Cloud Computing: An Introduction

Cloud Computing : Introduction
Prof. Bibhudatta Sahoo, PhD

Communication & Computing Group
Department of CSE, NIT Rourkela
Email: bdsahu@nitrkl.ac.in, 9937324437, 9337938766
Learning Objective
After completing this talk, you should be familiar with:
 Cloud computing definition
 Describing cloud computing in one sentence
 Factors that lead to the adoption of cloud computing
 Explaining cloud concepts such as, infrastructure as a service,
platform as a service, and software as a service
 Business benefits of cloud computing for IT, application development,
and testing
 Describing cloud computing deployment models
 Identifying cloud computing adoption risks
 Differentiating between traditional IT and cloud computing services.
2 Cloud Computing; Introduction 12-08-2022

Cloud computing
 Cloud computing is the on-demand delivery of IT resources over the
Internet with pay-as-you-go pricing. Instead of buying, owning, and
maintaining physical data centers and servers, you can access
technology services, such as computing power, storage, and databases,
on an as-needed basis from a cloud service provider(CSP).
 Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services—including
servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and
intelligence—over the Internet (“the cloud”) to offer faster
innovation, flexible resources, and economies of scale.
 User typically pay only for cloud services as per their use, helping
lower your operating costs, run your infrastructure more efficiently
and scale as your business needs change.

Evolution of Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing
SaaS Computing
Utility Computing Next-Generation
 Network-based Internet
Grid Computing
 Offering subscriptions computing
 Solving large computing to applications Next-Generation
problems with resources as a  Gained Data Centers
Parallel metered momentum
computing service in 2001
 Made  Introduced in
mainstream late 1990s
By Global
Alliance

Growth of Cloud Computing Market

Top benefits of cloud computing

Cost
 Cloud computing eliminates the capital expense of buying hardware
and software and setting up and running on-site datacenters—the
racks of servers, the round-the-clock electricity for power and
cooling, the IT experts for managing the infrastructure. It adds up
fast.
Speed
 Most cloud computing services are provided self service and on
demand, so even vast amounts of computing resources can be
provisioned in minutes, typically with just a few mouse clicks, giving
businesses a lot of flexibility and taking the pressure off capacity
planning.

Global scale
 The benefits of cloud computing services include the ability to scale
elastically. In cloud speak, that means delivering the right amount of
IT resources—for example, more or less computing power, storage,
bandwidth—right when it is needed and from the right geographic
location.
Productivity
 On-site datacenters typically require a lot of “racking and stacking”—
hardware setup, software patching, and other time-consuming IT
management chores. Cloud computing removes the need for many of
these tasks, so IT teams can spend time on achieving more important
business goals.

Performance
 The biggest cloud computing services run on a worldwide network of
secure datacenters, which are regularly upgraded to the latest
generation of fast and efficient computing hardware. This offers
several benefits over a single corporate datacenter, including reduced
network latency for applications and greater economies of scale.
Reliability
 Cloud computing makes data backup, disaster recovery and business
continuity easier and less expensive because data can be mirrored at
multiple redundant sites on the cloud provider’s network.
Security
 Many cloud providers offer a broad set of policies, technologies and
controls that strengthen your security posture overall, helping protect
your data, apps and infrastructure from potential threats.

Why is it called cloud computing?
 A fundamental concept behind cloud computing is that the location
of the service, and many of the details such as the hardware or
operating system on which it is running, are largely irrelevant to the
user.
 It's with this in mind that the metaphor of the cloud was borrowed
from old telecoms network schematics, in which the public telephone
network (and later the internet) was often represented as a cloud to
denote that the just didn't matter -- it was just a cloud of stuff.

Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-
demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing
resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and
services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal
management effort or service provider interaction. This cloud model is
composed of five essential characteristics, three service models,
and four deployment models.
 Source: NIST, US Department of Commerce

 http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-145/SP800-145.pdf

Basic layer design of Datacenter's Networks

The data center network design: basic layered design.

Physical Segregation in a Server Farm with Appliances (A) and Service Modules (B)

Logical Segregation in a Server Farm with VLANs
(A) shows the physical topology, and the right side

(B) shows the VLAN allocation across the service modules, firewall, load balancer, and switch.

https://www.dell.com/en-in/work/shop/povw/poweredge-mx7000
PowerEdge MX7000 Modular Chassis

Von Neumann Architecture [1945]
Von Neumann architecture is based on the stored-program computer
concept, where instruction data and program data are stored in the
same memory.

Virtualization

Virtualization

Traditional Architecture vs. Virtual Architecture

5 essential features of Cloud according to NIST
 On-demand self-service — Services can be provided on demand
to consumers with no humans in the loop
 Broad network access — Services are available over the network
in real-time through standard mechanisms
 Resource pooling — Resources are pooled to enable concurrent
service provision to multiple users (multi-tenant model), while being
adjusted to the actual demand of each user
 (Rapid) elasticity — Requests for extra resource are self-managed
and automatic in relation to demand; from the consumer’s
perspective, the supply of resources has no limit
 Measured (quality of) service — Services leverage a quantitative
and qualitative metering capability making usage-based billing and
validation of the service quality available

Visual Model of Cloud Computing Definition

Cloud Computing: Essential Characteristics (NIST)
On-demand self service
 Users automatically access computing resources (e.g. servers,
storage etc.) as needed.
Broad network access
 Services available over the network can be accessed using
mobile/smart phones, tablets, laptops and desktops.
Resource pooling
 Computing resources (including memory and bandwidth) can be
pooled to serve multiple customers at the same time.
 Location independence
Rapid elasticity
 Ability to quickly scale in/out service with demand, at any time.
Measured service
 Control, optimise services based on metering (i.e. pay-per-use
pricing model)
 Type of service include storage, processing, bandwidth etc.
3 type of service models

4 deployment models of Cloud
 There are four cloud deployment models: public, private,
community, and hybrid.
 Each deployment model is defined according to where the
infrastructure for the environment is located.

NIST Service model of Cloud: IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS
NIST cloud computing services fall into three broad

categories: infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a
service (PaaS), and software as a service (SaaS).

Cloud Computing

Deployment models of cloud computing
Deployment models of cloud computing

Deployment models of cloud computing : Public cloud
 Public clouds are owned and operated by a third-party cloud service
providers(CSP), which deliver their computing resources like servers
and storage over the Internet.
 Microsoft Azure is an example of a public cloud. With a public cloud,
all hardware, software and other supporting infrastructure is owned
and managed by the cloud provider. You access these services and
manage your account using a web browser.

Use case diagram of Cloud Service Provider

Deployment models of cloud computing : Public cloud
 A cloud is called a ‘Public cloud’ when the services are left over a
network that aims for public use.
 Technically there may be little or no distinction between public and
exclusive cloud architecture, nonetheless, safety consideration may be
significantly different for services (applications, storage, and most
resources) that are provided by a service provider for a public
network and when communication is effected over a non-trusted
network.
 Normally, public cloud company like Amazon AWS, Microsoft and
Google own and operate the facilities and offer access just through the
Web (direct connection is not offered).

Deployment models of cloud computing : Private cloud
 A private cloud refers to cloud computing resources used exclusively
by a single business or organization.
 A private cloud can be physically located on the company’s on-site
datacenter. Some companies also pay third-party service providers to
host their private cloud. A private cloud is one in which the services
and infrastructure are maintained on a private network.

Deployment models of cloud computing : Private cloud
 Private cloud is a cloud facility run only for a single company,
whether taken care of internally or by a third-party and held inside or
externally.
 Undertaking a private cloud job calls for a significant degree and
diploma of involvement to virtualize business environment, and calls
for the organization to re-evaluate decisions regarding already existing
sources. When done right, it can boost business, yet every action in
the task raises security issues that should be addressed to stop serious
susceptibilities.

Public vs Private Cloud

Deployment models of cloud computing : Hybrid cloud
 Hybrid clouds combine public and private clouds, bound together by
technology that allows data and applications to be shared between
them.
 By allowing data and applications to move between private and public
clouds, a hybrid cloud gives your business greater flexibility, more
deployment options and helps optimise your existing infrastructure,
security and compliance.

Deployment models of cloud computing : Hybrid cloud
 Hybrid cloud is a composition of two or even more clouds (private, neighborhood or
people) that stay distinct bodies however, are bound together, supplying the benefits of
several implementation models. Such make-up increases deployment choices for cloud
services, permitting IT organizations to utilize public cloud computing resources to
fulfill temporary needs. This capability enables hybrid clouds to utilize cloud breaking
for scaling throughout clouds.
 Cloud bursting is an application implementation design in which an application runs in
an exclusive cloud or information facility and “bursts” to a public cloud when the
demand for computing ability boosts. A key benefit of cloud bursting and a hybrid cloud
model is that an organization just pays for added compute resources when they are
required.
 Cloud bursting allows information centers to develop an in-house IT facilities that assists
average works, and use cloud sources from public or private clouds, during spikes in
processing demands. By utilizing “hybrid cloud” architecture, firms and individuals have
the ability to acquire diplomas of mistake tolerance combined with locally prompt
functionality without dependence on internet connectivity.
 Hybrid cloud architecture needs both on-premises resources and off-site (distant)
server-based cloud facilities.
 Hybrid clouds lack the versatility, protection and certainty of in-house
applications. Hybrid cloud gives the adaptability of in home applications with the fault
tolerance and scalability of cloud based services.

Hybrid Cloud

Public, Private or Hybrid Cloud: Which One is Right for You?

Community Cloud
 Community cloud shares facilities in between many companies from a
particular neighborhood with usual concerns (security, compliance,
jurisdiction, etc.), whether managed internally or by a third-party and
hosted internally or on the surface.
 The prices are dispersed over fewer individuals than a public cloud
(yet even more than a personal cloud), so just some of the expense
savings potential of cloud computer are understood.
 Community cloud is a cloud infrastructure that allows systems and
services to be accessible by a group of several organizations to share
the information. It is owned, managed, and operated by one or more
organizations in the community, a third party, or a combination of
them.
 Example: Our government organization within India may share
computing infrastructure in the cloud to manage data.
https://cloud.gov.in/

Multi-Cloud
Multicloud is a cloud approach made up of more than 1 cloud service,
from more than one cloud vendor(public or private). In general "Multi-
cloud" means multiple public clouds.

Defining MultiCloud
 Multicloud is a cloud approach made up of more than 1 cloud service,
from more than 1 cloud vendor(public or private). In general "Multi-
cloud" means multiple public clouds.
 A company that uses a multi-cloud deployment incorporates multiple
public clouds from more than one cloud provider.
 Instead of a business using one vendor for cloud hosting, storage, and
the full application stack, in a multi-cloud configuration they use
several.

Defining MultiCloud
 Multicloud infrastructure is defined as a cloud environment that allows
enterprises to use two or more cloud platforms.
 Multicloud infrastructure often relies on public cloud. A company’s cloud
environment generally needs to leverage at least two public cloud services
for a ‘multicloud’ tag.
 Multicloud infrastructure combines on-premise activities with applications
and services operating on multiple public cloud platforms, allowing
companies to leverage the upsides of each vendor while mitigating the
disadvantages.
 Multi-cloud deployments have a number of uses. A multi-cloud deployment
can leverage multiple IaaS (Infrastructure-as-a-Service) vendors, or it could
use a different vendor for IaaS, PaaS (Platform-as-a-Service), and SaaS
(Software-as-a-Service) services.
 Multi-cloud can be purely for the purpose of redundancy and system
backup, or it can incorporate different cloud vendors for different services.

5 Key Components of Multicloud Infrastructure
1. Load balancing server
2. Application server
3. Database server
4. Redundancy and backup server
5. Horizontal auto scaling

Types of cloud services
IaaS, PaaS, serverless and SaaS
Types of cloud services: IaaS, PaaS, serverless and SaaS
Most cloud computing services fall into four broad
categories: infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a
service (PaaS), serverless and software as a service (SaaS).

[Cloud Computing Stack]


Cloud Layer Architecture

Split of Responsibilities: provider-side and consumer-side
Traditional Infrastructure Platform Software
on-premises as a service as a service as a service
Applications Applications Applications Applications
Data Data Data Data
Runtime Runtime Runtime Runtime
Middleware Middleware Middleware Middleware
O/S O/S O/S O/S
Virtualization Virtualization Virtualization Virtualization
Servers Servers Servers Servers
Storage Storage Storage Storage
Networking Networking Networking Networking
Client manages Vendor manages in the cloud

[1] IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)
 In computing, infrastructure refers to the computers and servers that
run code and store data, and the wires and appliances that make
connections between those machines. Example: servers, hard drives,
and routers are all part of infrastructure.
 The top 5 vendors of IaaS till this day: Amazon Web Services (AWS),
Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform (GCP), Alibaba Cloud, IBM
Cloud

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
 Infrastructure as a Service, sometimes abbreviated as IaaS, contains
the basic building blocks for cloud IT and typically provide access to
networking features, computers (virtual or on dedicated hardware),
and data storage space.
 Infrastructure as a Service provides you with the highest level of
flexibility and management control over your IT resources and is
most similar to existing IT resources that many IT departments and
developers are familiar with today.
 IaaS is used for Internet-based access to storage and computing
power.
 IaaS lets you rent IT infrastructure - servers and virtual machines,
storage, networks, and operating systems - from a cloud provider on a
pay-as-you-go basis.

Use Cases | Infrastructure as a Service Cloud Concepts

Common IaaS business scenarios
 Test and development: Teams can quickly set up and dismantle test
and development environments, bringing new applications to market
faster. IaaS makes it quick and economical to scale up dev-test
environments up and down.
 Website hosting: Running websites using IaaS can be less expensive

than traditional web hosting.
 Storage, backup and recovery: Organisations avoid the capital

outlay for storage and complexity of storage management, which
typically requires a skilled staff to manage data and meet legal and
compliance requirements. IaaS is useful for handling unpredictable
demand and steadily growing storage needs. It can also simplify
planning and management of backup and recovery systems.

Common IaaS business scenarios
 Web apps: IaaS provides all the infrastructure to support web apps,
including storage, web and application servers and networking resources.
Organisations can quickly deploy web apps on IaaS and easily scale
infrastructure up and down when demand for the apps is unpredictable.
 High-performance computing: High-performance computing (HPC)

on supercomputers, computer grids or computer clusters helps solve
complex problems involving millions of variables or calculations. Examples
include earthquake and protein folding simulations, climate and weather
predictions, financial modeling and evaluating product designs.
 Big data analysis. Big data is a popular term for massive data sets that
contain potentially valuable patterns, trends and associations. Mining data
sets to locate or tease out these hidden patterns requires a huge amount of
processing power, which IaaS economically provides.

Advantages of IaaS
 Eliminates capital expense and reduces ongoing cost. IaaS sidesteps
the upfront expense of setting up and managing an onsite datacentre,
making it an economical option for start-ups and businesses testing new
ideas.
 Improves business continuity and disaster recovery. Achieving high
availability, business continuity and disaster recovery is expensive, since it
requires a significant amount of technology and staff. But with the right
service level agreement (SLA) in place, IaaS can reduce this cost and access
applications and data as usual during a disaster or outage.
 Innovate rapidly. As soon as you have decided to launch a new product or
initiative, the necessary computing infrastructure can be ready in minutes or
hours, rather than the days or weeks—and sometimes months—it could
take to set up internally.
 Respond quicker to shifting business conditions. IaaS enables you
to quickly scale up resources to accommodate spikes in demand for your
application— during the holidays, for example—then scale resources back
down again when activity decreases to save money.

Advantages of IaaS
 Focus on your core business. IaaS frees up your team to focus on
your organisation’s core business rather than on IT infrastructure.
 Increase stability, reliability and supportability. With IaaS
there is no need to maintain and upgrade software and hardware or
troubleshoot equipment problems. With the appropriate agreement in
place, the service provider assures that your infrastructure is reliable
and meets SLAs.
 Better security. With the appropriate service agreement, a cloud
service provider can provide security for your applications and data
that may be better than what you can attain in-house.
 Gets new apps to users faster. Because you don’t need to first set
up the infrastructure before you can develop and deliver apps, you
can get them to users faster with IaaS.

[2] Platform-as-a-service (PaaS)
 Platforms as a service remove the need for organizations to manage
the underlying infrastructure (usually hardware and operating
systems) and allow you to focus on the deployment and management
of your applications.
 PaaS helps you be more efficient as you don’t need to worry about
resource procurement, capacity planning, software maintenance,
patching, or any of the other undifferentiated heavy lifting involved in
running your application.
 PaaS gives developers the tools to build and host web applications.
 PaaS is designed to give users access to the components they require
to quickly develop and operate web or mobile applications over the
Internet, without worrying about setting up or managing the
underlying infrastructure of servers, storage, networks, and databases.

Redundant 3-Tier Architecture

[3] Software-as-a-service (SaaS)
 Software as a Service provides you with a completed product that is run and
managed by the service provider. In most cases, people referring to
Software as a Service are referring to end-user applications.
 SaaS is used for web-based applications. SaaS is a method for delivering
software applications over the Internet where cloud providers host and
manage the software applications making it easier to have the same
application on all of your devices at once by accessing it in the cloud.
 SaaS offering you do not have to think about how the service is maintained
or how the underlying infrastructure is managed; you only need to think
about how you will use that particular piece of software.
 A common example of a SaaS application is web-based email where you can
send and receive email without having to manage feature additions to the
email product or maintaining the servers and operating systems that the
email program is running on.

Use Case Diagram SaaS e-health Education

Difference between virtualization & Cloud Computing
Virtualization Cloud
Definition Technology Methodology
Create multiple simulated

Pool and automate virtual
Purpose environments from 1 physical
resources for on-demand use
hardware system
Deliver packaged resources to Deliver variable resources to

Use specific users for a specific groups of users for a variety of
purpose purposes
Configuration Image-based Template-based
Lifespan Years (long-term) Hours to months (short-term)
Private cloud: High CAPEX, low

High capital expenditures (CAPEX), low OPEX
Cost
operating expenses (OPEX) Public cloud: Low CAPEX, high
OPEX
Scalability Scale up Scale out

Workload Stateful Stateless
Tenancy Single tenant Multiple tenants
Serverless computing
 Serverless computing is a cloud computing execution model in
which the cloud provider runs the server, and dynamically manages
the allocation of machine resources.

Machine virtualization vs Containers

Container
 Containers provide a standard way to package your application's code,
configurations, and dependencies into a single object.
 Containers share an operating system installed on the server and run as resource-
isolated processes, ensuring quick, reliable, and consistent deployments, regardless
of environment.
 Containers are a powerful way for developers to package and deploy their
applications. They are lightweight and provide a consistent, portable software
environment for applications to easily run and scale anywhere.
 Building and deploying microservices, running batch jobs, for machine learning
applications, and moving existing applications into the cloud are just some of the
popular use cases for containers.

AWS containers
 Secure: AWS offers 210 security, compliance, and governance services and key
features which is about 40 more than the next largest cloud provider. AWS provides
strong security isolation between your containers, ensures you are running the
latest security updates, and gives you the ability to set granular access permissions
for every container.
 Reliable: AWS container services run on the best global infrastructure with 69
Availability Zones (AZ) across 22 Regions. AWS provides >2x more regions with
multiple availability zones than the next largest cloud provider (22 vs. 8). There are
SLAs for all our container services (ECS, EKS, and Fargate) giving you ease of
mind.
 Choice: AWS container services offer the broadest choice of services to run your
containers. You can choose AWS Fargate if you want serverless compute for
containers and Amazon EC2 if you need control over the installation, configuration,
and management of your compute environment. You can also choose which
container orchestrator to use: Amazon Elastic Container Service (ECS) or Amazon
Elastic Kubernetes Service (EKS).
 AWS Integrations: AWS container services are deeply integrated with AWS by
design. This allows your container applications to leverage the breadth and depth of
the AWS cloud from networking, security, to monitoring. AWS combines the agility
of containers with the elasticity and security of the cloud.

Amazon Elastic Container Service (Amazon ECS)
Amazon ECS leverages serverless technology from AWS Fargate to
deliver autonomous container operations, which reduces the time spent
on configuration, patching, and security.

 Serverless computing is a method of providing backend services
on an as-used basis.
 Servers are still used, but a company that gets backend services from
a serverless vendor is charged based on usage, not a fixed amount of
bandwidth or number of servers.
 Serverless allows you to build and run applications and services
without thinking about servers. It eliminates infrastructure
management tasks such as server or cluster provisioning, patching,
operating system maintenance, and capacity provisioning.
 You can build them for nearly any type of application or backend
service, and everything required to run and scale your application
with high availability is handled for you.

Common containers use cases
 Microservices: Containers provide process isolation that makes it easy to
break apart and run applications as independent components called
microservices.
 Batch processing: Package batch processing and ETL jobs into containers
to start jobs quickly and scale them dynamically in response to demand.
 Machine learning: Use containers to quickly scale machine learning
models for training and inference and run them close to your data sources
on any platform.
 Hybrid applications: Containers let you standardize how code is
deployed, making it easy to build workflows for applications that run
between on-premises and cloud environments.
 Application migration to the cloud: Containers make it easy to
package entire applications and move them to the cloud without needing to
make any code changes.
 Platform as a service: Use containers to build platforms that remove the
need for developers to manage infrastructure and standardize how your
applications are deployed and managed.

 Serverless is the native architecture of the cloud that enables you to
shift more of your operational responsibilities to AWS, increasing
your agility and innovation.
 Serverless enables you to build modern applications with
increased agility and lower total cost of ownership.
 Building serverless applications means that your developers can focus
on their core product instead of worrying about managing and
operating servers or runtimes, either in the cloud or on-premises.
 Serverless technology reduced overhead lets developers reclaim time
and energy that can be spent on developing great products which
scale and that are reliable.
 A computing model in which the cloud provider provisions and
manages servers. It enables developers to spend more time building
apps and less time managing infrastructure.


Serverless market prediction

4 Use Cases of Serverless Architecture

Web applications and backends
 A serverless web applications and backends can be build using AWS
Lambda, Amazon API Gateway, Amazon S3, and Amazon DynamoDB
to handle web, mobile, Internet of Things (IoT), and chatbot requests.
Example:Weather application

Cloud Computing Deployment Models: On-premises
 Deploying resources on-premises, using virtualization and resource
management tools, is sometimes called “private cloud”.
 On-premises deployment does not provide many of the benefits of
cloud computing but is sometimes sought for its ability to
provide dedicated resources.
 In most cases this deployment model is the same as legacy IT
infrastructure while using application management and virtualization
technologies to try and increase resource utilization.

Cloud Computing Deployment Models: Cloud
 A cloud-based application is fully deployed in the cloud and all parts
of the application run in the cloud.
 Applications in the cloud have either been created in the cloud or have
been migrated from an existing infrastructure to take advantage of
the benefits of cloud computing.
 Cloud-based applications can be built on low-level infrastructure
pieces or can use higher level services that provide abstraction from
the management, architecting, and scaling requirements of core
infrastructure.

Cloud Computing Deployment Models: Hybrid
 A hybrid deployment is a way to connect infrastructure and
applications between cloud-based resources and existing resources
that are not located in the cloud.
 The most common method of hybrid deployment is between the
cloud and existing on-premises infrastructure to extend, and grow, an
organization's infrastructure into the cloud while connecting cloud
resources to internal system.

Categories of Cloud Computing Risks
Technology
Immaturity
Less Control Lack of world-wide adopted Data Security
Many companies and Standards. Use of closed Migrating workloads to a
governments are proprietary technologies. Lack of shared network and
uncomfortable with the idea knowledge and trust. compute infrastructure
of their information located API Jungle. increases the potential for
on systems they do not Legal uncertainties. unauthorized exposure.
control. Providers must Authentication and access
offer a high degree of technologies become
security transparency to help Vendor Lock-in increasingly important.
put customers at ease. Interoperability constraints.
Low level of portability of
application and services based
on cloud.
Contract and exit strategies
Compliance Limitations on sharing or Security
Complying with SOX, transferring data Management
HIPAA
Reliability Providers must supply
and other regulations
easy controls to manage
may prohibit the use of High availability will be a key
firewall and security
clouds for some concern. IT departments will
settings for applications
applications. worry about a loss of service
and runtime environments
Comprehensive auditing should outages occur. Mission
in the cloud.
capabilities are essential. critical applications may not run in
the cloud without strong
availability guarantees.
www.bournemouth.ac.uk
Cloud Computing Security, gaps, threat , risks

Cloud Software Engineering
 In general cloud computing refers to both software and hardware
resources that are delivered over the internet.
 These resources, more commonly known as services, are scalable,
configurable, measurable, and easily accessible on-demand self-service
resources.
 Using these services software development in the cloud can be
cheaper, more efficient and more flexible way of producing new
software than traditional on-premises software development.

What is a cloud-based application?
 A cloud-based app is an internet run program with components that
store and drive online with some or all processes executed on the
cloud.
 In cloud-based applications, a user interacts through a web or mobile
browser.
 The data processing in cloud-based application takes place on the
remote server bae and is managed with the help of an API.
 A user’s device serves only as an input device in the cloud app and
does not interfere with the major process.
 A cloud-based app is different from a web-based application.

Characteristics of a cloud-based application
 In cloud application development, the app’s data is stored in the cloud
infrastructure and could be partly cached on a user’s device. This means
there are minimum requirements for devices to run the application.
 The cloud infrastructure can temporarily store information on a user’s
device to allow the user to access it while offline. Once the user is online
again, the cloud app is updated and uploads the generated data from offline
to the cloud storage location.
 One can set up backup schedules as well data optimization, compression and
encryption as a user in any way you want.
 A cloud application can be accessed with the help of any internet-connected
device, including desktop, tablet, and mobile. This helps the user to get
independent of browser capacities.
 Cloud-based applications also offer access to third-party cloud computing
services with API integration and are more easily customized than a web
app.
.

Thanks for Your Attention!

Reference
 http://cloudcomputingtypes.com/
 https://aws.amazon.com/modern-apps/
 https://azure.microsoft.com/en-in/overview/what-is-iaas/
 https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.500-291r2.pdf
 https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-145.pdf
 https://aws.amazon.com/what-is-cloud-computing/?nc1=f_cc
 https://cloud.gov.in/
 https://www.meity.gov.in/content/gi-cloud-meghraj
 https://docs.rightscale.com/cm/designers_guide/cm-cloud-computing-system-
architecture-
diagrams.html#:~:text=across%20all%20of%20the%20Membase%20nodes.%20I
f%20you%20are%20using
 https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=ffg_LoYAAAAJ&hl=en
 https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/solutions/Enterprise/Data_Center/D
C_Infra2_5/DCInfra_1.html
 https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2021-08-02-gartner-
says-four-trends-are-shaping-the-future-of-public-cloud

Exercises
Cloud Computing: Introduction
Q.1 Differentiate between Grid computing. Distributed computing and cloud
computing. Also draw the relationship between them.
Q.2 Describe the characteristics of cloud computing environments.
Q.3 Discuss the different barriers of cloud computing.
Q.4 What do you understand by service oriented architecture (SOA). How it
support cloud computing? Explain.
Q.5 What are the essential characteristics of cloud computing?
Q.6 Explain the keys steps in implementing Cloud computing based
applications.
Q.7 Differentiate between Distributed Computing and Cloud Computing.
Q.8 How Cloud Computing can help in solving Gene Expression Data
Analysis? Explain in details
Q.9 What do you mean by Social Network Analysis? How Cloud Computing can
help in this problem.
Q.10 Explain a brief noted on cloud adoption and cloud rudiments?
Q.11 List the different cloud application available in market? Briefly explain the
scenarios/situation of ” when to not use clouds”?
Q.12

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Cloud Computing : Introduction

Prof. Bibhudatta Sahoo, PhD

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 Source: NIST, US Department of Commerce

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(A) shows the physical topology, and the right side

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PowerEdge MX7000 Modular Chassis

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NIST cloud computing services fall into three broad

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Applications Applications Applications Applications

Data Data Data Data

Runtime Runtime Runtime Runtime

Middleware Middleware Middleware Middleware

O/S O/S O/S O/S

Virtualization Virtualization Virtualization Virtualization

Servers Servers Servers Servers

Storage Storage Storage Storage

Networking Networking Networking Networking

Client manages Vendor manages in the cloud

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