UBT

Forecasting Methods

MOHAMMED N. AL-SHAARI
UAM 069
Top Four Types of Forecasting Methods
There are four main types of forecasting methods that financial analysts use to predict future revenues, expenses,
and capital costs for a business. While there are a wide range of frequently used quantitative budget forecasting
tools, in this article we focus on the top four methods: (1) straight-line, (2) moving average, (3) simple linear
regression, and (4) multiple linear regression.

Technique Use Math involved Data needed

1. Straight line Constant growth rate Minimum level Historical data

2. Moving average Repeated forecasts Minimum level Historical data

3. Simple linear Compare one independent Statistical knowledge required A sample of relevant
regression with one dependent observations
variable

4. Multiple linear Compare more than one Statistical knowledge required A sample of relevant
regression independent variable with observations
one dependent variable
#1 Straight-line Method

The straight-line method is one of the simplest and easy-to-follow forecasting methods. A financial analyst uses
historical figures and trends to predict future revenue growth.

In the example provided below, we will look at how straight-line forecasting is done by a retail business that assumes
a constant sales growth rate of 4% for the next five years.

1. The first step in straight-line forecasting is to determine the sales growth rate that will be used to calculate
future revenues. For 2016, the growth rate was 4.0% based on historical performance. We can use the formula
=(C7-B7)/B7 to get this number. Assuming the growth will remain constant into the future, we will use the
same rate for 2017 – 2021
2. To forecast future revenues, take the previous year’s figure and multiply it by the growth rate. The formula used to
calculate 2017 revenue is =C7*(1+D5).

3. Select cell D7 to H7, then use the shortcut Ctrl + R to copy the formula all the way to the right.
#2 Moving Average

Moving averages are a smoothing technique that looks at the underlying pattern of a set of data to establish an
estimate of future values. The most common types are the 3-month and 5-month moving averages.

1. To perform a moving average forecast, the revenue data should be placed in the vertical column. Create two
columns, 3-month moving averages and 5-month moving averages.
2. The 3-month moving average is calculated by taking the average of the current and past two months revenues.
The first forecast should begin in March, which is cell C6. The formula used is =AVERAGE(B4:B6), which calculates the
average revenue from January to March. Use Ctrl + D to copy the formula down through December.
3. Similarly, the 5-month moving average forecasts revenue starting the fifth period, which is May. In cell D8, we use
the formula =AVERAGE(B4:B8) to calculate the average revenue for January to May. Copy the formula down using
shortcut Ctrl + D.
4. It is always a good idea to create a line chart to show the difference between actual and MA forecasted values in
revenue forecasting methods. Notice that the 3-month MA varies to a greater degree, with a significant increase or
decrease in historic revenues compared to the 5-month MA. When deciding the time period for a moving average
technique, an analyst should consider whether the forecasts should be more reflective of reality or if they should
smooth out recent fluctuations.
#3 Simple Linear Regression

Regression analysis is a widely used tool for analyzing the relationship between variables for prediction purposes. In
this example, we will look at the relationship between radio ads and revenue by running a regression analysis on the
two variables.

1. Select the Radio ads and Revenue data in cell B4 to C15, then go to Insert > Chart > Scatter.
2. Right-click on the data points and select Format Data Series. Under Market Options, change the color to desired
and choose no borderline.
3. Right-click on data points and select Add Trendline. Choose Linear line and check the boxes for Display Equation
on the chart and Display R-squared value on the chart. Move the equation box to below the line. Increase line width
to 3 pt to make it more visible.
4. Choose no fill and no borderline for both chart area and plot area. Remove vertical and horizontal grid lines in the
chart.
5. In the Design ribbon, go to Add Chart Element and insert both horizontal and vertical axis titles. Rename the
vertical axis to “Revenue” and the horizontal axis to “Number of radio ads.” Change chart title to “Relationship
between ads and revenue.”
6. Besides creating a linear regression line, you can also forecast the revenue using the forecast function in Excel. For
example, the company releases 100 ads in the next month and wants to forecast its revenue based on regression. In
cell C20, use the formula = FORECAST(B20,$C$4:$C$15,$B$4:$B$15). The formula takes data from the Radio ads and
Revenue columns to generate a forecast.
7. Another method is to use the equation of the regression line. The slope of the line is 78.08 and the y-intercept is
7930.35. We can use these two numbers to calculate forecasted revenue based on certain x value. In cell C25, we can
use the formula =($A$25*B25)+$A$26 to find out revenue if there are 100 radio ads.
#4 Multiple Linear Regression

A company uses multiple linear regression to forecast revenues when two or more independent variables are
required for a projection. In the example below, we run a regression on promotion cost, advertising cost, and
revenue to identify the relationships between these variables.

1. Go to Data tab > Data Analysis > Regression. Select D3 to D15 for Input Y Range and B3 to C15 for Input X
Range. Check the box for Labels. Set Output Range at cell A33.

A24. Using the coefficients from the table, we can forecast the revenue given the promotion cost and advertising
cost. For example, if we expect the promotion cost to be 125 and advertising cost to be 250, we can use the equation
in cell B20 to forecast revenue: =$B$25+(B18*$B$26)+(B19*$B$27).