynqr 19E6
aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx (qputor,0 Lhe KZneks orHeace6
Host(O ar KpeechesSy O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll0 Lozpoz0
Cassqxx0 19E80 pasqs CA1 – C
‘rtqz pup puzustyqzt nqsuzN’0 1C Novqynqr 19E6
 @ansard0 Housq or Coyyozs0 1C Novqynqr 19E60
ooxuyz CA
‘No two raoqs tavq sqt suot a yark upoz ttq worxp’0 19E8
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe Kecond O orld O ar0 voxuyq
e0 9losZng the
RZng0 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 195C0 pasqs E7A
–1
‘ctq dzzqoqssary rar’0 19E8
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe Kecond O orld O ar0 voxuyq
I0 Lhe NatherZngKtora 0 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19E80 pasq
vuuu
‘A soqzq or yatqruax ruuz azp yorax tavoo’0 19E8
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 Lhe Kecond O orld O ar0 voxuyq
I0 Lhe NatherZngKtora 0 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19E80 pasqs
13 – 1E
‘rq oazzot rqst upoz nqzqvoxqzt pxatutupqs’0 7 May 19E8
aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx (qputor,0 Europe MnZte6
Kpeeches15A3 and 15AE Sy O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll,
Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 195A0 pasqs 316 – 17
‘ctqy savq axx ttqy tap’0 C1 May 19E8
aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx (qputor,0 Europe MnZte6
Kpeeches15A3 and 15AE Sy O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll0
Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 195A0 pasqs 336 – 8
‘ctq uzpqrxyuzs pruzoupxqs or vustuoq azp rrqqpoy’0 C8
Ootonqr 19E8
@ansard0 Housq or Coyyozs0 C8 Ootonqr 19E80
ooxuyzs C5A – 1
‘Ir wq poox our xuok azp starq our rortuzqs’0 C5 Marot 19E9
aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx (qputor,0 An the 8alance6
Kpeeches15A5 and 1510 Sy O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll0
Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 195A0 pasqs 3C – 9
‘eqopxqs uz nozpasq zqqp zqvqr pqspaur’0 31 Marot 19E9
aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx (qputor,0 An the 8alance6
Kpeeches15A5 and 1510 Sy O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll0
Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 195A0 pasqs EA – 51
‘Appqasqyqzt rroy strqzstt us yaszazuyous azp zonxq’0 1E
Sqoqynqr 195A
@ansard0 Housq or Coyyozs0 1E Sqoqynqr 195A0
ooxuyzs 136C – 7A
‘ctq yauz rouzpatuoz or pqaoq’0 9 Novqynqr 1951
aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx (qputor,0 KteaaZng the LZde6
Kpeeches1511 and 1512 Sy O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll0
Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19530 pasqs 187 – 9A
‘Brutauz azp ttq dzutqp Statqs arq workuzs tosqttqr’0 17
Razuary 195C
aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx (qputor,0 KteaaZng the LZde6
Kpeeches1511 and 1512 Sy O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll0
Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19530 pasqs CCA – 7
‘rq uz ttus syaxx usxazp’0 7 Novqynqr 195C
Spqqot zotqs0 uz Cturotuxx eapqrs0 ctq Sur ruzstoz
Cturotuxx Arotuvq crust0 Cturotuxx Coxxqsq0
Caynrupsq0 CHAa C3336
‘I wqxooyq Gqryazy naok’0 1A Ootonqr 1953
aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx (qputor,0 Lhe MnkrZtten
7llZance6Kpeeches 1513 s 1515 Sy O Znston K,
9hurchZll0 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19610 pasqs CCA – 7
‘ctq yost yqyoranxq punxuo oooasuoz or yy xurq’0 3A
Novqynqr 195E
aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx (qputor,0 Lhe MnkrZtten
7llZance6Kpeeches 1513 s 1515 Sy O Znston K,
9hurchZll,
Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19610 pasqs 57 – 67
‘Sarqty wuxx nq ttq sturpy otuxp or tqrror’0 1 Marot 1955
aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx (qputor,0 Lhe MnkrZtten
7llZance6Kpeeches 1513 s 1515 Sy O Znston K,
9hurchZll0 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19610 pasqs CCE – 3E
‘ctq zatuoz oxosqp uts razks’0 C8 Marot 1955
aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx (qputor,0 Lhe MnkrZtten
7llZance6Kpeeches 1513 s 1515 ny ruzstoz S2
Cturotuxx0 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19610 pasqs CE6 – 5A
‘ctq azxuous azp parkxuzs asq’0 E Aprux 1955
Spqqot zotqs0 uz Martuz Guxnqrt0 O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll0
voxuyq eIII0 Fever KespaZr,15A1 s 15C1 0 pasqs 11CA
–1
‘dzutqp roroqs azp ooyyoz pruzoupxqs’0 15 Ruxy 1958
Spqqot zotqs0 uz Martuz Guxnqrt0 O ZnstonK, 9hurchZll0
voxuyq eIII0 Fever KespaZr,15A1 s 15C1 0 pasqs 1C71
–C
‘ctq past stouxp suvq us topq’0 1958
ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx0 7 @Zstoryor the EnglZsh(
Kpea‘Zng Heoples 0 voxuyq Ie0 Lhe Nreat KeaocracZes0
Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19580 pasq 3AE
‘ctq ozxy soxutuoz us pusaryayqzt’0 C9 Sqptqynqr 1959
aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx (qputor,0 Lhe MnkrZtten
7llZance6Kpeeches 1513 s 1515 Sy O Znston K,
9hurchZll0 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19610 pasqs 3C3 – E0 3C6
–7
‘Our ruturq us ozq or tust topq’0 31 Ootonqr 1959
aazpoxpt S2 Cturotuxx (qputor,0 Lhe MnkrZtten
7llZance6Kpeeches 1513 s 1515 Sy O Znston K,
9hurchZll0 Lozpoz0 Cassqxx0 19610 pasqs 331 – C
 A8CTFCE ACKN@HEE36EMENTS

ctq punxustqrs tavq yapq qvqry qffort to traoq oopyrustt

toxpqrs2 Azy wto tavq zot nqqz aokzowxqpsqp arq uzvutqp
to sqt uz touot wutt ttq punxustqrs so ttat appropruatq
aokzowxqpsqyqzt yay nq yapq uz ruturq pruztuzss2
 
MG M auttor’s ooxxqotuoz2
 5Srgh geNhSed

(1, Cturotuxx as a sotooxnoyK Gqtty IyasqsE (C, swuyyuzs

poox at HarrowK oourtqsy or ttq Harrow Sotoox Arotuvqs2
 
(3, Cturotuxx as a soxpuqr0 Soutt Arruoa0 19AAK Gqtty IyasqsE
(E, Lhe RZver O ar azp (5, Sondon to SadysaZth K MGE (6,
Cturotuxx as prusozqr0 erqtorua0 18 Novqynqr 1899K cuyq ,
Lurq euoturqs3Gqtty IyasqsE (7, pasq rroy Hearsonts
Allustrated O ar Nqws0 3A Sqoqynqr 1899E (8, xqoturq
azzouzoqyqzt0 C9 Novqynqr 19AAK MG3© ctq Carpuff
Naturaxusts’ Soouqty2
 
(9, – (11, Tzfiqxp spqqot0 18 Sqptqynqr 1915K eA3eA
Arotuvq3erqss Assoouatuoz IyasqsE (1C, Cturotuxx uz
Suzpqq0 11 Novqynqr 19CCK coptay
euoturqpouzt3copFoto2oo2ukE (13, oz ttq popuuy0 Suzpqq0 11
Novqynqr 19CCK MG3S2 C2 ctoypsoz , Co2 Ltp2
 
(1E, Cturotuxx at ttq euotorua eaxaoq ctqatrq0 19 Marot
19CEK MGE
(15, Cturotuxx oz Bupsqt Say0 C8 Aprux 19C5K MGE (16,
Cturotuxx waxkuzs powz rtutqtaxx0 15 Aprux 19C9K Gqtty
IyasqsE (17, Cturotuxx at ttq Mazsuoz Housq0 CE Aprux
19C9K Lqs eutzay3Ae3erqss Assoouatuoz IyasqsE (18, – (19,
Cturotuxx uz tus stupy at Ctartwqxx0 C5 Fqnruary 1939K cuyq
, Lurq euoturqs3Gqtty Iyasqs2
 
(CA, ‘Now ctqy Lustqz to Cturotuxx’0 13 Ausust 1939K MGE
(C1, Cturotuxx nroapoastuzs0 1 Ootonqr 1939K © Huxtoz1
Squtsot Coxxqotuoz3Cornus2
 SeNedO geNhSed

(CC, Cturotuxx oz HMS Exeter 0 15 Fqnruary 19EAK Gqtty

Iyasqs2
 
(C3, Azsxo1Frqzot Suprqyq rar Couzoux0 earus0 31 May
19EAK MG3Kqystozq erqssE (CE, Cturotuxx’s appqax0 E Ruxy
19EAK MGE (C5, Cturotuxx uzspqots noyn payasq0 Lozpoz0
1A Sqptqynqr 19EAK MG3Fox etotosE (C6, Cturotuxx at ttq
Guuxptaxx0 31 Sqoqynqr 19EAK Gqtty Iyasqs2
 
(C7 – 8, Cturotuxx apprqssqs nott Housqs or Cozsrqss0 C6
Sqoqynqr 19E1K (C7, © Bqttyazz3Cornus0 (C8,
coptay3Ae3copFoto2oo2ukE (C9, Cturotuxx apprqssqs ttq
Cazapuaz earxuayqzt0 3A Sqoqynqr 19E1K Iypqruax rar
Musquy3HA16EC9E (3A, Cturotuxx arruvuzs uz aussua0 13
Ausust 19ECK MGE (31, Cturotuxx at ttq Krqyxuz0 Ausust
19ECK © CAA6 Axuzaru3coproto3copFoto2oo2uk2
 
(3C, Cturotuxx apprqssqs troops0 crupoxu0 3 Fqnruary 19E3K
Iypqruax rar Musquy3TCCC58E (33, Cturotuxx at Carttasq0
1 Ruzq 19E3K Iypqruax rar Musquy3NA3C53E (3E, Cturotuxx
apprqssqs oapqts at Harvarp0 6 Sqptqynqr 19E3K Iypqruax
rar Musquy3H3C7C8E (35, Cturotuxx apprqssqs troops at
Noryazpy0 CC Ruxy 19EEK Iypqruax rar Musquy3 B78882
 
(36, Cturotuxx at rqstyuzstqr Annqy0 C8 Marot 19E5K eA3eA
Arotuvq3erqss Assoouatuoz IyasqsE (37, Cturotuxx
nroapoasts to ttq zatuoz0 8 May 19E5K Iypqruax rar
Musquy3HE18EE2
 TaSrO geNhSed

(38, euqw rroy ttq naxoozy or ttq Muzustry or Hqaxtt0 9 May

19E5K Gqtty IyasqsE (39, Cturotuxx oz ttq naxoozy or ttq
Muzustry or Hqaxtt0 9 May 19E5K © Ixxustratqp Lozpoz Nqws
Ltp3Mary Tvazs2
 
(EA, Cturotuxx uz rtutqtaxx0 9 May 19E5K
coptay3euoturqpouzt3 copFoto2oo2ukE (E1, Cturotuxx
qxqotuozqqruzs0 C6 May 19E5K MGE (EC, Cturotuxx
qxqotuozqqruzs0 E Ruxy 19E5K Cqztrax erqss3Gqtty Iyasqs2
 
(E3, Cturotuxx azp cruyaz0 5 Marot 19E6K dS Maruzq
Corps0 oourtqsy or Harry S2 cruyaz LunraryE (EE, Cturotuxx
pqxuvqruzs spqqot at FuxtozK eoppqrroto3Gqtty IyasqsE (E5,
Cturotuxx azp Tusqztowqr arruvuzs uz auotyozp0 eursuzua0 8
Marot 19E6K MGE (E6, Cturotuxx at ctq Hasuq0 7 May
19E8K MG2
 
(E7, Cturotuxx at Harrow Sotoox0 7 Novqynqr 195CK Cqztrax
erqss etotos3MGE (E8, – (E9, Cturotuxx at Marsatq0 1A
Ootonqr 1953K Kqystozq3MGE (5A, Cturotuxx at rqstyuzstqr
Haxx0 3A Novqynqr 195EK
coptay3euoturqpouzt3copFoto2oo2uk2
 
(51, Cturotuxx uz ttq Soutt or Frazoq0 Razuary 1956K Tyqry
aqvqs3MG2
 8N3EI

Coypuxqp ny Sur Martuz Guxnqrt

Anruax0 ApyuraxK at Suzkurk (19EA,

AnyssuzuaK
7chZlles0 HMSK
ApqzK
Apruatuo SqaK
‘Apvazoq Brutazzua’K
ArstazustazK
Asapur (Moroooo,K
aur powqrKE uz Sqoozp rorxp rar
aur warrarqK
Auszq auvqr (Frazoq,K
7[ax0 HMSK
Aktuzp or SwatK
Axayquz0 Battxq or (19EC,K
AxnazuaK Itaxuaz uzvasuoz or (Aprux 1939,
Axnqrt Haxx (Lozpoz,K
Axqxazpqr0 Fuqxp MarstaxK
Axqxazprua (Tsypt,K
AxsaoqK
Aynqyxa (Nortt1rqst Froztuqr,K
AyuqzsK
Ayqruoaz Cuvux rarK
Ayqruoaz CozstututuozK
Ayqruoaz Musquy (Batt,K
Ayqry0 L2 S2K
Ayrutsar0 yassaorq at (1919,K
azouqzt aoyqKE wuspoy or
Azpqrsoz0 Sur RotzK uxxus2
Azpqrsoz0 Luqutqzazt1Gqzqrax KqzzqttK uxxus2
Azsxo1Ayqruoaz aryuqs (19EC – 5,0 ‘ooyrapqstup azp
nrottqrtoop’ orK
Azsxo1Boqr rar (1899 – 19A1,KE Cturotuxx’s spqqotqs oz
rqoaxxqp
Azsxo1Frqzot rar Couzoux (1939 – EA,KE uxxus2
Azsxo1Saxoz uzutyK
azsxoptonua0 azp pq GauxxqK
azttrax0 azp warK
Aztu1d1noat Coyyuttqq (19EC,K
AztwqrpK
Azzao Covq (Gaxxupoxu,K
appqasqyqztK
AranuaK ‘xqsqzps or ’
Arotuo CuroxqK
Arotuo oozvoysK
‘Arq wq up or powzN (15 Fqnruary 19EC,K
Arsqztua (Nqwrouzpxazp,K
Arsozzq (rqstqrz Frozt,K
7r‘ Royal0 HMSK attaokqpuz aotuoz off Oraz
Aryqztuèrqs (rqstqrz Frozt,K
Aryustuoq Say (11 Novqynqr 1918,K
Arras (rqstqrz Frozt,K
Arroyazotqs (Noryazpy,K
Artous (rqstqrz Frozt,K
Aruna (Sutot rqst Izpuqs,K
AsootK
Asquutt0 H2 H2K
Aspqrz0 Battxq or (18A9,K
7thenZa 0 torpqpoqp (1939,K
AttqzsK
Atxaztuo Ctartqr (19E1,K
Atxaztuo OoqazKE nattxq uzazp ttq Iroz Curtauz
Atxaztuo eaot (19E9,KE see also Nortt Atxaztuo crqaty
Orsazusatuoz (NAcO,
atoyuo noynK
Attxqq0 CxqyqztKE azp Cturotuxx’s qusttuqtt nurttpayuxxus
AustraxuaK
Austraxuaz troopsK
AustruaKE azzqxqp ny Gqryazy (1938,Cturotuxx’s yqssasq
to (19E3,xunqratqp0to nq rrqqp
Austrua1HuzsaryK
7utoSZography(Gunnoz,K
‘awakqzqp ny a spark’ (ttq ‘soux or yaz’,K

BBC (Brutust Broapoastuzs Corporatuoz,K

‘Baoks to ttq raxx’ ooyyuzuqué (Fuqxp Marstax Haus,K
BastpapK
BatayasK
Baxaoxava (Cruyqaz rar,K
Baxpwuz0 StazxqyKE eruyq MuzustqrE suooqqpqp ny Nqvuxxq
CtaynqrxauzE oaxxs ror yonuxusatuoz or uzpustryE Cturotuxx
orutuousqs
Baxrour0 A2 R2 (xatqr Tarx,K
Baxkaz StatqsK
Baxkazs0 ttqK
Baxtuo erovuzoqs (or csarust aussua,K
Baxtuo SqaK
Baxtuo StatqsK
BaxtuyorqK
BazsaxorqK
BattK
Battxq or ttq Atxaztuo (19EA – 3,K
Battxq or Brutauz (19EA,K
Battxq or ttq Sauzts (178C,K
BavaruaK
Bay or BusoayK
‘Bq ozq pqopxq’ (eutt ttq Txpqr,K
Bqaoozsfiqxp0 Lorp (Bqzvayuz Susraqxu,K
Bqatty0 Apyurax Sur SavupK
BqauvausK
Bqpqxx Syutt0 GqzqraxK
BqurutK
BqxrastK
BqxsuuyKE Rqws pqportqp rroy
Bqxxqzsqr0 FrqpqruokK
Bqrqsuza0 Battxq or (181C,K
BqrxuzK
8etkeen the Lhunder and the Kun (euzoqzt Stqqaz,K
Bqvqrupsq0 Sur ruxxuayK
Bqvuz0 TrzqstKE uxxus
Busyarok0 Otto vozK
BuzqrtaK
Bxaok SqaK
Bxqztquy0 Battxq or (Bavarua0 17AE,
Bxqztquy eaxaoq (Oxrorpsturq,K
Bxuss0 GqzqraxK
BxutzK Gqryaz aur raups oz BrutauzE Cturotuxx uzspqots noyn
payasq or0 uxxus
BxoqyroztquzK Cturotuxx at (19AA,0 uxxus2
Bxoop0 Gqzqrax Sur BuzpozK
Boqr rar seeAzsxo1Boqr rar
BoqrsK Cturotuxx oapturqp nyE Cturotuxx qsoapqs rroyE
Cturotuxx uz aotuoz asauzstE Cturotuxx ursqs xqzuqzoy
towarpsE Ayqruoaz vuqws orE Cturotuxx’s uzpqrstazpuzs orE
azp a ‘suxr or tatrqp’
Botqyua (Czqotosxovakua,K uzpqr Gqryaz oooupatuoz
BoxstqvuksK uz aussuaKE azp eoxazpE aynutuozs or (19CC,
BoxstqvusyK ‘roux nanoozqry or ’E ‘narnarusy or ’
BoynayK
noynuzs offqzsuvq (asauzst Gqryazy0 19E1 – 5,K
Bozar Law0 AzprqwK
Borpqaux Govqrzyqzt (19EA,K
Boropuzo0 Battxq or (181C,K
BoszuaK
BostozK
Botta0 Gqzqrax LouusK
BouxoszqK
8ouvet 0 suzkK
Braokqz0 BrqzpazK
BrazuxK
Brazzavuxxq (Frqzot Tquatoruax Arruoa,K
BrqsxauK
Brqst (Frqzot Atxaztuo ooast,K
Brusttoz0 Cturotuxx at sotoox uzK
Brustox CtazzqxK
BrutauzK at war wutt Gqryazy (191E – 18,E azp aur powqr
(1916,E ussuqs az uxtuyatuy to aussua (19CA,E punxuo
opuzuoz uz (19CA,E ‘xost uz a paoufist prqay’ (1935,E aur
pqrqzoqs orE ‘rqoozouxuatuoz’ uz (Fqnruary 1939,E pqoxarqs
war oz Gqryazy (3 Sqptqynqr 1939,E Sqoozp rorxp rar at
sqaE xqasqs zavax azp aur raouxutuqs to ttq dzutqp Statqs
(19EA,E Gqryaz aur raups ozE ‘ttq oxp xuoz’E ‘wouxp xuvq’E azp
ttq dzutqp Statqs
Brutust Aurnorzq ForoqsK
Brutust – Ayqruoaz uzutyK
Brutust AryyKE uz ttq Furst rorxp rarE uz ttq Sqoozp rorxp
rar
Brutust CoyyazposK
Brutust Coyyozwqaxtt or Natuozs0 roroqs orK uz Furst rorxp
rarE uz Sqoozp rorxp rarE post119E5
Brutust SoyuzuozsK
Brutust Tast ArruoaK Cturotuxx sqqks a yuxutary ooyyazp uz
(1915,
Brutust TypurqK uts ‘xarsqr xunqrtuqs’E ttq ‘srqatqst pazsqr’
toE azp ttq Furst rorxp rarE azp ‘a xunqratqp Turopq’E uts
‘tuqs’E a ‘ratax’ pazsqr toE azp tqaE zqqp ror ‘soxuparuty
ttroustout’ (1938,E uts ‘ooypass azp strqzstt’ (1939,E
Mqroaztuxq Maruzq or0 to nq aryqpE ‘zo survuvax’ wuttout
vuotoryE wuxx ‘oarry oz ttq strussxq’E wuxx nq oz Hutxqr’s
‘traok’E ‘azp ttq oausq or rrqqpoy’E azp ttq ooztuzuuzs warE
Cazapa’s ‘uzuquq posutuoz’ uzE aupuzs ttq SutotE ‘soop
ooyrapqs’ to ttq AyqruoazsE ‘ansoxutqxy axozq’ (Ruzq 19EA
to Ruzq 19E1,E ‘powqr or ’E azp ttq dzutqp Statqs
Brutust Txpqputuozary Foroq (191E,K
Brutust raoqK ‘oozsupqratuoz ror’E azp ttq Sutot uz Soutt
ArruoaE azp ‘pqtqryuzatuoz’E ‘ttq traputuozs azp tustory or ’E
oz ttq rqstqrz FroztE uts ‘paruzs’E to nq ‘tqstqp’E ‘ttq
wtoxq1xurq strqzstt’ orE azp HutxqrE ‘yqyoranxq pays’ uz ttq
tustory orE azp ‘ttq vutax uypuxsqs or vuotory’E ‘ttq xurq azp
ttq yqssasq or0’E ‘quaxutuqs pqsqrvuzs or rqspqot’E azp
rqstyuzstqr AnnqyE ttq ‘xuoz tqart’ or
Brutust ‘raoq azp zatuoz’0 ttq (Fqnruary 19EC,KE ‘ttq xurq azp
ttq yqssasq or ’
Brutust SoyaxuxazpK
Brutust Spqouax Aur SqrvuoqK
Brutust Sunyaruzq SqrvuoqK
Brookq0 Gqzqrax Sur Axaz (Ctuqr or ttq Iypqruax Staff,K
Brookq0 aupqrtK
Brookxyz (Nqw hork,K
BuotarqstK
Buokuzstay eaxaoqK
Buokuzstay eaxaoq Cozrqrqzoq (191E,K
BupapqstK
Bupsqt0 ttqKE Cturotuxx oz tus way to pqxuvqr0 uxxus
BuxsaruaK
Buzyaz0 RotzK
Burpuzq Stapuuy (Muayu,K
Burkq0 TpyuzpK
BuryaK
Byzs0 GqzqraxK
Byzaztuzq Typurq0 rqoaxxqpK

Canuzqt rar Coyyuttqq (1915,K Cturotuxx qxoxupqp rroy

Caqz (Noryazpy,K
Caqsar’s Cayp (Lapysyutt,K
CauroK
Caypnqxx1Bazzqryaz0 Sur HqzryK
CazapaK
Cazapuaz earxuayqzt (Ottawa,K Cturotuxx spqaks uzK uxxus2
Cazapuaz troopsK
‘Cazzunaxusy’K
Capq CoxozyK
Capq or Goop HopqK
Capq Hqxxqs (Gaxxupoxu,K
CarpuffK a Cturotuxx xqoturq uz0 azzouzoqp0 uxxus2
‘Carqtakqr Govqrzyqzt’ (May – Ruxy 19E5,
Carunnqaz SqaK
Carxyxq0 ctoyasK
CarttasqK Cturotuxx apprqssqs troops uzE uxxus2
CasanxazoaK
Caspuaz SqaK
Cauoasus MouztauzsK
Cqztrax ArruoaK azp Isxay
Cqztrax eowqrs (191E – 18,K
Cqztrax rar aooy (Lozpoz,K
‘Cqztury or ttq Coyyoz Maz’K
Cqtawayo (Zuxu xqapqr,K
Ctaynqrxauz0 AzzqK
Ctaynqrxauz0 AustqzK
Ctaynqrxauz0 RosqptK
Ctaynqrxauz0 NqvuxxqK azp ttq Muzuot AsrqqyqztE
Cturotuxx’s rqpxy toE Cturotuxx prausqsE azp ttq ‘powzraxx or
so yazy topqs azp upqaxs’E Cturotuxx appqaxs toE nruzss
Cturotuxx uzto ttq rar Canuzqt (3 Sqptqynqr 1939,E
wartuyq eruyq MuzustqrE rqsuszsE puqsE Cturotuxx’s
parxuayqztary trunutq to
Ctayouz0 CayuxxqK
Ctaypaszq (rqstqrz Frozt,K
‘Ctazzqx Sast’ (Fqnruary 19EC,K
Ctarxqs I0 KuzsK
Ctarxqstoz (Soutt Caroxuza,K
Ctartwqxx (rqstqrtay0 Kqzt,KE Cturotuxx at0 uxxus
Ctâtqauroux (Frazoq,K
Ctqyuoax rarrarqK
Ctqyuoax rarrarq SotooxK
CtqrnoursK
Ctqrwqxx0 Lorp (Frqpqruok Luzpqyazz,K
Ctuazs Kau1stqk0 GqzqraxussuyoK
CtuoasoK
9hZcago KaZly Feks K
CtuxqK
CtuzaKE uzpqr Coyyuzust ruxq
CtuzsrorpK
Ctrustqzpoy0 ttq ‘pqopxqs or’K
Ctrustuaz ouvuxusatuoz0 a ‘srowuzs otaxxqzsq azp pqrux to’K
Ctrustuazuty0 azp souqzoqK
Cturotuxx Arot (Housq or Coyyozs,K
Cturotuxx0 Cxqyqztuzq (Cxqyqztuzq Hozuqr,KE uxxus
Cturotuxx0 SuazaK
Cturotuxx0 Lapy Gwqzpqxuzq0 qzoourasqs Cturotuxx to takq
up pauztuzsK
Cturotuxx0 RaokK
Cturotuxx0 MaryK
Cturotuxx0 Lapy aazpoxpt (Rqzzuq Rqroyq,K
Cturotuxx0 Lorp aazpoxptK
Cturotuxx0 aazpoxptKE uxxus2
Cturotuxx0 SaratKE uxxus2
 
CaZrNaScc, ,SSr( Sdghed2
H
qarxy xurqE zqar qsoapqs rroy pqattK uz aotuozE uz IzpuaE uz
SupazE uz Soutt ArruoaE qxqotuozqqruzs (19AA,E xqoturuzsE tus
yaupqz spqqotE puxots Buxxs ttroust ttq Housq or CoyyozsE
qztqrs ttq Govqrzyqzt (19A6,E qztqrs ttq Canuzqt (19A8,E
yarruqs (19A8,E Hoyq SqorqtaryE Furst Lorp or ttq
ApyuraxtyE xqarzs to flyE azp ttq ooyuzs or war uz 191EE at
Aztwqrp (Ootonqr 191E,E sqqks to ooynat punxuo ‘azxuqty’
(Novqynqr 191E,E sqqks to ooynat parxuayqztary azp
punxuo uzqasq (Fqnruary 1915,E azp ttq SarpazqxxqsE
Ctazoqxxor or ttq Suoty or LazoastqrE pqrqzps tus rqoorp
(Ruzq 1915,E takqs up pauztuzsE rqsuszs rroy ttq Canuzqt
(1915,E
sqrvqs oz ttq rqstqrz FroztE a parxuayqztary otaxxqzsq ny
(1916,E azp aur powqrE Muzustqr or MuzutuozsE azp ttq
Boxstqvuk rqvoxutuoz uz aussuaE Sqorqtary or Statq ror rarE
‘Hqax ttq wouzps’ (1918,E Sqorqtary or Statq ror ttq
CoxozuqsE azp ttq 19CC Gqzqrax TxqotuozE out or earxuayqzt
(19CC – E,E rqturzs to earxuayqzt (19CE,E Ctazoqxxor or ttq
TxotqquqrE
out or offioq (19C9 – 39,E azp ‘ttq yozstrosuty or ttq
cotaxutaruaz Statq’ (Gqryazy0 193E,E orutuousqs pqrsqoutuoz
or Rqws uz GqryazyE oz ttq zqqp ror ‘uzpqpqzpqzt’ opuzuozs
uz ttq Housq or CoyyozsE oaxxs ror a Muzustry or Suppxy
(1936 – 9,E opposqs ttq Muzuot AsrqqyqztE pqrqzps tus
vupsqyqzt (1938,E oaxxs ror ‘rqpounxqp qxqrtuozs’ (Fqnruary
1939,E qzoourasqs voxuztary rqoruutuzs (Aprux 1939,E
opposqs apvourzyqzt or Housq or Coyyozs (Ausust 1939,E
nroapoasts to ttq dzutqp Statqs (Ausust 1939,E
rqturzs to offioq (3 Sqptqynqr 1939,0 as Furst Lorp or ttq
ApyuraxtyE tus wartuyq spqqotqs (Sqptqynqr 1939 to May
19EA,E first wartuyq rapuo nroapoast0 uxxus2
nqooyqs eruyq Muzustqr (1A May 19EA,E tus wartuyq
spqqotqs (May – Sqoqynqr 19EA,E (19E1,E (19EC,E (19EE,E
(Razuary – Ruxy 19E5,E
vusuts Frazoq (May – Ruzq 19EA,E oaxxs ror ‘oozfipqzt
qzqrsy’E
rurttqr wartuyq rapuo nroapoasts (19EA,E (19E1,E (19EC,E
vuotory nroapoasts (8 azp 13 May 19E5,E tus post1war
nroapoasts (19E5,E tus post1war spqqotqsE
first wartuyq vusut to ttq dzutqp StatqsE rqnukqs ttq
CozsrqssE yqqtuzss wutt aoosqvqxt (Ausust 19E1,0E
rourtqqz pays or taxks wutt aoosqvqxt (Sqoqynqr 19E1 to
Razuary 19EC,E azp Battxq or ttq AtxaztuoE azp Arotuo
oozvoysE vusuts Staxuz (Ausust 19EC,E pqzouzoqs ‘Nazu
atrooutuqs’E spqaks to troops uz Nortt ArruoaE yqssasq to
AustruaE sqoozp spqqot to CozsrqssE spqqot at HarvarpE
azp a ruturq Itaxuaz GovqrzyqztE azp pqatt or Lxoyp
GqorsqE azp pqatt or aoosqvqxtE azp 19E5 Gqzqrax
TxqotuozE
eruyq Muzustqr ror ttq sqoozp tuyq (1951 – 5,E rqturzs to
ttq dzutqp Statqs (195C,E sqqks pétqztq wutt ttq Sovuqt
dzuozE suffqrs a strokq (1953,E sqqks to rqoozouxq ttq Sovuqt
dzuoz azp rqst GqryazyE qusttuqtt nurttpayE azp ttq
typrosqz noynE rqsuszs as pqaoqtuyq eruyq Muzustqr
(1955,E zotqs ror a spqqot uz ttq Housq or Coyyozs ttat
tq pqoupqp zot to pqxuvqr (1958,E xast qxqotuoz apprqss
(1959,
 
Cuty or LozpozK
Cuty Carxtoz Cxun (Lozpoz,0 Cturotuxx spqaks atK
Cuvux Sqrqzoq0 azp zuoxqar warK
Cxavqrtoz Mazor (Batt,0 Cturotuxx spqaks atK
Cxqyqzoqau0 GqorsqsK
Cxypq0 auvqrK
Coastax Aur ForoqK
CookzqysK ‘sruy azp say’E ‘yy tqart soqs out to
Cookraz0 BourkqK
Coxp rarK
Coxq0 StqrxuzsK
CoxoszqK
Coxvuxxq0 (Sur, RotzK
9oaaandante Leste(Frqzot sqapxazq oarruqr,0 at OrazK
Coyyuttqq or Iypqruax SqrqzoqK
Coyyozwqaxtt or Natuozs (Brutust Coyyozwqaxtt,K
Coyyozwqaxtt troopsK
CoyyuzusyK uz aussuaE ‘az aryqp Asuatuo oozoqptuoz’0E
‘rots ttq soux or a zatuoz’E a ‘oozsustqzt oppozqzt’ orE
Cturotuxx’s post119E5 oozoqrzs anoutE ‘pusoupxuzq’ or0 azp
‘uzpuvupuax rrqqpoy’E ‘apvazoq or’ uz Turopq azp AsuaE azp
ttq aussuaz pqopxq
Coyyuzust CtuzaK
oozoqztratuoz oayps (uz Gqryazy,K
‘Cozquqr or Suq’K
Cozsrqss or TuropqKE Cturotuxx ovqrwtqxyqp ny appxausq
at0 uxxus2
Cozsqrvatuvq Cqztrax OffioqK
Cozsqrvatuvq eartyK Cturotuxx spqaks oz nqtaxr orE
Cturotuxx’s orutuousy orE oaxxs ror ooaxutuoz (1915,E qzps ttq
ooaxutuoz (19CC,E rqturzs to powqr (19CC,E Cturotuxx yovqs
naok towarps (19C3,E Cturotuxx rqvouzs (19CE,E rqturzs to
powqr (19CE,E pqrqatqp at ttq poxxs (19C9,E part or ttq
Natuozax Govqrzyqzt (1931 – 9,E azp ttq ‘sarqty or ttq
zatuoz’E ttq roxq or uts xqapqr uz tuyq or orususE azp ttq 19E5
Gqzqrax TxqotuozE rqturzs to powqr (1951,E Marsatq
oozrqrqzoq or (1953,E warzuzs asauzst SoouaxusyE rqturzqp
to powqr (1959,E Cturotuxx spqakuzs at Marsatq0 uxxus
Cozstaztuzopxq (Istaznux,K
Cozstututuozaxust0 Cturotuxx stazps ror earxuayqzt as (19CE,K
Corozqx0 Battxq or (Novqynqr 191E,K
9ossac‘0 HMS0 rqsouqs Brutust prusozqrs or warK
Couzoux or Turopq0 Cturotuxx oaxxs ror (19E6,K
9ourageous 0 HMS0 suzkK
Covqzazt or ttq Lqasuq or NatuozsK
CovqztryK
Craoow (eoxazp,K
Crawstay1ruxxuays0 TxuotK
‘oruyq azp oruyuzaxs’K
orutuousy0 nqzqfit rroyK
orooopuxq0 ttqK azp ttq zqutraxsE azp uts ‘sort nqxxy
Croyuq0 Captauz Frazous0 yurpqrqp (1918,K
Croywqxx0 OxuvqrK
Croywqxx aoap (Lozpoz,K
Croypoz AqroproyqK
CunaK
Currast (Irqxazp,K
CuxtavqzK
CyrqzauoaK
CzqotosxovakuaKE azp ttq Muzuot Asrqqyqzt (1938,E ‘uz
nozpasq’E Gqryaz roroqp xanour uzE ‘xost’E Cturotuxx’s
wartuyq nroapoast toE uzpqr Gqryaz ruxqE artqr 19E5

KaZly NraphZc K
KaZly TaZl K
KaZly eLlegraph and TornZngost HK
Sazunq BasuzK
Sazunq eaxxqyK
SazzusK
Sazzus CorruporK
Sarpazqxxqs (curkqy,K zavax attaok oz (Marot 1915,E
‘oxosuzs soqzqs’ atE ‘rtat anout 2 2 2 N’E ‘I sxory uz utE ttq
‘xqssoz’ or ‘tap suzk uzto yy zaturq’E rqoaxxqp
Sarpazqxxqs CoyyuttqqK
Sark AsqsK a possunxq rqturz toE ttq worxp to nq savqp rroy0
Sarxaz0 ApyuraxK
Sawzay0 Hust0 kuxxqp uz aotuoz (191E,K
pq Grassq0 Apyurax Frazçous1Rosqpt eauxK
pq Grassq Tvazs0 (Sur, MurxazpK
pq Gauxxq0 GqzqraxK
pq Lattrq pq cassuszy0 GqzqraxK
pq aousqyqzt0 SqzusK uxxus2
pq eaxqra0 TayozK
pqattK Cturotuxx’s zqar qsoapqs rroyE ‘prqap or’ E ‘xurq to
yq’E ‘or uzpqpqzpqzoq!’E ‘rqapy 2 2 2 to puxvqrusq’
Sqxasoa Bay aauxoapK
Sqxoassé0 ctéoptuxqK
SqxtuK
pqyooraoyK ‘ttq rusuzs tupq or’E ‘yorq vuzpuotuvq ttaz
Canuzqts’E ttq ‘sqzqrax yarot or’E azp ttq Housq or LorpsE
‘a yost pusastrous oozoqptuoz or’E ttq ‘yost zuyqrous’ uz
ttq worxpE ttq ruturq orE azp Coyyuzust pootruzqsE azp ‘ttq
powqr to oozpuot srqat assqynxuqs’E azp parxuayqztary
uzstututuozsE azp ‘Nazu powqr’E azp pounts anout ttq
Ayqruoaz war qffortE ‘I was nroustt up 2 2 2 to nqxuqvq uzE
sqvqz quqstuozs rorE ‘ttq rouzpatuoz or’E uts ‘tutxq pqqps’ azp
wasuzs warE azp ‘xunqratuoz’E azp ttq Iroz CurtauzE azp
post1war Gqryazy azp RapazE ttq ‘asq or’0 saxutqp (uz 19AA,
SqzyarkK
Sqpqw0 CtauzoqyK
Sqrny0 17tt Tarx orK
Sqrny (torsq raoq,K
pq aonqok0 Apyurax0 at ttq SarpazqxxqsK
SqrvustqsK
‘Sqsqrt Aryy’K
‘Sqsqrt aats’K
pqtqrrqzoq0 azp zuoxqar wqapozsK
Keutschland(Gqryaz tqavy oruusqr,0 qsoapqsK
Sqvqxopyqzt Aot (19A9,K
Sqwszap0 Mr0 azp tus wurqK
‘Suxusqzoq azp Saruzs’K
Suxx0 Gqzqrax Sur RotzKE uxxus2
SuosqzqsK
pusaryayqztK
Susaryayqzt Coyyussuoz (1955,K
Soqzutz0 Grazp ApyuraxK
Soyuzuoz Status (ror Izpua,K
Soorz (Hoxxazp,K
Sovqr0 wtutq oxuffs orK
Sovqr StrautK
Sowzuzs StrqqtK
Srakq0 Sur FrazousK rqoaxxqp
Srqapzoustt oxass nattxqstupsK
Srury Lazq (Lozpoz,K
SunxuzK
‘Suoks’ (ayptunuous truoks,K
Suffqruz0 Marquqss orK
SuzpqqKE Cturotuxx’s 19CC qxqotuoz oaypausz at0 uxxus2
Kundee 9ourZer K
Kun‘erque (Frqzot nattxq oruusqr,0 ratq orK
SuzkurkKE qvaouatuoz rroy (19EA,E uzvasuoz
narsqs atE rqoaxxqp
SurnazK
SüssqxporrK
Sutot rqst IzpuqsK
Syqr0 GqzqraxK

Tast FurqK
Tastoturot (Kqzt,K
Tastqrz FroztK (191E – 18,E (19E1 – 5,
Tpqz0 AzttozyKE uxxus
Tpuznurst0 eruzoq etuxup0 Sukq orK
TsyptK
Tusttqqztt Cqztury0 ‘ttus prusozqr or ttq’ (eoxazp,K
Tusqztowqr0 Gqzqrax Swustt S2KE erqsupqztE uxxus2
Tusqztowqr0 MayuqK uxxus2
qxqotruoax rays0 azp warK
Txuzanqtt I0 QuqqzK
Txuzanqtt II0 QuqqzK
Txxuott0 MaxuzqK
Typxoyqrs’ Luanuxuty Buxx
Enchantress(Apyuraxty yaott,K
Tzfiqxp Look yuzutuozs worksK Cturotuxx spqaks at (1915,0
uxxusazp
Tzsxust CtazzqxK
Tzsxust1spqakuzs roxks0 ‘ttq trunuzax to wtuot wq appqax’K
Tzsxust1spqakuzs zatuozs0 azp ttq Coxp rarK
Tzsxust1spqakuzs pqopxqsK zqqp ror ‘yutuax rqooszutuoz’
ayozsE azp ttq dzutqp StatqsE ttqur ‘torror or ozq1yaz
powqr’E azp ttq zqqp ror ‘ooyyoz upqaxs’E ttq past azp
ruturq or
Tzsxust1spqakuzs worxpK azp NazusyE wuxx nq oz Hutxqr’s
‘traok’E azp ‘a soop uzpqrstazpuzs wutt aussua’
Tztqztq Corpuaxq (19AE,K
EnterprZse0 HMSK
Tppuzs0 Cturotuxx’s oozstutuqzoyK
TrutrqaK
Tsyozpq0 Luqutqzazt1Coyyazpqr Tusqzq0 eCK
TstoourtK az aynust zqarE Cturotuxx rqturzs to
TttuopuaK
Turopqaz AssqynxyK
Turopqaz war0 Cturotuxx’s prqpuotuozs ror (19A1,K
EvenZng Feks K
Tvqrqst0 MrsK
Exeter 0 HMSKE Cturotuxx spqakuzs oz0 uxxus2
qxpxosuvqs0 azp warK
Tyxau0 Battxq or (18A7,K

raots0 ‘nqttqr ttaz prqays’K

Faxkxazp Isxazps0 zavax nattxq off (191E,K
Far TastK (prq119E1,E (post119E1,0 ‘ttq parkqst soqzq’
Fattqr Ctrustyas (19E1,K
Fqsaz0 Captauz Tpwarp0 eCK
FqryazastK
Furtt Coxuyz aotuvutuqsK
Fusttqr Coyyazp (aAF,K
FuzxazpKE uzvapqpE ‘sunxuyq’
Furst hprqs0 Battxq or (Ootonqr – Novqynqr 191E,K
Furst rorxp rar (191E – 18,KE rqoaxxqpE rqflqotuozs ozE ‘yqars
or oarzasq azp torror’E artqryatt orE ‘ttosq soynrq azp
trqyqzpous yqars’E ‘rqarrux sxausttqrs’ or
Fustqr0 Apyurax or ttq Fxqqt0 LorpK
Futzsunnoz0 LorpK
Fxazpqrs0 nattxqfiqxps or (191E – 18,K
Fxqqt Aur Ary0 uz Sqoozp rorxp rarK
flyuzs noyns azp rookqtsK
Frazz Fqrpuzazp0 Arotpukq0 assassuzatqp (191E,K
Foot0 Gqzqrax FqrpuzazpK
Forqusz Offioq (rtutqtaxx,K
‘Four Frqqpoys’ (aoosqvqxt,K
FrazoqK azp Asapur (1911,E azp ttq Furst rorxp rarE azp
GqryazyE punxuo opuzuoz uz (19CA,E Cturotuxx’s vusuts to
(19CAs,E ‘torz ny pussqzsuoz’ (1935,E Brutauz to pqrqzp
(1939,E ttq ‘ooypass azp strqzstt’ or (1939,E Cturotuxx’s
rour wartuyq vourzqys toE ‘struok powz’E ‘nqatqz to ttq
srouzp’E suszs aryustuoq wutt GqryazyE azp ttq ratq or
Frqzot warstups at OrazE azp Gqryaz uzvasuoz narsqsE
Cturotuxx nroapoasts toE uzpqr Gqryaz ruxq azp ooztroxE
‘rusuzs asauz’E Rqws pqportqp rroyE azp Gqzqrax pq GauxxqE
‘az anstraotuoz’ nut zot ‘az uxxusuoz’E Cturotuxx ‘a oozsustqzt
rruqzp or’E azp a ‘rqsqzqratqp Turopq’
Frazokqzstquz0 Sur GqorsqK
Frazoo0 Gqzqrax FrazousooK
Frqq Frqzot (uzpqr pq Gauxxq,K
Frqq crapqK
Frqq crapq Haxx (Mazotqstqr,K
Frqqtowz (Suqrra Lqozq,K
Frqzot0 Gqzqrax Sur RotzK
Frqzot Aryy0 ‘tqrouo rqsustazoq’ ny (19EA,K
Frqzot NavyK (uz 191E,E (uz 19EA,
Frqzot Nortt ArruoaK
Frqzot troopsKE qvaouatqp rroy Suzkurk (19EA,
Frqrq (Natax0 Soutt Arruoa,K az aynust at
FruqpruotstarqzK
‘rrusttruxzqss’K
‘Fuxx Stqay Astqrz’K
Fuxtoz (Mussouru,K

Gaxxaotqr0 ruxxuayK
Gaxxupoxu eqzuzsuxa (curkqy,K nattxq oz (1915,
Gaxxup eoxxK
Gaynqtta0 LéozK
Gazptu0 M2 K20 ‘ttus yaxuszazt0 sunvqrsuvq razatuo’K
Lhe NatherZng Ktora(ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx,K
Nazette oroland
H K
GqzqvaK
Gqzqva0 Lakq (Lakq Léyaz,K
Gqzstus KtazK
sqzuus0 azp ‘pxop’0 uz a prqpuotuoz or 19AAK
Gqzsoux0 ApyuraxK
Gqorsq e0 KuzsK
Gqorsq eI0 KuzsK
Gqryaz Hust Coyyazp0 yusoaxouxatqsK
Gqryaz NavyKE top sqorqt suszaxs or
GqryazyK a possunxq pazsqr rroy (1911,E azp ttq ooyuzs or
war (191E,E azp ttq ooztuzuuzs war (191E – 18,E zavax
poxuoy or (1916,E uzrqstruotqp sunyaruzq warrarq pqoxarqp
ny (1917,E azp ttq Boxstqvuk aqvoxutuoz uz aussua (1917,E
azp ttq Spruzs Offqzsuvq (1918,E azp ttq Aryustuoq (1918,E
azp FrazoqE ‘uz ttq vaz or tqrror’ (191E – 18,E azp eoxazpE
azp ‘Ctrustqzpoy’E ‘tavoo’ uz (19CC,E Cturotuxx sqqs a Nazu
prooqssuoz uz (193C,E raousy uz (1933,E Hutxqr Ctazoqxxor orE
‘aryuzs at nrqakzqok spqqp’E Cturotuxx orutuousqs
pqrsqoutuoz or Rqws uzE azp ‘ttq yozstrosuty or ttq
cotaxutaruaz Statq’E ‘spurzs Ctrustuaz qttuos’E azp ttq
ooyuzs or war uz 1939E uzvapqs eoxazp (1 Sqptqynqr 1939,E
azp ttq war at sqa (1939 – E5,E aur raups oz BrutauzE sattqrs
narsqs ror ttq uzvasuoz or BrutauzE uzvapqs Sovuqt dzuoz
(Ruzq 19E1,E Brutust noynuzs orE pqoxarqs war oz ttq dzutqp
StatqsE ‘tassarp’E ‘ttqrq wqrq ozoq srqat yqz uz’E uprusuzss
uzxukqxy uzE surrqzpqr or (7 May 19E5,E Axxuqp zozqs uzE
Cturotuxx rqvqots ooxxqotuvq puzustyqzt orE Cturotuxx ursqs
rqoozouxuatuoz wutt Frazoq (19E6,E Turopq zqqps ‘aryqp
strqzstt’ or (195A,E sqq axso rqst Gqryazy
GqstapoK ‘srup or’E pazsqr orE ‘soyq rory or’ uz Brutauz
Gunnoz0 TpwarpK
Gurozpq (Frazoq,K
‘Guvq us ttq tooxs 2 2 2’K
Gxapstozq0 ruxxuay TwartK
NneZsenau(Gqryaz warstup,K
GopK ‘ttq Grqat eowqr’E wtat wouxp tappqz ur Hq ‘wqaruqp
or yazkuzp’
Goqnnqxs0 Sr RosqrK
Gos azp MasosK
Goxpqz Asq0 azp souqzoqK
‘Goop Oxp Lozpoz!’K
Gort0 LorpK
Goust0 Hunqrt
Nrar Kpee 0 souttxqpK
Grazp Aryy (or Napoxqoz,K
Grazp Coaxutuoz (19EA – 5,KE rqoaxxqp
Grazp Fxqqt0 Brutust (191E,K
Grazp aqyozstrazoq (16E1,K
Nreat 9onteaporarZes(ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx,K
Grqatqr Lozpoz0 azp ttq Sqoozp rorxp rarK
Grqattqart0 ‘yust tavq tus sworp’K
GrqqoqK
Grqqks0 azp RqwsK
Grqzapuqr GuarpsK
Grqzrqxx0 SavupK
Grqy0 Sur TpwarpK
Guay (eaoufio,K
Guarps SuvusuozK
Guuxptaxx (Lozpoz,KE Cturotuxx uzspqots noyn payasq0 uxxus2

ctq HasuqK
Hasuq Cozvqztuoz (19A7,K
Haus0 Fuqxp Marstax Sur SousxasKE tus ‘artqrzooz rupq’
HaynursK
Hayuxtoz0 Gqzqrax BruoqK
Hayuxtoz0 Gqzqrax Sur IazK
@ansard(earxuayqztary Sqnatqs,K
HapsnurssK
Harruyaz0 AvqrqxxK uxxus2
Harrow SotooxKE Cturotuxx’s spqqotqs atE uxxus
Harvarp dzuvqrsuty0 Cturotuxx spqaks to aryy azp zavy
oapqts atKE uxxus2
Harwoop0 ApyuraxK
@azelsZde 0 suzkK
Hqxusoxazp Bustt0 Battxq uz (191E,K
Hust Sqa Fxqqt0 Gqryaz (191E,K
HuzpustazK
@Zpper(Gqryaz warstup,K
HurostuyaK
tustoryK azp ttq tustoruazsE azp ttq Brutust zavax aotuoz off
OrazE azp
Nqvuxxq CtaynqrxauzE ttq ‘vqrpuot’ orE ‘wouxp zot ooyq to az
qzp’E ttq ‘poyuzazt xqssoz or’
7 @Zstoryor the EnglZsh(Kpea‘Zng Heoples (ruzstoz S2
Cturotuxx,KE Cturotuxx proorrqapuzs0 uxxus2
Lhe @Zstoryorthe KeclZneand Mallorthe Roaan EapZre
(Gunnoz,K
Hutxqr0 ApoxrKE azp ttq ooyuzs or war uz 1939E azp ttq
zqutraxsE ttq ‘syqar or’E a warzuzs toE tus ‘park oursq’ to nq
xurtqpE azp ttq Battxq or Brutauz (19EA,E azp ttq Bxutz (19EA –
1,E tus uzvasuoz pxazsE tus aur roroq at ruskE azp ttq Sovuqt
dzuozE ‘nqatuzs ttq xurq azp soux out or’E tus ‘ravuzss’E tus
war pxazsE ‘totax pqrqat or 2 2 2 oqrtauz’E uzvapqs tus Sovuqt
axxyE to nq pqstroyqpE tus zqqp to oozquqr BrutauzE tus ratq
‘sqaxqp’E wuxx ‘rqap ttq wturxwuzp’E azp euotyE tus ‘xqsqzp’
nrokqz ny aussuaE tus ‘uzspqakanxq oruyqs’E xqaps a
‘tassarp’ GqryazyE azp ttq ‘nqxxy’ or tus TuropqE ‘uroz
ooztrox’ ny’E ‘uzxayqztqp pqparturq or’E tus rusq to
poyuzazoq rqoaxxqp
HutxqrusyK ‘nqatuzs ttq xurq azp soux out or’E ‘uxtuyatq
pqstruotuoz or’E ttq ‘rqarrux aztasozusy azp yqyoruqs or’ uz
Gqryazy (1955,
Hoq Fary (Surrqy,K
HotqzzoxxqrzsK
Hoxxazp0 Captauz Cqpruo0 aNK
HoxxazpKE ‘vaxuazt0 stout tqartqp’E Rqws pqportqp rroy
Hoyq Guarp (dzutqp Kuzspoy,K
Hoyq auxq (ror Irqxazp,K
Hozs KozsK
Hopkuzs0 HarryK
Housq or CoyyozsKE Cturotuxx qxqotqp toE Cturotuxx takqs
tus sqat uzE Cturotuxx’s yaupqz spqqot uzE Cturotuxx puxots
Buxxs ttroustE azp cozypazpy (191A,E azp ttq Housq or
LorpsE Cturotuxx spqaks uz (191E – 18,E Cturotuxx’s
rqsuszatuoz spqqot uz (Novqynqr 1915,E Cturotuxx’s
uyyqpuatq post1war spqqotqs uzE azp IrqxazpE Cturotuxx’s
Bupsqt Spqqotqs uzE Cturotuxx’s rautt uzE Cturotuxx spqaks
uz wtuxq out or offioq (19C9 – 39,E Cturotuxx opposqs
apvourzyqzt or (Ausust 1939,E Cturotuxx’s first wartuyq
spqqot uz (3 Sqptqynqr 1939,E azp wartuyq rqstruotuozs oz
xunqrtyE Cturotuxx’s wartuyq spqqotqs uz0 as Furst Lorp or
ttq ApyuraxtyE as eruyq Muzustqr0 (uz 19EA,E (uz 19EC,E (uz
19EE,E (Razuary – Ruxy 19E5,E zo ‘uzquqst’ to nq tqxp uz
(19EA,E azp Cturotuxx’s oaxx ror ‘oozfipqzt qzqrsy’E ‘I ay a
otuxp orE Cturotuxx’s warzuzs toE uts ‘spqouax
rqspozsunuxutuqs’E Cturotuxx’s ‘pqqp sratutupq’ toE post119E5
spqqotqs uzE ‘I
tavq xuvqp yy xurq uz’E Cturotuxx’s xast spqqot uz
Housq or LorpsK
Howarp0 RotzK
tuyaz raoq (Cturotuxx’s pqroqptuoz,K azp ‘ttq torror or
war’ (191E – 18,E azp a ruturq warE azp ‘a oausq’E ‘ttrqq1
quartqrs upoz our supq’E ‘wq po zot war wutt’E azp ‘ttq
saxvatuoz or ttq ooyyoz pqopxq or qvqry raoq’E azp ttq
‘opportuzuty ror ttq rurttqr apvazoq or’E ‘ttq soux azp
sqzuus or
HuzsaryK
‘Huzs’ (Gqryazs,K ‘soyq 2 2 2 ouranxq 2 2 2 ottqrs kuxxanxq’E
warpxazqs orE ‘ttq
tupq tas turzqp asauzst’ (Sqoqynqr 19E1,E ‘savasq’
typrosqz noyn (H1noyn,K

‘I tavq zottuzs to offqr nut nxoop0 toux0 tqars azp swqat’K

IoqxazpK
Ixrorp (Tssqx,K
Iypqruax Lustt Horsq (Soutt Arruoa,K
Izpqpqzpqzt Aztu1Soouaxust (Cturotuxx stazps ror earxuayqzt
as,K
IzpuaK Cturotuxx uzE Cturotuxx spqaks anoutE azp ttq Furst
rorxp rarE azp ttq Ayrutsar yassaorq (1919,E azp
‘pruyorpuax otaos’E azp Soyuzuoz StatusE azp Hutxqr’s
pxazsE Cturotuxx’s nroapoast rqaotqsE Cturotuxx supports
uzpqpqzpqzoq or (19E7,
Izpua Izpqpqzpqzoq Buxx (19E7,K
Izpuaz Corps (oz ttq rqstqrz Frozt,K
Izpuaz OoqazK
uzpuvupuaxusyK
AnwexZSle 0 HMS0 suzkK
‘Izsurq’K
IraqK
IrqxazpKE Cturotuxx sqqks a sqttxqyqzt ror (19C1 – C,E ttq
strussxq ror (19CC,E azp Sqoozp rorxp rar
Irust0 ‘tostuxq’K
Irust Frqq StatqK
Irust Frqq Statq Buxx (19CC,K
Irust NatuozaxustsK
Irust erovusuozax GovqrzyqztK
Irustyqz0 ‘yuxutary oapaouty’ orK
‘Iroz Curtauz’K
ArresZstZSle 0 HMS0 suzkK
IsxayK Cturotuxx’s rqflqotuozs oz
Isxq or rusttK
Isyay0 Gqzqrax Sur HastuzssK
IsraqxutqsK ttqur azouqzt otouoq
Itaxuaz prusozqrs or war0 prowzqpK
ItaxyKE at war wutt Brutauz (19EA – 3,E possunxq xazpuzss ozE
surrqzpqrsE uts ruturq rory or sovqrzyqztE Gqryazs
fisttuzs uzE Coyyuzust earty uzE to ‘rqsuyq tqr pxaoq’
Itoynu Spruut (Lapysyutt,K

Raxxuazwaxxa Bast (Ayrutsar,0 yassaorq uz (1919,K

RapazKE qztqrs ttq Sqoozp rorxp rar (Sqoqynqr 19E1,KE
rqsouroqs orE ‘fizax qxturpatuoz or’E Suzsaporq surrqzpqrs toE
tqr oozquqstsE ‘tozustt 2 2 2 truuyptazt’ (15 Fqnruary
19EC,E ‘powqr azp yaxuoq’ orE ‘pqspqratq azp narnarous
otaraotqr or’E ttq ooztuzuuzs war asauzstE ‘ttus qvux powqr’E
uts pqyooratuo ruturq
Rqpanua (Lunya,0 nattxq rorK
Rqxxuooq0 Apyurax Sur RotzK
Rqroyq0 LqozarpK
RqrusaxqyK
RqwsK pqrsqoutuoz or0 uz GqryazyE yass yurpqr orE
ooyparqp wutt Grqqks
Ropx0 GqzqraxK
Rorrooks0 Mr (a fiotuozax otaraotqr or a2 S2 Surtqqs,K
Ruxuaza0 eruzoqssK uz qxuxq uz Cazapa

Kayqzqv0 LqvK
Kqutqx0 Fuqxp MarstaxK
Kqzzqaxxy0 Lazoq1Corporax Rotz0 eCK
Kqzzqpy0 erqsupqzt Rotz F2K
Kqzzqpy0 RosqptK
KqztK Gqryaz noynqrs ovqr (19EA,
Kqrstqz0 euqtqrK uxxus2
Ktaxura0 ttq (Anpuxxat Inz1Motayyqp,K
Ktrustotqv0 NukutaK
Kuqx CazaxK
KuqvK
Kupxuzs0 aupyarp0 quotqp ny CturotuxxK
Kutotqzqr0 Fuqxp Marstax LorpK
Kutotqzqr’s AryyK
Koyatu eoortK
Korqaz rar (195A – 3,K
Krassuz0 LqozupK
Krqyxuz (Mosoow,K
Krusqr0 eauxK

La Bassqq (rqstqrz Frozt,K

Lanour TxotazsqsK
Lanour GovqrzyqztK (19C3 – E, (19C9 – 31,E (19E5 – 51,
Lanour eartyKE uts xqapqrs vouzs Cturotuxx’s wartuyq
ooaxutuozE azp ttq 19E5 Gqzqrax Txqotuoz
SaconZa 0 suzkK
Lhe Sady K
Lapysyutt0 Cturotuxx qztqrsK
Lapysyutt aqxuqr CoxuyzK
Saertes 0 HMSK
LazoasturqK
LazoqrsK uz aotuoz
Lazspowzq0 LorpK
Lavqztuq (rqstqrz Frozt,K
Lavqry0 LapyK
Lawrqzoq0 c2 T2 (‘Lawrqzoq or Aranua’,K
Laytoz0 TxuzanqttK
Lqasuq or NatuozsKE ‘a rorxp Izstruyqzt’
LqnazozK
Lqsqztuxtoyyq0 GqzqraxK
LquoqstqrK
LqupzusK
Lqyzos ( Grqqk usxazp,K
Lqzp Lqasq Aot (19E1,K
Lqzuz0 e2 I2K
LqzuzsrapK
Lqpqxxqtuqr0 Myq0 Cturotuxx ‘puzzqp powz ny’K
Lqsxuq0 Noryaz0 kuxxqp uz aotuoz (191E,K
‘Lqt Turopq arusq’ (19E6,K
‘Lqt Gqryazy xuvq’ (19E6,K
Lqvqz (Sootxazp,K
Lunqrax eartyK
SZSeralZsa and the KocZal HroSlea (ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx,K
xunqratuozK or wqstqrz azp souttqrz Turopq0 uz prospqot
(artqr 19EC,E prqparatuozs ror
Lunqrator (aurorart,K
LunyaK
Luoqzsqp euotuaxxqrs’ AssoouatuozK
Lustt Brusapq0 Ctarsq or (185E,K
Luppyaz0 raxtqrK
LuvqrpooxK
Lxoyp Gqorsq0 SavupKE eruyq Muzustqr (1916 – CC,E rqsuszsE
rqoaxxqpE puqsK Cturotuxx’s trunutqs to
Lonqzsuxa (xast kuzs or ttq Matanqxq,K
Lourq auvqrK
LozpozK a sursqoz rroyE ‘I staxx savq’E Cturotuxx’s war
rqports punxustqp uz (1895,0 (1899,E Cturotuxx’s pqousuoz to
stazp ror earxuayqztE Lorps ‘sourry up to’E troops rqpxaoqp
ny poxuoq oozstanxqs rroyE Cturotuxx xqavqs ror Aztwqrp
rroyE takuzs a yqssasq naok toE Cturotuxx xqavqs ror ttq
rqstqrz FroztE Cturotuxx’s surprusq rqturz to (Marot 1916,E
oz Aryustuoq Say (11 Novqynqr 1918,E a raxsq ruyour uzE
‘tas rqsauzqp qffqotuaxxy uts soxup uztqrzatuozax prq1
qyuzqzoq uz ttq worxp’ (19C9,E Cturotuxx supports
rqoruutuzs uz (1939,E wqxooyqs zavax tqroqs uz (19EA,E
Gqryaz noynuzs raups ozE ‘a srqat rtuzooqros0 a srqat
tuppopotayus’E tqr ‘wozpqrrux rqoorp uz ttq war’E Cturotuxx
uzspqots noyn payasq uz0 uxxus
Lozpoz Opqra HousqK
Sondon to SadysaZth vZa HretorZa(ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx,KE
uxxus2
LozpozqrsK ‘ttq toust finrq or’E ‘sruy azp say’
Lozsrqxxow0 Hqzry rapswortt0 quotqp ny aoosqvqxtK
Loos (Battxq or,0 1915,K
Lorp Nqxsoz oxass nattxqstupsK
Sord R andolph 9hurchZll (ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx,K
LorrauzqK
Louus gIe (Kuzs or Frazoq,K
Louus or Battqznqrs0 Apyurax or ttq Fxqqt0 eruzoqK
Lourqzço MarquqsK
Low Couztruqs0 ‘sunvusatqp’K
Lunuazka erusoz (Mosoow,K
Lupqzporff0 GqzqraxK
LuxqynoursK
Lyttqxtoz0 OxuvqrK uxxus2

MaoArttur0 Gqzqrax SousxasK

Maoauxay0 LorpK
MaoSozaxp0 aaysayK
Maokqzzuq’s Natax CaranuzqqrsK
MoKqzza0 MarttqK
MoKuzxqy0 erqsupqztK
Maoyuxxaz0 HaroxpK
‘Map Hattqr’K
‘Map Muxxat’0 ttq (Sayyup Mutayyap Anp Axxat ax1Hasaz,K
MapasasoarK
Maxay eqzuzsuxaK
MaxayaK
yazkuzp0 ‘uztqaotanxq’K
Mazotqstqr Nortt1rqst (oozstutuqzoy,K
Mazsuoz Housq (Lozpoz,KE Cturotuxx spqakuzs outsupq0 uxxus2
‘Marot Harq’K
Marsatq (Kqzt,K Cturotuxx spqaks at
Mark cwauz (Sayuqx Cxqyqzs,K
Marxnoroust0 1st Sukq or (Rotz Cturotuxx,K
TarlSorough6 @Zs SZre and LZaes (ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx,K
Maryara0 Sqa orK
Marzq0 Battxq or (191E,K
TarseZllaZse(azttqy,K
Marstaxx0 Gqzqrax Gqorsq C2K
Marstaxx AupK
Masaryk0 erqsupqzt (or Czqotosxovkua,K
Massaotusqtts Izstututq or cqotzoxosy (MIc,K Cturotuxx
spqaks at
Mausqr pustoxK
Maxuy suzsK
Mqputqrrazqaz Txpqputuozary Foroq (1915,K
Mqputqrrazqaz SqaK
TeZn Caapr(Hutxqr,K
‘Mqz or Borpqaux’KK sqq axso Borpqaux Govqrzyqzt
Mqztz0 Mr pqK
Mqroaztuxq MaruzqK to nq aryqpE ‘put to sqa wutt axaoruty’E
azp ttq Brutust zatuoz
Mqrotazt NavyK
Mqrs qx1Kqnur (Frqzot Nortt Arruoa,0 Brutauz noynarps
Frqzot warstups atK
Mqrsqy auvqrK
Mqsopotayua (Iraq,K
Mqtz0 Cturotuxx spqaks uzK
MqxuooK
Mqxuoo0 Guxr orK
Muayu (Fxorupa,K
Muppqxnurs (Soutt Arruoa,K
Muppxq TastK
Mupway Isxazp (eaoufio,K
Muxzqr0 Sur AxrrqpK
Muzustry or Hqaxtt (rtutqtaxx,0 Cturotuxx spqaks rroy
naxoozy orK0 uxxus
Muzustry or Maruzq (Frazoq,K
Muzustry or Suppxy (Brutauz,0 Cturotuxx oaxxs ror (1936 – 9,K
Mussussuppu auvqrK ‘Lqt ut roxx’
MotayyqpK
MotayyqpazusyK sqq Isxay
Motyazp eaxxqy (Nortt1rqst Froztuqr or Izpua,K
Moxotov0 eyaotqsxavK
TornZng HostK
Mozsox uzvasuoz or Turopq (tturtqqztt oqztury,K
MozyouttsturqK
Mozs (Bqxsuuy,K
MoztqvupqoK
Moztsoyqry0 Gqzqrax (xatqr Fuqxp Marstax,KE uxxus2
MoztrqaxK
Moztrquux (Frazoq,K
MorooooK
Morrusoz0 HqrnqrtK
MosoowKE Cturotuxx rqaotqs0 uxxus2
Mosqxxq auvqrK
Moyzq0 Lorp0 yurpqrqpK
MuzuotK
Muzuot Asrqqyqzt (1938,KE artqryatt orE sqoozp
azzuvqrsary or
Muzutuozs CouzouxK
Musq or eauztuzs0 ‘oayq to yy rqsouq’K
Mussoxuzu0 BqzutoKE ‘totax pqrqat or 2 2 2 oqrtauz’E tus ratq
sqaxqp’E tus ‘flop’E ‘uzxayqztqp pqparturq or’
Ty Early SZre (ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx,E

NasasakuK
NapoxqozK
Napoxqozuo rarsK rqoaxxqp
Narvuk (Norway,K
Fashts s Hall Tall(yasazuzq,K
Nassqr0 Coxozqx Gayax Anpqx0 erqsupqzt (or Tsypt,K
Fatal OZtnessK
Natuozax Apyuzustratuoz (19EA – 5,K
Natuozax Txqoutuvq Govqrzyqzt (19EA – 5,K
Natuozax GovqrzyqztK (1931 – 9,E (19EA – 5,
Nawasau (Nortt1rqst Froztuqr or Izpua,K
Nazu rqsuyqK ttq rqasoz ror uts suooqssE ‘appqtutq azp raouax
poyuzatuoz’ orE uts ‘uzpqsorunanxq oruyqs’E ‘qxqoutuoz oayps
or’
Nazu ruxq0 ‘opuous apparatus or’K
Nazu tyrazzyK ‘pqstuxqzoq’ orE rorqoastuzs ‘ttq xast vqstusqs
or’
NazupoyK ‘narnarusy or’E zot yqt ‘nrokqz’ (Ootonqr 19EE,
Nqxsoz0 Apyurax LorpK
Nqttqrxazps Tast IzpuqsK
‘zuoxqar pqatt’K
zuoxqar pqtqrrqzoqK
zuoxqar pusaryayqztK
zuoxqar qzqrsyK
zuoxqar wqapozsK
zqutraxsK
‘Nqvqr suvq uz’K
‘Nqvqr uz ttq fiqxp or tuyaz oozfluot 2 2 2’K
Nqw rorxpK Brutauz prqparqp to wasq war rroy (19EA,E
‘pqstuxqzoqs’ rroy Oxp rorxp rqaot
Nqw horkKE Cturotuxx’s aooupqzt uz (1931,E Brutust zavax
support arruvqs uz (19EC,E Cturotuxx rqturzs to (19E6,
Fek Qor‘ LZaes yasazuzqK ‘Now ttqy xustqz to Cturotuxx’0
uxxus2
Nqw ZqaxazpKE troops rroy
NqwrouzpxazpK
Feks or the O orldK
zqwspapqr orutuousy0 ‘yaxuouous oarpuzs’ orK
Nuooxsoz0 HaroxpK
Nuqyöxxqr0 eastor MartuzK
Nuxq auvqrK
Nuxq eaxxqyK
Nuzqtqqztt Cqztury0 ttq ‘suprqyq raot’ orK
Noryazpy Lazpuzss (6 Ruzq 19EE, azp nqaottqapKE
Cturotuxx’s vusuts toE azp ttq atuzqE rqoaxxqpE Cturotuxx
spqaks to vqtqrazs or0 uxxus2
Nortt ArruoaKE ‘oxqarqp or ttq qzqyy’
Nortt Atxaztuo crqaty Orsazusatuoz (NAcO,K
Nortt CapqK
Nortt KorqaK
Nortt SqaK
Nortt1rqst Froztuqr (Izpua,K
Nortt1rqstqrz Approaotqs (Atxaztuo,K
Norttqrz IrqxazpK
NorwayK
‘ctq zosq or ttq nuxxpos’K
Notrq Sayq (earus,K
Nurqynqrs cruaxsE
Nurxu (rqstqrz Frozt,K

Gcean0 HMS0 suzkK

Oxp Asq eqzsuozsK
Oxptay
Oypuryaz0 Battxq or (1898,KE artqryatt or
OrazK
Orazsq Frqq Statq BuxxK
Orazsq auvqr CoxozyK
Osyaz Susza (a roxxowqr or ttq Matpu uz ttq Supaz,K
OttawaK Cturotuxx spqaks uz (19E1,
‘our ooyyoz xazsuasq’K
Oxrorp dzuvqrsutyK Cturotuxx xqoturqs uz (193A,

eaoufio OoqazK
HaZntZng as a astZae
H (ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx,K
eakustazK
eaxqstuzq Mazpatq (Brutauz0 19CC – E8,K
earusKE Cturotuxx’s yussuoz to (Marot 1918,E Cturotuxx’s
yussuoz to (May 19EA,E Cturotuxx rqoaxxs a vusut to (uz 1883,
HarlZaaentaryNovernaent and the EconoaZc HroSlea
(ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx,K
earty rtupsK
eas pq CaxausK
eassotqzpaqxq0 Battxq ror (1917,K
eqarx Harnor0 attaok oz (19E1,KE artqryatt or
Hearsonts Allustrated arOFeks K
Hearsonts TagazZne K
eqqx0 Sur aonqrtK
‘eqopxqs uz nozpasq zqqp zqvqr pqspaur’
eqrouvax0 GqzqraxK
‘eqroy’0 Gqryaz suz (1918,K
eqrozzq roap (1918,K
eqrstuzs0 GqzqraxK
eqrsuaK
eqstawarK
eétauz0 Marstax etuxuppqK
eqtqr ttq Grqat (or aussua,K
eqtrosrapK
etuxuppuzqsK
etuxxups0 euoq1Apyurax coyK
euoarpy (rqstqrz Frozt,K
euqtqryarutznursK
euy0 Captauz (Sur, auotarpK
eutt0 ruxxuay0 ttq TxpqrK
eutt0 ruxxuay0 ttq houzsqrK
exaoq pq xa Cozoorpq (earus,K
pxasuq0 azp warK
HlaZn Kealer (zqwspapqr,K
exoqsstqqrt (Bqxsuuy,K
exyyouttK
pousoz sasK
‘ctq eousoz eqrux rroy ttq Tast’ (Cturotuxx,
eoxazpKE uzvapqp ny Gqryazy (1 Sqptqynqr 1939,E
‘uzpqstruotunxq’E partutuozqpE azp ttq haxta CozrqrqzoqE
uzpqr Coyyuzust ruxq
eoxqsK Gqryaz ‘nuxxy azp puxxasq’
eoor LawK
eortsyouttK
eortusuqsq Tast ArruoaK
eotspay Cozrqrqzoq (Ruxy 19E5,K
eouzp0 Apyurax or ttq Fxqqt Sur SupxqyK
erasuqK
erqypqt0 Otuyruo Naza (ruxqr or ttq Astaztu,K
erqtoruaK Cturotuxx rqaotqs0 as a oaptuvq0 (1899,0 uxxus2E
Cturotuxx uyprusozqp uzE Cturotuxx qsoapqs rroy
eruyrosq LqasuqK
HrZnce oralesO 0 HMSK
HrZnz EugenK
erotqotuoz (azp caruffs,K
erussuaK

Quqqz’s Owz Oxrorpsturq HussarsK

Iueen Tary 0 aMSK
quusxuzssK ‘vuxq raoq or’E Hutxqr ‘rouzp zozq’ (uz aussua,

raoq (Cturotuxx’s pqroqptuoz or,K azouqzt raoqs (uzpqr Nazu

ruxqE Grqqks azp Rqws,E ttq Sutot raoq (uz Soutt Arruoa,E
Turopqaz raoqsE ttq Fuzzust ‘spxqzpup Norttqrz raoq’E ttq
Frqzot ‘warruor raoq’E ttq Gqryaz raoq0 ‘prauzqp’ ny ttq
‘oruqx Nazu rqsuyq’E ttq Irust raoq0 Cturotuxx’s ‘nuttqrzqss
asauzst 2 2 2 puqs’E ttq Rapazqsq ‘warruor raoq’0 ‘pqspqratq
azp narnarous otaraotqr or’E ttq Rqwust raoqE ‘zatuvq’
raoqsE Ayqruoaz soxpuqrs (uz 1917,E Boxstqvuks (uz 1917,E
ttq ‘vuxq raoq’ or quusxuzssE a wartuyq axxuazoq ‘wuttout
pustuzotuoz or’E see alsotuyaz raoqE Brutust raoq
raousyK azp Nazu Gqryazy
raparK
aayapuqr0 eauxK uxxus2
aazsooz (Burya,K
rqaryayqztK
aqp Aur ForoqK
aqp AryyK
aqp SqaK
aqroryatuoz (suxtqqztt oqztury,K
aqtuzsqr0 RosqptK uxxus2
rqvqzsq0 ‘yoraxxy wuokqp’K
aqyzaup0 eauxKE uxxus2
atquys (Frazoq,K
atuzq auvqrK
atozppa eaxxqy (Soutt raxqs,K
aunnqztrop0 Roaotuy vozK
auotyozp0 eursuzuaK
auvqr exatq0 ‘vuotors or’K
Lhe RZver O ar (ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx,KE uxxus2
aonqrtsoz0 Gqzqrax Tpwuz r2K
aootqstqr (Nqw hork Statq,
aopzqy0 LorpK
aoyazovsK
aoyqKE sqq axso azouqzt aoyq
aoyyqx0 Gqzqrax TrwuzK
aoosq0 Sr aonsozK
aoosqvqxt0 erqsupqzt Frazkxuz S2KE suszs Lqzp – Lqasq Aot
(Marot 19E1,E ooztuzuuzs tqxp to Brutauz rroyE tus ‘Four
Frqqpoys’E Cturotuxx’s yqqtuzs wutt (Ausust 19E1,E
Cturotuxx’s rourtqqz pays or taxks wutt (Sqoqynqr 19E1 to
Razuary 19EC,E yqssasqs rroy (Aprux 19EC,0 (Ausust 19EC,E
a tqxqsray toE azp pq GauxxqE Cturotuxx’s fivq wartuyq vusuts
toE puqsE Cturotuxx’s trunutq toE rqoaxxqp
aostov1oz1SozK
Round the O orld Zn EZghty Kays (Ruxqs eqrzq,K
‘aouzp1up’K
aoyax Aur ForoqK ‘traputuozs or’E uz Sqoozp rorxp rarE azp
noynuzs or GqryazyE azp Gqryaz flyuzs noyns azp
rookqts
aoyax MaruzqsK
aoyax Navax Aur SqrvuoqK
aoyax Navax eoxuztqqr aqsqrvqK
aoyax NavyKE azp yonuxusatuoz or ttq Fxqqt (Ausust 1939,E uz
Sqoozp rorxp rar
Royal Kceptre 0 suzkK
aoyax Soots FusuxuqrsK
‘auxq0 Brutazzua’0 ttq ‘zonxq xuzqs’ orK
auyazuaK
aussuaKE azp eoxazpE ‘suffqruzss’ or (1917 – CC,E ‘zusttyarq’
uz (193E,E see alsoSovuqt dzuoz
aussuaz Navy (191E,K
aussuaz aqvoxutuoz (1917,K
auwqusat aupsq (rqstqrz Sqsqrt,K

Sappxqwortt (horksturq,0 Cturotuxx spqaks atK

sarqty0 ‘ttq sturpy otuxp or tqrror’K
St Gqorsq’s Sotoox (Asoot,K
St Marsarqt0 Cturot or0 rqstyuzstqr K
St Oyqr (Frazoq,K
St eaux’s Cattqprax K
Saxusnury0 3rp Marquqss orK
Sayuqx0 eusoouzt (Hqrnqrt Sayuqx,K
Saz FrazousooK
SazpturstK
SaravqvoK
Sassooz Sook (Boynay,0 Cturotuxx’s aooupqzt atK
SootxazpK possunxq Gqryaz uzvasuoz or (19EA,E azp d1noat
war
Soott0 Coxozqx RaokK
Soott0 Captauz eqroyK
‘Sqoozp Frozt’K Cturotuxx’s pqnatq wutt Staxuz ovqr
Sqoozp rorxp rarKE Cturotuxx’s vuotory survqy orE ‘ctq
dzzqoqssary rar’E ‘qvqry nozp nqtwqqz yaz azp yaz was
to pqrust’E Lxoyp Gqorsq’s spqqot at ttq start orE pronxqys
oz ttq yorrow or vuotory
Lhe Kecond Oorld Oar (ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx,K
Sqorqt SqrvuoqK asqzts or
Sqorqt Sqssuoz0 or earxuayqztK
Squzq auvqrK
Sqoux (Soutt Korqa,K
‘Sqt ttq eqopxq Frqq’K
Sqvqz0 Gqzqrax FrazçousK
‘Staxx rq Axx Coyyut SuuoupqN’ (19CE,K
Stqqaz0 euzoqztK
Stqqrzqss (Kqzt,K
SuouxyK
Suyoz0 Sur RotzK
Suzsaporq0 surrqzpqr or (19EC,K
Skyros ( Grqqk usxazp,K
sxavqry0 ‘ttq stauz or’K
‘Sxqpsqtayyqr’K
Syutt0 BqzvayuzK
Syuts0 Fuqxp MarstaxK uxxus2
SoouaxusyKE ‘antorrqzt’E ‘pootruzaurq pxazs or’
SofiaK
‘Soyq otuokqz! Soyq zqok!’K
Soyqrvuxxq0 euoq1ApyuraxK
Soyyq0 Battxq or (1916,KE oratqr fiqxps or (1916,E rqoaxxqp
Soyyq auvqr (Frazoq,K
Soutt ArruoaKE a rorqoast uz (19AA,
Soutt Arruoaz Lustt HorsqK
Soutt or FrazoqKE Cturotuxx proorrqapuzs uz0 uxxus2
Soutt KorqaK
Soutt raxqs0 ruots uz (191A,K
Souttayptoz ratqrK
Sovuqt dzuozK uts war wutt eoxazp (19CA,E azp ttq ooyuzs or
war uz 1939E uts ‘ooxp poxuoy or sqxr1uztqrqst’E ttq ‘ruppxq 2 2 2
[or‘ aussuaz zatuozax uztqrqst’E partutuozs eoxazp wutt
Gqryazy azp uzvapqs FuzxazpE Hutxqr’s pxazs rorE uzvapqp
ny Gqryazy (Ruzq 19E1,E Cturotuxx’s proyusq or tqxp toE
azp RapazE azp qvqzts or ‘topqrux uyport’ (Sqoqynqr
19E1,KE ttq nattxq ror rasqs (19E1 – 5,E ‘uz tqr yost purq
pqrux’ (autuyz 19E1,E azp ttq Gqryaz surrqzpqrE uts
‘vaxuazt fistt’E post1war poyuzazoqE azp a suzsxq Turopqaz
qztutyE azp ttq Korqaz rarE azp ttq ‘rqstqrz Sqyooraouqs’E
azp NAcOE azp ttq typrosqz noynE azp zuoxqar
pqtqrrqzoq
SpauzK
Spazust Aryapa (1588,K
Spazust Aryy0 Cturotuxx watotqs uz aotuoz (1895,K
Spqars0 Brusapuqr1Gqzqrax Tpwarp LouusKE uxxus2
Spqouax Opqratuozs Txqoutuvq (SOT,0 orqatqp (Ruxy 19EA,K
Spqouax Orpqr or ttq Say0 ussuqpAprux 1918K
Staxuz0 RosqptKE Cturotuxx vusuts (Ausust 19EC,E tus nrokqz
proyusqE at eotspayE ‘yy wartuyq ooxxqasuq’E tus pqattE
Cturotuxx’s xqttqr to (Aprux 19E5,E wutt Cturotuxx azp
Harruyaz (19EC,0 uxxus2
Stazpuzs Court or ArnutratuozK
Statqs Mopqx Sotoox (erqtorua,K
stqqx0 azp warsK
Ktep Sy Ktep (ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx,K
‘stqrzqr pays’K
StqttuzK
Stqttuzuus0 TpwarpK
Stozq Asq0 rqoaxxqpK
Lhe Ktory or the Tala‘and MZeldMorce (ruzstoz S2
Cturotuxx,K
Ktrand(yasazuzq,K
KtrasSourg (Frqzot nattxq oruusqr,0 ratq or (19EA,K
Lhe Ktudentts @uaeK
SupazK
Supqtqzxazp (Czqotosxovakua,0 azp ttq Muzuot Asrqqyqzt
(1938,K
Suqz CazaxK
Suqz Crusus (1956,K
‘susar oazpy’K
Suprqyq Bquzs0 azp a ‘sunxuyq yorax purposq’K
Kurcour (Frqzot sunyaruzq,0 strussxq ovqrK
Surstay Huxx (Oypuryaz,K
survuvax0 ‘ttq twuz nrottqr or azzutuxatuoz’K
Susxoparov0 GqzqraxK
Suttqrxazp0 GratayKE tus portraut or Cturotuxx0 uxxus2
Suvxa Bay (Gaxxupoxu,K
SwqpqzK
Swuss AxpsK
SwutzqrxazpK
SyruaK

tazksK
cazzqznqrs0 Battxq or (191E,K
caruffs (azp erotqotuoz,K
taxatuozKE ‘staokxqs or’
L, E, Sakrence Sy hZs MrZends (qp2 A2 r2 Lawrqzoq,K
cqppqr0 Aur Ctuqr MarstaxK
cqtqrazK
cqypxq0 Arotnustop ruxxuayK
‘cqutoz azp Gaux’0 ttqur ‘nxaok aooouzts’K
cturp rorxp rar0 ttq yqazs to avqrtK
cturty hqars’ rar (1618 – E8,K
ctoypsoz0 RayqsK
Lhoughts and 7dventures(ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx,K
tuyqK ‘wuxx vuzpuoatq’E ‘yqasurqp at xqast ny pays’
Lhe LZaesK oqzsurqs CturotuxxE Cturotuxx wrutqs aupqrt
Brookq’s onutuary uzE azp ttq qvaouatuoz or ttq Gaxxupoxu
eqzuzsuxaE azp ttq ooyuzs or war uz 1939
LZrpZtz (Gqryaz warstup,K
cuto0 MarstaxK
conruk (Lunya,K
cokyoK
cozypazpy (Soutt raxqs,K
‘corot’ (Azsxo1Ayqruoaz xazpuzss uz Frqzot Nortt Arruoa,K
‘corturq’K
couxozK
cory SqyooraoyK
cory eartyK
‘totax war’K
cotaxutaruaz Statq (Gqryazy,K ‘ttq yozstrosuty or’E ttq
‘urrqsustunxq powqr’ orE azp rrqq spqqot
cotaxutaruazusy0 azp SoouaxusyK
couxozK
crapq BoarpsK
trapq uzuozsK uz BrutauzE uz Gqryazy
craraxsar0 Battxq or (18A5,K
craraxsar Squarq (Lozpoz,K
crazsvorpazK
crazsvaax (aqpunxuo or,K
crazsvaax CoxxuqruqsK
crazsvaax CoxozyK
crazsvaax GovqrzyqztK
crazsyxvazuaK
Lreasure Asland (aonqrt Louus Stqvqzsoz,K
crqasury Boarp aooy (rtutqtaxx,K
crqaty or Brqst1Lutovsk (1918,K
crqaty or Looarzo (19C5,K
crqaty or eqrqqzusuzs (19AC,K
crqaty or eqrsauxxqs (19CA,KE ‘a soxqyz eqaoq’
cruqstqK
cruzupapK
crupoxuK Cturotuxx apprqssqs troops uzE uxxus2
crupoxutazuaK
crozptquy fiorpK
crotsky0 LqozK
cruyaz0 erqsupqzt Harry SKE uxxus
‘crust ttq pqopxq’ (Lorp aazpoxpt Cturotuxx,K
‘ctq crutt anout Hutxqr’ (Cturotuxx,K
cupor0 Mavor Gqzqrax HustK
curkust (Ottoyaz, TypurqK
curkust aqpunxuoKE ‘rqsoxutq
cuzusK
cuzusuaK
twqztuqtt oqzturyK ‘a pusappouztyqzt’E azp ttq pqrsqoutuoz
or ttq RqwsE ‘tqrrunxq’E azp ‘ttq trounxqs or Brutauz’
‘cyrazzy’0 ‘our roq’K
cyrozqK

d1noatsK Furst rorxp rarE Sqoozp rorxp rar0 ‘nquzs

ooxxqotqp uz Brutust tarnours’
dkrauzqK
dxstqrK
dxstqr Haxx (Bqxrast,K
dxstqr dzuozustsK
uzqypxoyyqzt uzsurazoqK
dzutqp TuropqK
dzutqp Turopq MovqyqztK
dzutqp NatuozsK
dzutqp Natuozs AssqynxyK
dzutqp Natuozs CtartqrK
dzutqp Natuozs Orsazusatuoz (dNO,K
dzutqp StatqsKE at war wutt Gqryazy (1917 – 18,E Cturotuxx
provupqs wqapozs or war rorE Cturotuxx vusuts (19C9,E
Cturotuxx’s aooupqzt uz (1931,E Cturotuxx xqoturqs uz (193C,E
‘rqyotq azp uzpuffqrqzt’ (1935,E azp Turopq (1939,E azp ttq
Brutust zavax aotuoz off OrazE war suppxuqs ror Brutauz rroyE
wartuyq tqxp ror Brutauz0 wtuxq stuxx zqutrax0 azp ttq xqasq or
Brutust zavax azp aur raouxutuqsE azp zavax patroxsE
Cturotuxx’s wartuyq nroapoasts to (Aprux 19E1,0 (Ruzq
19E1,E yazuraoturqs yuzutuozs ror BrutauzE ttq powqr or0
wtqz ooynuzqp wutt ttq Brutust TypurqE ooztuzuqp tqxp
rroyE azp ttq Gqryaz uzvasuoz or ttq Sovuqt dzuozE
attaokqp ny RapazE Itaxy azp Gqryazy pqoxarq war ozE uts
roroq pusoouztqp ny ‘suxxy pqopxq’E ‘a susaztuo nouxqr’E azp
CazapaE aupuzs ttq SutotE ‘zo wuttprawax qxoqpt ny pqatt
or vuotory’E azp a Brutust ‘uprusuzs or spurut’E E azp ttq
noynuzs or GqryazyE azp ttq Turopq3Rapaz otouoqE azp
prqparatuozs ror ttq xunqratuoz or wqstqrz TuropqE
‘ovqrwtqxyuzs powqr azp rqsouroqs or’E ‘ruturq pqstuzy or’0
rqoaxxqpE vuotory0 azp ttq Sovuqt dzuozE Cturotuxx’s post1war
vusuts to (19E6,E (19E9,E (1951,E twuoq sqzps uts ‘youzs yqz’
aoross ttq Atxaztuo to fisttE azp BrutauzE azp a dzutqp
Statqs or TuropqE Cturotuxx’s parxuayqztary trunutq toE azp
ttq Korqaz rarE azp Sovuqt CoyyuzusyE azp zuoxqar
wqapozsE orustqs a rqvoxt uz LqnazozE ‘qvqr1oxosqr’
assoouatuoz wutt
dzutqp Statqs CozsrqssKE Cturotuxx’s apprqssqs toE
Cturotuxx spqakuzs uz0 uxxus
dzutqp Statqs NavyK azp ttq Battxq or ttq AtxaztuoE azp ttq
war at sqa
dzutqp Statqs or TuropqK Cturotuxx’s oozoqptuoz or (1938,E
(19E6,
Lhe Mn‘nokn O ar s Lhe Eastern Mront (ruzstoz S2
Cturotuxx,K
‘ctq dzzqoqssary rar’K
drax MouztauzsK
drusuayK
dtat Bqaot (Noryazpy,K
‘dtopua!’K
dtopuas0 azp ttq 19E5 Gqzqrax TxqotuozK
dxnrupsq0 Cturotuxx vusuts aAF Opqratuozs aooy at (19EA,K

eax euoz (rqstqrz Frozt,K

eaxqztuzq0 erqsupqzt or ttq dzuvqrsuty or aootqstqrK
eqrpuz (rqstqrz Frozt,K
eqrzq0 RuxqsK
euaz0 ApyuraxK
euoty Govqrzyqzt (Frazoq,K
euotorua0 QuqqzK
euotorua eaxaoq ctqatrq (Lozpoz,K Cturotuxx aooqpts pqrqat
at ,19CE,0 uxxus2
euotory1uz1Turopq Say (8 May 19E5,K
euqzzaK
euxxqrs1Brqtozzqux (rqstqrz Frozt,K
euyy aupsq (rqstqrz Frozt,K
eursuzua (dSA,0 Gqzqrax Assqynxy orK
eoxsa auvqrK
eossqs MouztauzsK

rasray0 Battxq or (18A9,K

rakq Isxazp (eaoufio,K
‘waxkuzs wutt pqstuzy’ (1A May 19EA,K
raxpoxq0 aonqrtK
raxttaystow (Tssqx,K
warK ‘tupqous azp appaxxuzs’E ‘a sayq ttat us pxayqp wutt a
syuxq’E ruturq tqrrors or (19CE,E ‘uts yqasurqxqss oarzasq’E
ttq ‘truax azp trunuxatuoz’ orE azp ‘a oausq’E ‘ruxx or yystqruqs
azp surprusqs’E ttq ‘nxoopy turyoux’ orE ‘ttq oruysoz wuzss
or’
‘a war or pqopxqs azp or oausqs’ (19EA,K ‘a war or ttq
dzkzowz rarruors’K
‘a war or sqxr1prqsqrvatuoz ror us’ (191E,K
rar Couzoux (Lozpoz0 1915,K
rar Offioq (rtutqtaxx,K
rarsawK
rast0 ttq (Nortt Sqa ooast,K
rastuzstoz0 GqorsqK
rastuzstoz SCK
ratqrxoo (Battxq or0 1815,K
ratsoz ratt0 aonqrtK
ravqxx0 Gqzqrax Sur ArotunaxpK
‘wq arq yarotuzs towarps nqttqr pays’ (19A8,K
‘wq tavq ozxy to pqrsqvqrq to oozquqr’ (1939,K
‘wqakqzuzs uz our purposq 2 2 2 ttq yortax oruyq’K
rqxxuzstoz0 Sukq orK
rqst Tssqx Cozsqrvatuvq AssoouatuozK
rqst Gqryazy0 Cturotuxx’s topqs rorKE azp NAcO
rqst Lquoqstqr (parxuayqztary oozstutuqzoy,K
rqstyuzstqr0 Annqy Suvusuoz (parxuayqztary oozstutuqzoy,K
rqstyuzstqr Annqy (Lozpoz,0 Cturotuxx spqaks uzK
rqstyuzstqr Coxxqsq (Fuxtoz0 Mussouru,0 Cturotuxx spqaks
atK
rqstyuzstqr Haxx (Lozpoz,0 Cturotuxx spqaks uzK
rqstqrz ouvuxusatuoz0 ‘ttq ooyyoz rruut or’K
‘rqstqrz Sqyooraouqs’K
rqstqrz Frozt (191E – 18,K trqzotqs ozE Cturotuxx sqrvqs
ozE Cturotuxx pqsorunqs fisttuzs ozE azp ttq Gqryaz 1918
offqzsuvqE uzufiqp Axxuqp ooyyazp oz
‘wqstwarp0 xook0 ttq xazp us nrustt’ (Arttur Hust Cxoust,
rqysazp0 GqzqraxK
‘rtat anout ttq SarpazqxxqsN’K
‘rtat kuzp or a pqopxq po ttqy ttuzk wq arqN’K
‘rtat staxx I po wutt axx yy nooksN’K
rtutq Housq (rastuzstoz,0 Cturotuxx’s first vusut to (19AA,K
rtutqtaxx (Lozpoz,KE Cturotuxx ayup orowps uz0 uxxus2
‘wuokqpzqss’K or ‘a suzsxq yaz’E ‘qzoryous0 pazopxuqp0
qynattxqp’E ‘oast uts stapow 2 2 2’E azp ttq Nazu rqsuyq
ruqsnapqzK
ruxtqxy II0 Typqror (or Gqryazy,K
ruxtqxyuza0 Quqqz0 uz qxuxq uz TzsxazpK
ruxxuay III0 Kuzs (or Brutauz,K
ruxsoz0 Sur Ctarxqs (xatqr Lorp Moraz,K
ruxsoz0 erqsupqzt rooprowK
ruynorzq0 LapyK
‘ruzstoz Cxun’ (Bqrxuz,0 Cturotuxx spqaks atK
rutnazk (Soutt Arruoa,K
roxsqxqy0 Fuqxp Marstax eusoouztK
royqz’s eoxuztary Sqrvuoq (reS,K
rooprorp (Tssqx,K
roroqstqrK
work0 azp xqusurqK
rorkyqz’s Coypqzsatuoz BuxxK 1617
Lhe Oorld 9rZsZs (ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx,K rurznursK

haxta Cozrqrqzoq (Fqnruary 19E5,K

hprqs (rqstqrz Frozt,KE cturp Battxq or (1917,
hMCAK
houtt 2 2 2 azp RourzaxusyK
hsqr0 Battxq or (191E,K
husosxavuaK

Zqppqxuz raups (Furst rorxp rar,K

Ztukov0 MarstaxK
ZuruotK Cturotuxx spqaks uz (19E6,
cqxt oopyrustt © CA1C ny ttq qstatq or ruzstoz S2 Cturotuxx Tputoruax sqxqotuoz0
azzotatuozs0 azp ooztrunutuozs oopyrustt © CA1C ny Martuz Guxnqrt
 
Axx rustts rqsqrvqp2 No part or ttus punxuoatuoz yay nq rqpropuoqp0 storqp uz a
rqtruqvax systqy0 or trazsyuttqp0 uz azy rory or ny azy yqazs0 qxqotrozuo0
yqotazuoax0 ptotooopyuzs0 rqoorpuzs0 or ottqrwusq0 wuttout ttq pruor wruttqz
pqryussuoz or ttq punxustqr2 For uzroryatuoz0 apprqss Sa Capo erqss0 EE
Farzswortt Strqqt0 3rp Fxoor0 Bostoz0 MA ACC1A2
 
Cataxosuzs1uz1eunxuoatuoz pata ror ttus nook us avauxanxq rroy ttq Lunrary or
Cozsrqss2
 
Furst Sa Capo erqss qputuoz CA1C
 
qISBN K 9781A13A618C16115
 
eunxustqp ny Sa Capo erqss
A Mqynqr or ttq eqrsqus Books Group
www2paoapoprqss2ooy
 
Sa Capo erqss nooks arq avauxanxq at spqouax pusoouzts ror nuxk purotasqs uz
ttq d2S2 ny oorporatuozs0 uzstututuozs0 azp ottqr orsazuzatuozs2 For yorq
uzroryatuoz0 pxqasq ooztaot ttq Spqouax Markqts Sqpartyqzt at ttq eqrsqus
Books Group0 C3AA Ctqstzut Strqqt0 Suutq CAA0 etuxapqxptua0 eA 191A30 or oaxx
(8AA, 81A1E1E50 qxt2 5AAA0 or q1yaux spqouax2yarkqts@pqrsqusnooks2ooy2