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Site Survey
Best Practice Design Guide
 Best Practice Design Guide
Site Survey Best Practices

August 2019

Contents
Intended Audience.................................................................................................................................................................................4

Overview......................................................................................................................................................................................................5
Project Concepts...........................................................................................................................................................................................6

Gathering the Requirements and Defining the Scope....................................................................................................7

Secondary Requirements..........................................................................................................................................................................8
Site Surveys.....................................................................................................................................................................................................8

The Predictive Design.......................................................................................................................................................................10

Performing a Predictive Site Survey..................................................................................................................................................11
Preparing the Survey File....................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Managing Access Points.........................................................................................................................................................................11

Site Survey Equipment....................................................................................................................................................................12

The APOS Site Survey Kit.......................................................................................................................................................................12
The Ruckus R730 Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) Access Point – Power Requirements........................................................................14
Off-the-Shelf Site Survey Kits................................................................................................................................................................14
Site Survey Tools and Software...........................................................................................................................................................15

Site Survey Fundamentals.............................................................................................................................................................16

The Passive Survey...................................................................................................................................................................................16
Performing a Passive Survey................................................................................................................................................................16
Performing a Passive Survey without Survey Software................................................................................................................16
The Active Survey.......................................................................................................................................................................................17
Accounting for BeamFlex........................................................................................................................................................................18
Performing an Active Survey without Survey Software.................................................................................................................19

The On-Site APOS Survey.............................................................................................................................................................20

APOS Survey Considerations...............................................................................................................................................................20
Pre-Survey Tasks........................................................................................................................................................................................20
The Pre-Survey Walkaround..................................................................................................................................................................21
Discovery: Layer 1 Analysis - Spectrum Analysis...........................................................................................................................21
Discovery: Layer 2 Analysis - WLAN Discovery..............................................................................................................................24
Preparing your Survey Equipment.......................................................................................................................................................26
Performing the APOS Survey................................................................................................................................................................27
Performing a Passive Survey................................................................................................................................................................27
Performing an Active Survey.................................................................................................................................................................27
Site Survey Procedures...........................................................................................................................................................................27
Cabling Considerations............................................................................................................................................................................28
Performing the APOS Survey without a Predictive Design.....................................................................................................28
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Surveying for Loss.....................................................................................................................................................................................28

Surveying for Access Point Placement...............................................................................................................................................28
Surveying for Antenna Coverage.........................................................................................................................................................28

The Verification Survey...................................................................................................................................................................29

Preparing for the Survey.........................................................................................................................................................................29
Performing the Survey..............................................................................................................................................................................30
Reporting the Survey Results...............................................................................................................................................................30
Generating a Report.................................................................................................................................................................................30

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Intended Audience
This document addresses factors and concerns related to On-Site Access Point on a Stick (APOS) and On-Site Verification Site Surveys.
Many factors can affect both the initial design and final performance of a WLAN installation. These are considered here along with
recommendations for an optimal design.
This document is written for, and intended for use by, Ruckus Networks SE’s, partners and customers who are responsible for deploying
WLAN installations using Ruckus Networks Access Points.
To gain the most from this document, you should have:

• Knowledge and understanding of RF and WLAN theory and concepts at a minimum level of Certified Wireless Network
Administrator (CWNA) - see https://www.cwnp.com/certifications/cwna/ for more details
• Experience with WLAN analysis and survey tools and their use in practical situations
• Familiarity with Ruckus Networks Access Points
• The ability to configure Ruckus Unleashed code using the Unleashed App

For more information on how to configure Ruckus products, please refer to the appropriate Ruckus user guide available on the Ruckus
support site, http://support.ruckuswireless.com.

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Overview
This document describes the recommended Best Practices for performing Wireless LAN Site Surveys for WLAN installations using
Ruckus Access Points. There are three steps in a WLAN project that can be referred to as a ‘Site Survey’:
• Predictive Design: a predictive design, is made using planning software and includes an estimation of the number of access
points required, the expected performance, and possible locations for them. It provides a baseline for the subsequent on-site
surveys. The Predictive design is often referred to as a Predictive Survey, though many WLAN experts avoid this term it does
not include a site visit or live data as is the case with the other surveys.
• On-Site (APOS) Site Survey: a survey made with Access Points of the type to be deployed, to test, adjust and confirm the
location of the Access Points defined in the predictive design, in order that they can then be installed. This type of survey is also
referred to as an “Access Point on a Stick” (you may see this referred to as “APOS, or APoaS).
• On-Site Verification Site Survey: a survey performed after the installation, to verify that the performance of the Access Points
meets the requirements of the project scope.
This Best Practice Design Guide has been created to provide guidance for performing Predictive, APOS and Verification Site Surveys
during the later and closing stages of a WLAN installation project. It is written from the perspective of a project that has clear requirements
defined within the project scope.

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Project Concepts
It’s important to understand the process involved in completing a project as it helps you to see the part that your site surveys play in the
overall larger plan. Project management can be very complex and require a high level of skill, however these basic concepts should help
you to understand the key steps in a well-run project.
A project is:

1
“…a temporary group activity designed to produce a unique product, service or result ”.

A project begins life when there is a desire to create or change something. It has an aim and a definable end-point. The project aim
should be defined at the very start of a project, and is bounded by three constraints:
• Scope – the quantifiable requirements of a project
• Cost – the budget allocated for the planning, labor and materials needed to complete the project
• Time – the time allowed to complete the project

FIGURE 1: THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT TRIANGLE

Project Sponsors initiate a process to seek agreement on the overall aim of the project, approve the budget and determine a timeframe. A
Project Manager will take responsibility for liaising with all interested parties to ensure that a high-quality project is delivered within the
three constraints. The constraints are all linked. Anything that affects any one of the constraints can also affect the other two, and all will
influence the overall quality of the final delivered solution. For example, a project may need to reduce scope requirements to meet the
budget commitment, while still maintaining an acceptable level of service. The balance between the constraints needs to be found while
meeting the project’s aim with an acceptable level of quality.
It’s crucial to anticipate any potential conflicts early on. The longer a project progresses, the harder it is to change the outcome, so big
decisions need to be made early. By the time you are tasked with producing a survey, a project plan may already have been underway for
some time, and you may not have been directly involved in defining the project.
Best practices dictate that the following steps need to be performed to give a WLAN installation project the optimal chances of success.

• Gathering the requirements and defining the scope

• Creating a Predictive Survey
• Performing an On-Site Survey
• Performing an on-Site Verification Survey

1 “What is a Project?” – the Project Management Institute, www.pmi.org

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Gathering the Requirements and Defining the Scope

The project scope is an essential first step. The scope is the list of measurable objectives that are necessary to achieve the project aim. In
large projects, the project manager will work with the customer and Subject Matter Experts to define the objectives. In smaller projects,
gathering requirements may fall to the lead WLAN engineer.
A usual best practice is to have a Scope Meeting where the objectives are discussed. The function of the scope meeting is to answer the
question:
“What defines an acceptable user experience and how is it to be achieved?”

Customers sometimes lack the technical expertise to adequately understand and define the advanced technical requirements of a WLAN
installation. In this case, a Subject Matter Expert should offer guidance to help derive a set of objectives to meet the business goal.
Remember that objectives need to be measurable. Begin by defining the user experience., and then quantify how it can be measured.
Also plan for expansion. WLAN requirements are likely to change over time, so ensure you consider any projected changes over a three
to five-year period.
• What are the coverage requirements?
o areas that require coverage
o areas that should have no coverage
o zones that require special attention
• What devices are you supporting?
o are there specific device types to design for?
o how many devices users need to be supported?
o total devices
o during normal operation
o at maximum
o at peak times?
o how will this change over the next 3:
§ 3 years
§ 5 years
• What type of traffic will the WLAN support?
o coverage only
o data
o voice
o video
o location services
• Is there a specific vertical you are designing for?
o Healthcare
o Retail
o Education
o Hospitality
o etc.
• What are the security requirements?
o Captive portal
o 802.1X
o DPSK
o etc.

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Secondary Requirements
Secondary requirements describe aspects of the installation that are not directly related to the WLAN and WLAN performance, though
may be part of the larger project. These include:
• Cabling Infrastructure
• Backend systems integration
• Switching and Routing Infrastructure
• Power Requirements (PoE vs PoE+)
• WAN links

Site Surveys
Once the Scope has been defined, the project moves to the planning and execution stages - the site surveys. The task of producing site
surveys is made easier when there are clear objectives to work to. A well-structured WLAN installation project will include:
• The Predictive Survey – to assess if the project aims are achievable
• The On-Site APOS – to amend, adjust and confirm the predictive survey recommendations
• The Verification Survey – to demonstrate the project objectives have been achieved.

However, some WLAN projects miss out one of the steps. This may be acceptable under certain circumstances, and if this is the case for
any installation you are working on, then all parties need to be informed and understand fully why this is the case.

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Survey Performed All No APOS No Predictive

Predictive Design Yes Yes x
On-Site (APOS) Yes x Yes
On-Site
Yes Yes Yes
Verification
• large Installations • skilled engineer • When there are
• differing skill levels producing the survey constraints that
amongst tech team with insights into the preclude a
• the physical site. predictive design
Use Case environment can’t be • simple sites with • to gather feedback
easily represented in a unchallenging information for a
predictive design environments later predictive
• the site is not design (i.e.
constructed or available attenuation values)
• to produce a quote
• the most accurate and • quicker to implement • A well done on-site
complete • the predictive can be APOS survey will be
Advantages • validates the project accurate enough to go more accurate than
fully straight to installation a predictive
• saves costs
• Longer to produce • A poorly done • Time consuming
• Increases costs predictive can lead to • Increased costs
Disadvantages installations with errors • Potential for more
that are difficult to later adjustments to
correct. meet project goals
Only for experienced Worst Case – Only
Recommended? Best WLAN designers for experienced
surveyors
TABLE 1: WLAN PROJECT SURVEY TYPES AND DESCRIPTIONS

Sometimes, the scope has not been clearly defined and you are asked to survey without clear objectives. In this happens, you can seek
clarification of the project goals. If no clarification is forthcoming, though far from ideal, there is still a case for proceeding. You can
interpret the possible objectives based on what you know of best practices and produce your survey to support your assumed
conclusions. Your conclusions may turn out not to be fully aligned with the project goals, however in the absence of guidance at least you
have produced something that can be assessed against a goal. You should undertake to do this only with clear authorization and
understanding of the risks.

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The Predictive Design

The Predictive Design is an important stage of the WLAN project, so you should have a good understanding of its purpose. The Predictive
Design is first undertaken to answer the key question:
“Can the project aim can be achieved according to the constraints as they have been defined?”

During the scoping process, the number of client devices was determined, and the corresponding data rates to support the required traffic
types established. These metrics enable you to calculate the quantity Access Points required. Once you know how many Access Points
you need to plan for, you need to consider where to locate them and what configuration settings need to be applied. The Predictive Site
Survey provides the opportunity to plan Access Points placement and settings and to view the resulting predicted metrics. This allows you
to assess if it’s possible to meet the project aims.
The design can be performed by an internal department, or by an external company who are producing a plan, for example, as part of a
bid process. By performing the predictive design, the project is assessed as to whether it can meet the aim within the scope, time and
budget constraints. The results are fed back to the Project Manager and project sponsors who will determine if the project can proceed. If
not, additional planning will need to be done. The net result may be:
• The design meets all the requirements.
• The design does not meet the requirements:
o A rigid scope may require additional time and budget commitments.
o An inflexible timeline can lead to reduction in scope or increase in budget to meet a deadline. o
A budget limit may lead to reduction in scope.
o Some other adjustment.

A Predictive Design is made with professional site survey software. Ekahau Site Survey is a recommended platform as it’s the tool in use
by Ruckus SE’s globally. Though superficial designs are relatively easy to create, the user should undertake vendor training to ensure
optimal output from the software. Any design is at best only an estimate of the true WLAN performance, so the more attention paid to the
design, the closer the prediction will be to real world performance.

FIGURE 2: EKAHAU SITE SURVEY – PREDICTIVE DESIGN. (IMAGE: EKAHAU.COM)

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Performing a Predictive Site Survey

The Predictive Site Survey will be carried forward for onsite analysis, and you will use it as the basis of your On-Site APOS. It will go through
several iterative steps before being finalized. Ensure you adopt the following best practices when creating your Predictive Site Surveys:

Preparing the Survey File

First you must prepare your survey file. The accuracy of your final design will reflect the attention to detail in your predictive survey.

• Check that you have up to date and accurate facility plans

• Import a low-resolution image into the floor plan – higher resolution images can induce additional processing when creating
coverage maps.
• Calibrate your map scale accurately – choose reference points that are well spaced.
• For multi-floor plans, check the ceiling height and thickness is correct to accurately account for signal propagation between
floors.
• Draw walls accurately, making sure you select the correct attenuation.
• Add attenuation zones where applicable.

Managing Access Points

The placing and configuration of the Access Points is vital. The Access Points operate in both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands. Start your
design by working on the 5 GHz plan.
• Consider the type of deployment you are planning:
o Coverage/Data only: generally, traffic is mostly downstream. Place the Access Points on the map and view the coverage
overlap. Move the Access Points behind or in front of wall to use the attenuation of the walls to assist the design goals.
o Video / Streaming: As above, however try to avoid using corridors and passageways as this can cause greater co-channel
interference which can affect throughput.
o Voice: Take care to account for the overlap – when the signal strength or data rate drops below a certain level, the client
device should expect to see a new access point increasing in strength.
o RTLS: place the Access Points in corners and do not align them between floors. If you are using directional antennas,
place them to concentrate coverage into narrow zones and set power levels carefully.
• The data rate requirements should also include expected channel width use. It’s not practical to design for 160 MHz channels
(Wi-Fi 6). 80MHz channels (Wi-Fi 5 and Wi-Fi 6) are also challenging to implement and frequently disabled.
• When you place the access point, ensure you have the orientation correct. Determine the power setting you will apply to the
access point. Remember to account for country specific power settings.
• Check the antenna to make sure the correct type is selected, and if a directional antenna is used, ensure the direction of
coverage and any down tilt are configured.
• When you have a balanced 5GHz plan, you can then enable selected 2.4 GHz radios to meet the requirements. Activate only the
2.4GHz radios you require to meet your design objectives.

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Site Survey Equipment

This document provides practical advice on performing APOS and Verification site surveys. To follow this guide in a live environment, you
will need equipment. The following tables outline suitable equipment and represents the tools currently used by Ruckus SE’s and partners
and customers. There are, of course, many options to choose from, and you may prefer to use alternative tools. Inclusion in this list is for
advice only and does not represent endorsement of any products. Omission from this list does not indicate disapproval.
Ruckus Access Points running Unleashed code recommended for APOS Site Surveys as they can be provisioned over the air, provide
DHCP, and have built in speed test capability via the App, allowing simple tests to be performed.

The APOS Site Survey Kit

Many WLAN surveyors build a Survey Kit containing all the practical equipment needed to perform an APOS survey. If you are putting
together a survey kit, you should include:

Equipment Purpose Vendor Product Requirement Survey Type

The same
model as is
Access Point Ruckus Required APOS
planned for the
installation
Tripod or stand multiple Camera Stand
Required APOS
Speaker Stand
AP Mounting Self-made or: Self-made
Bracket www.wifistand.com WiFiStand Required APOS
Bracket
Ethernet Cables multiple Cat6 minimum Required APOS
Ventev Any 802.11at/af
Power - Battery Required if PoE
Terrawave compatible APOS
switch not used
model.
Ruckus ICX-7150 Required if battery
Power - PoE switch2
multiple APOS
Any compatible not used
Hard Case Pelican
Any Compatible APOS
Locks multiple TSA Locks if
Optional,
travelling in APOS
recommended
Digital Camera or USA
multiple
Phone Optional, APOS,
Any
Laser measurer or recommended Verification
other measuring multiple
Optional, APOS,
tool. Any
recommended Verification
www.connect-a-
Laptop tray desk.com Connect-a-Desk
www.wlanpros.com Optional, APOS,
Custom Survey
recommended Verification
Tray
Site Survey multiple Laptop
computer APOS,
MacBook Required
Verification
iPad
TABLE 2: WLAN SITE SURVEY KIT COMPONENTS

2If you are surveying 802.11ax Access Points, ensure your switch delivers full power for the
configuration you intend to deploy. See Table 3 for details.
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FIGURE 3: SITE SURVEY STANDS MADE FROM TRIPODS. (IMAGE: N. MACDONALD)

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The Ruckus R730 Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) Access Point – Power Requirements

Third party survey batteries and PoE switches should be checked for compatibility with full Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) operations. If you are
surveying with the Ruckus R730, note the different power requirements for the available configurations.

POWER
CONSUMPTION
Mode Power System Configuration Wi-Fi Radios
Consumption
DC Power, PoH, 16.1W • 5Gbps & 1 Gbps Ethernet 2.4 GHz (4x4)
uPoE (Idle) Enabled enabled
• USB Enabled (3W) 5 GHz (8x8)
• Zigbee/BLE Enabled (0.5W) enabled
(no clients
associated)
DC Power, PoH, 31.0W • 5Gbps & 1 Gbps Ethernet 2.4 GHz (4x4) Tx
uPoE (Max) Enabled 20dBm
• USB Enabled (3W) 5 GHz (8x8) Tx 22
• Zigbee/BLE Enabled (0.5W) dBm
802.3at (Max) 23.8W • 5Gbps & 1 Gbps Ethernet 2.4 GHz (4x4) Tx
Enabled 20dBm
• USB Enabled (3W) 5 GHz (8x8) Tx 22
• Zigbee/BLE Disabled dBm
802.3af 12.4W • 5Gbps & 1 Gbps Ethernet 2.4 GHz disabled
(Not Enabled 5 GHz disabled
recommended) • USB Enabled (3W)
• Zigbee/BLE Disabled

TABLE 3: RUCKUS R730 POWER REQUIREMENTS

Planning, designing and surveying for Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) is technically challenging, and is beyond the scope of this document, though the
Best Practices approach recommended here still applies.

Off-the-Shelf Site Survey Kits

Off-the-Shelf Site Survey Kits are pre- packaged kits that contain most of the tools required for performing a site survey. The advantage of
this kind of kit is that you can purchase it and be ready to survey immediately. They are often optimized for portability. The following
vendors sell Survey Kits:
• www.wifisurveykit.com
• www.hiveradar.com

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Site Survey Tools and Software

For information gathering and recording, you will need tools and software. This table describes tools most commonly used by Ruckus
SE’s and Partners. As with the previous table, inclusion in this list is for advice only and does not represent endorsement of any products.
Omission from this list does not indicate disapproval.

Equipment Vendor Product Website Survey Type

Purpose
Windows Platform
Chanalyzer
Metageek www.metageek.com
Spectrum Sidekick APOS and
Ekahau www.ekahau.com
Analysis AirMagnet Verification
Netscout www.enterprise.netscout.com
Spectrum XT
Metageek InSSIDer Plus APOS and
802.11Scan
Helge Keck WinFi Verification
Ekahau Site
Ekahau Survey www.ekahau.com APOS and
Site Survey
Netscout AirMagnet www.enterprise.netscout.com Verification
Survey
Mac Platform
Spectrum Metageek Chanalyzer www.metageek.com APOS and
Analysis Ekahau Sidekick www.ekahau.com Verification
Metageek
InSSIDer Plus
Scan Adrian Recommended
WiFi Explorer
Granados
Frame Adrian
WiFi Signal Optional
Capture Granados
Adrian
AirTool Optional
Granados
iOS / Android
Spectrum WiSpy Air APOS and
Metageek www.metageek.com
Analysis (iOS/Andr.) Verification
TABLE 4: WLAN TOOLS AND SOFTWARE

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Site Survey Fundamentals

When performing APOS and Verification Site Surveys, you utilize two methods to gather data: Passive Surveys and Active Surveys.

The Passive Survey

A Passive Survey is performed to gain insights into the environment and identifies Access Points in the survey area. As with WLAN
Discovery tools, Passive Surveys discover Access Points, with the additional benefit of plotting their location on a map. A Passive Survey
does not associate with an Access Point. The site survey software either listens to Beacons, or broadcasts Probe Request frames to
trigger probe responses, to gather information on Access Points. A passive survey does not transfer any data. You measure management
frames only, which are usually sent at, or near to, the lowest data rates available in the BSS.
A Passive Survey:

• scans all channels on the selected bands – 2.4 GHz, 5GHz, or both at the same time

• places detected Access Points on the map in “best guess” locations

• measures Management Frames ONLY

• shows predicted data rates based on RSSI and SNR

• does not show true data rates

Performing a Passive Survey

Passive surveys are relatively straightforward to perform and are generally undertaken to gather baseline information before turning on
your Access Point. This is useful in busy environments, where you may want to set static channels, or if the predictive plan has specified
a set channel and you want to assess any possible interference. If you aren’t required to make a baseline survey, then proceed to perform
your Active Survey.
Before you begin the survey, check the map scale is correct. Place your survey in Passive Mode and begin your walkaround. There are
two methods surveyors use to gather data:
1) a Continuous Survey - Walking and clicking at the same time, with the survey constantly running –.
2) a Stop and Go Survey - Stopping the survey as you move between points, running the survey only while stationary in each location.

Both methods have merits, though the current consensus is that it’s better to make a Continuous Survey. Start your survey software and
walk a route around your site. Create a backup of the file once complete.

Performing a Passive Survey without Survey Software

If you don’t have professional Site Survey software available, there are still some tools you can use. These are referred to as Heat
Mappers. They are commonly similar to professional tools but with a reduced feature set, and many are free to use. Ekahau Heat Mapper
(for Windows) is an excellent tool for Passive Surveys. If you decide to use Ekahau Heat Mapper, please ensure you read the FAQ on the
Ekahau website.

FIGURE 4: EKAHAU HEAT MAPPER

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The Active Survey

An Active Survey is performed to confirm the requirements defined in the project scope, and which were designed into the Predictive
design. These are the performance requirements that the customer has defined, and the key metrics you will be looking for when
performing an APOS or Verification survey. They should include, as a minimum:
• Signal Strength (RSSI) - the amount of energy received by the STA in dBm.
• Data Rate - measured in Mbps. In a Predictive Survey, the RSSI value is used to extrapolate the predicted data rates for a given
signal strength and assumes an acceptable SNR. The Data Rate is described in Mbps for legacy modulations. For Wi-Fi 4
(802.11n), Wi-Fi 5 (802.11ac) and Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) the Data Rate is defined by its Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS).

FIGURE 5: HT AND VHT MCS CHART - WWW.WIRELESSTRAININGSOLUTIONS.COM

• Throughput - a measurement of traffic flow from the STA to the Access Point (Upload) or from the Access Point to the STA
(Download). The throughput is measured in Mbps and will always be lower than the Data Rate or MCS Rate due to overhead.
The Throughput is also dependent on the number of devices in the BSS. You may need additional equipment to make a
Throughput test.
Active Surveys are made in both APOS and Verification Surveys to record the data rates and throughput values achieved when connected to an
Access Point. Unlike a Passive Survey, an active survey does associate with an Access Point. The site survey software sends ICMP Echo
Requests (pings) to a specified IP address (usually the IP of the Access Point) and records the response times. Throughput tests can be made
from within the survey software, using an integrated service like iPerf, which requires an iPerf server to be available.

An Active Survey:

• associates with an Access Point

• scans a single channel

• places detected Access Points on the map in “best guess” locations

• measures Data Frames

• shows true Data and MCS Rates

• shows true throughput rates (if appropriate tests are performed)

• shows advanced metrics such as Retry Rates

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Accounting for BeamFlex

Ruckus Access Points use the proprietary BeamFlex adaptive antenna technology which provides additional gain on a per frame basis.
The following description of BeamFlex is from the Ruckus Ructionary:

BeamFlex Adaptive Antenna Technology

What it means:

Smart, compact adaptive antenna systems containing multiple elements that electrically manipulate antenna properties so as to
create optimal antenna patterns for each device with which they communicate.

Why you should care:

Traditional wireless antennas are either “omnidirectional” (radiating signals in all directions) or “directional” (radiating signals in
one direction). Ruckus BeamFlex Adaptive Antenna Technology takes a more adaptable approach. BeamFlex technology
enables the antenna system within a Ruckus AP to continually sense and optimize for its environment.
This antenna system mitigates radio interference, noise and network performance issues, and improves application flows. The
results:
• Increased performance and range
• Crystal clear video and voice communications
• Maximized power efficiency

BeamFlex+ is an enhancement to Ruckus BeamFlex adaptive antenna technology by providing adaptive support to mobile
devices. BeamFlex+ enables antennas to adapt to client device orientation in addition to client device location.

BeamFlex describes the transmissions made by a Ruckus Access Point, BeamFlex+ refers to the improved reception of signals
transmitted by wireless clients. The BeamFlex antenna array is designed to minimize the amount of internal electronic noise. This
reduction, when combined with the increased sensitivity of the BeamFlex antenna means that clients transmit at higher data rates. This
makes the WLAN operate more efficiently.
Remember that, in a live network with Ruckus Access Points using BeamFlex, you should see data rates higher than you would normally
expect for any given RSSI.
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Performing an Active Survey without Survey Software

Performing a survey without survey software is not recommended. However, if you are in a position where you need to gather data, and
do not have the correct software, you still have some options. You can use the Ruckus SpeedFlex App to perform tests. In an APOS
survey, Unleashed AP’s natively support SpeedFlex tests. More complex networks may have isolation or filtering enabled which may
block SpeedFlex.

FIGURE 7: THE RUCKUS SPEEDFLEX APP

Run your tests in various locations and record the results on a map. Be careful not to over interpret SpeedFlex results if they seem low.
Many factors affect throughput, and without more information it is not possible to effectively pinpoint the cause of any issues.

3
1

FIGURE 8: FLOOR PLAN SHOWING AP LOCATION AND MANUAL TEST RESULTS

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The On-Site APOS Survey

When the final predictive design is approved, it will become an official document of the project plan and locked for further changes. The
document is then passed on to the surveyor, who needs to perform an APOS survey to test the true performance of the Access Points
against the predicted coverage. The hope is that the predictive design will be accurate enough for you to proceed to the installation stage
- only an On-Site survey can confirm it.
Modern professional predictive design software can estimate Access Point placement and performance to a highly accurate degree. However, the
live environment and surroundings may impact the expected performance, and this is something a predictive design can’t account for. If your
APOS survey highlights any deviation from the scope requirements, you will need to report back to the project manager. Rescoping a project or
initiating contingency planning is a normal part of a project process, and something that should be encouraged if the circumstances dictate. The
longer a project runs, the harder it is to influence the outcome, so the important decisions need to me made as early as possible. The APOS
survey should be performed to maximize the chances of the installation being a success.

This section covers:

• APOS Survey Considerations

• Pre-Survey Tasks

• Performing the APOS Survey

• Adjusting the Design

• Reporting the Survey Results

APOS Survey Considerations

Before travelling to the site to perform the survey, you should ensure everything is in order. Items you should check:

• up to date floor and scaled plans: these should be included in the predictive design but may have been updated – especially if
it’s a new site. You will need the electronic versions in case you need to update the survey file.
• printout of the predictive design: paper copies of the areas of interest, including Access Point locations, that you can make
notes on.
• security measures: to enter the site, you may need to show ID, or have a contact sign you in. You may also need to be
accompanied to access restricted area.
• health and safety: some sites require you to wear protective / Hi-Viz clothing and be briefed on fire alarm procedures and the
location of first aid equipment.
• key contacts: if your usual project contact isn’t on site, you should identify who you should first contact on arriving.
• network availability and timings: you should ensure you have access to the network when you need it. Some sites are
sensitive, and you may be allowed access only at certain times. You may also be required to survey at certain times to account
for current network use.
One thing that’s often overlooked is personal comfort. You will do a lot of walking as you are on site. You should make sure you have
comfortable shoes that will provide support and comfort for the day. It’s also a good idea to take enough refreshments and food or snacks
in case you are unable to source them where you are surveying.

Pre-Survey Tasks
Before making the survey, it’s a good idea to run though several tasks, which are described below.

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The Pre-Survey Walkaround

Your first task should be a walk through the site. This will help you to plan the survey, determine where you will set up the test access
points, and identify any potential difficulties. Remember to inspect where the Access Points are planned to be located and note any
potential problems that may have been overlooked. Access Points are often relocated due to aesthetics or security concerns, or simply
because of the practicalities of mounting and cabling. The Walkaround is also a good opportunity to liaise with key people and personnel
on site that you may later encounter as you perform your survey.

Discovery: Layer 1 Analysis - Spectrum Analysis

Before performing your APOS survey, you should know if the RF environment is clear. Spectrum Analysis allows you to view activity at
Layer 1 – the PHY layer. As WLAN equipment operates in unlicensed frequencies, it’s possible that non-802.11 devices may be operating
in the same area. Best practices dictate that you should always perform a spectrum capture before, or during a survey. There are several
spectrum analyzers available to the WLAN surveyor, including those that integrate the spectrum capture into the site survey software.
This allows you to correlate spectrum activity with performance metrics and provides valuable insights above a standalone tool.
Depending on the level of interference, a standard site survey tool might not work at all because of the total blockage of packets. A
spectrum analyzer is measuring the real time domain signal and not packets being captured as in a protocol analyzer.
If you don’t have a Spectrum Analyzer to hand, then you should continue to perform your survey without it. You will have to presume that
the spectrum is clear until you have reason to suspect otherwise.
The following vendors produce Spectrum Analyzers that are commonly used by Ruckus SE’s and Partners:

• Ekahau – www.ekahau.com
o Ekahau Sidekick (Windows and MAC) – full integration with Ekahau Site Survey
• Metageek: - www.metageek.com
o Chanalyzer / WiSpy DBx (Windows)– integrates with Ekahau Site Survey
o WiSpy Air (iOS and Android)
• NetScout: - www.netscout.com
o AirMagnet Spectrum XT (Windows) – full integration with AirMagnet Survey and AirMagnet WiFi Analyzer Pro

FIGURE 9: METAGEEK CHANALYZER SPECTRUM CAPTURE (IMAGE: METAGEEK.COM)

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2.4 GHz Considerations

Many manufacturers make simple devices that use low power in a single band, and 2.4 GHz is usually the band of choice. Devices you
may possibly see in this space include:
• microwave ovens
• IoT devices, including
o ZigBee
o Bluetooth and BLE
o Thread
• cordless phones
• baby monitors
• video cameras
• car alarms
• old analog wireless audio devices such as speakers and microphones.

Most modern WLAN devices are dual band, and many will automatically seek connections in 5GHz, utilizing higher MCS rates and avoiding
potential conflicts in 2.4 GHz. Many WLAN designers will plan for most of the client stations to connect on 5GHz in the first instance.

5 GHz Considerations
In 5GHz, there are fewer non-802.11 sources of interference. One technology that does have a critical impact on 5 GHz operations is
radar. The IEEE designed methods to allow 802.11 devices to share the 5 GHz spectrum with radar – Dynamic Frequency Control and
Transmit Power Control, originally defined in the 802.11h amendment.
The use of radar within the 5GHz band is very dependent on the country. Even though there may be no radar in the area you are
surveying, any signal that the Access point suspects may be radar could trigger a DFS event. Thankfully, it’s unusual to find interfering
devices in 5GHz frequencies.

What to look for in a Spectrum Capture

You should run your spectrum capture for as long as possible in as many areas as possible. Once you have built up a good level of
information, first look for standard patterns of behavior:
• the Noise Floor should be around -100dBm
• DSSS/HR-DSSS transmissions will show as a dome shape across 22MHz channels.
• OFDM transmissions will show as a flat-top across 20 MHz channels in 2.4 GHz, or 20, 40 or 80 MHz channels in 5GHz

FIGURE 10: DSSS/HR-DSSS AND OFDM TRANSMISSIONS VIEWED IN CHANALYZER

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Look for any signals from sources of interference.

• Interferers will show as spikes, multiple spikes, or other anomalous shapes over narrow and large frequency ranges
• Interferers tend to have higher Duty Cycles - taking up disproportionate amounts of air time

Some devices will have more of a disruptive effect on an 802.11 network than others, depending on the power used, the operating
frequency and bandwidth, the duty cycle, and if there are any avoidance mechanisms built in.

FIGURE 11: 2.4GHZ VIDEO CAMERAS VIEWED IN CHANALYZER

Self-Healing Access Points

Ruckus Access Points use advanced self-healing methods to avoid interference and operate optimally. During an On-Site survey, you
may notice the Access Point is frequently changing channel and you have problems connecting to it over the air. The cause could be non-
802.11 interference from devices that have a high duty cycle, taking up disproportionate amounts of air time and preventing the Access
Point from transmitting.

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Discovery: Layer 2 Analysis - WLAN Discovery

Whereas Spectrum Capture provides you with understanding of Layer 1 (the PHY Layer), insight into Layer 2 (the MAC Layer) is derived
by analyzing the 802.11 operations in the surrounding area.

Greenfield vs Legacy

A site is described as greenfield when there are no other Access Points apart from the ones you are deploying. However, most WLAN
installations take place in environments where there are neighboring Access Points. It’s useful to know what Access Points are operating
in your area and if they are likely to have any effect on your installation and for this you use WLAN Discovery tools

WLAN Discovery Tools

WLAN Discovery tools operate by listening out for Beacons – a process known as Passive Scanning. Some perform Active Scanning –
sending probe requests to capture probe responses. There are many tools available to you to perform a Layer 2 scan.
The following vendors produce Layer 2 scanning tools that are commonly used by Ruckus SE’s and Partners:

• Metageek: - www.metageek.com
o inSSIDer (Windows)
• Helge Magnus Keck:
o WinFi (Windows) -
• Adrian Granados: - https://www.adriangranados.com
o WiFi Explorer (macOS)
• NetSpot: - https://www.netspotapp.com/
o NetSpot (Windows and macOS))

FIGURE 12: WIFI EXPLORER (ADRIAN GRANADOS)

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2.4 GHZ commonly use 20 MHz channels. Though you may see an Access Point advertising 40 MHz capability, it’s unlikely to be used as
many device manufacturers did not include 40 MHz capabilities on 2.4GHZ chipsets.

FIGURE 13: 40 MHZ CAPABILITY ADVERTISED IN 2.4 GHZ

Integrated Layer 2 Discovery

Site Survey and Spectrum Analysis software typically contains integrated discovery tools that will identify all Access Points in the vicinity.
Many WLAN surveyors use a combination of tools, and a simple Layer 2 Discovery program may be preferable when looking for a quick
summary of the Access Points in an area.

What to look for in Layer 2 Discovery:

You should run your Layer 2 Discovery tools in all areas where you will be surveying. Look out for:

• Co-Channel and Adjacent Channel interference

• Channel saturation
• RSSI Values of interferers
• Rogue Access Points
• Channel width advertised
• Channel width used

When surveying with the Access Point using default settings, the Access Point settles on a channel automatically. You may need to set
the channel depending on what your discovery reveals. If there are excessive devices in the area, you should ensure they are fully
recorded, and the information is sent back to the WLAN design team for review.

What Signals Matter?

When surveying, you should have an RSSI specified as the signal required to meet the project goals. You also should be aware of how
competing signals can affect your WLAN. If you don’t have specific figures to work to, you can use the following generic values to guide
you.
• RSSI above -65dBm – this should provide all the operational requirements You should be looking for the boundaries where this
signal is reached.
• RSSI between -65dBm and -85dBm – any signals from outside Access Points that are recorded in this range will cause co-
channel and /or adjacent channel interference. If you detect these signals, you may have to adapt your channel plan.
• RSSI below -85dBm – these signals do not affect your WLAN operations.

You may see this referred to as ‘Want, Don’t Want, and Don’t Care.’ You will only be able to fully confirm these values with a Survey.

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Preparing your Survey Equipment

Before you begin your survey, you should spend some time preparing your equipment. Under ideal circumstance, you can prepare some
of your equipment before you travel to the site. This Best Practices Guide recommends the use of Ruckus Unleashed Access Points due
to the additional benefits of Unleashed code in survey situations.

Setting up the Access Point

To perform the Site Survey, you will need to set up your Access Point. When configuring the Access Point you have two methods available.

• the Unleashed App

• the GUI

Though the Unleashed Access Points do have a GUI, the App provides a much simpler and more effective way to configure the Access
Points. The App is available for Apple and Android devices. This Best Practices Guide describes configuring the Access Point with the
App. The minimal configuration settings only should be applied - only those settings required to perform the survey.

FIGURE 14: THE UNLEASHED MOBILE APP – AVAILABLE ON THE APP STORE AND GOOGLE PLAY

Using the Unleashed Mobile App

1. Power on the Access Point and connect to the Configure.Me-[xxxxxx] wlan.

2. Select Typical Install
3. Step 1: Ensure you give the access point Manual (Static) IP address and configure the DHCP server. If not, the DHCP server
will not be enabled, which will prevent you connecting once the Access Point is configured. You can enable it later from the GUI
if you miss this step.
4. Step 2: Change the WLAN settings if required.
5. Step 3: create an admin password.
6. Step 4: you can skip step 4.
7. Select Finish and the Access Point will restart.

Confirm connectivity by performing a speed test from the Unleashed App. At this stage you have an Access Point that is providing a
WLAN service, that you can associate with and that will allow you to run a test using the App. You are now able to perform your survey.

Placing the Access Points

Refer to your Access Point Placement Plan that was created during the predictive design. Place the Access Point as close to the position
on the map as possible. Ensure you orient the Access Point correctly and place it at the right height. As you walk away from the Access
Point it will be effectively unattended. Take care to ensure any part of your survey kit and associated cables do not present a safety issue
to anyone who may be passing. Screening tape or labels can be easily added to help alert people to possible hazards.

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Performing the APOS Survey

The APOS survey is an Active Survey, intended to confirm the requirements defined in the project scope, and which were designed into
the Predictive design. However, you should first perform a Passive Survey to create a baseline.

Performing a Passive Survey

Modern survey software does allow you to make a survey in both frequencies at the same time. It’s often useful to treat 2.4 GHz and 5
GHz as separate projects, and to perform your survey first in one frequency and then repeat in another. This is a matter of choice and a
discussion of the benefits of each method is beyond the scope of this document. If you feel a dual survey may be required, then you
should discuss this option with the project manager / predictive design designer.

Performing an Active Survey

As mentioned in a previous section, An Active Survey is performed to confirm the requirements defined in the project scope, and which
were designed into the Predictive design. If the predictive design has been created by an experienced designer with a high degree of
attention to detail, then you can reasonably expect the on-site performance to be close to the model. In this case you do not need to
survey with an Access Point in every location. Once you have surveyed your first Access Point, you can move to a different area to survey
again. If the recorded coverage is very close to the predicted, you can continue and survey every third access point. If the coverage starts
to diverge from the predictive, then you may need to survey from more locations. If it continues to model accurately, you can feel
confident in continuing to survey just the higher priority locations.

Site Survey Procedures

Before you begin, ensure you have a backup of the survey file. Once you load the file up and begin the survey, perform the following
steps:
• Check the map scale. Use your measuring tool to measure a distance that corresponds to points on the map. The larger the
distance you measure, the more accurate the graphics will be.
• Ensure you are oriented with the map correctly. It’s easy to lose track of where you are while walking and end up clicking your
survey points on the wrong part of the map.
• Save your survey often. Equipment can sometimes fail – the battery could run out, or conflicting software may cause a crash, so
ensure you save often to reduce any potential data loss to a minimum.
• Walk slowly and accurately, at a constant pace. Make sure you cover the area completely. Your survey path will be recorded in
the survey and may be checked to ensure the integrity of the data.
• Click often, and know how to pause, stop and start a survey.

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Cabling Considerations
Access Points connect to cables. A detailed discussion of the cabling and infrastructure components of a WLAN installation is outside the
scope of this course, however there are some considerations you should bear in mind when it comes to cabling. If you aren’t managing
the cabling as part of the wider WLAN installation, note the following:
• You may be specifying or confirming cable locations for installers to later use.
• You may be making use of existing cabling.
• All cabling should be installed and terminated to standard, and the standard needs to be consistent with the Access Point
and infrastructure requirements.
• A cabling report should be available showing the cables have passed testing and certification. If this is not the case, you
should alert the project manager. If you are managing the project, you may need to certify cabling in place, or arrange for it
to be done.
• If no other option exists, you can use existing cabling without certification, however if any part of the installation exhibits
problems (for example, Access Points not powering correctly, using minimal rates or frequently restarting), the cabling must
be checked.

Performing the APOS Survey without a Predictive Design

In some projects, you may be asked to perform an APOS survey without a predictive design in place. This is sometimes done to gather
information that will be used for the predictive design. Alternatively, it may be done to produce an installation document, bypassing the
predictive design step altogether. This is NOT a recommended best practice, and if you are asked to undertake this, you should have
some very specific instructions on what you are surveying for. The following are some suggestions and are for guidance only. The list is
not exhaustive – you may have other reasons for making this kind of survey.

Surveying for Loss

In this case, you are looking to confirm the loss to an Access Point signal due to the site environment.

• Place your access point end ensure you plot coverage carefully in all areas. You survey should show the RSSI boundaries to
the edge of the coverage area, and the loss incurred in the immediate area cause by walls, doors, and so on.
• Perform both Passive and Active surveys.

Surveying for Access Point Placement

This is the worst-case scenario, as it implies that there is a serious discrepancy in the planning stage. However, for a coverage-only
installation where capacity is not a requirement, it may be acceptable as you are not concerned about a large number of Access Points
and devices.
• Locate the Access Point in the first installation position and record the signal.
• If you have a second Access Point, place it in a convenient installation location, and measure the signal.
• If you only have a single Access Point, freeze the Access Point in the design and move it to the new location.
• As you move away from the first Access Point, you should aim to pick up the signal of the next Access Point. Depending on
your installation requirements, that should occur between -85dBm and -65dBm.
• Perform both Passive and Active Surveys.

Surveying for Antenna Coverage

Directional Antennas can be difficult to model in predictive surveys, so it’s sometimes necessary to make a survey to test different
antenna options.
• Locate the Access Point in the first installation position and record the signal.
• Change the antenna and repeat.
• Ensure you record the Access Point in each configuration state, so you can effectively compare results.
• Perform both Passive and Active Surveys.
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The Verification Survey

Once the equipment has been installed and configured, it’s necessary to make a report detailing the performance characteristics of the
network. In the previous sections, Predictive Designs and on-site APOS surveys were discussed. If best practices have been followed,
then both types of survey were used to produce the installation plan and the project should be progressing well. The final stage is to verify
the installation by performing a Verification Survey. The aim of the Verification is to answer the key question:
“Has the project aim been achieved according to the constraints as they have been defined?”

The Verification Survey is a crucial step in the project plan as it allows you to confirm that the network is performing as per the
requirements set out in the scope. Once the requirements have been met, then the scope of the project can be demonstrated to have
been achieved. This should lead to the project being signed off and closed.
If there are any parts of your installation that do not meet the requirements, then final adjustments can be made to the network. At this
stage any changes needed to meet the performance requirements should be minor. If you are still unable to meet the requirements, then
you should report back to the Project Manager for contingency planning.
Once the requirements have been met, and can be demonstrated to have been met, the Project end has been reached and the project
can be closed. This is an important step, as any future work should now be classed as ongoing maintenance and under the customer’s
own management process. If the project hasn’t been closed formally, there can be a tendency for end users to treat ongoing maintenance
as a warranty issue. This places a strain on the support and engineering resources of the supplier company – either the Partner staff, or
Ruckus SE’s and support, where they are called on to lend support for performance and configuration issues that aren’t directly related to
the project goals. It’s important to understand when a project has been successful and closed.
Of course, genuine issues do need to be addressed and rectified, and Ruckus Networks is fully committed to providing a superior support
experience when needed.
The Verification Survey then serves as an important document that can be used to conclusively demonstrate the project goals have been
achieved. When planning a Verification Survey, the following guidelines should be used:
• Preparing for the Survey
• Performing the Survey
• Reporting the Survey Results

Preparing for the Survey

The Verification Survey is performed once the installation is complete. It may be the case that the survey must take place immediately
after the installation, before the network is opened to the users. In this case, your survey will be performed when the network is not under
load. You should be mindful of the fact that the addition of users, especially in High Density environments, can impact the performance of
the network. Ideally, the verification survey should be performed when the network is operating under normal use.
• Survey when the network is use
• Account for users
• Survey for the requirements defined in the project scope
• RSSI
• Data Rates
• Throughput

You will likely at this point be surveying on a live system that has had additional configuration settings made. If that’s the case, check with the
System Administrator if there are any settings that may affect survey results – for example, if the AP power has been reduced. The Access Points
may be using Unleashed code, though on larger sites, they are more likely to be connected to a Ruckus SmartZone controller.

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Performing the Survey

As with the APOS survey, you should take a Spectrum Capture to rule out any Layer 1 issues before you start. If you have software that
integrates Spectrum Capture you can capture Spectrum data during the survey.
The Verification Survey is, by its nature, an Active Survey as you are attempting to survey from a client’s perspective. Bear in mind the
following:
• Your survey NIC should have the same capabilities as your target device. You may need to
• When walking the survey, replicate a client’s behavior. If they would normally be stationary (for example in an arena) make
more Stop-and Go measurements. If they are more mobile, then make a Continuous Survey as you move.
• You can run a continuous ping throughout the survey to record data rates in use.
• Throughput tests are best made in several locations.

Reporting the Survey Results

The Site Survey report demonstrates that the project Scope requirements have been met. Your report should contain simple, fact-based
information.

Generating a Report
Most Site Survey software has an option to create a report based on the survey results. Reports can be generated, saved in different
formats, and edited for distribution. The report should contain specific metrics that compare with expected measurements to assess if the
project has met its goals. If you identify any problems in the installation, your report can be used as a basis to make corrections.
Rather than filter the information before exporting, export as much data as is practical. Delete what’s not required as you edit the report.

• If you don’t have integrated Spectrum Capture, add an extra section and import your spectrum data
• Include Photographs
• Any comments you add to the report should be factual and not open to interpretation.

If your survey report shows that all the criteria have been met, then your report will be closed and carried forward to the project closure
meeting.

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About Ruckus Networks

Ruckus Networks enables organizations of all sizes to deliver great connectivity experiences. Ruckus delivers secure access networks to
delight users while easing the IT burden, affordably. Organizations turn to Ruckus to make their networks simpler to manage and to better
meet their users’ expectations. For more information, visit www.ruckuswireless.com.
Copyright © Ruckus, an ARRIS Company 2019. All rights reserved. The Ruckus, Ruckus Wireless, Ruckus logo, Big Dog design,
BeamFlex, ChannelFly, Xclaim, ZoneFlex and OPENG trademarks are registered in the U.S. and other countries. Ruckus Networks,
MediaFlex, FlexMaster, ZoneDirector, SpeedFlex, SmartCast, SmartCell, and Dynamic PSK are Ruckus trademarks worldwide. Other
names and brands mentioned in this document or website may be claimed as the property of others.
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