MODULE 1 KNOWLEDGES:

MILITARY PROFESSIONALISM

MEN WHO ADAPT THE PROFESSION OF ARMS

SUBMIT OF THEIR OWN FREE WILL
TO A LAW OF PERPETUAL CONSTRAINT
OF THEIR OWN ACCORD.

THEY REJECT THEIR RIGHT

TO LIVE WHERE THEY CHOOSE,
TO SAY WHAT THEY THINK,
AND TO DRESS AS THEY LIKE,

FROM THE MOMENT THEY

BECOME SOLDIER,
IT NEEDS BUT AN ORDER
TO SETTLE THEM FROM PLACE,
TO MOVE THEM TO THAT,
TO SEPARATE THEM FROM THEIR FAMILIES
AND DISLOCATE THEIR NORMAL LIVES.

IN THE WORLD OF COMMAND

THEY MUST RISE, MARCH, RUN, ENDURE
BAD WEATHER,
GO WITHOUT SLEEP OR FOOD,
BE ISOLATED IN SOME DISTANTPOST,
AND WORK UNTIL THEY DROP.

THEY HAVE CEASED TO BE

THE MASTERS OF THEIR OWN FATE,
IF THEY DROP IN THEIR TRACKS,
IF THEIR ASHES SCATTERED
TO THE FOUR WINDS,
THESE ARE ALL PART AND PARCEL
OF THEIR JOB.
 AIRFORCE HYMN

TO THE GUARDIANS OF OUR PRECIOUS SKIES

WE SING THIS GRATEFUL SONG
AS THEY LAY THEIR LIFE IN SACRIFICE TO
KEEP OUR RAMPART’S STRONG

MAY THEIR STRENGTH DESCEND FROM GOD ON HIGH?

OUR CONSTANT GUIDING LIGHT MAY
THEIR EFFORTS PROSPER AS THEY TRY? TO
BUILD THE AIRFORCE MIGHT

WHEN THEY RISE TO MEET THE ENEMIES

OR HELP TO CLEAR OUR SHORE
MAY THEY FLY AND FIGHT COURAGEOSLY
WITH DEDICATED FORCE
WHEN THE WARRIOR STREAK ACROSS THE SKY
TO SIGNAL VICTORY
WE SALUTE THEM ALL WHO FIGHT AND FLY TO
KEEP OUR NATION FREE.

MILITARY DO’s and DON’T’s

 Always move on the double during our training

 Fast reaction is a must

 Look straight forward during the formation
 Emphasize salute and side stepping

 Always start and end ma'am/sir when talking to a superior

 Emphasize cutting corners
 Stand in attention when talking, reporting, when the training staff enter the barracks,
mess hall and lecture rooms
 Buddy-buddy system

 Observe 11 general orders

• Sleep anytime between "TAPS (terminating all activities prior to sleep) and
REVEILLE (woke up call)
• Know all the members of the training directorate and staff

• Greet all officers

• Know all the knowledge's
 • Any conversation in the senior officer always begin and ends with sir/ma'am
• Pocket your smile
• Consideration of other is a must DONT'S

• Stealing, lying, cheating is prohibited

• Quit vitrifying always to do same with look forward straight
• Standing one leg is prohibited
• Sitting and sleeping in the banks during vacant time is prohibited

• Strictly no smoking and drinking liquor in the public

• Conning is prohibited
• Speaking in own dialect/own language is prohibited

11 GENERAL ORDERS
GO1 - To take charge of this post and all government property in view.

GO2- To walk my post in a military manner, keeping always in the alert and observing
everything that takes place within sight or hearing.
GO3 - To report all violation of order that I am instructed to enforce.
GO4 - To repeat all calls from post more distance from the guardhouse than my own.

GO5 - To quit my post only when properly relieved.

GO6 - To receive, obey, and pass on to the sentinel who relieves me all orders from the
commanding officer of the guards only.
GO7 - To talk to no one except in the line of duty.
GO8 - To give an alarm in case of fire or disorder.
GO9 - To call the commander of the guards in any case not covered by instruction.
GO10 - To salute all officers, all colors, and standard not cased.

GO11 - To be especially watchful at night and during the time for challenging, to challenge
all persons on or near my post and to allow no one to pass without proper authority.

MILITARY COURTESY and DISCIPLINE

OVERVIEW

• DEFINITION OF TERMS
• RULES OF RENDERING HAND SALUTE
 • WHEN NOT TO SALUTE
• REPORTING TO AN OFFICER
• OTHER COURTESIES TO INDIVIDUALS
• HONOR TO THE NATIONAL ANTHEM OR THE COLOR

• TRUMPET CALLS
• RELATION OF COURTESY AND DISCIPLINE

• GUN SALUTE TO VIP MILITARY

DISCIPLINE

 Is a state of order and obedience existing within a command. It involves the ready
subordination of the will of the individual for the good of the group.

 Is an extension and specialized application of the discipline which demands

habitual but reasoned obedience that preserves initiative and functions
unfalteringly even in the absence of the commander.
 Discipline is created within a command by instilling a sense of confidence and
responsibilities in each individual.

Discipline demands correct performance of duty. The need for discipline is best inculcated
in an individual by appealing to his sense of reason. In a few instances where appeal to
reason fail, the use of punishment is effective in causing the recalcitrant individual to
conform and perhaps appreciate the need for discipline.

Coordination and earned praise from senior to his subordinate, for tasks well done serve
to strengthen the disciplinary bonds which bind together the smooth functioning team.
MILITARY DISCIPLINE
• Is that mental attitude and state of training which renders obedience and proper conduct
instinctive in all conditions. Respect for and loyalty to properly constituted authority
smartness of appearance and action.
MILITARY COURTESY
• Is the extension or manifestation for others.

• Recognition of the responsibility and authority of a senior’s position that extends to a

junior as the essential part that the latter plays as a member of the military team.
SALUTE
• Most important form of military courtesy.

• It is executed by raising the right hand smartly until the tip of the forefinger touches the
front brim of the headgear when covered.
RULES OF RENDERING HAND SALUTE
1. The salute is required inside and outside military installations during on and off office
hours.
2. Persons entitled to salute;
- A commissioned officer of the AFP both male and female.
- Commissioned officers of friendly nations when they are recognized as such.

3. The salute is rendered at a distance of about 6 paces from the person saluted and at a
recognition distance that is about 10 paces.
4. The salute must be returned by those entitled to it.
• It is not rendered when running but at a halt or walk.
• Never salute with cigarette or pipe in mouth.
• Salute is exchanged whether individuals are covered or uncovered.

5. The salute is rendered once if the senior remains in the immediate vicinity and no
conversation takes place.
If a conversation takes place, the junior again salutes the senior when they part from
each other.
WHEN NOT TO SALUTE

1. While at work, in case the officer calls for a soldier who is not working, approaches
and salute him/her and again when they part from each other.

2. When carrying articles with hands or being so occupied as to make saluting

impractical.
3. Standing at a horse or leading a horse.

4. In case of doubt due to absence of specific instructions, the salute is rendered.

REPORTING TO AN OFFICER
The salute is rendered by a junior when reporting to a senior, he also salutes before
leaving.

1. In reporting indoors without arms, a soldier removes his headgear, knock at the door
of the officer and enter when told to do so.

Upon entering, he halts at about two paces from the officer, salute and say, “ SIR
SGT … REPORTING FOR INSTRUCTIONS SIR”. The salute is maintained until he
completes his report, and the officer has returned salute.

2. In reporting indoors under arms, the procedure or reporting is the same as above
except that the soldier remains covered if carrying a rifle, the soldier carries it and salute.
3. In reporting outdoors, the procedure or reporting outdoors is the same as discussed
above, except that the headgear is not removed. If with a firearm, the rifle should be carried
at trail at the right shoulder. The hand salute is given as the case may be.

4. In reporting for pay, a soldier reporting for pay answers “HERE” when his time is
called, approaches, salute the officer paying. He picks up and counts his money and leaves
without saluting.

OTHER COURTESIES TO INDIVIDUAL

1. When an officer enters a room or tent, officers junior to him and enlisted men present
will uncover (if unarmed) and stand at attention until the officer directs otherwise or leaves
the room. When more than one individual are present, the first one who recognize the
officer the officer will command “ATTENTION” or “TZUN” loud enough to be heard by
everybody present.

2. When an officer enters a room or tent used as office, workshop, or recreation room,
those at work or at play are not required to come to attention unless addressed by the
officers.
3. When accompanying a senior, a junior walks or rides on his left, except when
accompanying a senior during inspection.

4. When entering the car or small boat, the junior goes in first and others follow in the
inverse order or rank. In getting off, the senior goes out first.

HONOR TO THE NATIONAL ANTHEM OR THE COLOR

A. OUTDOORS - whenever and wherever the National Anthem or to the colors is played,
military personnel not in formation must observe the following:

1. At the note of the music all personnel present will face the music, stand at attention
and render the prescribed salute, the salute are retained until the last note of the
music.

2. An individual leading or standing on horse will stand at attention but does not
salute.

3. Vehicles in motion will be brought to a halt. Persons riding in a passenger car or a

motorcycle will dismount and salute as described earlier.
4. The above respect to the National Anthem or color of friendly nations.

B. INDOORS – when the National Anthem is played officers and men will stand at
attention and face the flag if any but do not salute.
DISPLAYED AND SALUTE THE FLAG
 • The Philippine flag represent our nation and should be given a place of honor.

The National Flag is never dipped for salute, nor it is permitted touch the
ground. It is not used as a costume, dress, or a drapery. No lettering of object
should be placed on it.

• Flag is displayed in the following manner:

a.) When hoisted at the flagpole, it should be hoisted fully to the top of the pole;
blue part above. During morning the flag is raised at the half mast.

b.) When the national flag is displayed with another flag, whether they are
standing side by side or with their staffs crossed, the national flag is at the
right side, the blue part up.
c.) When placed in vertical manner, the triangle is up, the blue color at the right.

d.) When displayed in horizontal position, the triangle is at the right side, with
blue part above.

e.) When displayed over the casket, the triangle is in the direction of the head
of the cadaver, with blue part on the right.

f.) During the funeral – loaded to vehicle (feet) – tomb (head)

GUN SALUTE TO VIP

WHEN IN DOUBT, SALUTE!

MILITARY LEADERSHIP
OVERVIEW
 LEADERSHIP INDICATORS

 ROLES OF A MILITARY LEADER

 LEADERSHIP TRAITS
 LEADERSHIP PRINCIPLES

OBJECTIVE
To provide the student a working knowledge on the different factors that will guide him to
become a successful leader capable of attaining the ultimate objective of accomplishing
the mission.
MILITARY LEADERSHIP

 Is the art of influencing and directing men in such a way as to obtain their respect,
obedience, confidence, and loyal cooperation in order to accomplish the mission.

 Leadership is not something you do to people. It’s something you do with people.
Ken Blanchard

MILITARY LEADERSHIP IS AN ART; AS SUCH IT IS NOT INHERENT. ALTHOUGH THERE

ARE SOME INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE BORN LEADERS OF MEN.

THE ART OF LEADERSHIP IS PERFECTED ONLY BY CONSTANT APPLICATION AND

PRACTICE.

FOUR LEADERSHIP INDICATORS

1. MORALE
2. DISCIPLINE
3. ESPRIT-DE-CORPS
4. PROFICIENCY

1. MORALE
1. It is the state of mind of the individual members of the unit.

The Key to developing people is to catch them doing something right.

- Ken Blanchard & Spencer Johnson
2. DISCIPLINE

The individual or group attitude that insures prompt obedience to orders and the initiation
of appropriate action in the absence of orders.
3. ESPRIT – DE – CORPS
The loyalty, pride and the enthusiasm for a unit shown by its members.

Knowing where you’re going is the first step to getting there. Purpose can never be
about achievement; It is much bigger.
- Ken Blanchard

4. PROFICIENCY
The technical, tactical and physical ability of the members and the entire unit in general.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF A LEADER
 The accomplishment of the mission
 To look out for the welfare of his men.

FIVE (5) ROLES OF A MILITARY LEADER

1. AS A MODEL SOLDIER AND COMMANDER

2. AS AN INSTRUCTOR
3. AS A PERSONNEL TECHNICIAN

4. AS A COUNSELLOR

5. AS A CUSTODIAN OF MEN’S WELFARE

1. AS A MODEL SOLDIER AND COMMANDER

- An individual soldier learns best by imitating his leader.
- A leader greatly influences and controls the behavior of his men by the examples he sets.
2. AS AN INSTRUCTOR

Every leader must be a teacher to his men.

The more proficient he is as an instructor, the better leader he becomes to his

subordinates.
3. AS A PERSONNEL TECHNICIAN
 There is a close relationship between job assignment and morale. With this in mind, a
leader must see to it that the right personnel are assigned on the right job.
4. AS A COUNSELOR

Counseling materially affects the morale and efficiency of the men. As a counselor, a
leader can establish a good direct relationship with his men.

5. AS A CUSTODIAN OF MEN’S WELFARE

The morale and more importantly, the efficiency of the men directly depends on their well-
being.

FOURTEEN LEADERSHIP TRAITS

 Distinguishing qualities which when constantly demonstrated by a leader in his daily
association with his men, help him earn the respect, confidence, willing obedience
and loyal cooperation of his men.

LEADERSHIP TRAITS

1. KNOWLEDGE 8. BEARING
2. COURAGE 9. ENDURANCE
3. INITIATIVE 10. ENTHUSIASM
4. DECISIVENESS 11. UNSELFISHNESS
5. TACT 12. INTEGRITY
6. JUSTICE 13. LOYALTY
7. DEPENDABILITY 14. JUDGEMENT

1. KNOWLEDGE

 Inspires confidence and respect of the men. Your knowledge as a leader should not
be limited to a military subjects only.

2. COURAGE
 It is a quality of a mind that gives a man control over himself, enabling him to accept
responsibility and to act properly even when under threatening situations. 3.
INITIATIVE
  The quality of leader where in upon seeing what needs to be done, immediately
commences a course of action even without being told by his superiors.
4. DECISIVENESS

 This is the ability of a leader to make decisions promptly and then express them in
clear and forceful manner.
5. TACT

 The ability of a leader to say and do the proper thing at the right time and in the
proper way.
6. JUSTICE

 The quality of a leader being impartial and consistent in exercising command.

7. DEPENDABILITY
 It is the certainty of proper performance of duty

8. BEARING

 A leader by his bearing, tends to establish the standard which his subordinates may
emulate.
9. ENDURANCE

 Can withstand pain, fatigue, distress and hardship and still be able to perform his
functions properly. It is also the state of the leader’s mental and physical stamina.
10. ENTHUSIASM

 This is a leader’s display of sincere interest and zeal in the performance of his
duties.
11. UNSELFISHNESS

 Unselfish leader is one who avoids providing for his own comfort and personal
advancement at the expense of others.
12. INTEGRITY

 It is the uprightness of character and the soundness of moral principles displayed

by a leader.

13. LOYALTY

 Characterized by faithfulness to both his seniors and subordinates to his unit, to

the country.
14. JUDGEMENT

 It is the quality of logically weighing facts and possible solutions on which to base
sound decisions.
ELEVEN (11) LEADERSHIP PRINCIPLES:

Following are the basic principles of leadership which you should strive to practice when
commanding a unit or leading a group:

1. BE TECHNICALLY AND TACTICALLY PROFICIENT

2. KNOW YOURSELF AND SEEK SELF-IMPROVEMENT
3. KNOW YOUR MEN AND LOOKOUT FOR THEIR WELFARE
4. KEEP YOUR MEN INFORMED
5. SET THE EXAMPLE
6. ENSURE THAT THE TASK IS UNDERSTOOD BY YOUR MEN
7. TRAIN YOUR MEN AS A TEAM
8. MAKE SOUND AND TIMELY DECISION
9. DEVELOP A SENSE OF RESPONSIBILITY IN YOUR SUBORDINATE
10. EMPLOY YOUR COMMAND IN ACCORDANCE WITH ITS CAPABILITIES
11. SEEK RESPONSIBILITY AND TAKE RESPONSIBILITY FOR YOUR ACTIONS.

1. BE TECHNICALLY AND TACTICALLY PROFICIENT.

 Sometimes when the numbers look right the decision is still wrong.
 Norman Vincent Peale
 The Power of Ethical Thinking

 Creative and Critical Thinking

2. KNOW YOURSELF AND SEEK SELF-IMPROVEMENT

 Constantly evaluate yourself and learn to recognize your own strengths and
weaknesses.
 You must know your own capabilities and limitations.

3. KNOW YOUR MEN AND LOOK OUT FOR THEIR WELFARE

 Have a better understanding of how your men react and function under various
conditions.
4. KEEP YOUR MEN INFORMED

 Within the limits of security requirements, you must keep your men informed. This
practice encourages initiative, improves teamwork and enhances morale.
5. SET THE EXAMPLE

 Your individual appearance and conduct must elicit from your subordinates
respect, pride and a desire to meet the standards you set.

6. ENSURE THAT THE TASK IS UNDERSTOOD BY YOUR MEN

  To ensure that your orders are carried out properly and promptly you must
supervise their execution.
7. TRAIN YOUR MEN AS A TEAM

 Teamwork is the key to successful preparation and its is largely developed through
training.
8. MAKE SOUND AND TIMELY DECISION

 Develop the ability to make rapid estimate of the situation and arrive at a sound
decision.
9. DEVELOP A SENSE OF RESPONSIBILITY IN YOUR SUBORDINATES

 Delegate authorities to commensurate with responsibility to develop

 mutual confidence and  respect between you and  your subordinates.
10. EMPLOY YOUR COMMAND IN ACCORDANCE WITH ITS CAPABILITIES

 You must have thorough knowledge of the capabilities and limitations of your
command, if you are to employ it properly.

11. SEEK RESPONSIBILITY AND TAKE RESPONSIBILITY FOR YOUR ACTIONS

 Always feel responsible for all your unit does or fails to do.
POSITION OF ATTENTION

– ang pangunahing position para sa pagharap at pagmarcha.

- ang utos o command para sa drill na ito ay:

HUMANAY
HUMANDA

Two-part commands:
1. Preparatory Command:
KAWAL
TILAP
PULUTONG
BALANGAY

2. Command of Execution:

Example: KADETE, HUMANDA

• Pagdikitin ang mga sakong
• Ibuka ag talampakan para makabuo ng 45 degrees anggulo sa pagitan
• Ipahinga ang bigat ng iyong katawan sa sakong at bola ng parehong paa.
• Tiyakin na tuwid ang tuhod, pantay ang balakang, nakaangat ang dibdib at kwadrado at
pantay ang balikat
• Panatilihing tuwid ang iyong ulo at leeg at nakapasok ang baba
• Ilagay ang mga kamao sa iyong gilid, itapat ang hinlalaki sa tahi ng pantalon
• Itago ang mga daliri kung saan ang mga ito ay magkakatabi
• Ang hinlalaki ay dapat nakadikit sa hintuturo
• Manatiling tahimik, tumingin lamang sa harap at huwag gagalaw hangga’t hindi
pinahihintulutan.

MAGPAHINGA
• Ang posisyon na ito ay ginagawa kapag ang enlisted personnel o ang mga kadete ay
nakikipag-usap sa mga opisyal o mga cadet officers o kaya mga opisyal o mga cadet officers ay
nakikipag-usap sa mga opisyal o mga cadet officers na may mataas na ranggo.
• Sa normal cadence, ang posisyon na ito ay isinasagawa sa sumusunod na paraan:
KADETE, HUMANAY
MAGPAHINGA
KADETE, ‘DA

LEFT FACE (HARAP SA KALIWA)

Ang drill na ito ay may dalawang bilang. Ito ay ginagawa upang iharap ang elemento 90 degrees
pakaliwa habang nakahinto. Ito ay isang two-part command.

HARAP SA KALIWA, HARAP

• Limang facing movements ang maaaring isagawa mula sa POSITION OF ATTENTION
HARAP SA KALIWA
 HARAP SA KANAN
HARAP SA LIKOD
HARAP HATING KALIWA
HARAP HATING KANAN
• Tandaan; Ang HARAP HATING KALIWA at HARAP HATING KANAN ay dapat gamitin
lamang sa mga pagkakataon kung saan ang HARAP SA KALIWA at HARAP SA KANAN ay hindi
maihaharap ang elemento sa gustong direksiyon.
• Example: Nakahinto ang elemento na haharapin ang direksiyon ng bandila para magbigay-
pugay

KADETE, SUMALUNAN
• Ang harap sa kaliwa ay may dalawang bilang na galaw. Sa command of execution, ‘RAP
ng HARAP SA KALIWA, ‘RAP, sa unang bilang, ay bahagyang iaangat ang kanang sakong at
ang mga daliri ng kanang paa 90 degrees papunta sa kaliwa. Panatilihing tuwid ang kaliwang
binti at hayaang bumaluktot ng kusa ang kanang binti. Tandaan na ang ibang parte ng katawan
ay mananatili sa POSITION OF ATTENTION.
• Sa pangawalang bilang, ilagay ang kanang paa sa tabi ng kaliwang paa, balik sa POSITION
OF ATTENTION.
• Ang mga braso ay nasa gilid lamang katulad ng POSITION OF ATTENTION.

RIGHT FACE (HARAP SA KANAN)

Ang drill na ito ay may dalawang bilang. Ito ay ginagawa upang iharap ang elemento 90 degrees
pakanan habang nakahinto. Ito ay isang two-part command.
HARAP SA KANAN, HARAP
• Limang facing movements ang maaaring isagawa mula sa POSITION OF ATTENTION
HARAP SA KALIWA
HARAP SA KANAN
HARAP SA LIKOD
HARAP HATING KALIWA
HARAP HATING KANAN
• Tandaan; Ang HARAP HATING KANAN at HARAP HATING KALIWA ay dapat gamitin
lamang sa mga pagkakataon kung saan ang HARAP SA KANAN at HARAP SA KALIWA ay hindi
maihaharap ang elemento sa gustong direksiyon.
• Example: Nakahinto ang elemento na haharapin ang direksiyon ng bandila para magbigay-
pugay

KADETE, SUMALUNAN
• Ang harap sa kanan ay may dalawang bilang na galaw. Sa command of execution, ‘RAP
ng HARAP SA KANAN, ‘RAP, sa unang bilang, ay bahagyang iaangat ang kaliwang sakong at
ang mga daliri ng kaliwang paa 90 degrees papunta sa kanan. Panatilihing tuwid ang kanang binti
at hayaang bumaluktot ng kusa ang kaliwang binti. Tandaan na ang ibang parte ng katawan ay
mananatili sa POSITION OF ATTENTION.
• Sa pangawalang bilang, ilagay ang kaliwang paa sa tabi ng kanang paa, balik sa POSITION
OF ATTENTION.
• Ang mga braso ay nasa gilid lamang katulad ng POSITION OF ATTENTION.
ABOUT FACE (HARAP SA LIKOD)
Ito ay ang command na ginagamit para iharap ang elemento sa likod habang nakahinto. Ang
command para sa drill na ito ay HARAP SA LIKOD, ‘RAP. Ito ay isang two-part command.
KADETE, SUMALUNAN
• Ang harap sa likod ay may dalawang bilang na galaw. Sa command of execution, ‘RAP, ng
HARAP SA LIKOD, RAP, sa unang bilang, ilipat ang mga daliri ng kanang paa sa likod ng
kaliwang paa kung saan ang layon nito ay may sukat ng kalahati ng haba ng paa.
• Ilagay ang bigat ng katawan sa kaliwang sakong at hayaang bumaluktot ng kusa ang
kanang tuhod.
• Ang ibang bahagi ng katawan ay mananatili sa POSITION OF ATTENTION.
• Sa pangalawang bilang, pumihit ng 180 degrees pakanan gamit ang kaliwang sakong at
ang bola ng kanang paa upang makabalik sa POSITION OF ATTENTION.
• Ang mga braso at kamay ay mananatili sa gilid katulad sa POSITION OF ATTENTION.
DRILLS AND CEREMONIES

HARAP-HARAPAN – Executions are done in one post only but in “LAKARAN”, a cadet perform
all the executions from one post to another.

LAKARAN – same as the Harap-harapan, this is one of the military commands and executions as
a form of motion to all the commands. This also involved a lot of military execution and movements
from all the commands.

“Humanda sa Pagsasanay ng LAKARAN” – the first line to said before a cadet will perform
the Lakaran.

“Harap sa Kanan, Rap“ – the first command to voice out in preparation for the LAKARAN.

“Pasulong, Kad” – is a command from rest to motion. As soon as the command is given,
left foot will be the first step followed by right foot and so on.

“Liko sa Kaliwa, Kad” – a command of execution in which a cadet turn left in an 90° angle
with the counts of 1 up to 21 while having the execution of high knee march.

“Liko sa Kanan, Kad” – a command of execution in which a cadet turn right in an 90° angle
with the counts of 1 up to 22 while having the execution of high knee march.

“Kaliwang Panig, Kad” – is a command of execution in which the command is given to the
left foot and execute as well as moving to the left direction.

“Kanang Panig, Kad” – is a command of execution in which the command is given to the
right foot and execute as well as moving to a right direction.

“Pabalik, Kad” – a command in which also considered as a revoke of all the commands.
The command is given to the right foot and about face going back to the post where it started.

“Palit Hakbang, Kad” – used to have synchronized steps whenever a cadet mistakenly
have different movement of his/her step. The command is given to the left foot and jump a little to
execute the command.

“Pao, To” – came from the word “pahinto”. This command is given to make the command
from motion to rest position and back to proper attention.
PARTS OF A RIFLE

What is a Rifle?

• A rifle has a long barrel with rifling and thick walls to withstand high pressures Rifling puts
a spiral spin on a bullet fired from a rifle, increasing accuracy and distance.
• Rifles are typically used for firing at stationary targets.
• The bore of a rifle barrel is made for only one specific caliber of ammunition.

Muzzle - the front end of the barrel, opposite the receiver, where the bullet or shot will exit when
a cartridge is fired.

Flash Suppressor – is a muzzle device attached to the muzzle of a rifle that reduces its visible
signature while firing by cooling or dispersing the burning gases that exit the muzzle.

Barrel - a long metal tube the bullet or shot travels through when a cartridge is fired.

Barrel Nut – is a screw on component at the rear of the barrel that has locking lugs and a notch
for quick barrel change and helps install it in the trunnion.

Slip Ring – enable the transfer of electric power or signal circuits across a rotating surface.

Receiver – the back end of the barrel where the cartridge is inserted in preparation for firing.

Upper Receiver – is the part to which the barrel attaches. It is also the part through which the
bolt group moves.
Front Sight – a device mounted on the barrel of a firearm that guides a shooter’s eye when
aiming at a target.

Rear Sight - the sight nearest the breech of a firearm. The rear sight is used to align the weapon
with the front sight and direct the muzzle of the gun towards the target.

Handguard - is a guard attached to the front of a firearm to grip the weapon from the front. It
allows the user protection from the barrel, which may become very hot when firing.

Handguard Cap - is a barrel shroud specifically designed to allow the user to grip the front of the
gun.

Handguard Liner – the liner is designed to prevent heat transfer to the rear of the shell so that a
user may comfortably grip the handguard assembly after repeated firing.

Barrel Extension – used to attach a barrel to a rifle.

Bolt – is a mechanical part of a forearm that blocks the rear chamber while firing but moves aside
to allow another cartridge to be inserted.

Breech – the essential part of the firearm that holds the firing mechanism where the cartridge is
inserted.

Magazine/Cartridge Clip – is the ammunition storage and feeding device of a forearm within or
attached to a repeating firearm.

Trigger – a small curved lever that when pulled activates the firing mechanism of the gun to fire
a cartridge.

Trigger Guard - a loop that surrounds the trigger of a firearm to help prevent an unintended
pulling of the trigger.

Pistol Grip - is located behind the trigger and generally hold by the hand that operates the
trigger.

Safety - a mechanical device designed to help prevent the unintended firing of a gun operation
and may be located at different places on a firearm.

Cocking Piece – it covers the left lug raceway in the receiver to deflect escaping gas away from
the shooter.

Stock – stock may be made from various materials such as wood, laminated wood, and synthetic
material.

Comb - is the upper edge of the buttstock.

Butt – the end of the stock of a rifle.

Butt Plate – a plate made usually of metal and attached to the butt end of a gunstock.

Heel – the distance from the sightline to the heel of the butt. Sometimes also called the height of
the cheek rest or cheek piece height.

12 GOLDEN RULES FOR SAFE GUN HANDLING

1. Always treat the gun as loaded.

2. Always keep the gun pointed in a safe direction.
3. Always keep your finger straight and off the trigger until you are ready to shoot.
4. Always keep the gun unloaded until you are ready to use it.
5. Never point the gun at anything you don’t intend to destroy.
6. Be sure of your target and what is beyond it.
7. Learn the mechanical and handling characteristics of the gun you are using.
8. Always use proper Ammunition.
9. Be sure the barrel is clear of obstructions before loading and shooting.
10. If your gun fails to fire when the trigger is pulled, hold your shooting position for several
seconds; then with the muzzle pointed in a safe direction, carefully unload the gun.
11. Don’t rely on the gun’s safety to keep it from firing.
12. Be aware of your surroundings when handling guns so you don’t trip or lose your balance
and accidentally point and/or fire the gun at anyone or anything.