394 ÈÀÅÉ ÌÄÄØÅÓÄ

hjvtkbw c[dflfc[df cnbkc ufytresdyt,f, vfs ijhbc ─ ytbnhf-

kehcfw.
ktmcbreh thstekc, hjvtkbw byfhxeyt,c ew[jeh bthc, vtn-yfr-
kt,fl htuekfhekfl b[vfht,f vtnydtkt,fib (hfcfw, hjujhw otcb,
vjlf ufyfgbhj,t,c) lf vrdblhb cbyjybvb fmdc, ,fh,fhbpvb (,th.y.
bárbaros @ew[jehb#, @ew[j mdtyybcf#) tojlt,f. ,fh,fhbpvt,b lfvf-
[fcbfst,tkbf ufhrdtekb cjwbfkehb /ueat,bc ofhvjvflutytksf
vtnydtkt,bcfsdbc. ,fh,fhbpvt,bf, vfufkbsfl| ctbkb (byuk. sale
@uf'bldf#, ilh. mfhs. afclfrkt,bs uf'bldf)+ ]f,bnecb (kfs. habi-
tus @ufhtuyj,f#, @cf[t#, ilh. mfhs. bthb, bthcf[t)+ ghjyjycb (ah.
prononcer @ofhvjsmvf#, ilh. mfhs. rbkj, ufvjsmvf, fmwtynb) lf
c[d. fctsb ktmcbrehb thstekt,b, xdtekt,hbd, cohfafl ufvjlbc
[vfht,blfy.

13. nthvbyjkjubf. nthvbyscbcntvt,bc vf[fcbfst,kt,b

13.1. Àhf,bhsdekb ktmcbrbc ths-ths /ueac itflutyc nthvbyt,b

(kfs. terminus @pqdfhb#) ─ wjlybc fy vjqdfotj,bc cgtwbfkehb
lfhut,bc nbgj,hbd wyt,fsf fqvybidytkb ktmcbrehb thstekt,b.
nthvbysf cbcntvfc nthvbyjkjubf tojlt,f, vbc itvcofdktk lbc-
wbgkbyfc ─ nthvbysvwjlytj,f. tybc ktmcbreh cbcntvfib nthvbyj-
kjubf= gbhdtk hbuib= sfdbcb aeymwbbc cfae.dtkpt ufvjbyjaf. bub
cfkbnthfnehj tybc .fkpt fmnbehfl [vfht,ekb lf vfmcbvfkehfl
vfhsdflb yfobkbf. nthvbyt,b byajhvfwbekfl c[df ktmcbreh thst-
ekt,pt eahj vtnfl fhbc lfndbhsekb. bcbyb cbystpehfl ufvj[f-
nfdty bvfc, hfw fyfkbpehfl ltabybwbbs ufvjb[fnt,f. fhfnthvbyj-
kjubehb ktmcbrbcfufy nthvbysf ufycfc[dfdt,kfl pju/th fvjovt-
,ty, fmdc se fhf ktmcbreh thstekc ltabybwbf vjwtvek lfhuib.

13.2. Ôthvbyt,bc itmvyf lfrfdibht,ekbf f[fkb htfkbt,bc cf[tk-

lt,fcsfy+ nthvbyjkjubf htfkj,bc itcofdkbc itltubf, bub ufhrdt-
ek vcjakv[tldtkj,fc fcf[fdc. lhjsf ufyvfdkj,fib ufhtcfvyfhjc
itcf[t, flfvbfysf wjlyf bwdkt,f, dbsfhlt,f, hbc ufvjw pjubthsb
nthvbybc ibyfajhvf itb.kt,f obyffqvltuj,fib vjdbltc bv wyt,bc
ibyffhcsfy, hjvtkcfw bub fqybiyfdc. fcts itvs[dtdt,ib vbbqt,f t.o.
whevfjhbtynbht,tkb nthvbyt,b. fctsbf, vfufkbsfl, fnjvb (,th.y.
ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÀ . ËÄØÓÉÊÏËÏÂÉÀ 395

átomos @lfeikflb#), ,fmnthbf (,th.y. baktéria @x[bhb#+ ,fmnthbt,bc

ths cf[tj,fc ─ rjrt,c < ,th.y. kókkos @vfhwdfkb# ─ cathjc ajh-
vf fmdc). fhct,j,c bctsb nthvbyt,bw, hjvtksf ibyfajhvf bvsfdbsdt
fh ittcf,fvt,jlf vfs ibyffhcc+ vfs hbw[dibf, vfufkbsfl, fcaehwt-
kf (vwtyfhbc cf[tkb), fstekb (@ths pdbyfl lfluvekb sthsvtnb
.yf#).

13.3. Újdtkb nthvbyb itlbc hjvtkbvt nthvbyscbcntvfib (nthvb-

yjkjubeh dtkib), hjvkbc ufhts bub ltnthvbyjkjubpfwbfc uf-
ybwlbc lf cfyjdtksfjl [vfht,ekb [lt,f. cfgbhbcgbhj ghjwtcbf
nthvbyjkjubpfwbf ─ nthvbyfl uflfmwtdf. nthvbyjkjubpfwbbc vf-
ufkbst,bf| ufv;qfdyt,f (ajnjuhfabfib), cfmjytkb (trjyjvbrfib),
cbvhfdkt (vfstvfnbrfib), mwtdf (uhfvfnbrfib)+ hec. прямая @ohat#,
сопротивление @obyfqj,f#. ltnthvbyjkjubpfwbf udfmdc, vfufkb-
sfl, itvltu ktmctvt,ib| cbvgnjvb @ybifyb#, lbfgfpjyb @ufdhwtkt,bc
fht#, cathj @lfhub#+ hec. лакировка @kfmbc ofcvf# > @itkfvfpt,f#.
fvudfhfl, pqdfhb nthvbyjkjubeh lf fhfnthvbyjkjubeh ktmcbrfc
ijhbc gbhj,bsbf. pju/th nthvbyb thsb lfhublfy vtjhtib uflflbc,
hfcfw sfy cltdc vybidytkj,bc ufhlfmvyf. fvudfhb htnthvbyjkjub-
pfwbbc itltufl fhbc vbqt,ekb, vfufkbsfl, dtkb ─ tyfsvtwybtht-
,fib abpbrblfy itvjcekb nthvbyb+ mbvbblfy tyfsvtwybtht,fib itvj-
dblf nthvbyb dfktynj,f, cfvtlbwbyj nthvbyjkjubblfy rjvgbent-
hek ntmybrfib ─ dbhecb, ntmybrblfy vtlbwbyfib ─ lhtyf;b lf c[d.
nthvbyt,b bmvyt,f tyfib erdt fhct,ekb thstekt,bc cfae.dtkpt
fy ctc[t,bc upbs. bcbyb tvjhxbkt,bfy bv ajytnbreh lf uhfvfnbrek
rfyjyt,c, hjvkt,bw vjwtvek tyfib vjmvtlt,ty. se ktmcbrbc c[df
/ueat,ib .fkpt bidbfsbf tyj,hbd ybifysf ufvjujyt,f, nthvbyj-
kjubfib fvbc fhwse wjnf vfufkbsb vjbgjdt,f. fct, vfufkbsfl,
bjfyt gtnhbobc vbth itmvybkb nthvbyt,bf| ujybthb, egbhfntcb; ta-
htv vwbhbc vbth ─ fhcb, vtwybtht,f+ bkbf zfdzfdf.tv itmvyf itvltub
nthvbyt,b| efhyjaf, ibyffhcb, cbyfvldbkt, qbht,ekt,f; lbvbnhb
epyf.tv ─ fqmvf, ufyoyj,f+ derjk ,thb.tv ─ idt,ekt,f lf c[d. (tc
ktmctvt,b vtjhtekb yjvbyfwbbc itltufl fhbc vbqt,ekb+ fhfvjnb-
dbht,ek ktmctvfsf ufvjujyt,f nthvbyjkjubfibw ufvjyfrkbcbc cf-
[bs [lt,f). cfrvfjl ,tdhb nthvbyb cfresfhb cf[tkt,bcfufy vjvlbyf-
htj,c, fctsbf| djknb, vtyltktdbevb, ,thsjktc vfhbkb, vt,becbc
aehwtkb lf c[d.
396 ÈÀÅÉ ÌÄÄØÅÓÄ

pjubthsb nthvbyb cfyjdtksfjl ufcfut,bf, afhsjl b[vfht,f,

pjub rb dbohjcgtwbfkehbf. ilh., thsb v[hbd, rdflhfnb, lbfuyjpb
lf, vtjht v[hbd ─ ctvfyntvf, abnjafub (,bjkjubbc nthvbyb).
cnhemnehbc vb[tldbs ufvjbyjaf vfhnbdb (thscbnydbfyb) lf
itlutybkb (itcbnydt,bc cf[bs fhct,ekb) nthvbyt,b. tc erfyfcrytkyb
fqybiyfdty bcts wyt,t,c, hjvkt,bw thsb ktmctvbs dth ufvjb[fnt,f.
fctsbf, vfufkbsfl| vfhsb res[t, obstkb mfhb, rbs[dbc ybifyb+ hec.
обратная связь @ererfdibhb#, заглавный лист @sfdaehwtkb#+ byuk.
vacuum cleaner @vndthcfchenb#, radio astronomy @hflbjfcnhj-
yjvbf#+ ah. ambre jaune @mfhdf#, chef d’orchestre @lbhb;jhb#.
nthvbyt,b, cfpjufljl, ytbnhfkehb itafct,bc vmjyt ktmcbrfc
ufytresdyt,f+ vfs tmcghtcbekj,f fh f[fcbfst,s.

13.4. Ôthvbyscbcntvt,bc xfvjyfkb,t,bc fewbkt,tkb gbhj,ff vjwt-

vek lfhuib wjlybc cfrvfhbcfl vfqfkb ljybc fhct,j,f. nthvbyj-
kjubehb cbcntvf vfiby fhbc cbwjw[kbceyfhbfyb, hjltcfw bub vj-
otchbut,ekbf lf, fvfcsfyfdt, hjltcfw nthvbysf ibyffhcb lf ufvj-
[fnekt,f rfhufl ittafhlt,f thsvfytsc. nthvbyscbcntvt,ib 'dtkf
thstekc eylf ]mjyltc ltabybwbf (tc fh t[t,f gbhdtkflb wyt,t,bc
fqvybidytk nthvbyt,c). vjwtvekb lfhubc afhukt,ib nthvbyb vj-
yjctvbehb eylf byjc. bv nthvbyt,c, hjvkt,bw c[dflfc[df lfhuib
b[vfht,f, lfhusfijhbcb jvjybvehb nthvbyt,b tojlt,f. fctsbf, vf-
ufkbsfl, htfmwbf (mbvbfib, acbmjkjubfib, bcnjhbfib), c[bdb (abpb-
rfib, utjvtnhbfib, fyfnjvbfib), htwblbdb (behbcgheltywbfib, vtlb-
wbyfib), gkfpvf (,bjkjubfib, abpbrfib, vbythfkjubfib), cf[cfhb
(,bjkjubfib, ntmybrfib) lf c[d.

13.5. Ähsb lf bvfdt ltyjnfnbc vmjyt nthvbyt,bc (le,ktnt,bc,

nhbgktnt,bc) fhct,j,bcfc itb.kt,f ufxyltc vfsb lbathtywbfwbbc
ntyltywbf, hfw fqcfybiyb j,btmnbc c[dflfc[df v[fhbc fcf[dbc cfief-
kt,fc b.ktdf (ilh., vfu., mdtvlt,fht ─ ce,btmnb).
nthvbyscbcntvt,b, hjujhw otcb, qbff, bcbyb bdct,f f[fkb thst-
ekt,bs vtwybtht,bcf lf ntmybrbc ufydbsfht,fcsfy thsfl. bcnjhbe-
kfl xfvjyfkb,t,ekb nthvbyscbcntvt,b, xdtekt,hbd, eahj hfwbj-
yfkeh jhufybpfwbfc cfzbhjt,ty, hfw bvbs itb.kt,f byjc ufvjodt-
ekb, hjv vjwtvekb nthvbyscbcntvf cnbmbehfl bmvyt,jlf, tvyfht-
,jlf fhfpecn rkfcbabrfwbfc, fhfvrfabj ltabybwbt,c. pjubthsb
ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÀ . ËÄØÓÉÊÏËÏÂÉÀ 397

wyt,bc fqvybidytkb nthvbyb itb.kt,f cfthsjl fhw byjc itmvybkb.

fhct,ekb nthvbyscbcntvt,bc nbgj,hbdb yfrkjdfyt,t,blfy fqcfybi-
yfdbf| nthvbysf cbyjybvbf, gjkbctvbf (thsb lfhubc afhukt,ib),
thsudfhjdfy nthvbysf (rj]bgjybvt,bc, fynjybvt,bc lf vbcs.) fhf-
thsudfhjdfyb cnhemnehf, .fkbfy uh.tkb lf .ytkfl ofhvjcfsmvt-
kb, fuhtsdt @whevfjhbtynbht,tkb# nthvbyt,bc fhct,j,f.

13.6. Ôthvbyc ajytnbrehb lf uhfvfnbrekb sdfkcfphbcbs @yjhvf-

kehb# ktmctvbc cf[t eylf ]mjyltc, sevwf cfcehdtkbf, hjv bub
ufyc[dfdlt,jltc bvfdt ufvj[fnekt,bc vmjyt fhfnthvbybcfufy hfqfw
(uhfvfnbrekb) ybiyt,bs. nthvbyscbcntvt,ib d[dlt,bs cgtwbabreh
lthbdfwbek vjltkt,cf lf ajhvfynt,c+ ilh., vfufkbsfl| dfpbct,-
hyb, sesbct,hyb, abzdbct,hyb ,jnfybrfib+ ajytvf, uhfvtvf, ktmctvf,
ctvfyntvf tyfsvtwybtht,fib, ybnhfnb ─ ybnhblb ─ ybnhbnb, mkj-
hfnb ─ mkjhblb ─ mkjhbnb mbvbfib. byukbcehib vtwybtht,bc
lfhut,bc cf[tkojlt,t,bcfsdbc ybifylj,kbdbf -ics ceabmcb, vfufkb-
sfl| physics @abpbrf#, linguistics @tyfsvtwybtht,f#, mathematics @vf-
stvfnbrf#, aeronautics @fthjyfdnbrf#. rfhufl jhufybpt,ek nth-
vbyscbcntvt,ib ─ mbvbfib, ,bjkjubfib, vtlbwbyfib ─ b[vfht,f ufh-
rdtekb fabmct,b cgtwbfkbpt,ekb vybidytkj,bs+ vfufkbsfl, fyst-
,bs lffdflt,fsf cf[tkojlt,t,ib lfcnehlt,f -bn ceabmcb, mhjyb-
rek lffdflt,fsf cf[tkojlt,t,ib rb -jp ceabmcb (ilh. fhshbnb
─ fhshjpb, ytdhbnb ─ ytdhjpb).

13.7. À[fkb nthvbybs .dtkbc ityfwdkt,bcfc itb.kt,f le,ktnt,b

vbdbqjs, hfw ndbhsfdc vt[cbtht,fc lf fhsekt,c fqmvfc. fvbnjv
pju/th /j,c erdt lfvrdblht,ekb, seylfw efhtcb nthvbybc it-
yfhxeyt,f. cnbmbehb nthvbysofhvjmvybc ufhlf, le,ktnt,bc ufxtyf
itb.kt,f ufygbhj,t,ekb byjc itvjrkt,ek nthvbysf [vfht,bsfw,
vfufkbsfl| cfvres[bfyb ─ cfvres[f, ujubhlbc v;fdf ─ ujubhlv;fdf,
itvfthst,tkb ─ vfthsb+ byuk. neutrons ─ neuts @ytbnhjyt,b#, tele-
vision ─ TV @ntktdbpbf#, ah. linoléum ─ lino @kbyjktevb#, ciné-
matographe ─ cinéma ─ ciné @rbytvfnjuhfab#, @rbyj# lf c[d. ufycf-
resht,bs [ibhbf le,kbht,f nthvbysf ctc[t,bc lhjc. yfctc[t,
nthvbyc itb.kt,f bc egbhfntcj,f ]mjyltc, hjv bub eahj
bpjkbht,ekbf, eahj fldbkbf vbcb ufvb/dyf fhfnthvbyt,bcfufy,
vfuhfv ctc[t,bc lhjc bxhlbkt,f nthvbybc ibyfajhvf.
398 ÈÀÅÉ ÌÄÄØÅÓÄ

13.8. Þfkbfy uh.tkb nthvbyt,b fhftrjyjvbehbf, [ibhfl brdtwt,bfy,

hfcfw itb.kt,f gjkbctvbbc ufxtyf vj]'dtc ─ hjujhw tc [lt,f, vf-
ufkbsfl, itvltu nthvbyt,ib| cffgfhfnj (ufyyjabkt,f), fvjvhsdt-
kb (vjoyj,bkj,f); hec. потенциальное силовое поле @gjntywbehb
.fkjdfyb dtkb# > силовое поле. vtnfl uh.tkb nthvbyt,bf, vfufkb-
sfl, tktmnhjvfdfkcfhtvjynj, ntktdbltjajnjrbyjfgfhfnehf,
thsudfhvybidytkj,bfyb, fhfsfyfcojheakt,bfyj,f lf c[d.
.ytkfl ofhvjcfsmvtkb yfctc[t,b nthvbyt,b vtnydtkt,fib fhw-
se bidbfsfl vf[by/lt,f (htfybvfwbf > htfvbyfwbf, byafhmnb > bv-
afmnb, ,bpytcvtyb > ,bpvtcvtyb).
nthvbyt,c ijhbc ufycfresht,bs [ibhfl vyfhlt,f fynjybvehb lf
]bgjybvehb vbvfhst,t,b (fvbc vbptpt,pt erdt udmjylf cfe,fhb). thsb
djrf,ekbc afhukt,ib nthvbycf lf fhfnthvbyc itb.kt,f ufyc[dfdt-
,ekb fynjybvt,b ittcfnydbct,jltc, fy fynjybveh oydbkib djrf,e-
kbc v[jkjl pjubthsb ktmctvf vjyfobktj,ltc. vfufkbsfl, ktm-
ctvfc cblblt fynjybvb cbvwbht ittcfnydbct,f ,bhsdek ktmcbrfib,
[jkj vfstvfnbreh nthvbyc cblblt fynjybvb fh uffxybf.
nthvbyscbcntvt,bc vjotchbut,fc [tkc eoyj,c ktmcbrjyt,cf lf
wyj,fht,ib nthvbysf abmcbht,f lf ufyvfhnt,f.
tyfsvtwybtht,bc lfhuc, hjvtkbw ktmcbrjyt,bc itlutybc ghfmnb-
rfcf lf stjhbfc itbcofdkbc, ktmcbrjuhfabf (,th.y. lexikós @cbn-
ydfcsfy lfrfdibht,ekb# gráphō @doth#) tojlt,f.

13.9. Ôthvbyjkjubbcfufy ufyfc[dfdt,ty yjvtyrkfnehfc ─ fvf se

bv lfhubc cgtwbabrehb rth.j j,btmnt,bc cf[tkojlt,t,c. vfsb hfj-
ltyj,f itb.kt,f .fkbfy lblb byjc. nthvbyt,b yjvtyrkfnehbcfufy
bvbs ufyc[dfdlt,f, hjv vfrkfcbabwbht,tkb ltabybwbt,b fmds lf,
fvfcsfy, nthvbyt,b f,cnhfmnek wyt,fsf fqvybidytk ktmctvt,c vj-
bwfdty (sevwf pqdfhb fmfw gbhj,bsbf). yjvtyrkfnehfc ufytresdyt-
,f, vfufkbsfl, ofvkt,bc, mbvbehb tktvtynt,bc, vlbyfhtt,bc cf[tk-
ojlt,t,b lf vbcs.