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AND THE EARLIER PERIPATETICS
WORKS BY DR. E. ZELLER.
PRE-SOCRATIC SCHOOLS: a History of Greek
Philosophy from the Earliest Period to the time of Socrates,
Translated from the German by SARAH F, ALLEYNE, 2 vols.
Crown 8vo. 30s.
BY
B. F. 0. COSTELLOE, M.A.
AND
J. H. MUIRHEAD, M.A. ,.
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1897
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CONTENTS
OF
CHAPTER X
PHYSICS—continued
C. Living Creatwres
The Soul, 1. Its relation to the Body, 4. The Body as an Organic
Whole related to the Soul as Means to End, 10. Stages of Ani-
mate Existence, 21. The Evolution of Organic Life and the
Law of Analogy, 24. Indications of life in Inorganic Nature;
History of the Earth and Mankind, 29.
Plants, 33.
Animals, 37. Their Bodies and the homogeneous materials of which
they consist, 38. Organs and their Functions, 41. Generation
and difference of Sex, 48. Sensation, 58. The Five Senses, 62.
Sensus Communis, 68. Memory and Imagination, 70. Pleasure
and Pain, 75. Sleep and Waking, 75. Dreams, 76. Death, 77.
Scale of Value in animal creation, 78. Classification of animal
Species, 80.
CHAPTER XI
PHYsIcs—continued
Man
The Human Body, 90. Soul and Reason, 92. Active and Passive
Reason, 97. Immediate and mediate exercise of Reason, 105.
Desire and Volition, 108. Practical Reason and Rational Will,
112. Free Will, Voluntariness, Intention, 114. The question of
the Unity of the life of the Soul, 119. The Birth of the Soul,
120. The Union of the Parts of the Soul, 123. The Immortality
of the Soul, 129. Personality, 134. —
vi ARISTOTLE
CHAPTER XII
PRACTICAL PHILOSOPHY
A. Ethics
The essential elements
The End of Human Activity: Happiness, 138.
of Happiness, 140. External Goods, 144. Pleasure, 146. Value
of Pleasure, 148.
the Will distinguished
Moral Virtue, 153. Virtue as a Quality of The
, 157.
from Natural Impulses, 155. Intellectual Insight the
Origin of Virtue, 160. The Consent of the virtuous Will:
, Self-control, &c.,
Proper Mean, 161. The Virtues, 163. Courage
167. Justice, 170. Distributive and Corrective Justice, 171.
other dis-
Complete and Incomplete, Natural and Legal Right;
tinctions, 175. ‘The Intellectual Virtues: Insight, 177. The
right relation to the Passions, 188.
Kinds of Friend-
Friendship: its moral Import, 191. Nature and
ship, 193. Further discussions, 198.
CHAPTER XIII
PRACTICAL PHILOSOPHY—continued
B. Politics
Necessity, Nature, and Functions of the State; Aristotle’s Politics,
203. Ethical import of the State, 207. Aim of the State, 208.
The Household as element in the State, 213. Husband and Wife,
214. Parents and Children, 215. Master and Slave, 216. Pro-
duction and Possession, 220. Against Common Property in
Wives, Children, and Goods, 220.
The State and the Citizen, 222. Differences among citizens, 229.
Their political importance, 229.
Forms of Constitution, 233. Comparative Value and Justification
of leading forms, 244. Monarchy and Republic, 249.
The Best State, 258. Its natural conditions and economic basis,
258. Training of the Citizen, 261. Birth and Education, 262.
Music, 266. Unfinished state of this part of the Politics in
reference to Intellectual Training, Punishment, &c., 269. The
Constitution, 272.
Imperfect Forms, 274. Democracy, 274. Oligarchy, 277. Aristo-
cracy and Polity, 278. Tyranny, 282. The distribution of
Political Power, Changes in the Constitution, &c., 283.
CHAPTER XIV
RHETORIC
CHAPTER XV
THEORY OF FINE ART
CHAPTER XVI
RELIGIOUS ASPECT OF ARISTOTLE’S PHILOSOPHY
CHAPTER XVII
RETROSPECT
.
Aristotle’s point of view, 336. Development of the System, 338.
Gaps and Contradictions, 342. Tendency of the Peripatetic
School, 346
CHAPTER XVIII
THE PERIPATETIC SCHOOL : THEOPHRASTUS
His Life, 348. Writings, 351. Standpoint, 355. Logic, 358. Meta-
physics: Aporiz, 364. Theology, 369. Physics: Nature in
general; Inorganic Nature, 373. Structure and history of the
World, 379. Botanical Theory, 381. Nature of Vegetable life,
383. Parts of Plants, 384. Origin of Plants, 385. Classification,
388. Zoology, 389. Anthropology: the Soul as cause of move-
ment, 390. Reason, Active and Passive, 392. Higher and lower
parts of the Soul, 395. The Senses, 396. The Freedom of the
Will, 399. Ethics, 399. Happiness, 402. Views on other points
of ethical doctrine, 406. Politics, 410. Religious views, 412.
Rhetoric and Theory of Fine Art, 414.
CHAPTER XIX
EUDEMUS, ARISTOXENUS, DICH.ARCHUS, AND OTHERS
Eudemus, 417. Logic, 418. Physics, 419. Metaphysics, 421.
Ethics: Virtue as a divine gift, 422. Theology, 424. Uprightness,
426. Other peculiarities of Eudemian ethics, 427,
Aristoxenus, 429. Ethical views, 431. Theory of Music, 433. Of
the Soul, 436 ;
VOL. II. a
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viii ARISTOTLE
CHAPTER XX
THE SCHOOL OF THEOPHRASTUS : STRATO
CHAPTER XXI
APPENDIX
INDEX . F P ; ; ‘ ; : j ; . 509
Addenda and Corrigenda.
Page
5, n. 2, col. 2, 1. 10, for cut read cut in pieces
»6,1. 8,for alien read allied
»61,1. 5, for force read faculty
»90, n. col. 1, 1. 19, for whole read whale
»111, n. 3, col. 2, ll. 2, 7, for cylinders read springs
»147, n. col. 1, 1.16, for these last, however, are merely causes read the satisfaction
of a want, moreover, is merely the cause
s 152, n.1, col. 1, 1. 3, omit wrong
» 171,1.7, for quality read equality
» 172, n. 2, col. 2,1. 3 from bottom, after things read that
» 178,1. 4,for moral insight read moral virtue
» 182, n. col. 1,1. 6, for p. 182 read p. 183
» 184, n. col. 2,1. 10 from bottom, for picture read future
» 195, n. 4, col. 1, 1. 4 from bottom, for 3 on preceding page read 2 supra
» 196, n. 1, col. 1,1. 3,for pupil read audience
» 204, n. 2, col. 2,1. 5 from bottom, forp. 203 supra, read Appendix, p. 507.
» 231, n.1, col. 1, 1 9, for finds itself more at home read exercises more influence
» 242, 1.10, for indispensable read indisputable
» 243, n.1, col. 1,1. 6, for chiefly read nearly
» 245,11, for But even any one of such advantages as these confers read But even
such advantages as these confer of themselves no title to rule in the State.
» 259, n. 1, col. 1, 1. 8, for size read greatness
» 267, n. col. 1, L. 9, omit or
» 274, 1. 8, for or form, differing read or from differing
» 292, 1.9, for But as he regards...sense read Since, however, proof is the chief
end in view
» 322,n, col. 1,1. 8 from bottom, for added read not added
» 9324, n. 5, col. 1, 1. 11, omit vol. i.
3 825, ll. 1, 3, for section read chapter
» n..2, col, 2,1. 5, before p. 291 read vol. ii.
327, 1. 6, for scientific read theoretic
» last line, omit and
331, n. 2, col. 1, 1. 2 from bottom, for paveiq read pavreta
335, n. 1, col. 1, 1. 10, for in chap. i. read vol. i. pp. 5, n. 7; 20, n. 2; 38, n.
339, 1. 9,for motion read matter
» 1.10, for relation read relationship
375, n. 1, col. 1, 1. 9,fo7, Melinus read Melissus
8
33
3 382, 1. 6 from bottom, for geological read zoological
sssss
References.
The following references are to Vol. i. :—Vol. ii. p. 159, n. 2, col. 1, 1. 8; 180, n. 2,
col. 2, 1. 2; 181, n. col. 2, 1. 1, and 1. 11 from bottom; 182, n. 1, col. 1,1. 6 from
bottom ; 204, n. 2, col. 1, ll. 3 and 10, and 1. 2 from bottom ; 206, n. 4, col, 2, 1. 3 from
bottom ; 219, n. 3, col. 1, 1. 4 from bottom; 236, n. col. 1,1. 10 from bottom ; 267,
n. col. 1, 1.10; 292, n, 1, col.1, 1.10; 302, n.1, col. 1, Il. 6,12; 331, n. 1, col. 1,11;
332, n. 1, col. 1, 1. 1; 343, n. 2, col. 2, 1.1; 349, n. 3, eol. 2, 1. 1 from bottom.
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ARISTOTLE
AND THE
EARLIER PERIPATETICS
CHAPTER X
[CHAP, IX. C. OF GERMAN TEXT]
Living Creatures
~h
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2 ARISTOTLE
Seurépg 5é* tH apuovia, pol, rod Ph. d.G@r.i. 807 sq.;on the latter,
Téparos évaytioy early 7 dvapnootla De An. i. 5, 409, b, 23 sqq. c. 2,
Tov odéparos* dvapuoorla b& Tod 404, b, 8, Ph.d. Gr.i. 725. Only
éuixou c@uaros vocos Ka dobévera one of Aristotle’s many objections
kal aloxos. dv 7d wey dovumerpla to the theory of Empedocles is
éotl tay croixelwy 7 vdoos, Td BE here given.
Tav Suoiopepay 7 aobévera, Td Se * As it is obvious that the
Tay dpyaviKxay Td aloxos, [On this, nutritive and sensitive soul at
however, see i. 517, n. 6, eupra-} least does, from the fact that
ei tolvuy % dvapuoorla vécos K when a plant or an animal is cut,
dobévera cal aloxos, ) dpuovla kpa life remains in all parts alike so
byela Kal icxds Kal KdAAOS. Wx} long as its organic conditions are
Be obdéy eat ToiTwy, ore iyela present; De An. i. 5, 411, b. 19,
onl obre irxds obre KaAAOS* WuxXhy ii, 2, 413, b, 13; cf. i. 4, 409, a,
yap elxev wal 6 @epoitns alaoxioros 9; Longit. V. 6, 467, a, 18; Jur.
dv. ov kpa éorly } Wuxh apuovla, et Sen. 2, 468, b, 2 sqq. 483.
kal radra wey ev éxelvos. THEMIST. * De An. i. 5, 410, b, 27.
De An. 44 sp.; Simei. De An. 5 Aristotle attributes this
14, a, 0, and OLYMPIODURUS in view first to Thales, but identifies
Phed, p. 142, also mention this it specially with Diogenes of
argument from the Ludemus. Apollonia and Heraclitus; cf.
' Ibid. 408, b, 32 sqq.; cf. De An. i. 5, 411,a, 7 sqq.; also
ZELL. Ph. d. Gr. i. 871, 2. c. 2, 405, a, 19 sqq. and ZELL.
* On the former of these Ph. d.Gr.i. pp. 178, 2; 238; 240;
views see De An. i. 5 init. c. 3, 587, 2; 642 sy.
406, b, 15 sqq, c. 2, 403, b, 28, and
6 ARISTOTLE
the form of its body, since the form cannot exist with-
out the matter to which it belongs, and yet it is not
and how the evolution which and motion. iii. 5, 667, b, 26:
we must ascribe to the omépua Thy Tov Oepuod apxhy avaryKaiov ev
Tis WuxiKhs apxis, whether we TG a’t@ térw [as the sensitive
take diadveo@a as referring to soul] elva. De Respir. c. 8, 474,
the germ itself or only to the a, 25, b, 10: 7d Gv Kal H Tis
yovh, is consistent with the Wuxiis ekis peta Oepudrnrds tivds
immutability of the zther (i. 476, éoTw ... mupl yap épyd (era: mdyra.
supra). The material in question, This heat resides in the heart.
moreover, is never described as The other faculties of the soul
wether. It is merely compared cannot exist without the nutri-
with it. Nor, indeed, does Ari- tive, nor the nutritive dvev 700 ov-
stotle ever speak of an zthereal oikod mupds* ev TolT@ yap h pivots
matter, but only of vital heat éumemipevkey avThy. c. 13, 477,
and vital breath, as residing in a, 16: the higher animals have
the body. Similarly De Vita, more heat; Gua yap dvayen Kal
4, 469, b, 6: mdvta 5t Ta pdpia Wuxiis TeTuXNKEvaL Timiwrépas. C.
kal way 7d cGua trav (dwy txe 16,478, a, 28: all animals require
Twa ciupuToy Oepudrnta puoikiy* cooling da thy év tH Kapdia rijs
whence the heat of the living, Wuxiis eumripwow. c. 21 wmit.:
the coldness of the dead, body. Tov Oepuov, ev @ H apxh 7H Operrinh
dvarykaiov 8) rabrns thy dpxhy Tis (which, 480, b, 1, is also called
Oepudrntros ev Th Kapd'q ois mip). Ibid. c. 17, 479, a, 7 sqq.:
évaiwois elvat, trois 5’ dvaluos ev the apxh Tis (wis gives out bray
T®@ dvddoyov’ épyd(era: yap Kal bh Karapixynta Td Oepudy td
WETTEL THE HPvtTiKe@ Oepug Thy Tpophy Koivwvouv abris. When, there-
mwdvra, udAwora bE Td KUpimTaTor. fore, through old age the lungs
With the heat of the heart life (correspondingly the gills) grow
too becomes extinct, 5a 7d Thy dry and stiff, the fire (i.e. the
apxhv evredOey rijs Oepudrntos vital heat) gradually dies away
hpticba wact, kal ris puxis domwep and is easily put out altogether.
eumemupeupévns ey Tois moplois 5d yap 7d OAlyov elvas Td Oepudy, -
rovros [the heart is as it were Gre rov wAelorov diamemvevedtos
the hearth on which the soul's ey TG TWANVE THS Cwis,... TaXéws
fire burns] . . . dvdy«n rolvuy amrocBévvura. De An. ii, 4 fin.:
Gua 76 Te Civ iwdpxew Kal Thy ToD epyacera 3 thy wépw 7d Oepudr:
Bepuovd tovTov owrnp'ay, Kal Toy 5d wav Fupuxoy Exe Oepudryra.
Kadovmevoy Odvarov elvat Thy TébTOV Gen. An, ii. 1, 732, a, 18: the
pbopdy. Part. An. ii. 3, 650, a, higher animals are larger ; roto
2: as it is only by heat that food 5 obk advev Oepudtnros Wuxixijs.
can be digested, all plants and c. 6, 743, a, 26: H 88 Oepudrns
animals require an a&px? Gepuod evumdpxe: ev TH TWEPMATIKG TWepiT-
gvonh. c. 7, 652, a, 7 sqq.: the tépmart, 744, a, 29: man has the
soul is not fire but resides in a purest @Oeppdrns ev Ti Kapdig.
fiery body, heat being its chief Cf. Gen. An. ii. 4, 740, b, 29:
instrument in the performance the nutritive power of the soul
of its functions of nourishment forms and feeds plants and ani-
8 ; ARISTOTLE
“
e
PHYSICS 11
gavepoy bt: Kal td obvodAor capua * Part, An. iv. 10, 687,a, 7-23,
auvéotnke mpdteds Tivos €Evexa especially the words just after
mAhpous.... doT€ kal 7) caud rws the passage quoted above :' rpec-
Tis Wuxis Everev, kal TA udpia TOY ine yap Te byte abaAnrh dSovva
Epywv mpds & wépuKey Exacror. MGAAov abdAods 2) TE abdAods ExyorTs
Metaph. vii. 10, 1035, b, 14 sqq. mpocbeivat aAnriKhy’ Te yap pel-
De An. ii. 4; see p. 2, n. 3, supra. (ov. kal kupiwtépw mpoodeOnke Tod-
' Part. An. iv. 10, 687, a, 10: Aatrov, GAA’ ov TE eAdrrom Td
q 8t piois del Siavéuer, Kxabdrep Timim@repoy Kal meiCov....7T@ obv
GvOpwros ppdvmos, Exaoroy Te mwAeloras Suvapevp Sé~aoOa Téxvas
Suvapéevy xpiaba. Jhid. c.8, 684, 70 émt wAciorov Tay dpydvev xpii-
a, 28: h 8& picts arodldwow ae Tov Thy xEipa awodédwKev fh pvors.
Tois xpjvOa Svvauévois Exaorov 7) * See pp. 9, n. 7, and 10, n. 1,
uévws 7) wGAdror. iii. 1, 661, b, 26 supra.
sqq.: of those organs which serve ‘ There is, therefore, no real
for purposes of defence or are inconsistency between the doc-
indispensable to the support of trine previously laid down and
life, Exacta amodiiwaw ip pais the statements, Gen. An. ii. 6,
Tois Suvauévois xpicla pdvus 7) 744, a, 30, that man’s intelligence
MaAAoy, wdAwra 5 re wdALoTa. affords proof of the edxpacia of
Hence the female is usually the central organ of his life;
either wholly or in part unpro- Part. An. ii. 2, 648, a, 2 sqq. c. 4,
vided with defensive organs, 651, a, 12, that greater intelli-
12 ARISTOTLE
Mulvaney se tut.
— Et après ? demandai-je.
— Vous le devinez, reprit Mulvaney. Il y eut confusion, et le
colonel me donna dix roupies, et le commandant m’en donna cinq, et
le capitaine de la compagnie m’en donna cinq, et les hommes me
portèrent en triomphe autour de la caserne.
— Tu es allé à la boîte ? demanda Ortheris.
— Je n’ai plus jamais entendu parler de mon malentendu avec le
pif de Kearney, si c’est cela que tu veux dire ; mais cette nuit-là
plusieurs des gars furent emmenés d’urgence à l’ousteau des Bons
Chrétiens. On ne peut guère leur en faire un reproche : ils avaient eu
pour vingt roupies de consommations. J’allai me coucher et cuvai les
miennes, car j’étais vanné à fond comme le collègue qui reposait à
cette heure dans les lignes. Ce n’est pas rien que d’aller à cheval sur
des éléphants.
« Par la suite je devins très copain avec le vénérable Père du
Péché. J’allais souvent à ses lignes quand j’étais consigné et
passais l’après-midi à causer avec lui : nous mâchions chacun notre
bout de canne à sucre, amis comme cochons. Il me sortait tout ce
que j’avais dans mes poches et l’y remettait ensuite, et de temps à
autre je lui portais de la bière pour sa digestion, et je lui faisais des
recommandations de bonne conduite, et de ne pas se faire porter
sur le registre des punitions. Après cela il suivit l’armée, et c’est ainsi
que ça se passe dès qu’on a trouvé un bon copain.
— Alors vous ne l’avez jamais revu ? demandai-je.
— Croyez-vous la première moitié de l’histoire ? fit Térence.
— J’attendrai que Learoyd soit de retour, répondis-je
évasivement.
Excepté quand il est soigneusement endoctriné par les deux
autres et que l’intérêt financier immédiat l’y pousse, l’homme du
Yorkshire [10] ne raconte pas de mensonges ; mais je savais Térence
pourvu d’une imagination dévergondée.
[10] Learoyd.
Clark Russell.