ÈÀÅÉ ÌÄÛÅÉÃÄ

ÄÍÀÈÌÄÝÍÉÄÒÄÁÉÓ ÀáÀËÉ ÃÀÒÂÄÁÉ

I. tyfsf cnhemnehekb nbgjkjubf lf

kbyudbcnehb eybdthcfkbt,b
1\ tyfsf bpjvjhabpvb lf fkjvjhabpvb\ tyfsf
nbgjkjubehb rkfct,b

1.1. Ýfkrtek tyfsf c[dflfc[df kbyudbcneh ljytpt nfmcjyjvbehb

se lbyfvbrehb sdfkcfphbcbs itcofdkf-fyfkbpbc itvltu tyfsvtw-
ybtht,bc obyfit ,eyt,hbdfl lut,f f[fkb fvjwfyf fvudfhfl ufy[b-
kekb lf fqothbkb tyj,hbdb cbcntvt,bc ehsbthsitlfht,bcf\ tyfs-
vtwybtht,bc lfhuc= hjvtkbw cojhtl fvfc bcf[fdc vbpyfl= tojlt,f
itlfht,bsb tyfsvtwybtht,f\ fhct,j,c itlfht,bsb tyfsvtwybtht,bc
jhb .bhbsflb cf[tj,f| bcnjhbek-itlfht,bsb tyfsvtwybtht,f= hj-
vtkbw ufycfpqdhekb ghbywbgt,bc cfae.dtkpt lf cgtwbfkehb vt-
sjlt,bc ufvjytyt,bs f[jhwbtkt,c tyj,hbdb cbcntvt,bc ehsbthsit-
lfht,fc vfs ijhbc itcf.kj utytnehb rfdibht,bc= fye ufycfpqdhek
lhjcf lf cbdhwtib fhct,ekb tyblfy vfsb cfthsj ofhvjvfdkj,bc
ufvjcfdktyfl\ fctsb tyj,hbdb cbcntvf [ctyt,ekb tyt,bcfsdbc obyf-
gfh tyfc= obyfht tyfc= cfthsj ae.t-tyfc ofhvjflutyc (fv cfrbs[t,c
xdty cgtwbfkehfl ufydb[bkfds tyj,hbdb lbfmhjybbcflvb vb.qdybk
yfobkib)+ vtjht cf[tj,ff nbgjkjubehb tyfsvtwybtht,f= hjvtkbw
ufhrdtekb cnhemnehekb ybiyt,bc cfae.dtkpt f[ltyc tyj,hbdb
afmnt,bcf lf vjdktyt,bc cbcntvfnbpfwbfcf lf rkfcbabrfwbfc\ tc
bctsb ybiyt,bf= hjvkt,bw vybidytkjdfyb lf fhct,bsbf tyfsf cnhem-
neht,bc sdfkcfphbcbs\ fv htktdfyneh ybifysf thsj,kbj,f ufy-
cfpqdhfdc cfpjufljl tybc= hjujhw atyjvtybc= fhcc\
nbgjkjubehb tyfsvtwybtht,bc fye kbyudbcnehb nbgjkjubbc
evsfdhtc vbpfyc itflutyc tyj,hbd cbcntvt,c ijhbc bpjvjhabpvbcf
lf fkjvjhabpvbc lflutyf= fye= c[dfudfhfl= tyfsf ijhbc b u b d t j -
, b c f lf u f y c [ d f d t , e k j , b c ufvjdktyf\
400 ÈÀÅÉ ÌÄÛÅÉÃÄ

1.2. Ôbgjkjubehb rdktdf-.bt,f yfstk'jac= hjv tyj,hbd cbcntvt,c

ijhbc fh fhct,j,c ghbywbgekb ufyc[dfdt,f+ bcbyb hfqfw thsbfyb=
pjuflb= eybdthcfkehb vjltkbc rjyrhtnek ufvjdkbyt,fc ofhvj-
flutyty\
fvfdt lhjc tyt,b rbltw ufyc[dfdlt,bfy thsvfytsbcfufy\ 'jdtkb
tyf ufycfresht,ekb= cgtwbabrehb= v[jkjl vbcsdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb
ybiyt,bs ufvjbhxtdf 'dtkf c[df tybcfufy\ fvudfhb vcufdct,f-ufyc[df-
dt,ekj,f ufycfpqdhfdc itcf,fvbcfl bpjvjhabpvbcf lf fkjvjh-
abpvbc vbvfhst,t,c tyt,c ijhbc\

1.3. Äyfsf itcflfht,kfl hfqfw thsb= lfdeidfs= A cnhemnehekb

ybifyb hjv fdbqjs= tyfsf vstkb cbvhfdkt jh mdtcbvhfdktl lfb'j-
af\ fvfsufy gbhdtkc itflutyty bc tyt,b= hjvkt,bw fv ybiybs ufvj-
bhxtdbfy= [jkj vtjhtc ─ bc tyt,b= hjvkt,bw vjrkt,ekb fhbfy vfc\
tyfsf itlfht,fc hjvtkbqfw vtjht= dsmdfs= B cnhemnehekb
ybiybc vb[tldbs sfy cltdc tyfsf cbvhfdkbc lf'jaf bctd jh mdtcbv-
hfdktl\ fvfcsfy= ,eyt,hbdbf= hjv tc jhudfhb lf'jaf= ufy[jhwbt-
kt,ekb A lf B cnhemnehekb ybiyt,bc cfae.dtkpt= fh tvs[dtdf
thsvfytsc= hflufyfw A lf B c[dflfc[df ybiyt,bf\
tyj,hbdb cbcntvt,bc ehsbthsitcflfht,kfl thslhjekfl jhb-
dt fv cnhemnehekb ybiybc ufvj'tyt,f bodtdc tyfsf cbvhfdkbc lf-
'jafc js[ mdtcbvhfdktl|
gbhdtk mdtcbvhfdktc itflutyty tyt,b= hjvkt,ibw ofhvjlutyb-
kbf hjujhw A, bct B ybifyb (AB)+
vtjht mdtcbvhfdktc itflutyty tyt,b= hjvkt,ibw udfmdc A ybifyb=
vfuhfv fhf udfmdc B ybifyb (Am)+
vtcfvt mdtcbvhfdktib thsbfylt,f tyt,b= hjvkt,ibw fh lfcneh-
lt,f A ybifyb= vfuhfv ofhvjlutybkbf B ybifyb (ĀB)+
vtjs[t mdtcbvhfdktc mvybfy tyt,b= hjvkt,bw vjrkt,ekbf fv
jhbdt ybifyc ─ A-cfw lf B-cfw (Ām)\

1.4. Äyfsf cbvhfdkbc cnhemnehekb ybiyt,bc cfae.dtkpt ufy[jh-

wbtkt,ekb fvudfhb lf'jabc itltufl vbqt,ek wfkrtek mdtcbv-
hfdktt,c deojljs tyj,hbdb nbgb fy nbgjkjubehb rkfcb\ nbgj-
kjubehb rkfcb itb.kt,f ufybcfpqdhjc hjujhw thsj,kbj,f tyt-
,bcf= hjvkt,bw thsb lf bvfdt cnhemnehekb ybiyt,bs ufvjbhxtdf\
tyfsf cbvhfdkbc lf'jaf nbgjkjubeh rkfct,fl lfvjrblt,ekbf
lf'jabc cfae.dkfl ithxtekb cnhemnehekb ybiyt,bc hfjltyj,fcf
lf hfudfhj,fpt\ vfufkbsfl= se lf'jabc cfae.dkfl fdbqt,s fcts
ÄÍÀÈÌÄÝÍÉÄÒÄÁÉÓ ÀáÀËÉ ÃÀÒÂÄÁÉ. ÓÔÒÖØÔÖÒÖËÉ ÔÉÐÏËÏÂÉÀ 401

ybifyc ─ @tyfc fmdc ajytvt,b#= vfiby tyfsf vstkb cbvhfdkt lfb'jaf

jh mdtcbvhfdktl= hjvtksfufy thsib ufthsbfylt,f 'dtkf tyf= vtj-
ht rb wfhbtkb bmyt,f\
lf'jabc cfae.dkfl fqt,ekb cnhemnehekb ybiyt,b itb.kt,f
bvudfhfl lf bctsb hfjltyj,bs itbhxtc= hjv 'jdtkb tyf eybrfkehb=
ufycfresht,ekb nbgjkjubehb rkfcbc thsflthsb ofhvjvflutytkb
byjc\ tc jhbdt ufy[bkekb vfufkbsb erblehtcb itvs[dtdff\ bcbyb
kjubrehfl itcf.kt,tkbf= sevwf nbgjkjubehb rdktdf-.bt,bcfsdbc
fhfqbht,ekb\ nbgjkjubf tyfsf cbvhfdkbc lf'jafc f[jhwbtkt,c
v[jkjl bctsb ybiyt,bc vb[tldbs= hjvkt,bw vybidytkjdfyb lf fhct-
,bsb qbht,ekt,bcff tyfsf cnhemnehbc sdfkcfphbcbs\

2. kbyudbcnehb eybdthcfkbt,b

2.1. Ëbyudbcnehb nbgjkjubbc egbhdtktc fvjwfyfc itflutyc eyb-

dthcfkbt,bc ufvjdktyf\ eybdthcfkbf bctsb cnhemnehekb ybify-
sdbct,ff= hjvtkbw lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf erkt,kbd 'dtkf tybc fy tyfsf
lblb evhfdktcj,bcsdbc vfbyw\ eybdthcfkbfc= hjvtkbw lfvf[fcbfst-
,tkbf erkt,kbd 'dtkf tybcfsdbc= tojlt,f f,cjkenehb eybdthcf-
kbf= [jkj eybdthcfkbfc= hjvtkbw lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf tyfsf evhfd-
ktcj,bcsdbc= cnfnbcnbrehb eybdthcfkbf fye rdfpbeybdthcfkbf
tojlt,f\
eybdthcfkbt,c ufyfhxtdty j,btmnbc= ajhvbcf lf vnrbwt,bc [fcbf-
sbc vb[tldbs\ j,btmnbc vb[tldbs eybdthcfkbf itb.kt,f b'jc ajyj-
kjubehb= uhfvfnbrekb fy ctvfynbrehb\ ajhvbc vb[tldbs eybdthcf-
kbf itb.kt,f b'jc tktvtynfhekb fye egbhj,j= fy bvgkbrfwbehb
fye gbhj,bsb\ vnrbwt,bc [fcbfsbc vb[tldbs eybdthcfkbf itb.kt,f
byjc f,cjkenehb fy cnfnbcnbrehb= ltlemwbehb fy bylemwbehb\
nfmcjyjvbeh tyfsvtwybtht,fib ltlemwbehb eybdthcfkbt,b= xdt-
ekt,hbd= nhbdbfkehbf lf= fvltyfl= vjrkt,ekbf lbl byajhvfwb-
ek qbht,ekt,fc\ fctsb ltlemwbehb eybdthcfkbt,bc ybveit,bf|
@'dtkf tyfc fmdc vjhatvt,b#= @'dtkf tyfc fmdc ajytvt,b#\
ufwbkt,bs eahj cfbynthtcj lf byajhvfwbekfl qbht,ekbf by-
lemwbehb eybdthcfkbt,b= hjvkt,bw lubylt,f c[dflfc[df tyj,hbdb
cbcntvbc ehsbthsitlfht,bc upbs= hjltcfw itcflfht,tk tyfsf hf-
jltyj,f cek eahj lf eahj bphlt,f\
2.2. Ôbgjkjubehb rdktdf-.bt,bc itltufl dkbylt,f tyj,hbd
cbcntvfsf epjufltcb cfthsj vf[fcbfst,kt,b= hjvtksf thsj,kbj-
,f ufycfpqdhfdc tybc= hjujhw ufycfresht,ekb atyjvtybc= fhcc\ nb-
402 ÈÀÅÉ ÌÄÛÅÉÃÄ

gjkjubehb rdktdbcfc lubylt,f nbgjkjubehb rfyjyt,b= hjvtksf

cfae.dtkpt fvf se bv ufycf[bkdtk tyfib itcf.kt,tkb [lt,f hjvt-
kbvt tyj,hbdb vjdktybc fhct,j,bc obyfcofhvtnydtkt,f c[df tyj,-
hbdb vjdktybc fhct,j,blfy ufvjvlbyfht\

2.3. Äyfsf cnhemnehek-nbgjkjubehb lf[fcbfst,f itb.kt,f b'jc

jhb cf[bc| sdbct,hbdb fye rdfkbnfnbehb lf hfjltyj,hbdb fye
rdfynbnfnbehb\
sdbct,hbdb cnhemnehek-nbgjkjubehb lf[fcbfst,f uekbc[-
vj,c tyfsf lf[fcbfst,fc ufhrdtekb cnhemnehekb ybiyt,bc vb[tl-
dbs\ tc fhbc ghtlbrfnekb= kjubrehb lf[fcbfst,f= hjltcfw hfqfw
cnhemnehekb ybiybcfsdbc db.ktdbs @]j# fy @fhf# gfce[c bvbclf
vb[tldbs= ofhvjlutybkbf se fhf tc cnhemnehekb ybifyb ufycf-
[bkdtk tyj,hbd cbcntvfib\
hfjltyj,hbdb nbgjkjubehb lf[fcbfst,f uekbc[vj,c bcts lf[f-
cbfst,fc= hjltcfw hfjltyj,hbdfl ufybcfpqdht,f fqt,ekb ybiybc
vjyfobktj,bc [fhbc[b vjwtvek tyj,hbd cnhemnehfib fy rbltd
lubylt,f tyj,hbdb cbcntvbc fvf se bv nbgjkjubehb rkfcbcflvb
itcf,fvbcj,bc [fhbc[b\
nbgjkjubehb fyfkbpb [jhwbtklt,f bthfhmbekb kbyudbcnehb
ljytt,bc vb[tldbs\ tc uekbc[vj,c= hjv thsvfytsc eylf itelfhltc
c[dflfc[df tybc thsb lf bvfdt ljybc cbcntvt,b (ajyjkjubehb= vjh-
ajkjubehb= cbynfmcehb= ctvfynbrehb)+ itcf,fvbcfl lubylt,f ajyj-
kjubehb= vjhajkjubehb= cbynfmcehb lf ctvfynbrehb eybdthcfkb-
t,b\

2.4. Âfydb[bkjs thsb eybdthcfkbf= hjvtkbw ufytresdyt,f tybc

vjhajyjkjubeh ljytc\ tc eybdthcfkbf fct itb.kt,f xfvjyfkb,-
ltc| @tyfib vjhatvbc cfiefkj cbuh.t ereghjgjhwbekbf tybc ajyt-
vfsf hfjltyj,bcf#= t\b\ hfw eahj lblbf tybc ajytvfsf hfjltyj,f=
vbs eahj vwbhtf vjhatvbc cfiefkj cbuh.t fv tyfib= lf gbhere\
hf fhbc cfpjufljl vjhatvbc cbuh.t lf vjhatvbc cfiefkj cbu-
h.t~ vjhatvbc cbuh.t itb.kt,f ufybcfpqdhjc vbcb itvflutytkb
vjhajytvt,bc hfjltyj,bs\ hf fhbc vjhajytvf~ xdty dbnydbs= hjv
jhb fy vtnb ajytvf itflutyc ths vjhajytvfc= se bcbyb vjyfwdktj-
,ty thsb vjhatvbc fkjvjhat,ib tybc vjhajyjkjubehb otct,bc
itcf,fvbcfl\ fct= vfufkbsfl= f$t$b$Ø mvybfy ths vjhajytvfc= hfvlt-
yflfw bcbyb mfhsekb tybc vjhajyjkjubehb otct,bc itcf,fvbcfl
vjyfwdktj,ty {xfy-} vjhatvbc fkjvjhat,ib| {xfy-}=/xfy-∞xty-
∞xby-∞xy-/\ fmtlfy ufvjvlbyfhtj,c= hjv xy- vjhabc cbuh.tw elhbc
ÄÍÀÈÌÄÝÍÉÄÒÄÁÉÓ ÀáÀËÉ ÃÀÒÂÄÁÉ. ÓÔÒÖØÔÖÒÖËÉ ÔÉÐÏËÏÂÉÀ 403

3-c= bctdt hjujhw xfy-= xty-= xby- vjhat,bcf (hfw itt[t,f fv vjh-
at,bc ufyfobkt,fc hsek tyj,hbd ajhvt,ib= bub ufybcfpqdht,f lf-
gbhbcgbht,bs udfhbc uhfvfnbrekb rfntujhbbc c[dflfc[df vybidyt-
kj,t,c ijhbc| xfy- cfiefkb udfhbc hsekb pvyehb ajhvbc itvfl-
utytkbf= xy- ─ dyt,bsb udfhbcf= xty- lf xby- rb ─ vjmvtlt,bsb udf-
hbc+ fv jhb erfyfcrytkb vjhablfy xty- lfcnehlt,f I cthbbc 'dtkf
vorhbdbcf lf III cthbbc I sehvtj,bsbc vorhbdbc ajhvt,ib= [jkj
xby- ─ II cthbbc vorhbdt,bc= fuhtsdt III cthbbc lfyfhxtyb vorhbdt,bc
ajhvt,ib)\
vjhatvbc cbuh.t itb.kt,f ufvjb[fnjc ajytvt,bc cfiefkt,bsfw\
fv itvs[dtdfib vjhatvbc cbuh.t ufybcfpqdht,f hjujhw vbc ydtkfpt
uh.tk fkjvjhaib ofhvjlutybkb ajytvt,bc hfjltyj,f\ fvbc itv-
ltu vjhatvbc cfiefkj cbuh.t itb.kt,f ufybcfpqdhjc hjujhw cf-
iefkj hfjltyj,f vjhajytvt,bcf= hjvkt,bw vjhatvfc itflutyc\ tc
fhbc itafhlt,f ufhrdtekb vjwekj,bc ntmcnbc ydtkf ufy[bkek
vjhatvfib ofhvjlutybkb vjhajytvt,bc hfjltyj,bcf vjhatvfsf cf-
thsj hfjltyj,fcsfy\
hf eltdc cfae.dkfl ptvjs ofhvjlutybkb vjhajyjkjubehb
eybdthcfkbbc cf[bs vjwtvek sfyfafhlj,fc vjhatvbc cfiefkj cbu-
h.tcf lf tybc ajytvfsf hfjltyj,fc ijhbc~ hfnjv fhbc= hjv bv
tyt,ib= hjvtksf ajyjkjubehb cbcntvt,b tktvtynsf lbl hfjlt-
yj,fc itbwfdc= vwbhtf vjhatvbc cfiefkj cbuh.t~
cfmvt bc fhbc= hjv hfw eahj lblbf tybc ajytvfsf hfjltyj,f=
vbs vtnbf hfjltyj,f lbathtywbfkehb ybiyt,bcf= hjvkt,bsfw sb-
sjtekb ajytvehb thstekb [fcbfslt,f\ fct= vfufkbsfl= fhfynf
tyfib (fdcnhfkbf)= hjvkbc ajyjkjubehb cbcntvf cek 11 ctuvty-
neh ajytvfc bsdkbc= $p$ ajytvf jhb lbathtywbfkehb ybiybs [fcb-
fslt,f\ bub fhbc jhfkehb= ufyc[dfdt,bs yfpfkehb $m$ ajytvbcfufy=
lf kf,bfkehb= ufyc[dfdt,bs ltynfkehb $t$ ajytvbcfufy\ bcts tyt,ib
rb= hjvkt,bw ajytvfsf vtn hfjltyj,fc itbwfdty= $p$ ajytvbc wfk-
cf[f ufycfpqdhbcfsdbc cfzbhjf jhpt vtnb lbathtywbfkehb ybifyb\
vfufkbsfl= .dtk bylehib $p$ ajytvf= bvbc ufhlf= hjv bub fhbc
jhfkehb lf kf,bfkehb= [fcbfslt,f fuhtsdt hjujhw 'he= ufy-
c[dfdt,bs v;qthb $b$ ajytvbcfufy= lf fhfaidbydbthb= ufyc[dfdt,bs
aidbydbthb= fcgbhbht,ekb $p‛$ ajytvbcfufy\
itb.kt,f lfdeidfs= hjv /fvb bv ajytvfsf itvflutytkb lbat-
htywbfkehb ybiyt,bcf= hjvkt,bw cfiefkj cbuh.bc vjhatvfib vjyf-
obktj,ty= ydtkf tyfib vtn-yfrkt,fl thsyfbhbf= hfqfw velvbd cb-
lbltc ofhvjflutyc\ bub itb.kt,f ufybcfpqdhjc hjujhw vbybvfke-
hb hfjltyj,f lbathtywbfkehb ybiyt,bcf= hjvkt,bw fewbkt,tkbf
404 ÈÀÅÉ ÌÄÛÅÉÃÄ

vjwtvekb vjhatvbc ufycfc[dfdt,kfl ydtkf lfyfhxtyb vjhatvbcfufy\

vfifcflfvt= cf,jkjj fyufhbibs= vjhatvt,b itlut,f fhf ajytvt,bcf-
ufy= fhfvtl lbathtywbfkehb ybiyt,bcfufy lf hfw vtnbf lbathtywb-
fkehb ybiyt,bc (itcf,fvbcfl= ajytvt,bc) hfjltyj,f= vbs eahj vwb-
htf vjhatvbc cbuh.t lf= fvltyfl= vjhatvbc cfiefkj cbuh.tw\
vfufkbsfl= ]fdfbeh tyfib= hjvkbc ajyjkjubeh cbcntvfib ofh-
vjlutybkbf 13 ctuvtynehb tktvtynb (a, e, i, o, u, w, j, m, n, h, p, t, ’)=
vjhatvt,b vbybvev jhb vfhwdkbcfufy vfbyw itlut,f lf vjhatvbc cf-
iefkj cbuh.t lff[kjt,bs js[bc njkbf| n≈4= vfiby hjltcfw bv
tyt,ib= hjvtksf ajyjkjubehb cbcntvt,b 5-7 fstek ajytvfc bsd-
kbc= vjhatvbc cfiefkj cbuh.t ufybcfpqdht,f lff[kjt,bs 1\25-lfy
1\4-vlt bynthdfkib| n≈1,25~1,4\ vfufkbsfl= e,b[eh tyfib= hjvtkbw
xhlbkjrfdrfcbeh tyfsf fa[fpeh-flbqeh /ueac tresdybc lf 61
ajytvfc bsdkbc= vjhatvbc cfiefkj cbuh.t ─ n≈1,4\

2.5. Ónhemnehek-nbgjkjubehb rdktdf-.bt,bc itltufl lflutyb-

kb eybdthcfkehb tyj,hbdb vf[fcbfst,kt,bc vybidytkj,f lf qbht-
,ekt,f ufycfresht,bs lblbf bctsb kbyudbcnehb ghj,ktvt,bc uf-
lfoydtnbcfc= hjujhbw fhbc= vfufkbsfl= tyfsf obyfhtbcnjhbekb
fye lfvothkj,fvltkb= othbkj,bs .tukt,ib lfelfcneht,tkb
vlujvfhtj,bc htrjycnhemwbf-fqlutyf (fvbc itcf[t, lfodhbkt,bs
mdtvjs ─ @lbfmhjybekb tyfsvtwybtht,bc# yfobkib)\
fctdt vtnfl vybidytkjdfybf nbgjkjubehb vjyfwtvt,b lfvoth-
kj,bc ewyj,b cbcntvbc ybiyt,bs itchekt,ekb ntmcnt,bc ltibahb-
ht,bc (fvjrbs[dbc) lhjc\
ltibahbht,f cfoybcb tnfgblfydt eylf bsdfkbcobyt,ltc nbgj-
kjubeh vjyfwtvt,c\ vfufkbsfl= bctsb ntmcnbc ltibahbht,bcfc= hj-
vtkibw ufvjytyt,ekbf fhfevtntc 70-80 thsvfytsbcfufy ufyc[dfdt-
,ekb cbv,jkj= lblb fk,fsj,bs itb.kt,f dfvnrbwjs= hjv tc ntm-
cnb fy,fyehb lfvothkj,bc ybiyt,bs fhbc itchekt,ekb= [jkj se
ntmcnb itbwfdc thsvfytsbcfufy ufyc[dfdt,ek hfvltybvt fctek cbv-
,jkjc= vfiby itb.kt,f ewbkj,kfl dfvnrbwjs= hjv tc ntmcnb
itchekt,ekbf vfhwdkjdfyb= cbkf,ehb lfvothkj,bs= cflfw wfk-
rtekb cbv,jkj fqybiyfdc fhf ajytvfc= fhfvtl V, VC, CV, CVC
cnhemnehbc vfhwdfkc\
se fy,fyehb lfvothkj,bc ybiyt,bs itchekt,ekb ntmcnbc cgt-
wbfkehb vtsjlt,bs xfnfht,ekb fyfkbpbc itltufl cbv,jkjsf
jhb rkfcb ufvjbyjaf= nbgjkjubehb vjyfwtvt,bc cfae.dtkpt itb.-
kt,f ufybcfpqdhjc= se hjvtkb vfsufybf [vjdfy ajytvfsf fqvybi-
dytkb cbv,jkjt,bc rkfcb lf hjvtkb ─ sfy[vjdfy ajytvfsf fqv-
ÄÍÀÈÌÄÝÍÉÄÒÄÁÉÓ ÀáÀËÉ ÃÀÒÂÄÁÉ. ÓÔÒÖØÔÖÒÖËÉ ÔÉÐÏËÏÂÉÀ 405

ybidytkb cbv,jkjt,bc rkfcb= hfvltyflfw wyj,bkbf= hjv ydtkf

tyfib sfy[vjdfysf hfjltyj,f fqtvfnt,f [vjdfysf hfjltyj,fc\ fv
rkfct,bc ibuybsfw cbv,jkjsf bltynbabrfwbbc lhjc fctdt [lt,f
nbgjkjubehb vjyfwtvt,bc ufsdfkbcobyt,f\

2.6. Âfydb[bkjs c[dflfc[df tyj,hbdb cbcntvt,bc itlfht,bc cf-

ae.dtkpt lflutybkb ajyjkjubehb lf uhfvfnbrekb eybdthcfkbt-
,b. f,cjkenehb eybdthcfkbf xfbotht,f cf'jdtksfj,bc rdfynjhbc
ufvj'tyt,bs (∀: @'dtkf tyfib#+ @'jdtksdbc#), cnfnbcnbrehb _ fk-
,fsj,bc rdfynjhbs (d: @tyfsf evhfdktcj,fib#+ @itvs[dtdfsf evhfd-
ktcj,fib#= @hjujhw otcb#); ufvjb'tyt,f fuhtsdt fhct,j,bc rdfynj-
hb (∃: @fhct,j,c# ~ ┐∃: @fh fhct,j,c#).

ajyjkjubeh eybdthcfkbfsf nf,ekf

eybdthcfkbbc
rdfynjhb

eybdthcfkbbc tyj,hbdb vjdktyf

itybidyf
vjmvtlt,bc gbhj,f

∀ ∃ lfgbhbcgbht,f sfy[vj-
dfycf lf fhfsfy[vjdfyc
ijhbc
∀ ∃ lfgbhbcgbht,f [vjdfycf
lf fhf[vjdfyc ijhbc
d ∃ lfgbhbcgbht,f
yfpfkeh lf fhfyfpfkeh
sfy[vjdyt,c ijhbc
d ∃ lfgbhbcgbht,f ∃ ajytvf /h/
aidbydbth lf
fhfaidbydbth
sfy[vjdyt,c
ijhbc
d ∃ lfgbhbcgbht,f rjvgfm-
neh lf lbaepeh ajyt-
vt,c ijhbc
406 ÈÀÅÉ ÌÄÛÅÉÃÄ

∀ ∃ lfgbhbcgbht,f vfqfkb
lf lf,fkb njyfkj,bc
ajytvt,c ijhbc
∀ ∃ cek wjnf ∃ [vjdfysf lfgbhbcgbht,f
jhb [vjdfyb fotekj,bc vb[tldbs
d ∃ lfgbhbcgbht,f ∃ sbsjtekb fctsb fahb- ufvjyfrkbcb:
U

[iekcf lf fa- rfnbc itcf,fvbcb cgbhfynb rbrfge (fkujy-

hbrfnc ijhbc rbyeh tyfsf
j/f[b)
d ∃ v[jkjl thsb ∃ fgbrfkehb yfpfkehb
vfhnbdb yfpf- sfy[vjdfyb /n/
kehb sfy[vjdfyb
∀ ∃ v[jkjl jhb ∃ fgbrfkehb yfpfkehb
vfhnbdb yfpf- lf kf,bfkehb yfpfkehb
kehb sfy[vjdfybsfy[vjdyt,b /n/ lf /m/
∀ ∃ vfhnbdb yfpf-∃ xmfvbthb sfy[vjdfyb;
kehb sfy[vjdfybxmfvbth sfy[vjdfysf
hfjltyj,f fh fhbc
yfrkt,b vfhnbd yfpfkeh
sfy[vjdfysf hfjltyj,fpt
∀ ∃ yfpfkbpt,ekb ∃ fhfyfpfkbpt,ekb
[vjdfyb [vjdfyb; fhfyfpfkbpt,ek
[vjdfysf hfjltyj,f fh
fhbc yfrkt,b yfpfkb-
pt,ek [vjdfysf hfjlt-
yj,fpt
∀ ∃ njybc ajyj- ∃ njybc fhf evtntc cfvb
kjubehfl qb- htubcnhb
ht,ekb vj.hf-
j,f
∀ ∃ CV cnhemnehbc vfh-
wdfkb
∀ ∃ CCCV cnhem- ∃ CCV cnhemnehbc vfh-
nehbc vfhwdfkb wdfkb
∀ ∃ VCCC cnhem- ∃ VCC cnhemnehbc vfh-
nehbc vfhwdfkb wdfkb
∀ ∃ VCC cnhem- ∃ VC cnhemnehbc vfh-
nehbc vfhwdfkb wdfkb
ÄÍÀÈÌÄÝÍÉÄÒÄÁÉÓ ÀáÀËÉ ÃÀÒÂÄÁÉ. ÓÔÒÖØÔÖÒÖËÉ ÔÉÐÏËÏÂÉÀ 407

∀ ∃ sfy[vjdfysf ┐∃ sfy[vjdfysf lfgbhbc-

lfgbhbcgbht,f gbht,f afhbyufkbpfwbbc
kf,bfkbpfwbbc vb[tldbs
vb[tldbs
∀ ∃ sfy[vjdfysf ┐∃ sfy[vjdfysf lfgbhbc-
lfgbhbcgbht,f gbht,f byntycbdj,bc vb-
lf.f,ekj,bc [tldbs
vb[tldbs
∀ ∃ sfy[vjdfysf ┐∃ sfy[vjdfysf lfgbhbc-
lfgbhbcgbht,f gbht,f aidbydbthj,bc vb-
byntycbdj,bc vb- [tldbs
[tldbs

vjhajkjubeh eybdthcfkbfsf nf,ekf

eybdthcfkbbc
rdfynjhb

eybdthcfkbbc
tyj,hbdb vjdktyf itybidyf
vjmvtlt,bc gbhj,f

∀ ∃ vhfdkj,bsb ∃ vhfdkj,bsb hbw[-

hbw[db dbc ufvjv[fndtkb
fhfyekjdfyb fkj-
vjhab
∀ ∃ jhj,bsb hbw[db d fkjvjhab= hjvt-
kbw jhj,bs hbw[dc
ufvj[fnfdc= fhfye-
kjdfybf
∀ ∃ hbw[dbc vjhatvf= d hbw[dbc vjhatvf
,heydbc vjhatvf= ofhvjlutybkbf N-bc
cf[tkbc (N) ae.t ae.tcf lf ,heydbc
cbn'dfib+ N-bc vjhatvfc ijhbc (fv
ae.t fh fhbc hbw- cbn'dfib)
[dbc vjhatvfcf lf
,heydbc vjhatvfc
ijhbc
408 ÈÀÅÉ ÌÄÛÅÉÃÄ

∀ ∃ aktmcbf ∃ lthbdfwbekb tkt-

vtynb
∀ ∃ lthbdfwbekb ∀ lthbdfwbekb
tktvtynb= aktm- tktvtynb ofhvjlut-
cbf= .bhb cbn'dfib+ ybkbf .bhcf lf
.bhb fh fhbc lt- aktmcbfc ijhbc (fv
hbdfwbek tkt- cbn'dfib)
vtyncf lf aktm-
cbfc ijhbc
∀ ∃ o'dtnbkb ∃ ghtabmcb fy
vjhatvf ∃ ceabmcb
∀ ∃ ceabmcb lf ˥∃ ∃ sfylt,ekb lf ˥∃
ghtabmcb obylt,ekb
∀ ∃ ghtabmcb lf ˥∃ ∃ obylt,ekb lf ˥∃
ceabmcb sfylt,ekb
∀ ─ ∃ yfwdfkcf[tkb (P)
d ─ ∃ jhb hbw[db yfw- ufvjyfrkbct,b|
dfkcf[tkt,ib .dtkb bfdehb
(rfdb)= sfyfvtl-
hjdt bfdehb
∀ ∃ cmtcb N-ib ∃ cmtcb P-ib
∀ ∃ jhj,bsb hbw[db ∃ vhfdkj,bsb
hbw[db
∀ ∃ cfvj,bsb hbw[db ∃ jhj,bsb hbw[db
d ∃ ufyc[dfdt,f cmt- ∃ cmtcbc vb[tldbs ufvjyfrkbcbf
cbc vb[tldbs v[\ h\ ufyc[dfdt,f v[\ h\ III wtynhfkehb
II gbhib gbhib ybuthbbc
pjubthsb tyf
∀ ∃ V-c itsfy[vt,f ∃ A-c lf N-bc
S-sfy fy O-sfy itsfy[vt,f cmtcbc
cmtcbc vb[tldbs vb[tldbs lf ∃ V-c
itsfy[vt,f S-sfy fy
O-sfy hbw[dbc
vb[tldbs
∀ ─ ∃ rfdibhb
∀ d/∀ A vjcltdc N-bc 'dtkf rfnt-
N-c ujhbf ufvj[fnekb
A-ib
ÄÍÀÈÌÄÝÍÉÄÒÄÁÉÓ ÀáÀËÉ ÃÀÒÂÄÁÉ. ÓÔÒÖØÔÖÒÖËÉ ÔÉÐÏËÏÂÉÀ 409

d d S-b V-c oby fhbc ∃ ,heydf

lf d O V-c oby
fhbc
d S-b V-c ∃ S-b V-c oby
itvltu fhbc lf
∀
lf d O S-bc ∃ O V-c itvltu
itvltu fhbc
d S-b V-c ufvjyfrkbcbf
∃ obylt,ekb gfgfuj (benf-
itvltu fhbc
lf fwntrehb /ue-
d lf
d O S-bc itv- ˥∃ sfylt,ekb ab)
ltu fhbc
∃ sfylt,ekb lf ∀$d Ngen
B B oby ecoht,c ufvjyfrkbcbf
d N-c pjubthsb lf-
˥∃ obylt,ekb
qtcnyehb tyf
d ∃ obylt,ekb lf ∀$ d Ngen B B vjcltdc ufvjyfrkbcbf| lf-
N-c ybehb= yjhdtubekb=
˥∃ sfylt,ekb
idtlehb= kfndbe-
hb= kbndehb

AAfqybiyfdc @ptlcfhsfd cf[tkc# (byuk. Adjective);

N fqybiyfdc @fhct,bs cf[tkc# (byuk. Noun);
Ngen fqybiyfdc @fhct,bs cf[tkc utytnbdib#;
B B

P fqybiyfdc @yfwdfkcf[tkc# (byuk. Pronoun);

O fqybiyfdc @lfvfnt,fc# (byuk. Object);
S fqybiyfdc @mdtvlt,fhtc# (byuk. Subject).

3. tyfsf nbgjkjubehb rkfcbabrfwbf

3.1. XIX cfereybc tyfsvtwybtht,fib vbqt,ekb byj tyfsf cbvhfdkbc

lf'jaf= tyfsf rkfcbabrfwbf bcts vjhajkjubeh nbgt,fl= hjujhbw
fhbc vfbpjkbht,tkb= aktmcbehb lf fukenbyfwbehb\ sfyfvtlhjdt
bynthghtnfwbbs fv nbgt,bc ufycfpqdhf fctsyfbhfl itb.kt,f ofh-
vjdflubyjs|
410 ÈÀÅÉ ÌÄÛÅÉÃÄ

vfbpjkbht,tkbf tyt,b= hjvkt,ibw fldbkfl [jhwbtklt,f ctu-

vtynfwbf= fye ufvjyfsmdfvsf lfyfotdht,f vjhat,fl= vfuhfv .ytkbf
rkfcbabrfwbf= fye cbnydfsf gfhflbuvfnekb rkfct,bc ufvjyjaf+
aktmcbehbf tyt,b= hjvkt,ibw fldbkbf rkfcbabrfwbf= vfuhfv
.ytkbf ctuvtynfwbf+
fukenbyfwbehbf tyt,b= hjvkt,ibw fldbkfl [jhwbtklt,f hj-
ujhw ctuvtynfwbf= bct rkfcbabrfwbf\
fv jhb rhbnthbevbc ─ ctuvtynfwbbcf lf rkfcbabrfwbbc vb[tldbs
itb.kt,f lflubyltc rjyrhtnekb tybc resdybkt,f fvf se bv kby-
udbcnehb nbgbcflvb\
ctuvtynfwbf lf rkfcbabrfwbf qhvf kbyudbcnehb fphbc itvwdt-
kb ghjwtleht,bf\ ctuvtynfwbf= eobyfhtc yjdkbcf= uekbc[vj,c bvfc=
se hjujh ittcf,fvt,f thsvfytsc vjhat,b lf bc vybidytkj,t,b=
hjvkt,bw vfs vbtotht,fs ─ ittcf,fvt,f ths vjhac hfvltybvt vybi-
dytkj,f= hjujhw tc aktmcbeh tyt,ibf+ fhct,j,c se fhf bpjvjh-
abpvb ─ ehsbthswfkcf[f itcf,fvbcj,f ibyffhcbc ajhvfcf lf ufvj-
[fnekt,bc ajhvfc ijhbc= hjujhw tc fukenbyfwbeh tyt,ibf+ se
cfthsjl ite.kt,tkbf ufvjyjabkb vjhat,bcfsdbc ufycfpqdhekb
velvbdb vybidytkj,t,bc vbothf= hjujhw tc vfbpjkbht,tk tyt,ib
lfcnehlt,f\
rkfcbabrfwbf uekbc[vj,c bvfc= se hfvltyfl mvybfy ufvjyjabkb
vjhat,b lfgbhbcgbht,fsf ibyfufy cbcntvfc= hjujhbf vfsb gfhflbu-
vfnekb ehsbthsvbvfhst,t,b\
XIX cfereybc kbyudbcnt,b tyt,c f[fcbfst,lyty ufhrdtekb nbgb-
cflvb vfsb vbresdyt,bc sdfkcfphbcbs bct= hjv fh byj vrfwhfl
lflutybkb fv nbgt,bc ufyvcfpqdhtkb cnhemnehekb ybiyt,b\ coj-
htl fvbc ufvj= thsb lf bubdt tyf [fy fukenbyfwbeh tyfsf cbvhfd-
ktib tmwtjlf= [fy rbltd ─ aktmcbeh tyfsf cbvhfdktib\ [ibhfl
hjvtkbvt nthvbyb= rjyrhtnekfl= dsmdfs= fukenbyfwbehb f[fcbf-
st,lf fhf vskbfyfl tyfc= fhfvtl v[jkjl pjubths rjycnhemwbfc
fv tybcfc= hjvtkcfw fvfs ufhlf itb.kt,f c[dfudfhb rjycnhemwbt-
,bw ]mjyjlf= dsmdfs= aktmcbehb\
itvlujv tnfgc tyfsf itlfht,bs-nbgjkjubeh itcofdkfib mvybc
tyj,hbdb rkfcbabrfwbf= hjvkbc vb[tldbsfw rkfcbabrfwbbc fvjcfdf-
kb rhbnthbevbf cbnydbc vjhajkjubehb cnhemnehbc cbhsekt\ fv
rkfcbabrfwbbc sfyf[vfl ufybhxtdf tyfsf cfvb nbgb| fyfkbpehb= cby-
stpehb lf gjkbcbystpehb\
fyfkbpehbf tyt,b= hjvtksf cbn'dt,b sbsj vjhabcfufy itlut,f
lf= fvltyfl= vjrkt,ekbf vjhajkjubeh cnhemnehfc+
ÄÍÀÈÌÄÝÍÉÄÒÄÁÉÓ ÀáÀËÉ ÃÀÒÂÄÁÉ. ÓÔÒÖØÔÖÒÖËÉ ÔÉÐÏËÏÂÉÀ 411

cbystpehbf tyt,b= hjvkt,ibw cbnydf= hjujhw otcb= jh-cfv

vjhac itbwfdc lf ufycfpqdhekb vjhajkjubeh-cnhemnehekb
fut,ekt,f fmdc+
gjkbcbystpehbf tyt,b= hjvtksf cbn'dt,b cfiefkjl cfvpt vtnb
vjhabcfufy itlut,f (tlefhl ctgbhb)\

3.2. ßfhvjlutybkb rkfcbabrfwbf eltdc cfae.dkfl tyfsf vjhaj-

kjubeh-nbgjkjubeh rkfcbabrfwbfc (/jpta uhby,thub)\ fv rkfcb-
abrfwbfib tyfsf itcflfht,kfl fqt,ekb cnhemnehekb ybiyt,b
hfjltyj,hbdfl ufvjb[fnt,f\ fvltyfl= rkfcbabrfwbf rdfynbnfnbeh-
nbgjkjubehbf\ tyfsf itlfht,bs-nbgjkjubehb rkfcbabrfwbbcfsdbc
fqt,ekbf hfvltybvt gfhfvtnhb= hjvtksfw pecnb hfjltyj,hbdb
ufvj[fnekt,f fmds\ tctybf|
1\ cbystpehj,bc byltmcb= hjvtkbw fct ufvjbcf[t,f| M/W= cflfw
M fhbc vjhatvfsf hfjltyj,f ufycfpqdhekb vjwekj,bc ntmcnib=
[jkj W ─ cbnydt,bc hfjltyj,f\ c b y s t p e h j , b c b y l t m c b f[f-
cbfst,c cbnydbc vjhajkjubehb cnhemnehbc cbhsektc\ tyt,b= cf-
lfw tc itafhlt,f elhbc 1-c= fyfkbpehbf+ tyt,b= hjvkt,ibw tc by-
ltmcb vtnbf 1-pt= vfuhfv fh fqtvfnt,f 3-c= ufybcfpqdht,f hjujhw
cbystpehb= [jkj bc tyt,b= hjvkt,bcsdbcfw M/W>3= [fcbfslt,f hj-
ujhw gjkbcbystpehb\
2\ fukenbyfwbbc byltmcb\ tc byltmcb ufyfc[dfdt,c tyt,c= hjvkt,-
ibw vjhatvt,b hsek ajhvt,fl ufthsbfyt,bcfc fy cek fh bwdkt,f
ajytvehfl= fy bwdkt,f evybidytkjl= ─ bctsb tyt,bcfufy= hjvkt,-
ibw vjhatvt,b ehsbthslfrfdibht,bcfc .fkbfy cf[twdkbkb ofhvju-
dblut,f\ c[dfudfhfl hjv dsmdfs= fukenbyfwbbc byltmcb ufycfp-
qdhfdc vjhajyjkjubeh vjyfwdktj,fsf [dtlhbs ojyfc tyj,hbd
cbcntvfib\
vjhatvfc deojljs fdnjvfnehb= se vbcb itvflutytkb vjhat,b=
fye vbcb fkjvjhat,b= ajytvehb itlutybkj,bc sdfkcfphbcbs velfv
bltynehbf fy se vjyfwdktj,f vfs ijhbc @fdnjvfnehbf#= t\b\= se
vjhatvbc itvflutytkb vjhat,b= vbcb fkjvjhat,b vfhnbdb otct,bc
vtidtj,bs ufvjbydfyt,f thsb ajhvblfy= hjvtkcfw .bhbsflb ajhvf
tojlt,f\ deojljs vjhajkjubeh rjycnhemwbfc fukenbyfwbehb=
se vfcib ufthsbfyt,ekb tyj,hbdb ajhvt,b fdnjvfneh vjhatvt,c
ufytresdyt,f\ itcf,fvbcfl= fukenbyfwbbc byltmcb ufybcfpqdht,f hj-
ujhw ufhrdtekb vjwekj,bc ntmcnib lflfcneht,ekb fukenbyf-
wbehb rjycnhemwbt,bc hfjltyj,bc itafhlt,f cbnydt,ib @vjhatvt-
,bc itcfyfhsf# hfjltyj,fcsfy| A/J (Juncture – @itcfyfhb#)\ @itcf-
yfhsf# hfjltyj,f cbnydfib thsbs yfrkt,bf vfcib ofhvjlutybkb
412 ÈÀÅÉ ÌÄÛÅÉÃÄ

vjhatvt,bc hfjltyj,fpt\ tyt,b= cflfw fukenbyfwbbc byltmcbc vybi-

dytkj,f vfqfkbf= lf[fcbfslt,f hjujhw fukenbyfwbehb tyt,b= cf-
gbhbcgbhjl aktmcbehb fy aepbehb tyt,bcf= cflfw fv byltmcbc vybi-
dytkj,f lf,fkbf\
hfvltybvt cbnydf aepbbc itcf[t,\ aepbf fhbc vjdktyf= hjvkbc
lhjcfw [lt,f hfvltybvt vjhatvbc ithoyvf ths ajhvfib bct= hjv
ite.kt,tkbf vfs ijhbc pqdfhbc ufdkt,f\
ufydb[bkjs byukbcehb ajhvf dep- (cbn'dfib depth @cbqhvt#)=
hjvtkbw jhb vjhabcfufy itlut,f| thsbf ktmcbrehb vybidytkj,bc
vmjyt vjhab= hjvtkbw lfvfnt,bsb lbcnhb,ewbbc lfvjrblt,ekt,f-
ibf deep (@qhvf#) vjhasfy= [jkj vtjhtf uhfvfnbrekb vybidytkj-
,bc vmjyt t\o\ itvyfwdkt,tkb vjhab /ij→e/= hjvtkbw ufvj[fnfdc
lfgbhbcgbht,fc ptlcfhsfd cf[tkcf lf fhct,bs cf[tkc ijhbc\ vfif-
cflfvt= tc dep- cojhtl a e p b e h b tyj,hbdb ajhvff= hfvltyflfw
ite.kt,tkbf vbcb itvflutykt,bc ─ ktmcbrehb vybidytkj,bc vmjyt
vjhabcf lf uhfvfnbrekb vybidytkj,bc vmjyt itvyfwdkt,tkb vjh-
abc ─ pecnfl ufvb/dyf thsvfytsbcfufy\ fctsbdt aepbehb ajhvt,bf
fuhtsdt byuk\ streng- (cbn'dfib strength @.fkf#)= hjvtkbw egbhbc-
gbhlt,f ptlcfhsfd cf[tkc strong @.kbthb#= lf leng- vjhab (cbn-
'dfib length @cbuh.t#)= hjvtkbw egbhbcgbhlt,f ptlcfhsfd cf[tkc
long @uh.tkb#\
rbltd eahj lbl cb.ytktt,sfy fhbc lfrfdibht,ekb bctsb firf-
hfl hsekb tyj,hbdb ajhvt,bc fyfkbpb= hjujhbw fhbc byuk\ were=
hjvtkbw itbwfdc fcts ktmcbreh lf uhfvfnbrek byajhvfwbfc| be
@'jayf#+ofhcekb lhj+vhfdkj,bsb hbw[db= lf byuk\ was= hjvkbc
byajhvfwbekb cnhemnehbc itvflutytkb tktvtynt,bf| be @'ja-
yf#+ofhcekb lhj+v[jkj,bsb hbw[db= vfuhfv ghbywbgekfl ite.-
kt,tkbf bvbc lflutyf= se hf ajhvfkehb ufvj[fnekt,f fmds fv
tktvtynt,c\
3\ rjvgjpbwbbc byltmcb\ hjltcfw cbnydfib thspt vtnb .bhbf
ofhvjlutybkb= fcts itvs[dtdfc rjvgjpbwbf tojlt,f\ vbcb vf[fcbfst-
,tkb byltmcb ufybcfpqdht,f hjujhw R/W= cflfw R fhbc .bhtekb
vjhatvt,bc hfjltyj,f ufycf[bkdtk ntmcnib= [jkj W ─ cbnydt,bc
hfjltyj,f\
itvltub jhb byltmcb ufycfpqdhfdc lthbdfwbekb lf aktmcbehb
vjhat,bc [dtlhbs ojyfc vjhajkjubeh rjycnhemwbt,ib| D/W lf
F/W= cflfw D lf F fqybiyfdty itcf,fvbcfl lthbdfwbekb lf aktm-
cbehb vjhat,bc hfjltyj,fc\ ufdb[ctyjs= hjv lthbdfwbekbf vjhab=
hjvtkbw c[df vjhasfy= cf[tklj,h= .bhtek vjhasfy itthst,bcfc
ÄÍÀÈÌÄÝÍÉÄÒÄÁÉÓ ÀáÀËÉ ÃÀÒÂÄÁÉ. ÓÔÒÖØÔÖÒÖËÉ ÔÉÐÏËÏÂÉÀ 413

mvybc bcts vbvltdhj,fc= hjv bub yjdtksdbc itb.kt,f ityfwdkt,ek

bmytc vfhnbdb ajhvbs rjycnhemwbbc lfehqdtdkfl= [jkj aktmcb-
ehbf bctsb vjhab= hjvtkbw fhw .bhtekbf lf fhw lthbdfwbekb\
byltmct,b P/W, S/W lf I/W ufycfpqdhfdty fabmcehb vjhat,bc vj-
yfobktj,bc [fhbc[c vjhajkjubeh rjycnhemwbt,ib= cflfw P fhbc
ghtabmcekb vjhat,bc hfjltyj,f= S ─ ceabmcehb vjhat,bc hfjlt-
yj,f= [jkj I ─ byabmct,bc hfjltyj,f (W bctd cbnydfsf hfjltyj,fc
fqybiyfdc)\

3.3. Äyfsf nbgjkjubehb itlfht,bcfc stjhbekfl bdfhfelt,f t\o\

tnfkjyb tyf= hjvkbc sdfkcfphbcbsfw thsvfytsc itelfhlt,f lf
itafclt,f htfkehb tyj,hbdb cbcntvt,b\ se fctsb tnfkjyb tyf itm-
vybkbf lf wyj,bkbf bc nhfycajhvfwbekb otct,b= hjvtksf vtidt-
j,bs vbcufy ufvjbydfyt,f rjyrhtnekb tyj,hbdb cbcntvt,b= itcf.kt-
,tkb [lt,f fv tyfsf sfyvbvltdhekb lf eybabwbht,ekb fqothf lf
ehsbthsitlfht,f\ fvltyfl= tc tnfkjyb tyf thsudfh vtnftyfc ofh-
vjflutyc tyfsf fqothbcfsdbc\

4. .bhtekb vjhat,bcf lf lfv[vfht tktvtynt,bc

nbgjkjubf

4.1. Äybc vjhajkjubehb tktvtynt,bc cbvhfdkt= hjujhw dbwbs= jh

/ueafl byjaf| I /ueac ufytresdyt,f .bhtekb vjhatvt,b= [jkj II
/ueac ─ lfv[vfht fye vjvcf[eht tktvtynt,b\ II /ueabc tktvtynt,b
itb.kt,f ofhvjlutybkb bmytc cbbc cf[bs= [jkj I /ueabc .bhtekb
vjhajkjubehb tktvtynt,bc chekb cbbc cf[bs ofhvjlutyf eahj
hsekbf\ c[dflfc[df tybc obyflflt,t,b ofhvjudblut,f hjujhw I
/ueabc (.bhtekb) lf II /ueabc (vjvcf[eht) tktvtynt,bc ufycfp-
qdhekb vbvltdhj,t,b\
I lf II /ueabc tktvtynt,b hjujhqfw ehsbthsvjmvtlt,ty= rjv-
,bybht,ty thsvfytssfy\ I /ueabc tktvtynt,b erfdibhlt,f II /ueabc
tktvtynt,bc rjyrhtnek cbfc= II /ueabc tktvtynt,c rb ite.kbfs
lferfdibhlyty .bhtek vjhatvt,c fye I /ueabc ufhrdtek tktvty-
nt,c\ vfifcflfvt= II /ueabc tktvtynt,b vfhrbht,ekbf lf mvybc
ahfpbc fewbkt,tk uhfvfnbrek ufajhvt,fc tyfib\
414 ÈÀÅÉ ÌÄÛÅÉÃÄ

4.2. II /ueabc lfv[vfht vjhajkjubehb tktvtynt,b jh fhfsfyfv-

rdts mdtcbvhfdktl yfobklt,f\ II1 mdtcbvhfdktc itflutyty bc lfv-
[vfht tktvtynt,b= hjvkt,bw fajhvt,ty cbnydt,c= vfuhfv fh fhbfy
cfrvfhbcyb fv cbnydt,bc yt,bcvbthb ufikbc ufcfajhvt,kfl\ vfufkb-
sfl= hecekb tybc -a tktvtynb (yfs\ ,heydbc ybifyb) fajhvt,c cbn-
ydfc стол (@vfublf#) ─ ofhvjbmvyt,f ajhvf стола\ bubdt -a tktvty-
nb fajhvt,c vjwtvekb стола cbnydbc ths-ths itcf.kt,tk ufi-
kfcfw= dsmdfs= fctsc| стол-а и стул-а (@vfublbcf lf crfvbc#)= vfuhfv
fh fhbc cfrvfhbcb fv стол-а ajhvbc fctsb ufikbc ─ больш-ого
стол-а (@lblb vfublbc#) ufcfajhvt,kfl (fv vbvltdhj,bc gbhdtkb
itvflutykbc ufcfajhvt,kfl cek c[df tktvtynb ─ -ого ufvjbytyt-
,f)\ II1 /ueaib ufthsbfyt,ek lfv[vfht vjhajkjubeh tktvtynt,c
itb.kt,f fabmct,b tojljs\
II2 mdtcbvhfdktc itflutyty bc lfv[vfht vjhajkjubehb tktvty-
nt,b= hjvtksfw ite.kbfs uffajhvjy hjujhw cbnydf= bct fv cbn-
ydbc yt,bcvbthb ufikf\ fct= vfufkbsfl= на tktvtynb fajhvt,c fhf
vfhnj столе cbn'dfc= fhfvtl vbc yt,bcvbth ufikfcfw| на большом
столе, на деревянном столе, на большом деревянном столе, на но-
вом большом деревянном столе (@lbl vfublfpt#= @[bc vfublfpt#=
@lbl [bc vfublfpt#= @f[fk lbl [bc vfublfpt#) lf c[d\
lfv[vfht tktvtynsf II2 mdtcbvhfdktc ufytresdyt,f fuhtsdt= vf-
ufkbsfl= vhfdkj,bsb hbw[dbc fqvybidytkb vjhatvf sehmekib\ bub
erfdibhlt,f lf fajhvt,c hjujhw wfkrtek cbnydfc| çocuk @,fd-
idb# → çocuklar @,fdidt,b#= bct fv cbnydbc yt,bcvbth ufikfcfw| vfuf-
kbsfl= çocuk, kadın ve ihtiyarlar @,fdidt,b= mfkt,b lf vj[ewt,b#= cf-
lfw -lar ajhvfkehfl v[jkjl erfyfcrytk itvflutytksfy fhbc
ofhvjlutybkb= vfuhfv t[t,f fuhtsdt gbhdtk jh itvflutytkcfw=
hfw lfcnehlt,f rbltw fctsb vbvltdhj,bc fhct,j,bs| çocuklar, ka-
dınlar ve ihtiyarlar @,fdidt,b= mfkt,b lf vj[ewt,b#+ fctdt= ev ve yollar
@cf[kt,b lf upt,b# fylf evler ve yollar @cf[kt,b lf upt,b# (-lar/-ler
tktvtynt,bs jhbdt itvflutytksfy)\

4.3. Ãfv[vfht tktvtynsf II2 rkfcc ufytresdyt,f fctdt vhfdfkb tybc

fhnbrkt,b\ bcbyb trdbdfktyneh vbvltdhj,t,fl fajhvt,ty hjujhw
wfkrtek cbn'vt,c= bct vfs yt,bcvbth ufikfc| byuk\ aN↔aAN (a uf-
yecfpqdhtkb fhnbrkbf) (a choice @fhxtdfyb#↔a happy choice @bq-
,kbfyb fhxtdfyb#)\ fvbcufy ufyc[dfdt,bs= fhf,ekb tybc fhnbrkb fh
ufytresdyt,f II2 rkfcc| ’arrağulu-lmarīdu @fdflvyjab rfwb# (eahj
ÄÍÀÈÌÄÝÍÉÄÒÄÁÉÓ ÀáÀËÉ ÃÀÒÂÄÁÉ. ÓÔÒÖØÔÖÒÖËÉ ÔÉÐÏËÏÂÉÀ 415

pecnfl| @rfwb fdflvyjab#) vbvltdhj,fib ’ar- fhnbrkb fajhvt,c

cbnydfc rağulu @rfwb# ─ ’arrağulu (the man)= vfuhfv tc tktvtynb fh
fhbc cfrvfhbcb rağulu cbnydbc ufikbc vtjht itvflutykbc ufcfajh-
vt,kfl lf= fvltyfl= bub fewbkt,kfl vtjhlt,f vbcb trdbdfktynehb
rjycnhemwbbc vtjht itvflutytksfyfw (-l- fhbc ’al- ufycfpqdhekb
fhnbrkbc ths-thsb fkjvjhab)\ hfw itt[t,f ajytveh ufyc[dfdt,fc
’ar- lf -l- tktvtynt,c ijhbc= bc ajyjkjubehfl fhbc itgbhj,t,e-
kb\ tc jhb tktvtynb thsb vjhatvbc fkjvjhat,bf ─ ’ar ud[dlt,f r-
sfy[vjdybs lfoyt,ekb cbnydt,bc oby= [jkj l-c [vjdfyb fh e.qdbc
bvbnjv= hjv bub vbvltdhj,bc iefibf ofhvjlutybkb\

4.4. II2 rkfcc ufytresdyt,f vhfdfkb tybc obylt,ekt,b lf sfylt,e-

kt,b\ fvfdt rkfcbc resdybkt,ff= vfufkbsfl= sehmekb tybc ,tdhb
lfv[vfht tktvtynb+ obyflflt,fib ne yiyor, ne içiyor, ne de söylüyordu
tktvtynb –du= yfvyj lhjbc vfxdtyt,tkb= tresdybc fhf vfhnj erf-
yfcrytk pvyeh ajhvfc= fhfvtl cfvbdt pvyfc= itthst,ekc ne … ne
…. ne de rfdibhbs| @bc fhw zfv[lf]= fhw cdfv[lf] lf fhw kfgfhf-
rj,lf#\
II2 rkfcc vbtresdyt,f fuhtsdt resdybkt,bc fqvybidytkb vjhat-
vf byukbcehib| The man whom I saw yesterday’s daughter @ueiby hjv
dyf[t= [bv] rfwbc mfkbidbkb#\ fv vbvltdhj,fib ofhvjlutybk ’s tkt-
vtync ite.kbf uffajhvjc hjujhw cbnydf the man @rfwb#= bct fv
cbnydbc yt,bcvbthb ufikf= vfs ijhbc the man whom I saw yesterday
─ @ueiby hjv dyf[t= [bc] rfwb#+ fy rbltd= The mayor from Boston’s
wife @,jcnjytkb vfbjhbc wjkb#\ II2 rkfcbc lfv[vfht vjhajkjub-
eh tktvtynt,c itb.kt,f yfobkfrt,b tojljc\

4.5. Ïh mdt/ueafl itb.kt,f lfbyjc fuhtsdt I /ueabc .bhtekb

vjhatvt,bw\ I1 mdt/ueac itflutyc bc .bhtekb vjhatvt,b= hjvkt,bw
erfdibhlt,f II1 lf$fy II2 rkfcbc lfv[vfht vjhajkjubeh tktvty-
nt,c\ dsmdfs= стол .bhtekb vjhatvf ufytresdyt,f I1 mdt/ueac=
hfvltyflfw bub erfdibhlt,f II1 mdt/ueabc -a tktvtync\ fctdt=
byukbcehib choice ufytresdyt,f I1 mdt/ueac= hfvltyflfw bub erfd-
ibhlt,f II2 rkfcbc a fy the tktvtynt,c (the ufycfpqdhekb
fhnbrkbf)\
I2 mdt/ueaib thsbfylt,f bc .bhtekb vjhatvt,b= hjvkt,bw fh
erfdibhlt,f fhw II1 lf fhw II2 /ueat,bc lfv[vfht tktvtynt,c\
416 ÈÀÅÉ ÌÄÛÅÉÃÄ

4.6. Ãfv[vfht vjhajkjubeh tktvtynsf cbvhfdkt hfqfw c[df

sdfkcfphbcbs itb.kt,f bctd jh mdtcbvhfdktl lfb'jc| I mdtcbvhfd-
ktc itflutyc t\o\ fyfkbpehb lfv[vfht tktvtynt,b= [jkj vtjhtc ─
t\o\ cbystpehb lfv[vfht tktvtynt,b\ hjltcfw lfv[vfht vjhajkj-
ubehb tktvtynt,bc cbvhfdktt,b= hjvkt,bw c[dflfc[df rfntujhbfc
ufvj[fnfdty= fh brdtst,bfy= yjdtkb lfv[vfht vjhajkjubehb tkt-
vtynb thsb rjyrhtnekb rfntujhbbc ufvjv[fndtkbf lf fctsb tkt-
vtynb itb.kt,f ufydcfpqdhjs hjujhw fyfkbpehb\ c[dfudfhfl= fyf-
kbpehbf lfv[vfht vjhajkjubehb tktvtynb vfiby= hjltcfw fhct-
,j,c ehsbthswfkcf[f itcf,fvbcj,f vjhatvfcf lf uhfvtvfc ijhbc\
hjltcfw cbvhfdktt,b lfv[vfht vjhajkjubehb tktvtynt,bcf= hjv-
kt,bw c[dflfc[df rfntujhbfc ufvj[fnfdty= brdtst,bfy= vfiby sfyfr-
dtsfib ofhvjlutybkb yjdtkb tktvtynb thspt vtn rfntujhbfc uf-
vj[fnfdc lf fctsb tktvtynb itb.kt,f ufydcfpqdhjs hjujhw cby-
stpehb\ c[dfudfhfl= cbystpehbf lfv[vfht vjhajkjubehb tktvtynb
vfiby= hjltcfw vjhatvf ufvj[fnfdc uhfvtvfsf , v e k u f t h s b f -
y t , f c \ vfufkbsfl= -us vjhatvf kfsbyehib ufvj[fnfdc uhfvtvfsf
fcts ,vek ufthsbfyt,fc| cf[tkj,bsb ,heydf= vfvhj,bsb cmtcb= v[j-
kj,bsb hbw[db\ fvltyfl= ufycfpqdht,bc sfyf[vfl= -us fhbc cbystpe-
hb tktvtynb\ xdtekt,hbd= cbystpehbf II1 rkfcbc lfv[vfht vjhaj-
kjubehb tktvtynt,b= [jkj fyfkbpehb ─ II2 rkfcbcf\

4.7. Þbhtekb lf lfv[vfht vjhajkjubehb tktvtynt,bc ptvjs ufy-

[bkekb rkfct,b itcf.kt,tkbf cfae.dkfl lftljc tyfsf nbgjkj-
ubeh rkfcbabrfwbfc\
tyt,b= hjvkt,ibw ufdhwtkt,ekbf v[jkjl I2 rkfcbc vjhaj-
kjubehb tktvtynt,b= fye .bht,b= hjvkt,bw fh erfdibhlt,f fhw
fabmct,c lf fhw yfobkfrt,c= itflutyty fvjhaek tyfsf nbgc\
tyt,b= hjvkt,ibw ufdhwtkt,ekbf I1= I2 lf II2 rkfct,bc vjhaj-
kjubehb tktvtynt,b lf fh fhbc ofhvjlutybkb v[jkjl II1 rkfcbc
tktvtynt,b= mvybfy byrjhgjhfwbek tyfsf nbgc\
tyt,b= hjvkt,ibw ufdhwtkt,ekbf js[bdt mdt/ueabc vjhajkj-
ubehb tktvtynt,b= itflutyty tyfsf fukenbyfwbeh lf aktmcbeh
nbgt,c\ ufyc[dfdt,f fukenbyfwbeh lf aktmcbeh tyt,c ijhbc ufvjb-
[fnt,f fv tyt,ib f y f k b p e h b se c b y s t p e h b t k t v t y n t , b c
egbhfntcb ufdhwtkt,ekj,bs| se vjhajkjubehb tktvtynt,bc fv
js[bdt mdt/ueabc itvwdtk tyfib egbhfntcfl ufdhwtkt,ekbf
f y f k b p e h b lfv[vfht tktvtynt,b= vfiby fctsb tyf lf[fcbfslt,f
hjujhw fukenbyfwbehb= [jkj se tyfib egbhfntcfl cbystpehb
ÄÍÀÈÌÄÝÍÉÄÒÄÁÉÓ ÀáÀËÉ ÃÀÒÂÄÁÉ. ÓÔÒÖØÔÖÒÖËÉ ÔÉÐÏËÏÂÉÀ 417

lfv[vfht tktvtynt,b lfcnehlt,f= fctsb tyf lf[fcbfslt,f hjujhw

aktmcbehb\
byrjhgjhfwbf= hjujhw tyj,hbdb ajhvt,bc ofhvjmvybc uhfvfnb-
rekb [th[b= ufybcfpqdht,f v[jkjl II2 mdt/ueabc lfv[vfht vjhaj-
kjubehb tktvtynt,bc fhct,j,bs\ byrjhgjhfwbekbf tyf= hjvtkbw
ufvjbhxtdf .bht,bc byrjhgjhfwbbs= hfw bvfc ybiyfdc= hjv II2 rkfcbc
lfv[vfht vjhajkjubehb tktvtynb erfdibhlt,f lf fajhvt,c fhf
cbnydfsf vbvltdhj,fc= fhfvtl .bht,bc vbvltdhj,fc\ byrjhgjhfwbe-
kb rjycnhemwbf itb.kt,f ufybcfpqdhjc hjujhw X .bhtekb lf n
lfv[vfht vjhajkjubehb tktvtynt,bcufy itvlufhb vbvltdhj,f=
hjvtkbw itb.kt,f ufbifkjc n tktvtynbc vtidtj,bs ufajhvt,ek
.bht,bc vbvltdhj,fl| Xn→XXn→XXXn+ vfufkbsfl= byuk\| a wall, a
stone wall, a high stone wall @rtltkb= mdbc rtltkb= vfqfkb mdbc rtlt-
kb#\ vfuhfv hfvltyflfw byukbcehb tyf fctsb byrjhgjhfwbekb
rjycnhemwbt,bc ufhlf c[dfudfh cnhemneht,cfw itbwfdc= bub fh it-
b.kt,f lf[fcbfsltc hjujhw ovbylf byrjhgjhfwbekb tyf\

4.8. Æjubths tyfib rjycnhemwbbc itvflutykt,b thsvfytsc erfd-

ibhlt,f ufhrdtekb uhfvfnbrekb byajhvfwbbc fewbkt,tkb ufyvtj-
ht,bs= hfcfw flubkb fmdc itsfy[vt,bc lhjc\ itsfy[vt,f itb.kt,f
ufybcfpqdhjc hjujhw thsb lf bvfdt byajhvfwbbc fewbkt,tkb ufy-
vtjht,f rjycnhemwbbc eiefkj itvflutykt,ib\ tc thsb lf bubdt
byajhvfwbf itb.kt,f c[dflfc[df tktvtynbs byjc ufvj[fnekb= vfu-
hfv fv tktvtynt,bc lbcnhb,ewbekb fyfkbpb lf vybidytkj,f= uf-
lfcdkf tktvtynt,blfy vfs vbth ufvj[fnek byajhvfwbfpt cfae.-
dtkc b.ktdf tc ufyc[dfdt,ekb tktvtynt,b dfhbfynt,fl vbdbxybjs\
vfufkbsfl= hecek tyfib -a lf –aя tktvtynt,b= hjvkt,bw ufvj[f-
nfdty thscf lf bvfdt uhfvfnbrek byajhvfwbfc= cf[tklj,h= vbesb-
st,ty vltlhj,bs cmtcpt= v[jkj,bs hbw[dcf lf cf[tkj,bs ,heydf-
pt= fvfdt lhjc bvyjat,bfy lfvfnt,bsb lbcnhb,ewbbc lfvjrblt,e-
kt,fib| -aя tktvtynb lfcnehlt,f cf[tksf thsb rkfcbc tktvty-
nt,sfy ─ ptlcfhsfdt,sfy= [jkj -a tktvtynb ─ cf[tksf c[df rkf-
cbc tktvtynt,sfy ─ fhct,bs cf[tkt,sfy\ fvhbufl= thsvfytsbcfufy
ufyc[dfdt,ekb tc jhb tktvtynb= hjvtksfufy sbsjtekb uhfvtvfsf
thscf lf bvfdt ,vek ufthsbfyt,fc ufvj[fnfdc lf= fvltyfl= thsb lf
bvfdt vybidytkj,bc vfnfht,tkbf= ufhrdtekb thstekbc dfhbfynt,c
ofhvjflutyc\
uhfvfnbrekb byajhvfwbf= hjvtkbw itsfy[vt,bcfc htuekfhe-
kfl vtjhlt,f= itb.kt,f @ahx[bkt,c ufhts# bmytc ufvjnfybkb bct=
hjujhw tc [lt,f fhbsvtnbrfib\
418 ÈÀÅÉ ÌÄÛÅÉÃÄ

ufydb[bkjs fctsb hecekb obyflflt,f|

Красивая (x1) девочка (x2) съела (x3) большой (x4) пирог (x5)
B B B B B B B B B B

@kfvfpvf ujujyfv itzfvf lblb yfvw[dfhb#.

fv obyflflt,bc eiefkj itvflutykt,ib ofhvjlutybkb ufyvtj-
ht,flb byajhvfwbf ufdbnfyjs ahx[bkt,c ufhts= vbdbqt,s| vl\
cm\⋀v[\ h\ [ cf[\ ,h\ (x1/x2) ch\ fcg\⋀ofhc\ lhj⋀ufhlfv\ (x3)] vfvh\
B B B B B B

cm\⋀v[\ h\⋀frep\ ,h\ (x4/x5) (⋀ cbv,jkj vfstvfnbreh kjubrfib fq-

B B B B

ybiyfdc rjybeymwbbc jgthfwbfc= hjvtkbw ,eyt,hbdb tybc lf rfdibhbc

,flfkbf)\
fvbs xdty thsudfhfl vjdf[lbyts vjwtvekb aktmcbehb rjyc-
nhemwbbc ufhlfmvyf tktvtynsf bcts vbvltdhj,fl= hjvkbc cnhem-
nehf ]ufdc byrjhgjhfwbekc\ vfhskfw= tktvtynsf vbqt,ek vbv-
ltdhj,fc hjv lfdfrdbhlts= fqvjxylt,f= hjv @ahx[bkt,c ufhts#
ufvjnfybkb tktvtynt,b ofhvjflutyty cojhtl II2 mdt/ueabc tkt-
vtynt,c= hjvtksfw ite.kbfs uffajhvjy hjujhw wfkrtekb .bht-
ekb ctuvtynb= fctdt vbcb trdbdfktynehb vbvltdhj,f ctuvtynt,bcf\
cnhemnehf= hjvtkbw lfv[vfht tktvtynt,fl itbwfdc v[jkjl II2
mdt/ueabc tktvtynt,c= xdty ufydcfpqdhts hjujhw byrjhgjhfwbe-
kb\ vfifcflfvt= byrjhgjhfwbekb cnhemnehf lf byrjhgjhfwbekb
tyf thsudfh vtnftyfc ofhvjflutyc fukenbyfwbehb lf aktmcbehb
tyt,bcfsdbc\ sfdbc v[hbd= fukenbyfwbehb tyfw itb.kt,f ufy[bkek
bmytc vtnftyfl aktmcbehb tybcfsdbc\
vfhskfw= hjltcfw xdty dfv,j,s= hjv мальчика ajhvf ofhvj- U U

flutyc vfvhj,bsb cmtcbc fhct,bs cf[tkc v[jkj,bsb hbw[dbc yfstcf-

j,bs ,heydfib= tc bvfc ybiyfdc= hjv fyfkbpehfl ufvjd'jas vfvhj-
,bsb cmtcbc= v[jkj,bsb hbw[dbcf lf yfstcfj,bsb ,heydbc uhfvtvt,c=
hjvkt,bw cbystpehfl fhbfy ofhvjlutybkb= ithoyvekb fv -a tkt-
vtynib\ aktmcbehb tyf fqbotht,f bv nthvbyt,bs= hjvkt,bw lfvf[f-
cbfst,tkbf fukenbyfwbehb tybcsdbc= cflfw lfv[vfht vjhajkjube-
hb tktvtynt,b fyfkbpehbf= t\b\ itcf,fvbcj,f vjhatvfcf lf uhfvtvfc
ijhbc ehsbthswfkcf[ff\ cfpjufljl= vtnftyf eahj vfhnbdb
cnhemnehbcff j,btmn-tyfcsfy itlfht,bs\

5. tyfsf nbgjkjubf lf @eybdthcfkehb uhfvfnbrf#

5.1. Äyfsf nbgjkjubehb itcofdkf ofhvjfxtyc eybdthcfkeh vf[f-

cbfst,kt,c= epjufltc rfyjypjvbtht,t,cf lf ghbywbgt,c= hjvtksf
thsj,kbj,f cfae.dkfl eltdc rjyrhtnek tyj,hbd cbcntvt,c\ tc
ÄÍÀÈÌÄÝÍÉÄÒÄÁÉÓ ÀáÀËÉ ÃÀÒÂÄÁÉ. ÓÔÒÖØÔÖÒÖËÉ ÔÉÐÏËÏÂÉÀ 419

tyj,hbdb cbcntvt,b fv eybdthcfkehb vf[fcbfst,kt,bcf lf ghbywbgt-

,bc= epjufltcb rfyjypjvbtht,t,bc thsj,kbj,bs ufycfpqdhekb th-
sbfyb pjuflb vjltkbc rjyrhtnek ufvjdkbyt,t,c ofhvjflutyc\
tyfsf itlfht,bs-nbgjkjubehb fyfkbpb w[flyjac= hjv ufyc[df-
dt,fsf vbe[tlfdfl= hjvkt,bw tyfsf ijhbc fhct,j,c= ydtkf tyf th-
sbfyb pjuflb vjltkbc vb[tldbs fhbc fut,ekb lf vfs ijhbc fhfdb-
sfhb ghbywbgekb ufyc[dfdt,f fh itbybiyt,f\ eybdthcfkeh ybify-
sdbct,fsf thsj,kbj,f= hjvtkbw ufycfpqdhfdc tybc hjujhw atyj-
vtybc fhcc= yjdtk rjyrhtnek tyj,hbd cbcntvfib ofhvjlutybkbf
sfdbcb ufhrdtekb yfobkbs= hfw vjwtvek tyj,hbd cbcntvfc fvf se
bv nbgjkjubeh rkfcc vbfresdyt,c\
sfyfvtlhjdt nbgjkjubbc .bhbsflb lfcrdyf fctsbf| 'dtkf tyfc
cfae.dkfl eltdc ufhrdtekb eybdthcfkehb ybify-sdbct,t,bs ufy-
cfpqdhekb pjuflb vjltkb= hjvtkbw c[dflfc[dfudfhfl ufvjdkby-
lt,f rjyrhtnek tyj,hbd cbcntvt,ib\

5.2. XVII cfereybc 60-bfy okt,ib cfahfyutsib= gjh-hjbfkbc vj-

yfcnthib itbmvyf t\o\ hfwbjyfkehb lf pjuflb uhfvfnbrf= hjvtkbw
lqtc eybdthcfkehb uhfvfnbrbc cf[tkbs fhbc wyj,bkb\ fv uhfvfnb-
rfib ofhvjlutybkb lt,ekt,t,b fyfkjubehbf sfyfvtlhjdt nbgj-
kjubbc .bhbsflb lfcrdybcf\ hfwbjyfkehb lf pjuflb uhfvfnbrbc
fdnjht,vf= gjh-hjbfkbc vjyfcnthib vjqdfot ,tht,vf fhyjv lf
kfyckjv cwfltc lftlubyfs pjuflb ghbywbgt,b= hjvkt,bw cfthsjf
flfvbfysf ydtkf tybcfsdbc= lf bc vbptpt,b= hjvkt,bw ufycfpqdhfdty
tyfsf ijhbc fhct,ek ufyc[dfdt,t,c\
tc ufcfjwfhb lfvs[dtdf sfyfvtlhjdt nbgjkjubbc .bhbsfl lfc-
rdyfcf lf @eybdthcfkehb uhfvfnbrbc# fvjcfdfk lt,ekt,t,c ijhbc
efqhtcfl vybidytkjdfybf tyfsvtwybtht,bc ufydbsfht,bc sdfkcfphb-
cbs\ bcnjhbekb cfvfhskbfyj,f vjbs[jdc bvbc fqybidyfc= hjv
g j h - h j b f k b c eybdthcfkeh-uhfvfnbrek rjywtawbfib ufydbsf-
ht,ekb bltt,bc fyfkjubehb it[tlekt,t,b fhyjvlt lf kfyckjvlt
vstkb thsb cfereybs flht tcgfytk ,thc cfymnbeccfw ]mjylf ajh-
vekbht,ekb\

5.3. Èfyfvtlhjdt nhfycajhvfwbekb ofhvjvij,b uhfvfnbrbc wty-

nhfkehb= aeylfvtynehb bltf ─ tyj,hbd cbcntvfib c b q h v b c t e -
k b lf p t l f g b h e k b l j y t t , b c fhct,j,bc itcf[t, ─ @eybdth-
cfkeh uhfvfnbrfib# xfvj'fkb,t,ekb ]bgjstpbc thsudfh fqjh.b-
yt,fc ofhvjflutyc\