ÌÏÒ×ÏËÏÂÉÀ 237

ufycfpqdhekb cbn'df (cbn'dfajhvf) tvs[dtdf bv thstekc= hjvtk-

cfw bynebwbehfl ufvjd'jas\

18\ tyj,hbdb ajhvbc eiefkj itvflutykt,b

18\1\ Ìjhatvfsf rkfct,b itb.kt,f ufvjb'jc bv ufhtvjwdfsf cf-

ae.dtkpt= hjvkt,ibw tc vjhatvt,b dkbylt,f\ vfufkbsfl= mfh-
sekib vhfdkj,bsb hbw[dbc ufvjv[fndtkb {-t,} vjhatvbc oby it-
b.kt,f itud[dltc ,bz-= cf[k-= [tk- lf c[df vjhatvt,b= hjvkt,bw
ufthsbfylt,f vjhatvfsf cfthsj rjyntmcneh rkfcib+ tc rkfcb bm-
yt,f ufyc[dfdt,ekb rts-= w[tk-= ity- lf c[df vjhatvfsf rkfct,bcf-
ufy= hflufy bcbyb ud[dlt,f fhf vhfdkj,bsb hbw[dbc vfxdtyt,kbc=
fhfvtl c[df= vbcb ]jvjajyehb -t, ceabmcbc oby\ fv rkfcib fh itdf
fhw fdflv'ja-= vityt,tk-= jhw[j,bk- vbvltdhj,t,b= hjvkt,bw=
vfhsfkbf= vhfdkj,bsb hbw[dbc ufvjv[fndtkb {-t,} vjhatvbc oby
lfcnehlt,bfy= vfuhfv thspt vtn vjhatvfc itbwfdty\
pjuflfl| A vjhatvf ufytresdyt,f vjhatvfsf rjyntmcneh
rkfcc fy= vfhnbdfl= vjhatvek rkfcc= hjvtkbw ufybcfpqdht,f ( )x
ufhtvjwdbs= se Ax fhbc ufvjyfsmdfvb fy vbcb yfobkb\ vfifcflfvt=
vjhatvek rkfcc itflutyty vjwtvek ufhtvjwdfib ehsbthsityfw-
dkt,flb vjhatvt,b\
vjhatvfsf ufhrdtekb vbvltdhj,f ufytresdyt,f vjhatvek
vbvltdhj,fsf rkfcc= hjvtkbw itvltuyfbhfl ufybcfpqdht,f| tc fhbc
'dtkf bctsb vbvltdhj,bc cbvhfdkt= hjvtksf gbhdtkb vjhatvf
ufytresdyt,f bvfdt vjhatvek rkfcc= hjvtkcfw vjwtvekb vbv-
ltdhj,bc gbhdtkb vjhatvf= vtjht ─ bvfdt vjhatvek rkfcc=
hjvtkcfw vjwtvekb vbvltdhj,bc vtjht vjhatvf lf f\i\ vfifcflfvt=
fqybiyekb rkfcbc vbvltdhj,t,ib vjhatvfsf hfjltyj,f thsyfbhbf\
bctsb ufvjyfsmdfvt,b= hjujhbw fhbc vfvf-gfgf= mfk-df;b= lf-.vf+
[tkat[itrhekb= sfdmelvjukt/bkb lf c[d\ vbvltdhj,fsf thsb lf
bvfdt rkfcbc otdht,bf\
'jdtkb wfkrt fqt,ekb vjhatvf itb.kt,f ufydb[bkjs hjujhw
vbvltdhj,f= vfuhfv fhf gbhere\ fmtlfy ufvjvlbyfht= 'jdtkb vjhat-
vekb rkfcb vbvltdhj,fsf rkfcbf= vfuhfv vbvltdhj,fsf rkfcb it-
b.kt,f vjhatvekb rkfcb fh b'jc\

18\2\ Üfvjdf'fkb,js lt,ekt,f= hjvtkbw fhct,bsbf vstkb itv-

lujvb fyfkbpbcfsdbc\
238 ÈÀÅÉ ÌÄÏÈáÄ

vbvltdhj,f= hjvtkbw ufytresdyt,f vbvltdhj,fsf A rkfcc= itb.-

kt,f itdfyfwdkjs vbvltdhj,fsf ufyc[dfdt,ekb B rkfcbc otdhbs\
vfufkbsfl= ltlf lf vfvf vbvltdhj,f itb.kt,f itdfyfwdkjs bcbyb
vbvltdhj,bs| ltlf lf vfvf vjdblyty lf bcbyb vjdblyty mfhsekib
cojhb ufvjyfsmdfvt,bf\
ltlf lf vfvf vjdblyty→ bcbyb vjdblyty\

a b
vbvltdhj,f itb.kt,f ityfwdkt,ekb bmytc c[df rkfcbc otdhbs=
t\b\ ufyc[dfdt,ekb cnhemnehbc vmjyt vbvltdhj,bs\
se vbvltdhj,f itb.kt,f itdfyfwdkjs bvfdt fy eahj vtnb hf-
jltyj,bc vjhatvfsf itvwdtkb rjycnhemwbbs= vfiby fvjcfdfk vbv-
ltdhj,fc deojlt,s vbqt,ekb vbvltdhj,bc vjltkc= [jkj itvyfw-
dkt,tk vbvltdhj,fc ─ fv vjltkbc ufikfc\ vfifcflfvt= se hjvt-
kbvt a vbvltdhj,f b vbvltdhj,bc ufikff= vfiby b fhbc a vbvltdhj,bc
vjltkb\

18\3\ Äc ltabybwbt,b lfudt[vfht,f ufvjyfsmdfvbc itvflutytkb yfob-

kt,bc ufvj'jafib\ fdbqjs fctsb mfhsekb ufvjyfsmdfvb| #gfnfhf
,bzb sfvfij,c ,ehsc# lf ufdfhrdbjs= se hf yfobkt,fl lfbikt,f
vjhatvfsf tc vbvltdhj,f (obyflflt,bc bynjyfwbfc fv itvs[dtdfib
fh dbsdfkbcobyt,s)\ tc ufvjyfsmdfvb itb.kt,f ufydb[bkjs= vfufkb-
sfl= thsvjhabfyb #bdfyt# fy #cgbkj# vbvltdhj,t,bc ufikfl (ye-
kjdfyb ufhtvjwdbs)= fy rbltd #bdfyt rbs[ekj,c#, #cgbkj zfvc# lf
c[df vjltkt,bc ufikfl\
fvjcfdfkb ufvjyfsmdfvbc wfkrtekb yfobkt,bw itb.kt,f eahj
vwbht vbvltdhj,t,bc ufikfl vbdbxybjs+ vfufkbsfl= gfnfhf ,bzb
ofhvjdflubyjs hjujhw #cgbkj# fy #cf[kb# vjltkt,bc ufikf=
[jkj sfvfij,c ,ehsc ─ hjujhw #zfvc#, #e'eht,c#, #othc# fy
#sfvfij,c# vjltkt,bc ufikf lf c[d\ pju/th ewyfehb ibyffhcbc
vmjyt ufvjyfsmdfvbw itb.kt,f vbdbqjs+ vsfdfhbf= fh lfbhqdtc rjy-
cnhemwbbc ajhvfkehb cnhemnehf\
ufvjyfsmdfvbc yfobkt,c= hjvkt,bw itb.kt,f ufydb[bkjs hfqfw
vjltkt,bc ufikfl= fv ufvjyfsmdfvbc itvflutykt,b (rjycnbnetynt-
,b) tojlt,f\ vstkb ufvjyfsmdfvbw sfdbcb sfdbc itvflutytkbf\
gfnfhf ,bzb sfvfij,c ,ehsc lfbikt,f gfnfhf ,bzb lf sfvf-
ij,c ,ehsc itvflutykt,fl= hflufy tc yfobkt,b ufhrdtekb vjlt-
kt,bc ufikfc ofhvjflutyty\ se gfnfhf ,bzb vbvltdhj,fc ufydb[b-
kfds ,bzb vjltkbc ufikfl= [jkj sfvfij,c ,ehsc vbvltdhj,fc ─
ÌÏÒ×ÏËÏÂÉÀ 239

sfvfij,c vjltkbc ufikfl= fvjcfdfkb ufvjyfsmdfvb ofhvjudblut,f

hjujhw ,bzb sfvfij,c vjltkbc ufikf\
fctsb vtsjlbs rjycnhemwbbc sfyvbvltdhekfl lfikbcfc vbbqt-
,f fv rjycnhemwbbc eiefkj itvflutykt,b (byuk\ Immediate consti-
tuents), t\b\ yfobkt,b= hjvkt,bcufyfw eiefkjl itlut,f tcf se bc
ufvjyfsmdfvb\ rjycnhemwbfc itb.kt,f ]mjyltc thsb fy hfvltybvt
eiefkj itvflutytkb\
ptvjs vj'dfybkb ufvjyfsmdfvbc eiefkj itvflutykt,fl lfikbc
tnfgt,b itb.kt,f itvltuyfbhfl ofhvjdflubyjs| gfnfhf // ,bzb /
sfvfij,c // ,ehsc\ fv vtsjlbs eahj hsekb ufvjyfsmdfvt,bw lf-
bikt,f= vfufkbsfl= .fkbfy /// gfnfhf // ,bzb / cfrvfjl //// rfhufl
/// sfvfij,c // ,ehsc\ tc fyfkbpb lbfuhfvbc (t\o\ [bc) cf[bs itvltu-
yfbhfl ofhvjudblut,f|

.fkbfy gfnfhf ,bzb cfrvfjl rfhufl sfvfij,c ,ehsc

vstkb rjycnhemwbf b'jaf jh eiefkj itvflutykfl\ .fkbfy

gfnfhf fuhtsdt eiefkj itvflutytkbf= vfuhfv fhf vstkb ufvjyfs-
mdfvbcf= fhfvtl .fkbfy gfnfhf ,bzb rjycnhemwbbcf= hjvtkbw= sfdbc
v[hbd= vstkb ufvjyfsmdfvbc eiefkj itvflutytkbf\
c[dflfc[df ljybc eiefkj itvflutykt,fl lfikf fhbc ufvjyfs-
mdfvbc sfyfvbvltdhekb fyfkbpb= hjvtkbw fdktyc rfdibht,c ufvj-
yfsmdfvbc yfobkt,c ijhbc ─ thsb lf bvfdt ljybc eiefkj itvfl-
utykt,b eahj vzblhjl fhbfy thsvfytssfy lfrfdibht,ekyb= dblht
c[dflfc[df ljybc eiefkj itvflutykt,b\ rth.jl= vstkb rjycnhem-
wbbc lfikbc gbhdtk cfat[ehpt vbc eiefkj itvflutykt,c dbqt,s=
[jkj vtjht ljybc eiefkj itvflutykt,b fuhtsdt vstkb rjy-
cnhemwbbc itvflutykt,bf= vfuhfv fhf eiefkj\
lfdifkjs eiefkj itvflutykt,fl fctsb byukbcehb ufvjyfs-
mdfvb| The king of England opened Parliament @byukbcbc vtatv uf[cyf
gfhkfvtynb#\ hjujhw dbwbs= vskbfyfl ufvjyfsmdfvb sfdbcb sfdbc
gbhdtkb ljybc eiefkj itvflutytkbf\ vtjht ljybc eiefkj it-
vflutykt,bf The king of England @byukbcbc vtat(v)# lf opened
Parliament @uf[cyf gfhkfvtynb#\ gbhdtkb vfsufyb itb.kt,f ofhvj-
240 ÈÀÅÉ ÌÄÏÈáÄ

dflubyjs hjujhw= vfufkbsfl= the child @,fdidb# (@,fdidvf#)= John

@/jyb# (@/jyvf#)= the king @vtat(v)# lf c[df vjltkt,bc ufikf= vtjht
rb hjujhw left @uftvupfdhf#= stopped @itxthlf#= went @ofdblf# lf
c[df vjltkt,bc ufikf\ vtcfvt ljytpt The king of England rjy-
cnhemwbbc lfikbc itltufl vbdbqt,s the (ufycfpqdhekb fhnbrkb)
lf king of England @byukbcbc vtat# eiefkj itvflutykt,c| king of
England itudb.kbf ufydb[bkjs dean @ltrfyb#= boy @,bzb#= king @vtat#
lf c[df vjltkt,bc ufikfl= [jkj the ─ sfdbcb sfdbc ufikfl\ vtj-
ht ljytpt jh eiefkj itvflutykfl ─ opened @uf[cyf# lf Parlia-
ment @gfhkfvtynb# ─ lfbikt,f opened Parliament rjycnhemwbf= [j-
kj vtcfvt ljytpt udtmyt,f king of England rjycnhemwbbc king @vt-
at# lf of England @byukbcbc# eiefkj itvflutykt,b| king sfdbcb
sfdbc ufikff= of England rb= dsmdfs= John @/jyb# vjltkbcf\ vtjs[t
ljybc eiefkj itvflutykt,bf of (resdybkt,bc fqvybidytkb obylt-
,ekb) lf England @byukbcb# ─ bcbyb sfdbcb sfdbc ufikt,fl itb.kt-
,f ufydb[bkjs\
fvhbufl= vjwtvekb ufvjyfsmdfvbc eiefkj itvflutykt,fl fyf-
kbpbc itltufl itvltu cehfsc vbdbqt,s|
The // king /// of //// England / opened // Parliament fy ─ lbfuhfvbc
cf[bs|

The king of England opened Parliament

18\4\ Ûtvlujvb vc/tkj,bcfsdbc lfudzbhlt,f jhb f[fkb wyt,bc it-

vjnfyf\
vjhajkjubehb rjycnhemwbbc bv eiefkj itvflutytkc= hjvt-
kbw .bhc (fy .bhsf rjv,byfwbfc) itbwfdc= fv rjycnhemwbbc ,bhsde-
kb yfobkb tojlt,f= [jkj lfhxtybkb ─ eiefkj itvflutytkb
rjycnhemwbbc gthbathbek yfobkc itflutyc\
vhfdfkvjhatvbfyb cbn'dbc ths;fvbthb (fhf eiefkj itvfluty-
kt,fl) lfikbcfc fhf xfyc= hjvtkb vjhatvt,bf eahj vzblhjl lf-
rfdibht,ekb thsvfytssfy\ vfufkbsfl= itvltu cfv vjhatvek vbv-
ltdhj,fib| vflkbfy-= qbkfrbfy-= cfrtnbfy- ufvjb'jaf -bfy ceabmcb=
hjvtkbw t\o\ mjyt,bc ptlcfhsfd cf[tkt,c fofhvjt,c fhct,bsb cf-
ÌÏÒ×ÏËÏÂÉÀ 241

[tkbc ae.bcfufy\ se dbn'dbs= hjv gbhdtk rjycnhemwbfib tc ceabm-

cb vjcltdc cf[tkbc vflk- .bhc= vtjhtib -fr ceabmcc= [jkj vtcfvtib
─ pvyeh -rtn .bhc= fctsb fyfkbpb dth ufvjfdktyc fv ae.tsf
itvflutytk vjhatvt,c ijhbc fhct,ek bthfhmbek vbvfhst,t,c\
vfhsfkbf= qbkfrbfy- rjycnhemwbfib -bfy vjcltdc -fr ceabmcc= vfu-
hfv bub eiefkjl erfdibhlt,f vstk obyfvfdfk vjhatvek vbvltd-
hj,fc= hjujhw fvjcfdfkb rjycnhemwbbc ,bhsdek yfobkc\ -bfy gt-
hbathbekb yfobkbf fuhtsdt vflk- lf cfrtn vbvltdhj,t,bcfsdbc
(lf fhf -rtn- .bhbcfsdbc)\ vtjht ljybc eiefkj itvflutykt,b vbb-
qt,f qbkfr- lf cfrtn- rjycnhemwbt,bc lfikbc itltufl ─ itcf,f-
vbcfl qbk- lf -rtn- ,bhsdek yfobkt,fl lf -fr lf cf- gthbat-
hbek yfobkt,fl\ fvudfhfl= fv cfvb rjycnhemwbbc eiefkj itvfl-
utykt,fl fyfkbpc itvltub cf[t fmdc| vflk/bfy-= qbk//fr/bfy-=
cf//rtn/bfy-\ vtjht lf vtcfvt rjycnhemwbfib jhb ljybc eiefkj
itvflutykt,b udfmdc| sbsjtekb vbvltdhj,f c[dflfc[df ljybc [es-
[es itvflutytkc itbwfdc (fvjcfdfkb rjycnhemwbt,bc xfsdkbs)\
fm xdty bvfdt nbgbc ghjwtleht,b xfdfnfhts= hfw rjycnhemwbbc
eiefkj itvflutykt,fl lfikbcfc\ cf,jkjjl vbdbqts evwbhtcb
thstekt,b ─ vjhatvt,b\ hjujhw bsmdf= fvudfhb fyfkbpbc lhjc
itvflutytksf ufvj'jaf eylf tv'fht,jltc vbvltdhj,fsf ityfw-
dkt,fc vfsb vjltkt,bs\ xdtyc vfufkbsib qbkfrbfy- lf cfrtnbfy-
itb.kt,f ofhvjdflubyjs= vfufkbsfl= rfhu-= lbl- vjltkt,bc ufi-
kfl= qbkfr-= cfrtn- rb mfh-= sfak- vjltkt,bc ufikfl lf f\i\
hjujhw d[tlfds= eiefkj itvflutykt,b mvybfy ufvjyfsmdfvbc
bthfhmbek cnhemnehfc\ itb.kt,f bsmdfc= hjv eiefkj itvfluty-
kehb fyfkbpb udbxdtyt,c= se hf sfyfvbvltdhj,bs [lt,f rjycnhem-
wbbc fut,f\

18\5\ Æju/th vfhnj ajhvfkehb ybiyt,b fh fhbc cfrvfhbcb bvbc

uflfcfo'dtnfl= se hjujh eylf lfbifkjc rjycnhemwbf eiefkj
itvflutykt,fl= [ibhfl vybidytkj,bc afmnjhbw eylf ufdbsdfkbc-
obyjs\ vfufkbsfl= byukbcehb ptlcfhsfdb cf[tkb disgraceful @cfvfh-
w[dbyj# itb.kt,f lfbifkjc hjujhw disgrace-ful fy hjujhw dis-
graceful. thsb it[tldbs= jhbdt lfikf thsyfbhfl lfcfidt,bf= hfl-
ufy jhvjhabfyb disgrace- lf -graceful rjv,byfwbt,b itb.kt,f ufydb-
[bkjs wfkvjhabfyb vjltkt,bc ufikfl| ilh\ dis-count @euekt-
,tk'jaf#= dis-cord @itesfy[vt,kj,f#+ beauti-ful @vidtybthb#= joy-ful
@v[bfhekb#\ fvjcfdfkb cbn'dbc vybidytkj,f dis-graceful lfikbc
itvs[dtdfib eylf ufudtuj hjujhw @fhfuhfwbjpekb#= [jkj
242 ÈÀÅÉ ÌÄÏÈáÄ

disgrace-ful lfikbc itvs[dtdfib ─ hjujhw @cbhw[dbkbs cfdct#= hfw

@cfvfhw[dbyjcsfy# eahj f[kjcff\ ufhlf fvbcf= dis- lf -ful vjhat,b
eahj [ibhfl fhct,bs cf[tkt,cf lf pvyt,c lfthsdbfy+ dis-graceful
lfikbc itvs[dtdfib dis- lferfdibhlt,jlf ptlcfhsfd cf[tkc= hfw
vbcsdbc fh fhbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb= [jkj disgrace-ful lfikf uekbc-
[vj,c -ful vjhatvbc lfrfdibht,fc fhct,bs cf[tksfy= hfw eahj
ittcf,fvt,f fv vjhatvt,c ijhbc fhct,ek vbvfhst,t,c\

19\ tyj,hbdb ajhvbc eiefkj itvflutykt,fl lfikbc

ghbywbgt,b\ tyljwtynhekb lf tupjwtynhekb
rjycnhemwbt,b

19.1. À[kf itudb.kbf xfvjdfyfkb,js tyj,hbdb ajhvbc eiefkj

itvflutykt,fl lfikbc .bhbsflb ghbywbgt,b\
I ghbywbgb| lfikf eylf ittcf,fvt,jltc ajhvt,c ijhbc fhct,ek
ctvfynbreh vbvfhst,t,c\ tc itvs[dtdf ufydb[bkts byukbcehb
disgraceful @cfvfhw[dbyj# ajhvbc vfufkbspt+
II ghbywbgb| lfikf eylf [lt,jltc vjhatvek vbvltdhj,fsf bct-
sb eahj vjrkt vbvltdhj,t,bs ityfwdkt,flj,bc cfae.dtkpt= hjv-
kt,bw fh fhqdtdty ufvjyfsmdfvbc cnhemnehfc= t\b\ bvfdt ufhtvjw-
dbs [fcbfslt,bfy+
III ghbywbgb| ufvjyfsmdfvb it.kt,bclfudfhfl eylf lfbifkjc ,b-
yfhek eiefkj itvflutykt,fl= vfuhfv pjubthsb rjycnhemwbbcfs-
dbc eylf ufvjb'jc thsb ljybc jhpt vtnb eiefkj itvflutytkb\
vfufkbsfl= obstk-'dbstk-dfhlbcathb fh lfbikt,f jh eiefkj
itvflutykfl= bc eylf lfb'jc thsb lf bvfdt ljybc cfv eiefkj it-
vflutykfl (fctdt ahfyuekb rouge-blanc-bleu @obstk-stsh-keh/b#
lf c[d\)\
dbn'dbs= hjv ufhrdtekb ajhvf= hjvtkbw itlut,f cfvb eo'dtnb
vjhatvekb A, B lf C vbvltdhj,bcfufy, lfbikt,f cfv eiefkj it-
vflutykfl – A|B|C, se fh fhct,j,c cfae.dtkb= egbhfntcj,f vbdf-
ybzjs AB|C lfikfc A|BC lfikfcsfy itlfht,bs= fye hjltcfw
jhbdt lfikf thsyfbhfl frvf'jabkt,c eiefkj itvflutykt,fl
fyfkbpbc 'dtkf gbhj,fc\ bubdt itb.kt,f ufdbvtjhjs js[b lf vtnb
eiefkj itvflutykbc itcf[t,+
IV ghbywbgb| eiefkj itvflutykt,fl lfikf eylf tsfy[vt,jltc
tybc cfthsj cnhemnehek sfdbct,eht,t,c= ufvjyfsmdfvt,bc lfikf