SESS rT Kaye D. Almento Combinatorics Problem et Ci/a) DiSelve the recurrence relation an = : Gait an-e given that ao.) ancl qi=1 by using Characterishe equation Solution Note that the given tecurrence «elation is of nd order so we need two initial conditions to Gove Ht. The original conditions or the Paving problem are “a=! and g2=2" We replace “Qa=2" by do= for easier ‘computations. The fecurrence relafon an= nit an-2 moy be writlen as dn-a Hs characterise equation is x*—x-1 = 0, with characteristic rots, Cheadle 7) Gad z 2 ees Gr are the dislinch characteristic rots of the recurrence elation Codn t Cidn-y+.-. + CrOn-r =©, then the general solution is n= AiCai)” + Az(az)" +... + Ar Car)", Where the Ai’s are conctants Thus, by result C1)-* pau, a2 the general solution is given by V5 La)" " Carer Samo (=a cs fa ae constants tp be determined. Ci) The initial conditions qo =a) =| imply that AtBal ean a(EB)=1, ie, aaa Uene NE (A-B) = 2, Solving the cystem (2) for A and ® gives @ erat a By substiting (3) info CD; we, have anz a( HE)" + 5 ( SB)" (E)(4E)"- (Ge SE) | (a8) % por all n2>O0.g(ats) 2) Soke the. rect: cr cl = 2ae-1 = 2" given thot ao=! by method of generating function Solution \et AGO) te the generating junction for the sequence (an). Then Ale) = Oo + Gi + O2X* + Qsx* Ht... 4 GnX"t “2x A(x) = -2a0% - 2arx® - 2azx*~... - 2an-i K°- By taking their cum, we have Cl- 2x) AGO = do + (ai - Jac)x + Ca2-2ai)x* + Since do =( and the sequence (an) satisfies On~ 2an-1 Cl Ox AG = bt xt 27H OMK Mg. = 1-2x Thus, A(x) Come = 2 CrtCax)* and Wnence, an = Cn+1)2", all 20.8 for «(Qn ~ 2an-1)x" + 2", it gollows that 3) Find tre genera) solution oF the recurrence relation Gn +Qn-1 - San-2 - Soin-s ~20n-4 <0 given that Qo =1 and ai =1 by using characteristic equation Solution The characteristic equation of the given recurrence rela’ Xt x ax? 5-220 with characteristic roots : aeel ond az 2 Crustipiclly 3) i Thusy by result CI), the general solution is given by n= (At Bnt Ca) + D2 tion is Result ci 1,02, .., Ak CE KEV) ate the distinc characteristic rocks of of Coat iOn-i4-.+ Ceaner #0 such that Qi is 0} multiply mi, i= 1/2). ky then ts general solution is given by n= (Ant Ata... Amen” (a)? + (Aait Aaant. Aaman™"')(ga)) fee FCAkrt Akan t «Aken ™") gy) where the Aij's ate constants.(3/3) Seve ant Sani + Gaya = Sn* lien that ao=! ond ai =1 Solution : let us find of” The characteristic equation of nt Sani + Gan-s =O is x*4 5x +6 =O With charodleristio wots =-2 and das -3 Thus; we have as = ACI) + BC3)", where A and ® are constants. letus ind an” Since p(n) * 3n* is a polynomial inn oy degite and | ic not a characterictic yoo? We let ad?)= Cn? + Dat Ey where C)D and & are constants Since ax satsficp tte equation Gn * Edy) + Gan-2 =3n', we must have (Catt Dy HES CC (NI) + DEn-NFE) + G(e(n-2)*+ D(n-2)t E) = 302, By equating the coepficients gy n°,n and the conctant terms, we get Itc +3 + c=3ia = 4 Inp-34c =O —~* D= aecvm/i2 = Fla4 QE -130424C=0. > E= III /24)- 29044) /12 = 15/259 Sowing the system gor C,D and E gives us C= 14, D= l7/a4 and G = l5/geg cand hence we have Dy kat ad?» fie Ent Obt By (6.42), the general pe ie a The general solution of a reaurrence n+ San-1 + Gan-2 =n" is given by elation in the fawn Qn = of" + af? Codn+ C\On-i +... + Cr On = $60) = neat 4 OCs Ft He #28, eens cn n= dn” + af). The inal conditions dp =O and Qi=) imply that AtBt 2B =D ond ~ A-8b4 ait =| Sowing the system A and © gives US 22 bee g be required slulion is 4 =H ¢n"t ZCoy+ ent Bent OF pr all n> 0.