Chapter 2: Mechanical Design

Solution Manual for Introduction to Mechanical

Engineering SI Edition 4th Edition Wickert
Lewis 1305635752 9781305635753

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Chapter 2
Solutions
 1
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Chapter 2: Mechanical Design Chapter 2: Mechanical Design

P2.1: Give three examples of engineered products that must be circular in shape and
explain why. Any ball is not allowed as an answer!

Examples include:
⋅ DVD’s
⋅ CD’s
⋅ manhole covers
⋅ railroad advance warning signs
⋅ wheel (for flat roads)
⋅ axles
⋅ bullet cross-section (balanced for stable flight)
⋅ European speed limit sign
⋅ any shape with minimized arc length/surface area for given area/volume
⋅ optimized pressure vessel cross sections
⋅ US coin
⋅ lens (part of circle)
⋅ optimal nozzle/diffuser (no edge effects)
⋅ optimal capillary tube
⋅ optimal suction cup
⋅ traffic circle
⋅ thrown pot (on potting wheel)

2
2
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Chapter 2: Mechanical Design Chapter 2: Mechanical Design

P2.2: Give three examples of engineered products that must be triangular in shape and
explain why.

Examples include:
⋅ yield signs
⋅ the triangle instrument
⋅ billiards rack
⋅ knife blade (cross-section)
⋅ supports for finishing wood (pyramids or cones, must come to a point)
⋅ splitting wedge
⋅ handicap ramp viewed from side (to meet code)
⋅ three equally spaced instances per rotation cam
⋅ 30°-60°-90° or 45°-45°-90° drafting triangle
⋅ one of six identical pieces that can be assembled into a hexagon
⋅ chisel point

3
3
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© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 2: Mechanical Design Chapter 2: Mechanical Design

P2.3: Give three examples of engineered products that must be rectangular in shape and
explain why.

Examples include:
⋅ A size (or any other standard size) sheet of paper
⋅ Four equally spaced instances per rotation cam
⋅ Football/soccer field (civil engineered)
⋅ US speed limit sign
⋅ US dollar bill

4
4
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© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 2: Mechanical Design Chapter 2: Mechanical Design

P2.4: Give three examples of engineered products that must be green in color.

Examples include:
⋅ Fake plant/turf (imitate actual plant)
⋅ John Deere product (branding)
⋅ Cameron Compressor (branding)
⋅ Green (traffic) light
⋅ European recycling bin
⋅ Kermit the frog paraphernalia (branding)

5
5
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Chapter 2: Mechanical Design Chapter 2: Mechanical Design

P2.5: Give three examples of engineered products that must be black in color.

Examples include:
⋅ background for one way signs and night speed limit signs
⋅ theater bins/supports (disappears in dark)
⋅ stealth fighter (better “bounce” characteristics)
⋅ ninja suit (stealth at night)
⋅ black paint
⋅ black ink
⋅ backing for solar water heating

6
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Chapter 2: Mechanical Design Chapter 2: Mechanical Design

P2.6: Give three examples of engineered products that must be transparent.

Examples include:
⋅ contact lenses (over pupil portion)
⋅ glasses (spectacles)
⋅ (camera) lens (any tint causes loss of quality/information)
⋅ microscope slide and slide cover

7
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Chapter 2: Mechanical Design Chapter 2: Mechanical Design

P2.7: Give three examples of engineered products that have a specific minimum weight but
no specified maximum weight, and specify the approximate minimum weight.

Examples include:
⋅ helium balloon holder (minimum weight will depend upon how many helium
balloons are being held)
⋅ non-wedge based door stop (minimum weight based on friction coefficient)
⋅ racecar (minimum weight based on racing regulations)
⋅ competition bike (minimum weight based on racing regulations)

8
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Chapter 2: Mechanical Design Chapter 2: Mechanical Design

P2.8: Give three examples of engineered products that have to be precisely a certain
weight, and provide the weight.

Examples include:
⋅ balancing weight for car wheel
⋅ coins (weight used to count coins in some automated machines)
⋅ precious metal coins (weight dictates worth)
⋅ exercise weights (1 kg weight must be 1 kg)

9
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Chapter 2: Mechanical Design Chapter 2: Mechanical Design

P2.9: Give three examples of engineered products that fulfill their designed purpose by
failing or breaking.

Examples include:
⋅ saw stop mechanism
⋅ crumple zone in car
⋅ bumper (foam insert) in car
⋅ bike helmet
⋅ frangible bullets (split up when they hit anything other than flesh) to protect
bystanders
⋅ stress indicating paint has fluorescent dyes capsules that split under known
deflections
⋅ some meds are packaged in glass bottles that you break to open
⋅ cover on a “pit trap” breaks when weight is applied
⋅ fire suppression sprinkler detection device (solder connect melts or glass
connection shatters)

10
10
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Chapter 2: Mechanical Design Chapter 2: Mechanical Design

P2.10: Give three examples of engineered products that are designed to work well over a
million times.

Examples include:
⋅ Roads
⋅ Bridges
⋅ Engine components (if each Otto cycle is a “use”)
⋅ Fuses
⋅ Door hinges
⋅ 3-D shutter glasses (the shutters)

10
11
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© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 2: Mechanical Design Chapter 2: Mechanical Design

P2.11: List three products that can be used equally well by people with and without visual
impairments, and explain why.

Examples include:
⋅ Silverware
⋅ Chairs
⋅ Drinking Cups
⋅ Headphones
⋅ Bed
⋅ Drawers
⋅ Emergency response necklace (one button, worn around neck to locate)
⋅ Sight and sound cross walk guides
⋅ Fire alarm (day to day use, not installation and maintenance)
⋅ Automatic doors (and other motion detectors)

12
13
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Chapter 2: Mechanical Design Chapter 2: Mechanical Design

P2.27: For the magnesium camera body pieces shown, provide an explanation for which
processes you think were used in its manufacture and why.

This was most likely manufactured using a die cast procedure because of the material and
geometric detail in the pieces including a number of inclusions. Certain features could have
been machined, and some polishing/grinding operations may have been used.

13
13
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Chapter 2: Mechanical Design Chapter 2: Mechanical Design

P2.28: For the aluminum structural member shown, provide an explanation for the
processes you think were used in its manufacture and why.

This was most likely manufactured using an extrusion process because of the material and
constant cross section geometry of the member. Shorter pieces could be die cast, although
longer pieces are most certainly extruded. Machining could be another option for very
small pieces, although machining would be much more time consuming for a part like this.

14
13
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 modo alii, qui huius seculi vanitatem concupiscentes
pudoris constanciam penitus amiserunt.
Expliciunt Capitula libri sexti.

Incipiunt Capitula libri Septimi.

Capm. i. Postquam de singulis gradibus, per quos tam in spiritualibus
quam in temporalibus error quasi vbique diffunditur,
tractatum hactenus existit, iam secundum quorundam
opiniones tractare intendit de pedibus statue quam
Nabugodonosor115 viderat in sompnis, quorum videlicet
pedum quedam pars ferrea, quedam fictilis, in figura
deterioracionis huius mundi extiterat, in quam nos ad
presens tempus, quod est quodammodo in fine seculi,
euidencius deuenimus. Et primo ferri significacionem116
declarabit.
Capm. ii. Hic loquitur contra istos auaros omni ferro in hoc saltem
tempore duriores, quorum diuicie nisi participentur, nullius,
vt dicit, possunt esse valoris.
Capm. iii. Hic loquitur de statue secunda parte pedum, que fictilis et
fragilis erat, et de eiusdem partis significacione.
Capm. iiii. Hic loquitur adhuc vlterius de miseriis que in pedum statue
diuersitate nouissimo iam tempore eueniendis figurabantur:
dicit enim quod ea que nuper condicionis humane virtuosa
fuerant, in suum modo contrarium singula diuertuntur.
Capm. v. Quia vnusquisque ad presens de mundi conqueritur
fallaciis, intendit hic de statu et condicione mundi, necnon
et de miseria condicionis humane, tractare consequenter.
Capm. vi. Hic loquitur de principio creacionis humane: declarat eciam
qualiter mundus ad vsum hominis, et homo ad cultum dei
creatus extitit; ita quod, si homo deum suum117 debite non
colat, mundus que sua sunt homini debita officia vlterius
reddere non teneatur.
Capm. vii. Hic loquitur quod, exquo creator omnium deus singulas
huius mundi delicias vsui subdidit humano, dignum est
quod, sicut homo deliciis secundum corpus fruitur, ita
secundum spiritum deo creatori suo gratum obsequium118
cum graciarum accione toto corde rependat.
Capm. viii. Hic tractat qualiter homo dicitur minor mundus; ita quod
secundum hoc quod homo bene vel male agit, mundus
bonus vel malus per consequens existit.
Capm. ix. Hic loquitur qualiter homo, qui minor mundus dicitur, a
mundo secundum corpus in mortem transibit; et sicut ipse
corporis sui peccato huius mundi corrupcionis, dum viuit,
causat euentum, ita in corpore mortuo postea putredinis
subire corrupcionem cogetur. Et primo dicet de mortui
corporis corrupcione secundum Superbiam.
Capm. x. Hic loquitur de c o r p o r i s m o r t u i corrupcione
secundum Inuidiam.
Capm. xi. Hic loquitur de corporis mortui corrupcione secundum Iram.
Capm. xii. Hic loquitur de corporis mortui corrupcione secundum
Auariciam.
Capm. xiii. Hic loquitur de corporis mortui corrupcione secundum
Accidiam.
Capm. xiiii. Hic loquitur de corporis mortui corrupcione secundum
Gulam.
Capm. xv. Hic loquitur de corporis mortui corrupcione secundum
Luxuriam.
Capm. xvi. Exquo tractauit qualiter variis peccati deliciis humanum
corpus in hoc mundo119 putredine consumitur, interrogat
vlterius de homine peccatore, quomodo mundi voluptates
tam fallibiles in sui preiudicium ita ardenter sibi appetit et
conspirat.
Capm. xvii. Hic loquitur qualiter omnia et singula mundi huius sicut
vestimentum veterascunt, et quasi sompnifera in ictu oculi
clauduntur: loquitur eciam120 de mortis memoria et
eiusdem nominis significacione.
Capm. xviii. Hic loquitur quod, quamuis121 iustis et iniustis vnus sit
naturaliter interitus, mors tamen iusti omnes exsoluens
miserias eius spiritum glorie reddit sempiterne.
Capm. xix. Hic loquitur de dupplici morte peccatoris, vna ex qua
corpus hic 122resoluitur, alia ex qua digno dei iudicio penis
perpetuis anima cruciatur.
Capm. xx. Postquam de gaudiis et penis que bonis et malis debentur
tractauit, consulit vlterius quod vnusquisque ad bonos
mores se conuertat, et de hiis que negligenter omisit,
absque desperacione contritus indulgenciam a deo
confidenter imploret.
Capm. xxi. Hic loquitur quod sunt modo pauci, qui aut propter celi
affectum aut gehenne metum huius vite voluptatibus
renunciant; set quecunque caro concupiscit, omni
postposita racione ardencius perficere conantur.
Capm. xxii. Hic loquitur de variis vindictis occasione peccati in hoc
seculo iam quasi cotidie contingentibus, que absque
iustorum virorum meritis et oracionibus nullatenus sedari
poterunt.
Capm. xxiii. Hic loquitur sub compendio recapitulando finaliter de
singulis mundi gradibus, qui singillatim a debito deuiantes
ordine virtutes diminuendo extingunt, et ea que viciorum
sunt augmentando multipliciter exercent.123
Capm. xxiiii. Iam in fine libri loquitur magis in speciali de patria illa in
qua ipse124 natus fuerat, vbi quasi plangendo conqueritur
qualiter honores et virtutes veteres a variis ibidem erroribus
superuenientibus, vt dicitur, ad presens multipliciter
eneruantur.125
Capm. xxv. Hic loquitur qualiter ea que in hoc presenti libello quasi
sompniando de mundi scripsit erroribus, non ex se tantum,
set ex plebis voce communi concepit. Consulit tamen
finaliter quod, siquis inde se culpabilem senciat, priusquam
nobis peiora succedant tempora, suam ex humili corde
culpam penitens126 emendet.

Ad mundum mitto mea iacula, dumque

sagitto;
At vbi iustus erit, nulla sagitta ferit.
Sed male viuentes hos vulnero
transgredientes;
Conscius ergo sibi se speculetur ibi.126a

FOOTNOTES:
79 The MSS. used for the Vox Clamantis are the following:—
S (All Souls College, Oxford, 98), C (Cotton, Tiberius, A.
iv), E (Ecton Hall), H (Harleian 6291), G (Glasgow, Hunterian
Museum, T. 2. 17), D (Bodleian Library, Digby 138), L
(Bodleian Library, Laud 719), T (Trinity College, Dublin, D. 4.
6), H₂ (Hatfield Hall), L₂ (Lincoln Cathedral Library A. 7. 2).
The text is based on S.
Table of Contents not found in HLTL₂ (H defective)
80 3 velud C
81 4 fingit SGD narrat CE
82 Lib. I i. 2 eciam om. D
83 i. 7 tamen om. D
84 vi. 4 comitabantur E comitebantur SCG committebantur D
85 vii. 3 associabantur E
86 ix. 3 Geay D Iay E
87 iii. 2 et om. D
88 iiii. S has lost a leaf (Lib. II. iiii-Lib. III. xxii, luxurie). Text follows
C
89 v. This heading om. D
90 iiii. Hic loquitur quomodo diligentibus positiuis quasi quotidie
noua instituuntur nobis peccata quibus tamen prius fiunt
prelati propter lucrum dispensant et ea fieri liberi propter
aurum permittunt D
91 v. 1 illis om. D
92 vi. 1 loquitur om. D
93 vi. 2 dicit E dicitur CGD
94 vii. 1 loquitur om. D
95 viii. 1 eciam om. D
96 viii. 2 aliqualiter om. D
97 xv. 1 qualiter] finaliter quod ED
98 xxii. 2 S resumes
99 After Cap. xxvii no space CEGD
100 iii. 1 qualiter modus] de modo D
101 After Cap. xv no space CEGD
102 xix. f. ad ecclesie—viuentes om. D
103 xx. 2 aqualiter S
104 xxiii. 1 circuieundo C circumeundo D
105 After Cap. viii no space CEGD
106 ix. 1 rem bublicam S
107 After Cap. x no space CEGD
108 i. 6 enaruant C
109 iii. 3 colore om. C
110 After Cap. vii no space CEGD
111 vii. 5 f. innocenciam—excusat nearly erased G
112 viii. 3 f. in and honore partly erased G
113 xii. 1 illecebra CED
114 xix. 4 adiu C
115 Lib. VII. i. 4 Nabugonosor C
116 i. 8 significacionem ferri D
117 vi. 3 suum CEGD sum S
118 vii. 4 gratum] congruum D
119 xvi. 3 mundi om. C
120 xvii. 3 eciam S eciam in speciali CED
121 xviii. 1 quod quamuis] quomodo D
122 xix. 2 S has lost two leaves (resoluitur—Lib. I. i. 18). Text
follows C
123 xxiii. 4 excercent CE
124 xxiiii. 2 ipse] ille D
125 xxiiii. 4 enaruantur C
126 xxv. 5 penitus CE
126aThese four lines (with picture below) are found here in CEG.
L has them later, Lib. III. cap. i.
 Incipit Cronica que Vox Clamantis
dicitur.127
In huius opusculi principio intendit compositor describere
qualiter seruiles rustici impetuose contra ingenuos et nobiles
regni insurrexerunt. Et quia res huiusmodi velut monstrum
detestabilis fuit et horribilis, n a r r a t128 se per sompnium
vidisse diuersas vulgi turmas in diuersas species bestiarum129
domesticarum transmutatas: dicit tamen quod ille bestie
domestice, a sua deuiantes natura, crudelitates ferarum sibi
presumpserunt.130 De causis vero, ex quibus inter homines
talia contingunt enormia, tractat vlterius secundum
distincciones libelli istius, qui in septem diuiditur partes, prout
inferius locis suis euidencius apparebit.
Incipit prologus libri Primi.131

Scripture veteris capiunt exempla futuri,

Nam dabit experta res magis esse fidem.
Vox licet hoc teneat vulgaris, quod sibi nullum
Sompnia propositum credulitatis habent,
Nos tamen econtra de tempore preteritorum
Cercius instructos littera scripta facit.
Ex Daniele patet quid sompnia significarunt,
Nec fuit in sompnis visio vana Ioseph:
Angelus immo bonus, qui custos interioris
10 Est hominis, vigili semper amore fauet;
Et licet exterius corpus sopor occupet, ille
Visitat interius mentis et auget opem;
Sepeque sompnifero monstrat prenostica visu,
Quo magis in causis tempora noscat homo.
Hinc puto que vidi quod sompnia tempore noctis
Signa rei certe commemoranda ferunt.
 Visio qualis erat, quo tempore, cuius et anno
Regis, in hiis scriptis singula scire potes.
Scribentis nomen si queras, ecce loquela
20 Sub tribus implicita versibus inde latet.
Primos sume pedes Godefridi Nota de
desque Iohanni,133 nomine
Principiumque sui Wallia iungat eis: Iohannis
Gower.132
Ter caput amittens det cetera
membra, que tali
Carmine compositi nominis ordo patet.
Tu tamen ad scribe laudem nil pone, sed illam134
Concipe materiam quam tibi scripta dabunt.
Nam nichil vt lauder scribam, curamque futuri135
Nominis vt queram non meus actus habet.
Quos mea terra dedit casus nouitatis adibo,
30 Nam pius est patrie facta referre labor.
Quod michi flere licet scribam lacrimabile tempus,
Sic quod in exemplum posteritatis eat.136
Flebilis vt noster status est, ita flebile carmen,
Materie scripto conueniente sue.
Omne quod est huius operis lacrimabile, lector
Scriptum de lacrimis censeat esse meis:137
P e n n a m a d e t lacrimis hec me scribente
profusis,138
Dumque feror studiis, cor tremit
a t q u e m a n u s .139
Scribere cumque volo, michi pondere pressa
laboris
40 Est manus, et vires subtrahit inde timor.
Qui magis inspiciet opus istud, tempus et instans,
Inueniet toto carmine dulce nichil.
Si vox in fragili michi pectore firmior esset,
Pluraque cum linguis pluribus ora forent,140
Hec tamen ad presens mala, que sunt temporis
huius,
Non michi possibile dicere cuncta foret.
 Pectora sic mea sunt limo viciata malorum,
Quod carmen vena pauperiore fluet.
Poplice contracto restat grandis via Rome,141
50 Et modico sensu grande libellus opus.
Sic veniam pro laude peto, mea namque voluntas
Est bona, sit quamuis sensus ad acta minor.
Adde recollectis seriem, mea musa, Latinis,
Daque magistra tuo congrua verba libro.
Sompnia vera quidem, quorum sentencia cordis
Intima conturbat, plena timore canam:142
Insula quem Pathmos suscepit in Apocalipsi,
Cuius ego nomen gesto, gubernet opus.143

FOOTNOTES:
127 Title Incipit—dicitur CE om. GDL
128 4 narrat CE fingit GD
129 5 bestiarum species GD
130 7 sumpserunt E
131 Prol. Heading om. L
132 margin Nota de nomine Iohannis Gower CE Nota nomen L
Nomen compilatoris est Iohannes Gower vt patet in his tribus
versibus T om. GD
133 21 Godefri des atque D
134 25 adscribe EL ascribens D
135 27 nil vt laudes D nichil vt laudes L
136 32 Sicque DL
137 36 censeat C sensiat GEH₂ senceat T senciat D(p. m.)L
138 37 Penna madet C (ras.) E Sepeque sunt GDLTH₂ hec] de D
139 38 Text C (ras.) E Humida fit lacrimis sepeque penna meis
GDLTH₂
140 44 fauent DH₂
141 49 confracto DLH₂
142 56 conturbat D conturbant CEGLT
143 58 Huius ergo DL
 Hic declarat in primis sub cuius regis imperio, in quibus
eciam144 mense et anno, ista sibi accidencia, cuius tenor
subsequitur, contingebat.145 Commendat insuper, secundum
illud quod esse solebat, fertilitatem illius terre146 vbi ipse tunc
fuerat, in qua, vt dicit, omnium quasi147 rerum delicie pariter
conueniunt. Et loquitur vlterius de amenitate temporis, necnon
et de diei serenitate, que tunc tamen sompnium nimis148
horribile precedebant.
Incipit liber Primus.

Capm. i.Contigit vt quarto Ricardi regis in anno,

Dum clamat mensem Iunius esse suum,
Luna polum linquens sub humo sua lumina condit,
Sponsus et Aurore Lucifer ortus erat;
Surgit ab occasu noua lux, Aurora refulget
Orbis ab occidua parte, paritque diem;
Luce diem reparat mirandaque lumina prebet,
Dum fuga dat noctem, luxque reuersa diem.
Clara repercusso radiabant lumina Phebo,
10 Et facies celi leta refulsit humo:
Splendida mane videt pulsis Aurora tenebris,
Quam spectans hilarem quisquis in orbe colit:149
Purpureas splendore fores et plena rosarum
Atria glorificat de nouitate sua.
In curru Phebus claris rutilante smaragdis
Estuat in Cancro feruidus igne nouo.
Omnia fecundat, nutrit, fouet, auget, habundat,
Cunctaque viuificat, que mare, terra creat.
Que melius poterant ornant redolencia currum,150
20 Gloria, lux renitens, splendor et omne decus.
Aureus axis erat, nec temo fit alter ab auro,151
Splendet et in curuis aurea pompa rotis.
Per iuga gemmatus argenteus ordo choruscat,
Crisolitis radios prebuit vnde suos;
Ignitique suum currum post terga vehentes
 Aera discurrunt celsitonantis equi.
Purpurea residens velatus veste refulsit,
Cuius in aspectu secula cuncta patent.
Ante suum solium gradiuntur quatuor anni
30 Tempora, que variis compta diebus erant:
Tunc tamen a dextris stetit alba propinquior estas
Serta gerens, et eam cuncta creata colunt.
Omnia tunc florent, tunc est noua temporis etas,
Ludit et in pratis luxuriando pecus.
Tunc fecundus ager, pecorum tunc hora creandi,
Tunc renouatque suos reptile quodque iocos;
Prataque pubescunt variorum flore colorum,
Indocilique loquax gutture cantat auis;
Queque diu latuit tunc se qua tollat in auras
40 Inuenit occultam fertilis herba viam;152
Tuncque pruinosos mollitur Lucifer agros,153
Inque suos pullos concitat ales opus.
Tunc glacialis yemps canos hirsuta capillos
Deserit, et placidi redditus orbis erat:
Quicquid yemps operit gelido de frigore cedit,
Et periunt lapse sole tepente niues.
Arboribus redeunt detonse frigore frondes,
Regnat et estatis pompa per omne nemus:
Rore refudit humum, dat terre gramina, siluis
50 Frondes, arboribus pomaque grata satis:
Mille fuit variis florum renouata coronis,
Herbifer in cuius lege virescit ager.
Flos sua regna petit, florumque coloribus amplus
Ludit ager, que suus gaudia vultus habet.
Iam legit ingenua violas sibi compta puella
Rustica, quas nullo terra serente vehit.
Tot fuerant illuc quot habet natura colores,
Pictaque dissimili flore superbit humus:
O quia digestos volui numerare colores,
60 Nec potui, numero copia maior erat.
Orta fragrant clausis sicut paradisus in ortis
Candida cum rubeis lilia mixta rosis:
 Deforis in campis stat primula cincta ligustris,
Omnis et hec herba quam medicina probat:
Herbarum vires fuerant, que semine, succo,
Seu radice queunt ferre salutis opem:
Purpureum viridi genuit de cespite florem,
Quam natura suis legibus ornat, humus:
Balsama, pigmentum, cum nardo cassia, mirra
70 Cum gutta sedes hic statuere suas.
Purpuree viole, rosa rocida, candida semper
Lilia certabant hunc habitare locum.
Ille locus solus sibi vendicat omne quod aer,
Quod mare, quod tellus, nutrit habetque bonum:
Hic decus est orbis, flos mundi, gloria rerum,
Delicias omnes, quas petit vsus, habet;
Insitus arboribus, herbis plantatus, et omni
Munere prepollens, que sibi poscit homo.
Est alter paradisus ibi, nam quicquid habere154
80 Mens humana cupit, terra beata parit,
Fontibus irriguis fecundus, semine plenus,155
Floribus insignis fructiferisque bonis;
Terraque cum rore dulces commixta vigores
Concipit, et varia gramina nata fouet.
Frondibus inde nemus vestitur, floribus ortus,
Graminibus campus, seminibusque solum;
Siluaque fronde suo renouatur, et omne virescit
Pratum, quod lutea sorde subegit yemps.
Mulcebant zephiri natos sine semine flores,
90 Et calor a superis lucidus ornat humum.
Tempus et in volucres cantum fundebat, et altis
Vocibus ex variis personat omne nemus:
Semper idem repetens cuculus de gutture plano
Clamat, et est testis temporis ipse noui:
Nuncius Aurore modulans volutabat Alauda156
Desuper, et summi cantat in aure dei;
Turtur et ex viridi congaudens tempore fidum
In maris obsequium cor vouet ipsa suum;
Amissamque sue suplet Philomena loquele
100 Naturam, que suis predicat acta notis:157
Concinit et Progne de virginitate sororis158
Lesa, dum tanti sunt in amore doli.
Milia mille sonant volucrum velut organa cantus,
Et totidem flores lata per arua fragrant:
Inter eos certant, ferat vtrum cantus ad aures
Aut odor ad nares de bonitate magis:159
Lis tamen ipsa p i a f u i t e t d i s c o r d i a
c o n c o r s,
Dum meriti parilis fulsit vterque status.
Cum natura sue legis dulcedine siluas
110 Replet, et ex omni parte resultat auis;
Cum decus et florum vastos sic induit agros,
Ac herbosa coma florida prata colit;
Flat leuis in ramis resonans quam dulciter
Eurus,160
Dulcis et in ripa murmure plaudit aqua;
Omneque sic animal placido de tempore gaudet,
Piscis et ob solem fluminis alta petit;
Non fuit hoc viuens, cui non renouata voluptas161
Temporis ex aura dulciter huius erat.
Talia cumque videns oculus letatur, et illa
120 In thalamum cordis ducit ad yma viri;
Auris et auditu cordis suspiria pulsat,
Quo Venus in iuuene poscit amoris opem.
Ecce dies talis fuit, in qua tempus amenum
Me dabat in lusum girouagare meum.162
Omnia finis habet: aderat sic vespere tandem
Cum solet occasus intitulare diem:
Illa quieta dies solitas compleuerat horas,
Dulcibus atque silent organa clausa notis:
Merserat in tenebris nox feruida lumina solis,
130 Et sopor ad lectum strinxerat ire virum:
Deficiente die tunc flexi corpus ad ymum,
Quo lassata solet membra fouere quies.
Tristia post leta, post Phebum nebula, morbi
 Tempora post sana sepe venire solent:
Non ita clara dies fuerat transacta per ante,
Quin magis obscura noctis ymago venit.
Ecce tegunt nigre latitancia sidera nubes,
Aurea luna fugit, nox caret igne suo.
Flexerat obliquo plaustrum temone Boetes,
140 Nec via directa tunc fuit acta poli;
Infortunata set constellacio centrum
Dissoluens rabide tartara misit humo.
Prima quies aberat, nec adhuc mea lumina
mulcet
Sompnus, quem timide mentis origo fugat:
En coma sponte riget, tremit et caro, cordis et
antrum163
Soluitur, et sensus fertur ad instar aque;
Sic magis assidua iactatus mente reuolui,
Quid michi tam subiti causa timoris erat:
Sic lecto vigilans meditabar plura, que mentem
150 Effudi, variis corde vagante modis.
Tempus erat quo cuncta silent, quo mente sopita
In vaga nonnulla sompnia corda ruunt;
Set neque sompnus adhuc neque sompnia me
laquearunt,
Dum pauor ex subito spondet adesse malum.
Noctis erat medium, grauis et palpebra querelas
Ponderat ex oculis, set mora tardat opem.
Sic vigil in curis consumpsi tempora noctis,
Nescius ex quali sorte propinquat opus:
Tempora preterita vidi, metuique futura;
160 Tandem sic oculos clauserat vmbra meos.
Sic, vbi decepte pars est michi maxima noctis
Acta, subit subito lumina fessa s o p o r:
Exiguam subii requiem, dum Lucifer ignem164
Prouocat Aurore, sompnia tuncque fero.
 Hic incipit sompnium, vbi quodam die Martis
dicit se varias vulgi turmas vidisse, quarum
primam in similitudinem asinorum mutari subito
speculabatur.

Capm. ii. 165Dumque piger sompnus inmotos fixerat

artus,166
Iam fuerat raptus spiritus ipse meus:
Vt flores legerem me campis ire putabam,
Quando suam propriam Mars colit ipse diem.
Nec michi longa via fuerat, dum proxima vidi
170 Innumerabilia monstra timenda nimis,
Diuersas plebis sortes vulgaris iniquas
Innumeris turmis ire per arua vagas:
Dumque mei turbas oculi sic intuerentur,
Miror et in tanta rusticitate magis,
Ecce dei subito malediccio fulsit in illos,
Et mutans formas fecerat esse feras.
Qui fuerant homines prius innate racionis,
Brutorum species irracionis habent:
Diuersas turmas diuersaque forma figurat,
180 Quamlibet et propria condicione notat.
Sompnia pondus habent, hinc est quod mira
reuoluam,
Vnde magis vigilans sum timefactus adhuc.
Elatos asinos subita nouitate rebelles
Vidi, nec frenis quis moderauit eos;
Viscera namque sua repleta furore leonum
Extiterant predas in repetendo suas.
Perdidit officium capitis sine lege capistrum,
Dum saltant asini cuncta per arua vagi;
Terruit en cunctos sua sternutacio ciues,
190 Dum geminant solita voce frequenter yha.
Sunt onagrique rudes asini violenter, et omnis
Que fuit vtilitas vtilitate caret.
Amplius ad villam saccos portare recusant,
Nec curuare sua pondere dorsa volunt;
 Set neque rurales curant in montibus herbas,
Ammodo set querunt deliciosa magis;
A domibus alios expellunt, ius et equorum
Iniuste cupiunt appropriare sibi.
Presumunt asini gemmatis ammodo fungi
200 Sellis, et comptas semper habere comas:
Vt vetus ipse suam curtam Burnellus inepte
Caudam longari de nouitate cupit,
Sic isti miseri noua tergaque longa requirunt,
Vt leo de cauda sint et Asellus idem.
Pelle leonina tectum se pinxit Asellus,
Et sua transcendit gloria vana modum:
Cauda suo capiti quia se conferre nequibat,
Contra naturam sorte requirit opem.
Attemptant igitur fatui, poterint vt aselli167
210 Quod natura vetat amplificare sibi:
Quam sibi plantauit caudam qui contulit aures
Non curant, set eam vilius esse putant.
Voluere plura solet animi meditacio stulta,
Que magis impediunt quam sua vota ferunt:
Omnes stulticia stultis innata dolores
Parturit, et finem prestat habere malum.
Magnos magna decent et paruos parua, set illi,
Qui sunt de minimis, grandia ferre volunt.
Mens oritur subito, diuturnos que parat actus,
220 Incipit et leuiter que sine fine grauant:
Sic asini fatui, quos fastus concitat, omni
Postposita lege condita iura negant.
Hos intemperies sic aeris inficiebat,
Quod transformati sunt quasi monstra michi:
Auribus in longis potui quos noscere dudum
In frontis medio cornua longa gerunt.
Ille biceps gladius non scindit forcius illis,
Vulneris atque noui fusa cruore madent.
Qui de natura pigri tardare solebant,
230 Precurrunt ceruis de leuitate magis.
Nonne leui saltu vincit Leopardus Asellum?168
 Tunc tamen ad saltum vicit Asellus eum.169
Longior in cauda fuerat tunc vilis Asellus
Quam fuit insignis, prodolor! ipse leo.
Quicquid velle iubet asinorum legis habebat
Vires, et nouitas ius vetus omne fugat.
Vt stolidos tamen atque rudes hos mos asininus
Signabat, quod eis nil racionis erat:
Et quia sic fatuos vidi timui magis ipsos,
240 Nec dabat vlterius pes michi fidus iter.

Hic dicit se per sompnium secundam vulgi

turmam in boues vidisse mutatam.

Capm. iii. Cum quibus ecce boues veniunt quos cuspide

nullus
Pungere tunc ausit, immo timebat eos:
Contra iura bouis bos spernit habere bubulcum,
Ammodo nec duci de nouitate sinit.
Cornutando furit hodie bos qui fuit heri
Per cornu leuiter ductus vt arua colat:
Qui fuerant domiti nuper, modo fronte minaci
Cornibus elatis debita iura negant:
Amplius ex aratro se dicunt nolle iugari,
250 Colla set erecta libera ferre volunt:
Ammodo non comedunt paleas neque stramina
grossa,
Est vbi set granum de meliore petunt.
Sic transformatas formas natura reliquit,
Et monstris similes fecerat esse boues;
Vrsinosque pedes caudas similesque draconum
Gestant, quo pauidus omnis abhorret eos:
Sulphureas flammas emittunt oris ab antro,
Quas, vbi disperse sunt, aqua nulla fugat:
Sit lapis aut lignum, fuerit set quicquid ab estu170
260 Tactum, comminuens ignea flamma vorat.
Hec armenta nequit aliquis defendere pastor,
 Quin magis in dampnum ruris et vrbis agunt.
In Colchos thauri, quos vicit dextra Iasonis,171
Non ita sulphureis ignibus ora fremunt,
Quin magis igne boues isti crepitancia tecta
Incendunt, que suis flatibus illa cremant.
Non Minos taurus, quem Neptunus dedit illi,
Sic nocuit campis, dum furibundus erat,
Quin magis arua boues isti vastant, et in vrbe
270 Horrida rite suo dampna furore parant.
Nessus et in tauri specimen mutatus et armis
Victus ab Eacide, dum sibi bella mouet,
Tam neque Centauri nec et ipse ferox Minotaurus
Hoc metuenda viris tempore bella dabant,
Quin magis ecce boues isti violenter aratra
Linquentes, hominum constituere necem.
Arma sui vacuos operis dispersa per agros
Linqunt, nec solitum ius sibi vomer habet;
Ecce iacent rastri, sic sarcula sicque ligones,
280 Buris, trabs, crapulus sunt neque restis eis;172
Nil iuga, nil torquis, nichil aut retinacula prosunt,
Nil sibi paxillus, temo vel ansa iuuant:
Vsus abest aratri, vacat et dentale relictum,
Nec sua tunc crates debita ferre sinunt:
Currus et auriga cessant, cessatque carecta,
Que nichil vlterius vtilitatis habent:
Agricoleque bonis iter vnum legibus absque
Restat, et indomiti sunt racionis idem.
Sic, vbicumque vides, campi cultore carentes,
290 Vastaque, que nemo vendicat, arua iacent:
Expectant frustra promissas horrea messes,
Annua si talis regula seruet agros.
Bos leo, bos pardus, bos vrsus, set bouis ipsum
Constat naturam non meminisse suam.
Sic ego pestiferos errare boues quia vidi
Indomitos sulco, mens mea mota fuit.
Prodolor! o! dixi, cessabit cultus agrorum,
Quo michi temporibus est metuenda fames.
 Hic dicit se per sompnium terciam vulgi
turmam in porcos vidisse transmutatam.

Capm. iiii. Sompnus adhuc creuit, et lassos occupat artus,

300 Auget et vlterius sompnia plura michi.
Cristatos porcos, furiosos, demone plenos,
Post ea percepi stare frequenter ibi:173
Associata simul fuit horum concio multa,
Aera stercoribus inficiendo suis.
Porculus en porcum furiens et aperculus aprum
Consequitur, nec eos amplius artat ara.
Federa cum socio dat verres iuncta nefrendo,
Vt magis euertant congradiuntur humum;
Scropha que Sus sociam porcam sibi
consociarunt,
310 Que magis vt noceant, plura maligna mouent.
Inmundos porcos sic vidi ledere mundum,
Vix quod erat mundus tutus vt obstet eis:
Non erat aque bladis hominum porcarius vllus,
Qui tunc de solito more fugauit eos;
Non erat in nares torques qui posset eorum
Ponere, quin faciunt fossa timenda nimis;
Nullus et hirsuta nexus constringere colla
Tunc potuit, set eis omne licebat iter.
Deuia natura sic errat ab ordine, mores
320 Porcus quod porci non habet, immo lupi.
Inter eos aper vnus erat quem Kancia duxit;174
Terra sibi similem ducere nulla potest.
Emicat ex oculis, spirat quoque pectore flammas,
Cuius ab igne procul vix fuit vna domus:
Fulmen ab ore volat, vrbis afflatibus ardet,175
Ac elephantinis dentibus arma parat:
Feruida cum rauco latos stridore per armos
Spuma, set humano sanguine mixta, fluit;
Stridentemque nouo spumam cum sanguine
fundit,
330 Quem fera de iugulo plebis in arua ruit:
 Que ferit ex capite fortissima subruit ipse,
Preualet insultus vincere nemo suos:
Erigit ad bellum se signifer horrida ceruix,
Inque furore suo tigridis instar habet;
Et sete rigidis similes hastilibus horrent,
Que magis inferni noxia signa gerunt.
Sicut onusta carecta fremit, seu frendet aquarum
Cursus, sicque suus murmura passus habet:
Hec fera crescentes segetes proculcat in herba,
340 Et cererem paleas triuerat inque leues.
Creuit aper quod eo maiores herbida monstro
Educat agrestes pascua nulla feras.
Non locus est tutus in quem fera tanta minatur,
Sit nisi celestis, quo mala ferre nequit.
Ira fere mota furias excedit abissi,
Cuius in aduentu patria tota fremit:
Ex aquilone tamen verres venit alter, et apro
Conuenit, vt pariter fossa parare queant.
Tegia silua ferum talem non protulit aprum,176
350 Quamuis in Archadia maximus ille fuit:
Non ita commouit in montibus Herculis iram,
Gentibus aut aliis obstitit ipse viis,
Quin magis hii porci, per sompnia quos ego vidi,
Dampna ferunt variis milia mille modis.
Non aper ille ferox, agitabat quem Meleager
In nemorum latebris, tam violentus erat,
Quin magis in porcis furit et violencius istis
Ira nocet, que suis dentibus arma parat.
Nil sedimen vel amurca placet, nichil atque
segistrum
360 Confert, vt dictis sint alimenta feris;
Non siliquas silue quercinas aut sibi glandes
Querunt, set rapiunt que meliora vident;
Spisse nil feces, aqua nec communis eorum
Sufficit ad potum, set bona vina vorant.
Rustica natura, dum fert incognita vina,
Mortuus vt truncus ebrietate iacet: